Bernoulli's principle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about Bernoulli's principle and Bernoulli's equation in fluid dynamics. For Bernoulli's theorem in probability, see law of large numbers. For an unrelated topic in ordinary differential equations, see Bernoulli differential equation.

A flow of air into a venturi meter. The kinetic energy increases at the expense of the fluid pressure, as shown by the difference in height of the two columns of water.

Continuum mechanics

Laws[show]

Solid mechanics[show]

Fluid mechanics[show]

Rheology[show]

Scientists[show]

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease inpressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.[1][2] Bernoulli's principle is named after the Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli who published his principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.[3] Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely denoted as Bernoulli's equation. In fact, there are different forms of the Bernoulli equation for different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is valid for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows) and also for compressible flows (e.g. gases) moving at low Mach numbers (usually less than 0.3). More advanced forms may in some cases be applied to compressible flows at higher Mach numbers (see the derivations of the Bernoulli equation).

An inviscid flow is the flow of an ideal fluid that is assumed to have no viscosity In most flows of liquids, and of gases at low Mach number, the density of a fluid parcel can be considered to be constant, regardless of pressure variations in the flow. Therefore, the fluid can be considered to be incompressible and these flows are called incompressible flow. Bernoulli performed his experiments on liquids, so his equation in its original form is valid only for incompressible flow. A common form of Bernoulli's equation, valid at any arbitrary point along a streamline, is: ( A ) where: is the fluid flow speed at a point on a streamline, is the acceleration due to gravity, is the elevation of the point above a reference plane, with the positive z-direction pointing upward so in the direction opposite to the gravitational acceleration, is the pressure at the chosen point, and is the density of the fluid at all points in the fluid. For conservative force fields, Bernoulli's equation can be generalized as:
[8]

where is the force potential at the point considered on the streamline. E.g. for the Earth's gravity = gz. The following two assumptions must be met for this Bernoulli equation [8] to apply: the flow must be incompressible even though pressure varies, the density must remain constant along a streamline;

friction by viscous forces has to be negligible. , equation ( A) can be rewritten as:

By multiplying with the fluid density

or:

where: is dynamic pressure, is the piezometric head or hydraulic head (the sum of the elevation z and the pressure head)
[9][10]

and

is the total pressure (the sum of the static pressure p and dynamic pressure q).
[11]

The constant in the Bernoulli equation can be normalised. A common approach is in terms of total head or energy head H:

Bernoulli Equation
The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually labeled with the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is increased. This lowering of pressure in a constriction of a flow path may seem counterintuitive, but seems less so when you consider pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow through the constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of pressure energy.