Charak

Ayurveda
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Ayurveda(Sanskrityurveda,"lifeknowledge"Englishpronunciation/a.rved/
[2]
)or
ayurvedicmedicineisasystemoftraditionalmedicinenativetotheIndiansubcontinentandaformof
alternativemedicine.TheoldestknownayurvedictextsaretheSurutaSahitandtheCharaka
Sahit.TheseClassicalSanskritencyclopediasofmedicineareamongthefoundationalandformally
compiledworksofayurveda.
Bythemedievalperiod,ayurvedicpractitionersdevelopeda
numberofmedicinalpreparationsandsurgicalproceduresforthe
treatmentofvariousailments.
[3]
Currentpracticesderived(or
reportedlyderived)fromayurvedicmedicineareregardedaspart
ofcomplementaryandalternativemedicine,
[4]
and,alongwith
siddhaandTraditionalChinesemedicine,formthebasisfor
systemsmedicine.
[5]
SafetyconcernshavebeenraisedaboutAyurvedaforinstance,
twoU.S.studiesfoundthatabout20percentofAyurvedicUS
andIndianmanufacturedpatentmedicinessoldviainternetcontainedtoxiclevelsofheavymetalssuchas
lead,mercuryandarsenic.Otherconcernsincludetheuseofherbscontainingtoxiccompoundsandthe
lackofqualitycontrolinAyurvedicfacilities.
[6][7]
InclassicalSanskritliterature,Ayurvedawascalled"thescienceofeightcomponents"(Sanskritaga
7l),aclassificationthatbecamecanonicalforayurveda.Theyare:
[8][9]
(generalmedicine)Kyachikits:"cureofdiseasesaffectingthebody"
(paediatrics)Kaumrabhtya"treatmentofchildren"
Surgeryhalyachikits,"removalofanysubstancewhichhasenteredthebody(asextractionof
darts,ofsplinters,etc.)"
(ophthalmology/ENTlkyatantra"cureofdiseasesoftheeyeorearetc.bysharpinstruments")
(demonology/exorcism/psychiatryBhtavidy"treatmentofmentaldiseasessupposedtobe
producedbydemoniacalinfluence")
(toxicology)Agadatantra"doctrineofantidotes"
elixirsRasayanatantra"doctrineof"Rasayana
aphrodisiacsVjkaraatantra
Contents
1Principlesandterminology
2Practice
3Panchakarma
4Diagnosis
5History
6Currentstatus
6.1India
6.2SriLanka
6.3OutsideSouthAsia
SeveralphilosophersinIndia
combinedreligionandtraditional
medicinenotableexamplesbeing
thatofHinduismandayurveda.
Shownintheimageisthe
philosopherNagarjunaknown
chieflyforhisdoctrineofthe
Madhyamaka(middlepath)who
wrotemedicalworksTheHundred
PrescriptionsandThePrecious
Collection,amongothers.
[10]
6.3OutsideSouthAsia
7Scientificappraisal
8UseoftoxicmetalsinAyurveda
9Seealso
10References
11Furtherreading
12Externallinks
Principlesandterminology
SinceAyurvedaisreallythegenerictermfor"traditional
medicine"inIndia,actualpracticemaybewidelydivergent.
Descriptively,onemayeitherfocusonthehistoricalfoundation
fromtheevidenceoftheearliestayurvedictextsoftheearly
centuriesoftheCommonEra,oralternativelyadescriptionmay
takeanethnographicapproachandfocusontheformsof
traditionalmedicineprevalentacrossIndiatoday.
Furtherinformation:Mahbhta
Muchlikethemedicineofclassicalantiquity,Ayurvedahas
historicallytakentheapproachofenumeratingbodilysubstances
intheframeworkofthefiveclassicalelements(Sanskrit
[maha]panchabhuta[],viz.earth),(water,fire,(airand
aether),consideringtheseven"tissues"dhtu(Devangar:
saptadhatuofplasma(rasadhtu),blood(raktadhtu),
flesh(msadhtu),adipose(medhadhtu),bone(asthidhtu),
marrow(majjadhtu),andreproductive(ukradhtu).
[11]
Furtherinformation:Dosha
Ayurvedastressesabalanceofthreeelementalsubstances(doa
),analogoustoclassicalhumorism:Vyu/vta(air&space
"wind"),pitta(fire&water"bile")andkapha(water&earth
"phlegm").
[citationneeded]
Oneayurvedictheoryassertsthateach
humanpossessesauniquecombinationofdoasthatdefinethat
person'stemperamentandcharacteristics.Eachpersonhasa
naturalsystemsstate,ornaturalcombinationofthethreeelements,andshouldseekbalancebystructuring
theirbehaviororenvironmenttoprovidemoreoftheelement(s)theylack.
[12]
Anotherview,alsopresent
intheancientliterature,assertsthathumoralequalityisidenticaltohealth,andthatpersonswith
preponderancesofhumoursareproportionatelyunhealthy,andthatthisisnottheirnaturaltemperament.
Furtherinformation:Guna
InAyurvedathereare20fundamentalqualities(gua)inherentinallsubstances,arrangedintenpairs
ofantonyms:heavy/light,cold/hot,unctuous/dry,dull/sharp,stable/mobile,soft/hard,nonslimy/slimy,
smooth/coarse,minute/gross,vicious/liquid.
[13]
Thethreedoasandthe5elements
fromwhichtheyarecomposed.
Ensuringtheproperfunctionsofchannels(srotas)thattransport
fluidsfromonepointtoanotherisavitalgoalofayurvedic
medicine,becausethelackofhealthysrotasisthoughttocause
rheumatism,epilepsy,autism,paralysis,convulsions,andinsanity.
Practitionersinducesweating,whichistermedasSvedanaand
prescribesteambasedtreatmentsasameanstoopenupthe
channelsanddilutethedoasthatcausetheblockagesandleadto
disease.
[14]
PrakritiisanimportantconceptinAyurveda.
HinduismandBuddhismhavebeenaninfluenceonthe
developmentofmanyofayurveda'scentralideasparticularlyits
fascinationwithbalance,knowninBuddhismasMadhyathmaka
(Sanskritmadhyatmika).
[15]
Balanceisemphasized
suppressingnaturalurgesisseentobeunhealthy,anddoingso
claimedtoleadtoillness.
[15]
However,peoplearecautionedtostaywithinthelimitsofreasonablebalance
andmeasure.
[15]
Forexample,emphasisisplacedonmoderationoffoodintake,
[16]
sleep,sexual
intercourse.
[15]
Practice
Ayurvedicpractitionersapproachdiagnosisbyusingfivesenses.
[17]
Hearingisusedtoobservethe
conditionofbreathingandspeech.
[11]
Thestudyofthelethalpointsormarmanmarmaisofspecial
importance.
[13]
Ayurvedicdoctorsregardphysicalandmentalexistencetogetherwithpersonalityasaunit,
eachelementhavingthecapacitytoinfluencetheothers.Oneofthefundamentalaspectsofayurvedic
medicineistotakethisintoaccountduringdiagnosisandtherapy.ConceptsofDinacharyaarefollowedin
Ayurveda.PracticeslikeOilpullingarepracticed.
Hygieneisacentralpracticeofayurvedicmedicine.Hygieniclivinginvolvesregularbathing,cleansingof
teeth,skincare,andeyewashing.
[11]
Ayurvedastressestheuseofplantbasedmedicinesandtreatments.
[citationneeded]
Hundredsofplantbased
medicinesareemployed,includingcardamomandcinnamon.Someanimalproductsmayalsobeused,for
examplemilk,bones,andgallstones.Inaddition,fatsareusedbothforconsumptionandforexternaluse.
Minerals,includingsulfur,arsenic,lead,coppersulfateandgoldarealsoconsumedasprescribed.
[11]
This
practiceofaddingmineralstoherbalmedicineisknownasrasashastra.
Insomecases,alcoholwasusedasanarcoticforthepatientundergoinganoperation.TheadventofIslam
introducedopiumasanarcotic.
[8]
Bothoilandtarwereusedtostopbleeding.
[11]
Traumaticbleedingwas
saidtobestoppedbyfourdifferentmethods:ligationofthebloodvesselcauterisationbyheatusing
differentherbaloranimalpreparationslocallywhichcouldfacilitateclottinganddifferentmedical
preparationswhichcouldconstrictthebleedingoroozingvessels.Variousoilscouldbeusedinanumber
ofways,includingregularconsumptionasapartoffood,anointing,smearing,headmassage,and
prescribedapplicationtoinfectedareas.
[18]
WhiletwooftheeightbranchesofclassicalAyurvedadealwithsurgery(alyacikits,lkyatantra),
contemporaryAyurvedictheorytendstoemphasisethatbuildingahealthymetabolicsystem,attaining
Headmassageisusedtoapplyoils.
Cataractinhumaneyemagnified
viewseenonexaminationwithaslit
lamp.Cataractsurgeryismentioned
intheSushrutaSamhitaintheearly
centuriesofthefirstmillenniumAD,
asperformedwithaspecialtool
calledthejabamukhisalaka,acurved
needleusedtoloosentheobstructing
phlegmandpushitoutofthefieldof
vision.Theeyewouldlaterbesoaked
withwarmbutterandthen
bandaged.
[20]
Treatmentprocedures
gooddigestion,andproperexcretionleadtovitality.
[13]
Ayurveda
alsofocusesonexercise,yoga,andmeditation.
[19]
Inayurveda,
liquiedispouredonforeheadwhichistermedasShirodhara.To
maintainhealthSattvicdietisprescribedtopatient.
.
Panchakarma
Furtherinformation:
Panchakarma
Accordingtosome
experts,thepracticeof
panchakarma
(Devangar: )isa
therapeuticwayof
eliminatingtoxicelements
fromthebody.
[21]
PanchakarmaincludesVamana,Virechana,
Basti,NasyaandRaktamokshana.
Diagnosis
Ayurvedahas8waysofdiagnosis.TheyareNadi(Pulse),Mootra
(Urine),Mala(Stool),Jinvha(Tongue),Shabda(Speech),Sparsha
(Touch),Druk(Vision),Aakruti(Appearance).
[22]
History
Ayurvedaisadisciplineoftheupavedaor"auxiliaryknowledge".
ItistreatedasasupplementorappendixoftheVedasthemselves,
usuallyeithertheRigvedaortheAtharvaveda.Thesamhitaofthe
Atharvavedaitselfcontains114hymnsorincantationsforthe
magicalcureofdiseases.Therearevariouslegendaryaccountsof
the"originofayurveda",e.g.thatthesciencewasreceivedby
Dhanvantari(orDivodasa)fromBrahma
[11][23][24]
Traditionalsoholdsthatalosttextwrittenbythesage
Agnivesh,astudentofthesageBharadwaja,influencedthewritingsofayurveda.
[25]
TherearethreeprincipalearlytextsonAyurveda,alldatingtotheearlycenturiesoftheCommonEra.
ThesearetheCharakaSamhita,theSushrutaSamhitaandthemedicalportionsoftheBowerManuscript
(a.k.a..theBhedaSamhita).Therelativechronologyofthesetextsisnotentirelyclear.TheCharaka
Samhitaisoftencitedasprimaryalthoughitsurvivesinarecensionofaboutthe4thor5thcentury,itmay
bebasedonanoriginalwrittenbetween100BCEand100CE,whichwouldhavepredatedtheothertwo
texts.TheSushrutaSamhitawaswritteninthe3rdor4thcentury.TheBowerManuscriptisofparticular
interestbecauseinthiscasethemanuscriptitselfisancient,datedtotheearly6thcentury.
[26]
Theearliest
survivingmentionofthenameSushrutaisfromtheBowerManuscript.
[27]
Themedicalportionsofthe
BowerManuscriptconstitutesacollectionofrecipeswhichareconnectedtonumerousancientauthorities,
andmaybebasedonanoldermedicaltraditionpracticedduringtheMauryaperiod,antedatingboththe
CharakaandtheSushrutaSamhitas.
TheBowerManuscriptisalsoofspecialinteresttohistoriansduetothepresenceofIndianmedicineand
itsconceptsinCentralAsianBuddhism.A.F.R.Hoernleinhis1897editionidentifiedthescribeofthe
medicalportionsofthemanuscriptasanativeofIndia,usinganorthernvariantoftheGuptascript,who
hadmigratedandbecomeaBuddhistmonkinamonasteryinKucha.TheChinesepilgrimFaHsien(ca.
337422AD)wroteaboutthehealthcaresystemoftheGuptaempire(320550)anddescribedthe
institutionalapproachofIndianmedicine,alsovisibleintheworksofCharaka,whomentionsaclinicand
howitshouldbeequipped.
[28]
Otherearlytexts,sometimesmentionedalongsidetheSushruta,ChakakaandBhedatexts,aretheKasyapa
andtheHaritasamhitas,presumablydatingtothelaterGuptaperiod(ca.6thcentury).Ayurvedicauthors
ofthe7thor8thcenturyincludeVagbhata
[29]
andMadhava.
Underwood&Rhodes(2008)holdthatthisearlyphaseoftraditionalIndianmedicineidentified"fever
(takman),cough,consumption,diarrhea,dropsy,abscesses,seizures,tumours,andskindiseases(including
leprosy)".
[11]
Treatmentofcomplexailments,includinganginapectoris,diabetes,hypertension,and
stones,alsoensuedduringthisperiod.
[3][30]
Plasticsurgery,couching(aformofcataractsurgery),
puncturingtoreleasefluidsintheabdomen,extractionofforeignelements,treatmentofanalfistulas,
treatingfractures,amputations,cesareansections,andstitchingofwoundswereknown.
[11]
Theuseof
herbsandsurgicalinstrumentsbecamewidespread.
[11]
ThefieldofAyurvedaflourishedthroughouttheIndianMiddleAgesDalhana(fl.1200),Sarngadhara(fl.
1300)andBhavamisra(fl.1500)compiledworksonIndianmedicine.
[27]
ThemedicalworksofbothSushrutaandCharakawerealsotranslatedintotheArabiclanguageduringthe
8thcentury.
[31]
The9thcenturyPersianphysicianRhazeswasfamiliarwiththetext.
[32]
TheArabic
worksderivedfromtheGuptaeraIndiantextseventuallyalsoreachedaEuropeanaudiencebytheendof
themedievalperiod.
[31]
InRenaissanceItaly,theBrancafamilyofSicilyandGaspareTagliacozzi
(Bologna)areknowntohavebeeninfluencedbytheArabicreceptionofthesurgicaltechniquesof
Sushruta.
[31]
BritishphysicianstraveledtoIndiatoseerhinoplastybeingperformedbynativemethods.
[33]
Reportson
IndianrhinoplastywerepublishedintheGentleman'sMagazinein1794.
[33]
JosephConstantineCarpue
spent20yearsinIndiastudyinglocalplasticsurgerymethods.
[33]
Carpuewasabletoperformthefirst
majorsurgeryinthewesternworldin1815.
[34]
InstrumentsdescribedintheSushrutaSamhitawere
furthermodifiedintheWesternWorld.
[34]
JosephConstantineCarpuebasedonthisarticlewasableto
performthe"Indian"methodofnosereconstructionandpublishitin1815.
[35][36]
Currentstatus
India
Accordingtosomesourcesupto80percentofpeopleinIndiausesomeformoftraditionalmedicines,a
categorywhichincludesAyurveda.
[37][38]
AtypicalayurvedicPharmacy,
Rishikesh.
Tulsiflower(Itisawellknown
Ayurvedicherb)
In1970,theIndianMedicalCentralCouncilActwhichaimstostandardizequalificationsforayurvedaand
provideaccreditedinstitutionsforitsstudyandresearchwaspassedbytheParliamentofIndia.
[39]
In
India,over100collegesofferdegreesintraditionalayurvedicmedicine.
[19]
TheIndiangovernment
supportsresearchandteachinginayurvedathroughmanychannelsatboththenationalandstatelevels,
andhelpsinstitutionalizetraditionalmedicinesothatitcanbe
studiedinmajortownsandcities.
[40]
ThestatesponsoredCentral
CouncilforResearchinAyurvedicSciences(CCRAS)hasbeen
setuptoresearchthesubject.
[41]
Tofightbiopiracyandunethical
patents,theGovernmentofIndia,in2001,setuptheTraditional
KnowledgeDigitalLibraryasrepositoryof1200formulationsof
varioussystemsofIndianmedicine,suchasayurveda,unaniand
siddha.
[42][43]
Thelibraryalsohas50traditionalayurvedabooks
digitizedandavailableonline.
[44]
CentralCouncilofIndianMedicine(CCIM)astatutorybody
establishedin1971,underDepartmentofAyurveda,Yogaand
Naturopathy,Unani,SiddhaandHomoeopathy(AYUSH),
MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare,GovernmentofIndia,monitorshighereducationinayurveda.
[45]
Manyclinicsinurbanandruralareasarerunbyprofessionalswhoqualifyfromtheseinstitutes.
[39]
SriLanka
TheSriLankantraditionofAyurvedaisverysimilartotheIndian
tradition.PractitionersofAyurvedainSriLankarefertotextson
thesubjectwritteninSanskrit,whicharecommontoboth
countries.However,theydodifferinsomeaspects,particularlyin
theherbsused.
TheSriLankangovernmenthasestablishedaMinistryof
IndigenousMedicine(establishedin1980)toreviveandregulate
thepracticewithinthecountry
[46]
TheInstituteofIndigenous
Medicine(affiliatedtotheUniversityofColombo)currentlyoffers
undergraduate,postgraduate,andMDdegreesinthepracticeof
AyurvedaMedicineandSurgery,andsimilardegreesinunani
medicine.
[47]
Therearecurrently62AyurvedicHospitalsand208central
dispensariesinthepublicsystem,andtheyservedalmost3million
people(approximately11percentofSriLanka'stotalpopulation)
in2010.Intotaltherearecurrentlyapproximately20,000
registeredpractitionersofAyurvedainthecountry.
[48][49]
ManySriLankanhotelsandresortsofferAyurvedathemedpackages,whereguestsaretreatedtoawide
arrayofAyurvedatreatmentsduringtheirstay.
OutsideSouthAsia
Instudiesinmice,theleavesof
Terminaliaarjunahavebeenshown
tohaveanalgesicandanti
inflammatoryproperties.
[53]
BarkofTerminaliaarjuna
Ayurvedaisasystemoftraditionalmedicinedevelopedduringantiquityandthemedievalperiod,andas
suchcomparabletopremodernChineseandEuropeansystemsofmedicine.However,beginninginthe
1960s,Ayurvedahasbeguntobeadvertisedas"alternativemedicine"intheWest.Duetodifferentlaws
andmedicalregulationsintherestoftheworld,theunregulatedpracticeandcommercializationof
ayurvedicmedicinehasraisedethicalandlegalissues.Insomeinstances,ayurvedicpracticesor
terminologyhavealsobeenadaptedspecificallyforWesternconsumption,notablyinthecaseof
"MaharishiAyurveda"inthe1980sinsomecases,thishasinvolvedactivefraudonthepartofproponents
ofAyurvedainanattempttofalselyrepresentthesystemasamenabletothestandardsofmodernmedical
research.
[50][51][52]
Scientificappraisal
Asatraditionalmedicine,manyayurvedaproductshavenotbeen
testedinrigorousscientificstudiesandclinicaltrials.InIndia,
researchinayurvedaisundertakenbythestatutorybodyofthe
CentralGovernment,theCentralCouncilforResearchin
AyurvedaandSiddha(CCRAS),throughanationalnetworkof
researchinstitutes.
[54]
Asystematicreviewofayurvedatreatments
forrheumatoidarthritisconcludedthattherewasinsufficient
evidence,asmostofthetrialswerenotdoneproperly,andtheone
highqualitytrialshowednobenefits.
[55]
Areviewofayurveda
andcardiovasculardiseaseconcludedthattheevidencefor
ayurvedawasnotconvincing,thoughsomeherbsseemed
promising.
[56]
TwovarietiesofSalviahavebeentestedinsmalltrialsonetrial
providedevidencethatSalvialavandulifolia(Spanishsage)may
improvewordrecallinyoungadults,
[57]
andanotherprovided
evidencethatSalviaofficinalis(Commonsage)mayimprove
symptomsinAlzheimer'spatients.
[58]
Manyplantsusedas
rasayana(rejuvenation)medicationsarepotentantioxidants.
[59]
Neemappearstohavebeneficialpharmacological
properties.
[60][61]
Turmericandcurcuminhaveshown
effectivenessinpreventingandtreatingcancer.
[62]
Recently,therearesomePubMedindexedjournalsbeing
publishedinthefieldofAyurveda.
[63][64]
UseoftoxicmetalsinAyurveda
Rasashastra,thepracticeofaddingmetals,mineralsorgemstoherbs,mayhavetoxicheavymetalssuch
aslead,mercuryandarsenic.
[6]
Adversereactionstoherbsduetotheirpharmacologyaredescribedin
traditionalayurvedictexts,butayurvedicpractitionersarereluctanttoadmitthatherbscouldbetoxicand
thatreliableinformationonherbaltoxicityisnotreadilyavailable.Andthereiscommunicationgap
betweenmodernmedicinepractitionersandAyurvedicpractitioners
[65]
Accordingtoa1990studyonayurvedicmedicinesinIndia,41percentoftheproductstestedcontained
arsenic,and64percentcontainedleadandmercury.
[37]
A2004studyfoundtoxiclevelsofheavymetals
in20percentofayurvedicpreparationsmadeinSouthAsiaandsoldintheBostonarea,andconcluded
thatayurvedicproductsposedserioushealthrisksandshouldbetestedforheavymetalcontamination.
[66]
A2008studyofmorethan230productsfoundthatapproximately20percentofremedies(and40percent
ofrasashastramedicines)purchasedovertheInternetfrombothUSandIndiansupplierscontainedlead,
mercuryorarsenic.
[6][67][68]
In2012theU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)stated
thatAyurvedicdrugshavebeenlinkedtoleadpoisoningonthebasisofsomecaseswherepregnant
womenhadtakenAyurvedicdrugsandtoxicmaterialswerefoundintheirblood.
[69]
Ayurvedicproponentsbelievethatthetoxicityofthesematerialsisreducedthroughpurificationprocesses
suchassamskarasorshodhanas(formetals),similartotheChinesepaozhi,althoughtheayurvedic
techniqueismorecomplexandmayinvolveprayersaswellasphysicalpharmacytechniques.However,
theseproductshavenonethelesscausedsevereleadpoisoningandothertoxiceffects.
[67][70]
Duetotheseconcerns,theGovernmentofIndiaruledthatayurvedicproductsmustspecifytheirmetallic
contentdirectlyonthelabelsoftheproduct,
[7]
but,writingonthesubjectforCurrentScience,a
publicationoftheIndianAcademyofSciences,M.S.Valiathannotedthat"theabsenceofpostmarket
surveillanceandthepaucityoftestlaboratoryfacilities[inIndia]makethequalitycontrolofAyurvedic
medicinesexceedinglydifficultatthistime.
[7]
Seealso
BenchmarksfortrainingsinAyurveda
(http://library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1102394474199
195/BenchmarksforTraininginAyurveda.pdf)WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)
Nadipariksha
YogaandNaturopathy
Unani
Siddhamedicine
ClinicaltrialsonAyurvedicdrugs
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Furtherreading
ThomasT.Wise(1845).CommentaryontheHinduSystemofMedicine
(http://archive.org/stream/commentaryonhind00wise#page/n3/mode/2up).Thacker&Co.,Calcutta.
Drury,Col.Heber(1873).TheUsefulplantsofIndia
(http://www.archive.org/stream/usefulplantsind01drurgoog#page/n5/mode/2up).WilliamHAllen&
Co.,London.ISBN1446023729.
Hoernle,RudolfAugustFriedrich(1907).StudiesintheMedicineofAncientIndia:PartI:
Osteology(http://www.archive.org/stream/studiesinmedicin01hoeruoft#page/n3/mode/2up).The
ClarendonPress,Oxford.
KishorPatwardhan2008.ConceptsofHumanPhysiologyinAyurveda,inSowarigpaand
Ayurveda,CentralInstituteofHigherTibetanStudies,Sarnath,Varanasi.SamyakVakSeries14,
Editor:PabitraKumarRoy,pp.5373.ISBN9788187127765KishorPatwardhanConceptsof
HumanPhysiologyinAyurveda
(http://cogprints.org/7033/1/Chapter_in_sowarigpa_and_ayurveda.pdf)
WHOguidelinesonsafetyonitoringofherbalmedicinesinpharmacovigilancesystems
(http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s7148e/s7148e.pdf)
Externallinks
Ayurveda(http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/Ayurveda//)attheOpenDirectoryProject
NationalLibraryofAyurvedaMedicine(http://nlam.in/search_module.php)
DepartmentofAyurveda,Yoga&Naturopathy,Unani,SiddhaandHomoeopathy(AYUSH)
(http://www.indianmedicine.nic.in/)NationalPortalofIndia
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayurveda&oldid=558273279"
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