Continuing Gross Topography

„ Fornix
… C-shaped fiber bundle
… Connects temporal
lobe (hippocampal
formation) with
mamillary bodies

Hippocampal formation – memory, spatial navigation, part of limbic system

„ Diencephalon
… Thalamus (TH)
„ Centre of forebrain
„ Junction-box for sensory
information
… Hypothalamus (HT)
„ Widespread connections
including to pituitary gland TH
„ Part of limbic system, with HT
role in motivated behaviors
„ Produces hormones for the
endocrine system

„ Separated from Thalamus by

Hypothalamic Sulcus
(Taken from Kalet, 2007)
 Pericallosal
„ Cingulate Gyrus Sulcus Cingulate Sulcus

… Limbic system
CG
„ Calcarine Sulcus
… Site of Primary visual
area
… Divides Occ. Lobe into
„ Dorsal cuneus gyrus
„ Ventral lingual gyrus
Limbic System
„ Parahippocampal Gyrus
(PHG)
… Part of limbic system
… Spatial memory
CG

„ Fusiform Gyrus (FG)

PHG
… Separated from PHG by FG U
collateral sulcus
… Houses the ‘Face area’
Diencephalon

Midbrain Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
Diencephalon

Cerebellum
Cranial Nerves
„ On Old Olympus Towering Top A Famous
Vocal German Viewed Some Hops
… Each letter is the start of a cranial nerve name
„ Some Say Marry Money But My Brother
Says Big Brains Matter Most
… Cranial nerves can be Sensory, Motor, or
Both
On Old Olympus
„ Olfactory - Sensory
… smell

„ Optic - Sensory
… vision

„ Oculomotor - Motor
… eye movement
… pupil dilation
Towering Top
„ Trochlear - Motor
… eye movement
„ Trigeminal - Both
… somatosensory face/head
… chewing
A Famous Vocal
„ Abducens - Motor
… eye movement
„ Facial - Both
… Taste (front 2/3 of tongue)
… Somatosensory from ear
… Facial expression muscles
„ Vestibulocochlear - Sensory
… Hearing
… Balance
German Viewed
„ Glossopharyngeal - Both
… Taste(posterior 1/3 of tongue)
… Somatosensory from tongue, pharynx
… Some swallowing muscles

„ Vagus - Both
… Sensory/motor/autonomic functions of viscera
(internal organs: glands, GI tract, heart, etc)
Some Hops
„ Spinal Accessory - Motor
… Muscles for head movements
„ Hypoglossal - Motor
… Muscles of tongue
„ Result of damage?
„ Olfactory Structures
… Olfactory Bulb
… Olfactory Tract

„ Optic Structures
… Optic Nerve
… Optic chiasm

„ Oculomotor Nerve
… Aneurysm = oculomotor
nerve palsy
„ Face
… Trigeminal nerve (V
cranial nerve; sensory -
ophthalmic, maxillary and
mandibular regions,
motor - mandibular )
… Facial Nerve (VII cranial;
face muscles & taste)

„ Hearing
… Cochleovestibular nerve
… Tumor in acoustic
neuromas = hearing loss
 Blood Supply to the Brain
„ Circle of Willis
… Components
„ Anterior Communicating
Artery
„ Anterior cerebral Artery (L
& R)
„ Internal carotid
„ Posterior Communicating
Artery (L & R)
„ Posterior Cerebral Artery
(L & R)
… creates redundancies in
the cerebral circulation.
„ If an artery in or supplying
the Circle of Willis
becomes stenosed or
blocked, blood flow can be
maintained
„ T2-weighted MRI
enhances contrast
… High fat content =
black
… High H2O content =
white
… => white matter
less intense than
grey matter
… Clear contract
between CSF and
brain structures.
Alzheimer’s Disease
„ Incidence:
… 1/10 people over 65
… Almost ½ over 85
„ Presentation:
… "I have lost myself.“
… Impairment of memory, confusion,
depression, delusions, sleeplessness
… Degenerative
„ Genetic markers for early and late-
onset have been identified – 1 in
chromosome 21
„ Biochemical causes:
… Tau – tangles- degenerating cell
bodies
… Amyloid-β – plaques – degenerating
axons and dendrites
„ Treatment stimulate acetylcholine
which offsets basal forebrain damage