DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY Q.P. Code-21568 May 2013 Key by V.Ramakrishnan 1.

1. Static force: Forces acting on a body at rest and in equilibrium. Inertia force: Resistance to linear velocity of a body in motion = mass x acceleration. 2. The horizontal component of the force acting on the crank shaft FBH acts along the line of reciprocation is called shaking force. It is equal to inertia force FI of the reciprocating parts. 3. Primary unbalanced force of the reciprocating mass: FP = m 2 r cos Secondary unbalanced force of the reciprocating mass:

Where m is mass of reciprocating parts in each cylinder in kg; speed of the crank in rad/s; r is radius of crank in m;

4. At high speeds inertia forces are high and hence dynamics force analysis is essential to find input torque required for balancing. This is essential to prevent hammering and vibrations of the shaft. 5. Springs in series. Hence Hence

Natural frequency

6. When damping factor > 1, the aperiodic motion results. Aperiodic motion

means the system cannot vibrate due to over damping. Once the system is disturbed, it will take infinite time to come back to equilibrium position. 7. isolation factor. 8. ; It is also called as

9. Isochronous condition means range of speed is zero. Speed is constant for all radii of rotation of balls within the working range. 10. Angular (Spin)velocity of disc has two components cos about polar axis and sin about diametrical axis. ( is angle between shaft axis and disc axis).

Part-B
11.a. 3000 Torque Nm
A

T mean =1875 Nm
D

750
6

Given: Shaft fitted with flywheel, Speed = 250 rpm = 4.167 rps = 26.19 rad/s,

Cycle time = 3 revolutions = 6 radians, Mass of flywheel mf=500 kg, Radius of gyration k=600 mm = 0.6m Turning moment diagram: shown To find: Power required, P and (b) Percentage fluctuation of speed CS Work done per cycle: Area under the curve = ( ( ) ) ( )

We know Work done per cycle =Tmean Equating the above two, Tmean = Maximum fluctuation of energy emax = 2812.5 Nm We know maximum fluctuation of energy emax = mf k2 2 CS Equating the above two,

Percentage fluctuation in speed = 100 Power required to drive the machine P = Tmean No. of cycles/sec = 11.b. Horizontal Steam Engine: Given: N= 240 rpm = 25.13 rad/s; D=0.3 m; L=0.6 m, hence, rcrank =L/2=0.3 m; l =0.5 m; mR=60 kg; p1= 1.125 N/mm2; p2= 0.125 N/mm2; p1-p2=0.125x106 N/m2; =600; n=l/r=3.5 To find: Fp and T ( ) ( ) =4060 N 66626 N=66.626 kN .Ans(1)

Ans(2)
12.a.
Mass of the eccentricities = Plane Angle of mass 0 120 240 Mass (m) kg 0.773 mx = ? 0.773 my =? 0.773 Radius (r) m 0.012 0.075 0.018 0.075 0.012 Centrifugal force 2 (m r) kg.m 0.009276 0.6 mx 0.009276 0.6 my 0.009276 Distance from Ref.Plane (l) m 0.02 0 0.05 0.1 0.08 Couple 2 (mrl)Kg m2 0.00018552 0 0.00046380 ? 0.00074208

A X(REF) B Y C

From couple polygon, From the force polygon, balancing mass

(or analytical method)

Plane A X B y C

m 0.773

l 0.012 0.075 0.012 0.075 0.02 0 0.05 0.1 0.08

0.064
0.773

210
120

0.064 0.773

0.012

30 240

mrcos mrsin mrl cos mrl sin 0.009276 0 0.000186 0 -0.0041569 -0.0024 0 0 -0.00463804 0.008033 -0.00023 0.000402 0.004156919 0.0024 0.000416 0.00024 -0.00463792 -0.00803 -0.00037 -0.00064 5.69755E-08 -9.9E-08 -1.7E-06 -1E-06

12.a.

B A X B y C My

A 0.05m 0.03m mX C

12.b.

B A X B y C My

A 1m mX
Masses to be balanced:

0.8m C

Plane

Angle of mass 0 0 120 240

Mass

A X(REF) B Y C

(m) kg 104 mx = ? 120 my =? 104

Radius Centrifugal Distance force 2 from Ref.Plane (r) m (m r) kg.m (l) m 0.3 31.2 -0.2 0.6 0.6 mx 0 0.3 36 0.8 0.6 0.6 my 1.6 0.3 31.2 1.8

Couple 2 (mrl)Kg m2 -6.24 0 28.28 ? 56.16

From couple polygon, From the force polygon, balancing mass Hammer blow / wheel =

(or analytical method) (Approx)

13.a. Given: Vertical shaft carrying a disc at centre, supported at ends; Diameter of shaft d = 0.005 m; Length of shaft l = 0.2 m; Mass of disc m = 50 kg; Speed of shaft = 0.75 critical speed; Distance of centre of disc from axis of shaft e = 0.00025 m; Youngs modulus of shaft material E = 200 x 10 9 N/m2 ; To find: (a) Critical speed; (b) Maximum bending stress at above speed

13.b.

Given: m = 75 kg; K1= K2= K3=10 N/mm; x0=0.04 m; x2=0.006 m; Number of cycles, n=2; No. of springs = 3 in parallel; Equivalent Stiffnes,

( )

Time period for damped vibration,

14.a. Given: Helical spring; Fixed at one end and mass at the other end; Mass m = 10 kg; Stiffness of spring k = 10 N/mm; Decrease in amplitude in 4 complete revolutions = (1/10) initial value; Periodic force on mass in vertical direction = 150 cos 50 t N To find: (a) Amplitude of forced vibration; (b) Amplitude value of resonance

14.b. Given: Mass of electric motor = 120 kg; Speed of motor N =1500 rpm; Armature mass = 35 kg; CG of armature mass lies 0.5 mm from the axis of rotation; Number of support springs n = 5; Damping is negligible; Force transmitted = (1/11) impressed force To find: (a) Stiffness of each spring; (b) Natural frequency of the system; and (c ) Dynamic force transmitted to the base at the operating speed.

. 15.a. P B B 0.08 F G h1 0.08 F

h2

Given: Proell Governor; PF=FD=0.3 m; BF=0.08 m; m=10 kg; M=100 kg; FG=r1=0.150 m; FG=r2=0.2 m To find the range of speed N1-N2

Radius 1: FG = 0.15 m ( Radius 2: FG = 0.2 m ( Range of Speed = 15.b. ) )

Given: Ship; Mass of turbine rotor m = 3500 kg; Speed of rotor, N = 3000 rpm counter clockwise viewed from stern (aft)side; Radius of gyration of rotor, k = 0.45 m; To find: (a) gyroscopic couple and its effect if the ship turns left at radius R = 100 m and speed v = 36 km/h). Mass, m = 3500 kg; k = 0.45m; I = mk2 = 3500 x 0.45 2 = 708.75 kg m2 N = 3000 rpm; = 2 N/60 = 314.16 rad/s; v = 36 km/h = 36/3.6=10 m/s; R = 100 m; p = v/R = 10/100 = 0.1rad/s; gyroscopic couple Cg = I p = 708.75 x 314.16 x 0.1 = 22266 Nm

Direction of view Direction of rotation Direction of turn Effect of gyroscopic couple During Pitching Bow descends Bow raises

Stern (rear side) Clockwise Left Lowers the stern and raises the bow Turns towards left(Port side) Turns towards right(starboard side)

Pitching with the bow falling, reactive gyroscopic couple acts anticlockwise(view from port side), and tends to move the ship towards port side(left) Amplitude of swing =12/2=60=6x/180=0.10472 rad; Angular velocity of SHM, 1=2/tp= 1=2/40=0.1571rad/s; Max. angular velocity, pmax= 1=0.10472x0.1571=0.01645 rad/s; Gyroscopic couple C=I pmax=708.75x314.16x0.01645=3662.772 Nm END