Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) advantage compare with OQPSK (Offset Quadrant Phase Shift Key)

Dsc. G.Ivanovs, Msc. D.Serdega

Abstract Following article reviews modern modulation types, which are implemented in different suppliers microwaves systems, modulations advantages and disadvantages. Author practically calculated and proves that modulation type play big role in wireless system development. Using different modulation types in MW technique it possible significantly increase system threshold, distance consequently and reduce interference from other systems 1 Introduction (1) Following article reviews modern modulation types, which are implemented in different suppliers microwaves systems, modulations advantages and disadvantages. The characteristics of the Continuous Phase Modulation recently introduced in digital radio-link transmission systems and herein briefly described, consist in its higher resistance to noise as to known FSK (Frequency Shifting Key) and OQPSK (Offset Quadrant Phase Shift Key) systems, without being necessary to increase the bandwidth. This because sinusoidal variations allow obtaining a more compact spectrum; however, the improvement is not significant because of the maximum slope increase in the phase trajectory. The CPM modulation allows satisfying the ETSI specifications relevant to the spectral transmitted masks also with a truncation of the impulse response over a 3-bit interval. Additionally the correlation introduced by the encoder, in the symbol temporal sequence and, consequently, between the associated constellation points, the distance to be considered, in order to value the noise effect, is not the one, which simply lies between two next points of the constellation like in QAM or FSK, but it must take into account the introduced correlation. This is very important issue, especially in the regions where Tx power is limited due to some reasons. Such situation can be observed in regions which are located close to state borders, because international frequency regulatory rules may request to use reduced Tx power in such region in order to avoid interference between radio-links belonging to different countriesThe modulators, that make part of this category, transmit signals , to which the digital Information is associated, whose phase is a continuous function of the time. A modulator is here considered, which transmits a binary Information (1) using two frequencies that have been selected in such a way as that the phase transitions occur in a continuous way. Such frequencies are the following:

= f0+

1 ; 4T

= f0

1 4T

where fo = carrier frequency =2/T T = period of the binary Information The figure 1 shows the modulator output associated to a generic binary sequence and the phase diagram as a function of the time.

Figure 1: Modular output associated to generic binary sequence It is to be noted that, when the binary Information is +1, then the transmitted frequency is 2.25 / T , and when the binary information is -1 , then the transmitted frequency is 1.75 / T

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The frequency deviation results to be: (2)

1 0.25 = 4T T

It is defined as h the modulation index: h = 2 fo-T; in our case h=0.5 The number of phase statuses S assumed by the modulator depends on the modulation index h and on the format M of the information to be transmitted. In our example, M = 2 (1) and S = 4 (0 RAD, / 2 RAD, RAD, 3 / 2 RAD) (see the Appendix B). The phases versus time evolution can be represented with a trellis diagram as shown in figure 2. has memory: there is correlation between the transmitted waveforms: Another important characteristic. evident in the example, is that the carrier amplitude is constant. Systems in which this occurs are called Constant Envelope Systems. Such systems are insensible to the non-linearity and thus allow the use of frequency multipliers and of RF amplifiers devoid of back off, differently from the filtered QPSK systems (see Appendix C). In the example, the transmitted signals during the period T have constant amplitude within all the

0o

Figure 2: Phase versus time evolution The hatched line corresponds to the transition due to the symbol -1. The continuous line corresponds to the transition due to the symbol +1. It is evidenced the evolution originated by the binary sequence 1.-1,-1,1,1 The phase variation between two subsequent bits is given by the following expression: Figure 3: Constant envelope period, and linear phase. The system under consideration takes the name of MSK (Minimum-Shift Modulation) and, for what said before, makes part of the C.P.M. systems. The figure .3 shows the M.S.K. constellation. The MSK system is often used to compare the performances of the various GTFM systems that will be dealt with later on. The figure 4 allows the comparison of the spectrum of an MSK modulator to either the QPSK or to the OOPSK (Offset Quadrant Phase Shift Key) one. 180 o
27 0 o

90 o

(3) (mT ) = *bm

2
where: m = a whole number showing the symbol period T within which the variation is considered T s= the symbol period b = the binary symbol (1) It is important to note that as a consequence of the phase continuity the modulator

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dB

OQPSK MS K SPECTRAL DENSITY

-10

-20

MSK

-30

MSK SINUSOIDAL SMOOTHING

-40

-50

fTs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 4: OQPSK and MSK spectrum comparison It's to be noted that, although the main lobe of the MSK system is wider than the OPSK one, the MSK spectrum is more compact. The example of figure 2 is reconsidered in figure 5, but having a phase trajectory where the variations follow a sinusoidal curve (MSK Sinusoidal Smoothing). The figure 6 shows the spectral density of MSK and Sinusoidal Smoothing MSK system. The sinusoidal variations allow to obtain a more compact spectrum; however, the improvement is not significant The TFM modulation (Tamed Frequency Modulation) is part of the family of the CPM modulations with constant envelope. The modulation phaser, to the absolute position of which the binary information is associated, runs a circumference in a continuous way. Although the carried information is a phase one, the TFM (just like the MSK) is essentially a frequency modulation. The displaying of a frequency modulated signal is given by the formula because of the maximum slope increase in phase trajectory. One method suitable to obtain a remarkable increase of spectral compactness is the T.F.M modulation.
S1 =3 / 2

FREQUENCE

Figure 6: MSK and MSK Smoothing Spectrum comparison (4) S (t ) = sin 2 f c t + (t ) where fc = carrier f frequency (t) = continuous function of the phase that varies as a function of the time during which the information is transmitted. Using the TFM modulation, spectra are obtainable which are very compact and without side lobes through the control of the phase function (t ) . It has already be seen that with the MSK modulation the phase variation between two subsequent bits is given by the following formula: (5)

(mT ) =

x bm 2

where: m = a whole number showing the symbol period T within which the variation is considered bm = the binary symbol (1) within the period m. The variation will therefore be

RAD 2

for

each symbol interval In a TMF system, the phase variation follows the ruling formula:
-1 + 1

S2 = + 1 -1 + 1 S4 =0 T 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T 5

(6) (mT ) =

bm 1 bm bm +1 + + 2 4 2 4

S3 =/ 2

where: bm-1, bm, bm+1 = binary data (1) at the time t = (m-1)T, mT, (m+1)T As can be noted, phase variations of /2RAD are possible if 3 subsequent bits have the same polarity. Besides, the phase remains constant if the 3 bits have alternate polarity and the shift will be of /4 RAD with sequences +1+1-1, +1-1-1, -1+1+1, -11+1.

Figure5: MSK Sinusoidal Smoothing

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Conclusion To be remembered that the spectral width depends on the mode according to which the phase variations occur: sharp edges of the phase trajectories require a wider bandwidth. Using CPM modulation type in modern point to point MW systems we can improve system gain for 3 up to 6 dB which for different frequencies allow to build MW link 5 - 20 km longer compare with FSK modulation with same Tx level

REFERENCES [1] Tamed Frequency Modulation, a novel method to achieve spectrum economy in digital transmission Frank de Jager, Cornelis B.Dekker [2] Generalized Tamed Frequency Modulation and its application for mobile radio communications, Kah-Seng Chung, IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. SAC-2, NO 4 JULY 1984

[3] A new CPM modem for low capacity radio applications, B.Lankl, N.Loechel, J.Ziegler and K.J Friederichs Siemens AG, Transmission system division, Munich, Germany [4] Modulatione TFM C.RIVA 27Jan-94 [5] Sistemi di modulazione per ponti radio a piccolo capacita M.Locurto, U.Malavolta, M.Taverna SETTEMBRE 1993 [6] Digital transmission theory, Sergio Benedetto, Ezio Biglieri, Valentino Castellani, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

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