Speaker:

Speaker rank among the electroacoustic transducers (specifically the electrodynamic drive). Speaker works on the principle of interaction forces the magnetic field of a permanent magnet with a magnetic field coil by an alternating current flows.The force is greater, the stronger the magnetic field, the greater the current flowing conductor and the longer the wire (more turns in the coil) in a magnetic field. By the way radiation is divided on a direct-radiating speakers and indirect-- pressure. The vast majority of speakers belong to the first group, wherein the membrane is immediately adjacent to the environment - air, and it is to a certain extent (slightly) loaded. This group pays attention.
Description Speaker:

a) membrane b) the upper hinge membrane c) seal d) basket e) clamp terminals f) electrical connections to the voice coil g) centering element h) canopy i) the upper plate j) magnetic circuit k) back plate l) pole attachment m) hole for heat n) skeleton voice coil o) voice coil p) space q) shorting ring (used to prevent overloading the speaker)
Trash speaker:

It's a sheet cake, which is reinforced bead, the larger sizes are cast from aluminum. Trash speaker forms the base of the speaker. On the circuit is mounted inside the membrane, the tapered section in the middle is attached a magnetic circuit.
Magnetic circuit:

The base is a permanent magnet made of a magnetic alloy, or a hard magnetic ferrite. Complements the pole pieces of soft magnetic materials. The effectiveness of the magnetic circuit depends on the intensity of magnetic flux concentrated in the air gap where the moving voice coil. This gap annular shape closely surrounding the secondary cylindrical part of the magnetic circuit.
Diaphragm:

Transfers the axial movement of the coil, which transmits acoustic energy around. Since the membrane is an acoustic wave propagates into space. The diaphragm has a cone shape with a circular or elliptical base. The walls are straight or exponentially with gaping (nerozvinuteln shape). Such a course subharmonickmu prevents oscillation. Yet with the membrane bezprosten related emergence of other types of distortion.
The voice coil:

Is wound thin wire (diameter: 0.15 to 0.2 mm), usually two or four layers, the start and end of the winding is on the same side. Due to the high demands for strength and rigidity, shall be a special varnish. Leads are directed to the solder points of the membrane near the place where the coil is connected with the membrane. From the very flexible stranded power connects with solder lugs on the plate baskets. The connections must not restrict the movement of the diaphragm (which would create distortion). Other bias tends to originate in the amplitude of the coil if the movement gets out of the magnetic field. It depends on the mutual length of voice coil size and the air gap, in which it moves.
Centering element:

It is attached sou-axis and ensures error-free axial movement of the coil. Prevents it from collapsing axis, which would cause friction (scrubbing) in the narrow cavity magnetic circuit, and a major player in the restoring force membrane that does not remain permanently skewed. In practice, this is called centering membrane of thin fabric or plastic. While protecting the air space, away from the rear of the speaker from dirt. Most damaging are tiny iron filings. Reel with attached paper cone is mounted inside the centering member. The surrounding annulus creates small ripples and flexible.

Basic information Speaker:

Nominal impedance:

It is always greater than the ohmic (real) coil resistance. Yet it is the smallest impedance, determined at the nominal frequency. Generally, the impedance is frequency-dependent, because the speaker is working with alternating current of different frequencies and at the same time. The boundaries of bass speaker has a significant maximum impedance over a narrow frequency band. Maximum corresponds to the resonant frequency.
Maximum power (power):

Due to the variable impedance of the speaker is input frequency dependent. The largest is the nominal impedance (low impedance) towards higher frequencies decreases. Its size is therefore determined taking into account the frequency distribution of the signal during playback. Put the following applies: P = U 2 : Z [VA, V; OHM]. Having said implies that performance increases with the square of the voltage. It is

necessary to note that you can not compare the music input (output) with a sinusoidal input signal. Average musical power is considerably smaller, so the sine wave at the bottom of the frequency band is possible speaker overload and damage. And despite the fact that maximum power is not exceeded. Maximum power should not be confused with a maximum peak power. In the second case, the short-term load (peak power) that the speaker can withstand without damage. It also depends on the design of the speaker.
Frequency range, frequency response:

Refers to the frequency at which the speaker effectively radiates acoustic energy. The key to assessing the border (extreme) frequencies at which always there is a decrease in sound pressure. Therefore, it is necessary to know the attenuation in decibels at a specific frequency. Just to find out the frequency response of the speaker, where in addition to the characteristic slope on the outer band is visible and its ripple throughout the transmitted range. According to judge the suitability of the frequency range speaker, both for single ingestion, as well as in-band speaker.
Sensitivity:

Indicates the average sound pressure on-axis at a distance of 1 m, with 1 VA power in a specific frequency band. In other words, different speakers can be heard loudly differently, although they will work with the same wattage. Decides loudspeaker design and especially the quality of the magnetic circuit. Sensitivity is measured in decibels (dB). The normal value is between 90 and 100 dB.
Resonant frequency:

Depending on the weight and suppleness kmitacho system. It is located at the lower edge of bandwidth and the large amplitude of the reflected membranes, accompanied by considerable distortion. At the same time sharply increasing impedance speaker. The resonant frequency is mainly interested in the woofers where we want to be as low as possible. Its importance in the design and bass reflex housing (from him calculate the length and diameter). Generally, the resonant frequency defines the applicability of each speaker toward the low frequencies. For more information on Thielle-Small parameters can be found here .

Characteristics of speakers:
Tweeter (height) Speakers:

They play mostly in the range of 2000 Hz (or more) up to about 20,000 Hz. They are designed so that they have the toughest membrane. These speakers are highly sensitive. Tweeter must engage with the points otherwise it will (usually) the destruction of reflashing the speaker voice coil. Directivity speaker is great, it means that speakers must be turned tweeter for listeners (speaker "go" directly to the listener). Due to this phenomenon apply two systems in stereo. And we discern from which channel (left, right) sound comes out.
Midrange:

The speaker plays effectively in the band 500-4000 Hz. In this range the most musical signals, because these speakers are the most stressed. For these purposes, is also used sometimes wideband speaker (playing the audible range of frequencies).Must be shielded from the woofer, otherwise the large amplitude of the bass membrane vibrate and Rep.

center and it would cause distortion. It is best to place it in a separate box that has the exact size depending on the speaker.
Woofer (Subwoofer) Speaker:

According to him, the size of the box depends on the overall administration of music. Right from the lowest audible frequencies (about 20 Hz) to about 1000 Hz, depending on the application. The following applies: the larger the membrane area, the greater efficiency at the lowest frequencies. This type of speaker diaphragm is adapted so that it reaches a large amplitude of the diaphragm (a large acoustic pressure) that ranges from 3-20 mm (the socalled free hinge). When building a baffle is important that the speaker had the lowest resonant frequency.
Widerange:

Can give a whole band of audible frequencies. It is used everywhere where it is not subject to such great demands on the quality of the music (radio, television, cheaper reprobednky to a computer, etc.). Since this speaker therefore do not expect much quality sound. Its use is primarily as a midrange in multi-band speakers.