Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses

Example 1: The following roof structure is used for a factory building. The trusses are spaced at 4 m spacing and the purlin are spaced at 1,8 m. The roof covering is of galvanized sheeting with a mass of 10 kg/m2. There is an external imposed load of 0,3 kN/m2 to allow for servicing, rain, hail etc. Assume the trusses and purlin to have a self-weight of 18 kg/m2. Determine: a) b) c) The point loads at each of the nodes The reactions The forces in the members AB, AF, BF, FC, FG and GH

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Definition of sin and cos .

sin =

Y projection Length X projection Length

cos =

Equilibrium of Forces
For equilibrium we can write the following:
Y = 0 X =0 M =0

This allows us to solve 3 unknowns and only 3.

Solution to Questions:
a) Load from the sheeting: A one metre length when seen vertically from the top has a length of 1/cos which in this case is equal to 1/cos 20 = 1,064 m. The load is then equal 10 kg/m2 x gravity acceleration x 1,064 m. Assume gravity acceleration to be = 10 m/s2. The load in when seen vertically from the top = 106,4 N/m2 = 0,1064 kN/m2. Total vertical load = Sheeting Trusses Additional imposed Total Load at each node 0,106 kN/m2 0,180 kN/m2 0,300 kN/m2 0,586 kN/m2 = load intensity times the area carried by the node = 0,586 kN/m2 x 4 m x 1,8 m = 4,22 kN

b) Reactions as a result of the symmetrical structure and loading are equal to 4 x 4,22 kN Reactions = 16,88 kN

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Member AB AF BF BC FC FG GH

X-projection, x 1,800 2,038 0,238 1,800 1,562 2,038 6,248

Y- projection, y 0,655 0 0,655 0,655 1,310 0 0

Length 1,9155 2,038 0,6969 1,9155 2,0386 2,038 6,248

For node A Assume that all members are in tension

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=0

+16,88 2,11 + Y AB + Y AF = 0 +16,88 2,11 + FAB sin + FAF sin = 0 Y projection Y projection + FAF =0 Length Length 0,655 0 + 16,88 2,11 + FAB + FAF =0 1,9155 1,038 =0 + 14,77 + 0,34195 FAB = - 43,194 kN FAB + 16,88 2,11 + FAB

=0

X AB + X AF = 0 x x FAB AB + X AF AF = 0 L AB L AF 43,194 1,800 2,038 + X AF =0 1,9155 2,038 = + 40,590 kN

FAF

Equilibrium of node B

=0

4,22 YBA + YBC YBF = 0 y y y 4,22 FBA BA + FBC BC FBF BF = 0 LBA LBC LBF 0,655 0,655 0,655 4,22 + 43,194 + FBC FBF =0 1,9155 1,9155 0,6969 0,34195 FBC 0,93988 FBF = - 10,550

(1)

=0

X BA + X BC + X BF = 0 1,80 1,80 0,238 43,194 + FBC + FBF = 0 1,9155 1,9155 0,6969 0,9397 FBC + 0,3415 FBF = - 40,5895

(2)

FBC FBF

= - 41,753 KN = - 3,968 kN

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Alternative method is to use the moment equilibrium of a portion of the structure. This enables us to solve three unknown forces. It is usual to choose a section where two of the forces cut in a point so that their moment is equal to zero, thereby we can solve one of the unknowns immediately.

MC Y

=0

16,88 x 3,6 2,11 x 3,6 4,22 x 1,8 FFG x 1,310 = 0 FFG = 34,791 kN
=0

16,88 2,11 4,22 + YBC + YFC = 0 0,655 1,310 10,55 + FBC + FFC = 0 1,9155 2,036 0,34195 FBC + 0,64342 FFC = - 10,55

(3)

=0

X BC + X FC + X FG = 0 1,8 1,562 2,038 34,791 = 0 FBC + FFC + 1,9155 2,036 2,038 0,9397 FBC + 0,76719 FFC = - 34,791

(4)

FBC FFC

= - 41,753 kN = 5,793 kN

Parallel Chord Trusses

Parallel chord trusses may be treated in the same way as beams. The top and bottom chords resist the bending moment and the diagonal and vertical members resist the shear forces.
Examples of parallel chord trusses

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The second truss must have a very small slope otherwise one underestimates the forces in the top and bottom chords. Example: Determine the member forces in the following trusses. The roof sheeting has a unit mass of 12 kg/m2, the ceiling 15 kg/m2, the trusses 15 kg/m2 and there is a live load of 0,4 kN/m2. The loads are to be increased with load factors of 1,2 on the permanent (dead load) and 1,6 on the imposed (live load). The dead load is equal to: Roof sheeting: Ceiling: Trusses and purlin Total dead load Total live load Factored Load Load at each node 1,2 x DL + 1,6 x LL 12 kg/m2 x 10 m/s2 15 kg/m2 x 10 m/s2 15 kg/m2 x 10 m/s2 = 120 N/m2 = 150 N/m2 = 150 N/m2 = 0,12 kN/m2 = 0,15 kN/m2 = 0,15 kN/m2

= 0,42 kN/m2 = 0,40 kN/m2 = 1,2 x 0,42 + 1,6 x 0,40 = 1,144 kN/m2 = 8,008 kN

intensity x tributary area = 1,144 x 2 x 3,5

Draw the Shear force and bending moment diagrammes:

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Trusses

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Solve the forces in the members through using sections. Section 1:

In the panel between A and C the vertical shear force of 17,333 kN must be carried by the diagonal member BC. Therefore: YBC = 17,333 kN
y BC FBC = 17,333 kN LBC FBC = 17,333 2,332 = 33,684 kN 1 ,2

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The bending moment from the external forces must be in equilibrium with the internal forces in the top and bottom members. The bending moment from the external forces is shown in the bending moment diagramme.
Take moments about C. FBD x 1,2 + 34,666 = 0
FBD = 34,666 = 28,888 kN 1,2

All the sections may be tackled in a similar fashion. Section 2:

To solve for the force in member CE take moments about D. - FCE x 1,2 + 34,666 = 0 FCE = + 28,888 kN

The vertical force in member CD must be equal to the vertical component of the force in BC. The vertical component of the force in BC is equal to the shear between A and C. FCD = 17,333 kN.

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Portal Frame Analysis

Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following structure.

Plywood unit weight = 7 kN/m3 Portal unit weight = 7 kN/m3 Tiles have a mass of 55 kg/m2 Purlin have a unit weight of 5 N/m3 Imposed or live load = 0,3 kN/m2 We would like to convert these loads into a uniformly distributed load on the portal frame. Remember that the tiles, plywood and the portal itself are at an angle of 20,556. We would like to have the loading horizontal. Dead Loads Tiles = 55 x 10 /1000 = 0,55 kN/m2 on the slope Plywood = 0,022 x 7 = 0,154 kN/m2 on slope Portal = 0,1 x 0,5 x 7 = 0,350 kN/m on the slope Purlin = 0,075 x 0,225 x 5 = 0,55/cos 20,556 = 0,154/cos 20,556 = 0,35/cos 20,556 = 0,587 kN/m2 horizontal = 0,164 kN/m2 = 0,374 kN/m

= 0,084 kN/m length of purlin = 4 m.

Tributary length = the spacing of the portals Total dead load: Tiles Plywood Portal Purlin Imposed

Total Live load Factored Loads

= 0,587 x 4 = 2,348 kN/m = 0,164 x 4 = 0,656 kN/m = 0,374 = 0,374 kN/m = 0,084 x 4 / 1,1= 0,305 kN/m = 3,683 kN/m = 0,3 x 4 = 1,2 kN/m = 6,340 kN/m

1,2 x DL + 1,6 x LL 1,2 x 3,683 + 1,6 x 1,2

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Line sketch of portal frame:

MA

=0

6,34

16 2 YE 16 = 0 2

YE = 50,72 kN In a similar fashion YA = 50,72 kN

MC

=0

Y A 8 X A 7 6,34 82 =0 2

82 =0 2

50,72 8 X A 7 6,34

XA = 28,983 kN

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Virtual Work Used to Calculate Deflection of Trusses.

Example 1: The following timber truss has loads as shown. The sections have an area of 2700 mm2 and a modulus of elasticity, E = 7800 MPa. Determine the vertical deflection of the node G and of the node F.

Solution to the forces in the members. Member AB BC CD DE AH HG GF FE BH DF CG BG GD L 2,207 2,207 2,207 2,207 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 0,933 0,933 1,866 2,207 2,207 P0pvL (kN.m) External virtual work = internal virtual work P p L 1,0 x = 0 v AE =
123,047 x10 6 mm 2700 x 7800

P0 -7,238 -4,825 -4,825 -7,238 +6,559 +6,559 +6,559 +6,559 0 0 +2,040 -2,413 -2,413

pv -1,183 -1,183 -1,183 -1,183 +1,072 +1,072 +1,072 +1,072 0 0 +1,000 0 0

P0pvL 18,898 12,598 12,598 18,898 14,062 14,062 14,062 14,062 0 0 3,807 0 0 123,047

= 5,84 mm

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For the deflection at F:

Member AB BC CD DE AH HG GF FE BH DF CG BG GD

L 2,207 2,207 2,207 2,207 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 0,933 0,933 1,866 2,207 2,207 P0pvL (kN.m)

P0 -7,238 -4,825 -4,825 -7,238 +6,559 +6,559 +6,559 +6,559 0 0 +2,040 -2,413 -2,413

pv -0,591 -0,591 -0,591 -1,774 +0,536 +0,536 +1,608 +1,608 0 +1,000 +0,500 0 -1,183

P0pvL 9,441 6,293 6,293 28,338 7,031 7,031 21,094 21,094 0 0 1,903 0 6,300 114,818

External virtual work = internal virtual work P p L 1,0 x = 0 v AE =

114,818 x10 6 mm 2700 x 7800

= 5,45 mm

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Virtual work applied to bending members: Example 1: Determine the deflection in the middle of the following beam.

External Virtual work 1,0 x

= Internal virtual work =

M 0 mv ds E I L M m v = 2 2 0 ds 0 E I

M 0=

w L x w x2 2 2

mv = 0,5 x w L x2 w x3 2 2 2 dx = 0 E I

1,0 x

1 = EI

w L x 3 w x 4 2 6 8 0

= =

1 EI

w L4 w L4 128 48

5 w L4 384 EI

Instead of integrating the bending moment equations one can use standard integration equations.

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Apply the table to the previous problem:

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h
L

M0 mv h ds = 2 a1 [a2 + 2c2 ] EI 6 0
=
L 2

a1

L 4

a2

w L2 8

c2

3 w L2 32

M0 mv L L w L2 3 w L2 = + ds 2 2 EI 12 4 8 32 0
1 = 5 w L4 384 E I

Example 2: Determine the deflection in the middle of the following beam. E = 200 GPa and I = 43,60 x 10-6 m4:

External Virtual work EI * 1,0 x = =

L

= Internal virtual work

0 M 0 mv ds

h h h h a1 a2 + [2a1a2 + a1b2 + a2 b1 + 2b1b2 ] + [2a1a2 + a1b2 + a2 b1 + 2b1b2 ] + a1 a2 3 3 6 6 3 1,5 = 1,5 50 + [2 1,5 50 + 1,5 45 + 50 2,25 + 2 2,25 45] 3 6 1,5 3 + [2 2,25 45 + 2,25 40 + 45 1,5 + 2 1,5 40] + 1,5 40 6 3 = 388,125 kN.m

388,125 EI

388,125 200 x10 6 43,60 x10 6

= 0,0445 m = 44,5 mm

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Example 3: The following beam has been strengthened and stiffened by welding 10 mm thick plates over the central half of the member. Determine the deflection in the middle of the beam and compare this to the deflection of the un-stiffened beam. I of un-stiffened = 44,3 x 106 mm4. With the stiffening, the I increases to 81,8 x 106 mm4. E = 200 GPa

M 0 mv ds E I L M m v = 2 2 0 ds 0 E I h h = 2 a1 [a2 + 2 c 2 ] / EI1 + 2 [a1 a2 + b1 b2 + 2 c 2 (a1 + b1 )] / EI 2 6 6 3 3 = 2 1,5 [67,5 + 2 39,375] /(200 x10 6 44,3 x10 6 ) + 2 [1,5 67,5 + 3 90 + 2 84,375(1,5 + 3 )] /(200 81,8) 6 6 = 2,476 x 10-2 + 6,911 x 10-2 m = 9,387 x 10-2 m = 93, 9 mm

1,0 x

Un-stiffened member:

5 w L4 384 EI 5 5 12000 4 = = 152,4 mm 384 200 x103 44,3 x106

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