Re - 1989-12

FL UK E
AN D
P H I LI P S -
T HE
G LOBA L AL L IANC E
I N TE ST &
M EASUREME N T
FLUKE
PHILIPS
Put atest lab in yourtool pouch.

The Fluke 8060A 4Yz-digit handheld multimeter. It's thebest tool you couldadd to your tool pouch, becauseit letsyou troubleshoot more ...with less. This portable, powerful instrument hasa unique combination of featuresnot available in any other handheld DMM. Itlets you reach beyond traditional DMM applications, tackling jobs that often require more equipment _ !haoyou_caflia,rry,_ __ Asim ple push of abutton on theFluke 8060Alets you measure frequenciesto200 kH z, make relative offset measurements, convertvoltage sto direct re ading decibels, or conduct audiblecontinuity tests. Plus the 8060Aoffers wideband T rue RMSacm e asurement capability to 100 kHz. So say goodbye to your part-time counters, oscilloscopes, continuity testers, calculators and power supplies. And welcome afull-tim e professional that' ll be there when you need it. You'll findthat for troubleshooting everything from motor controls to data com m unicationsequipment, theF luke8060Aisthebest multime ter value going. Find out more by callingour toll-freehotline1-800-44-FLUKE, ext. 33.
FROM THE WORLDLEADER IN DIGITAL MUL TIMETERS.
8062A
$329' ;:::$3::::: B9 :' --,-_ _ .05%basicaccurac y .04%basicdeaccuracy 19999 count display 19999 countdisplay T rue-rmsacvoltag eand True-rms acv olta ge and cu rr ent ", cu"" rre ::::.n t _ tinu ityand Confinu ityand Con diodetesl ", dio ::.::; de:..:: te ;;;.: sl _ Relaliverelerence Frequency lyearca libration measurements cycleand warranty dBm. RelalivedB _ __ _ _ R elalivereference _ __ _ _ t-year callbratien _ _ __ _ cyc leandw arr anly 'Suggesled u.s.us; price .ettecthe October 1.198B.
JohnFluke Mfg. Co ..Inc.. P. O .Box C9090.MIS250C. Everett.WA 9B206.Sales:1 206)3565400.Other:1206)3476 100. e Copyright 19B8JohnFiukeMfg.Co ..Inc. All righlS reserved. AdNO .1181-F8060
FLUKE
CIRCLE 121 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
ecember 19891 1.1

1
BUILD ,.B18
37 PROGRAMMABLE PHASOR PROPERTY GUARD
Keep burglars away with shock waves of sound.
CoMilUiEilEl,GESi
RGB-to-IYTSC COIYVERTER .....- _ _ ..
_~__
EDITOR'S WORK . BENett

l"
Robert lannini 42 VIDEO SCENE SWITCHER

Give your videos a professional look.
William Sheets and Rudolf F. Graf 45 MAKE YOUR OWN ETCHING TANK
Home-made etch gives professional results.
Tony Lewis
,.ECBNOLOOY
1989
PAGE 81
.E_1a V olume 60
CoM~U ;EitE1lGES; Volume 6
51 HOLIDAY GIFT GUIDE

A sampling of electronics gifts for giving-or for receiving!
ANNUAL INDEX
,,'"
COMPU,.EBS
81 RGBTONTSC CONVERTER
Get high-quality computer video on your television!
.:.:::== '=:'=::';;~ ~' =.~ -
Robin Bek
CIBCUI,.S
55 CMOS PLL's Ray Marston 59 ALL ABOUT RELAYS
Put solid-state relays to work in your projects.
.
The 1989 Annual Index will appear in the January 1990 Issue.
Practical applications for the versatile 4046B micro-power phaselocked loop IC.
Harry L. Trietley Advertising and Sales Offices 104 Advertising Index 6 VIDEO NEWS
What's new in this fastchanging field.
68 HARDWARE HACKER
PC-board breakthrough.
8 Ask R-E 105 Free Information Card 14 Letters 89 Market Center 35 New Literature 28 New Products 80 PC Service 4 What's News
Don Lancaster 77 DRAWING BOARD

PC-board Photography
David Lachenbruch 22 EQUIPMENT REPORTS

Precision Motion Logic Analyzer and B + K-Precision Model 1249 NTSC Generator.
Robert Grossblatt 81 EDITOR'S WORKBENCI-I

Software reviews .
67 AUDIO UPDATE
The sound of CD: Part II.
Jeff Holtzman
Larry Klein
ONTH
Have you ever wished for a more eff ect ive way to combat thieves? If you worry about your car or your home being burglarized, you can turn to e lect ro n ics for some peace of mind.While most people are willing to settle for a simple noise maker to scare off a bu rglar, most burglars work qu ickly enough so that an alarm is not too much of a threat-but not our alarm. Our alarm generates painful and disorienting blasts of h i q hp itched-and even ultrasonicsound tha t are sure to send most burl gars running. The frequency and range of the so und are user-programmable, and the entire circuit is easy to build. For more deta ils , turn to page 37.
Ilell r nillB
Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967) founder M. Harvey Gernsback,
edi t or-i n-c h ief, emeritus
Larry Steckler, EHF . CET . editor-in-chief and publisher EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT Brian C. Fenton, edi t o r
Marc Spiwak, as sociate edi t o r
Daniel Goodman, technica l editor

Teri Scaduto, assistant editor JeRrey K. Holtzman co mputer editor Robert Grossblatt, circu its editor Larry Klein, audio editor David Lachenbruch contributing editor Don Lancaster contributing editor Richard D . Fitch contributing editor Kathy Campbell, editorial assist ant ART DEPARTMENT Andre Duzant, art di rector Injae Lee, ill usirator Russell C. Truelson, illustrator PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Ruby M. Yee, production director Robert A. W. Lowndes, editorial production Karen S. Tucker adverti si ng production Marcella Amoroso production assi stant CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT Jacqueline P. Cheeseboro circulation director Wendy Alanko ci rculati on analyst Theresa Lombardo circulation assi stant Michele Torrillo, reprint bookstore Typography by Mates Graphics Cover photo by Diver sified Photo Services Radio -Electronics i s ind exed in
THE JANUARY ISSUE GOES O N SALE DECEM B ER 5.

BUILD RE's ACOUSTICAL FIELD GENERATOR
Turn you r liv ing room into an expansive sound environment!
BUILD A PHONEACTIVATED A U D IOM UT IN G CIRCUIT

Nev er miss a phone call agai n- no matter how loud you play your stereo!
BUILD A SIMPLE LOGIC ANALYZ ER

An easy 3-c hip ci rcuit will get you started!
A REVIEW OF THE BERLIN A UDIO FAIR

A sne ak preview of w hat we can expect to see at the Consumer Electro nics Sh ow.
tDMilUiEiliJ/GESi
Build th e Port -A- M ati c- a new tro ubleshooting tool lets you keep track of wh at ports yo ur computer accesses.
As a servic e to reader s. RADIOE LECTRONICS publishe s available plans or information relating to newsworth y products. techn iqu es and sci ent if ic and technolog ical developm ents . Becaus e of poss ible variances in the quality and condit ion of material s and workman ship use d by readers. RADIO-ELECTRON ICS di sclaims any respo nsibility for the safe and proper functi oning of reader -built projects based upon or fro m plans or inform at ion published in th is magazine .
Since some of the equipm ent and cir cuitry desc ribed in RADIO-ELECTRO NICS may relate to or be cove red by U.S. patents , RADIO-ELECTRONICS disclaims any liability for the infringement 01 such patents by the making, using, or selling of any such equi pment or ci rcuitry, and sugges ts that anyone interest ed in suc h projects consu lt a patent attorney.
(J)
Applied Science & Tech nology Index and Readers Guide to Periodical Literature.
M ic rof ilm & M icrofich e editi ons are ' avai lab le. Contact c ir cul ation dep artment for det ail s. Adverti sing Sales ORices listed on page 104.
o Z o a: to W
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RAD IO-ELECTRONICS, (ISSN 0033-7862 ) December 1989. Published monthly by Gemsback Publications, Inc., 500-B BiCounty Boulevard, Farmingda le , NY 11735 Second-Cl ass Postage paid at Farmi ngdale, NY and addit ional maili ng off ices. Second-Cl ass mail registrati on No. 9242 authorized at Toronto , Canada. On e-year subscription rate U.S.A. and posse ssions $17.97, Canada $23.97. all other count ries $26.97. All subscri ption orders payable in U.S.A. funds onl y. via international postal money order or check drawn on a U.S.A. bank. Single copies $2 .25 . 1;) 1989 by Gernsb ack Publications, Inc . All right s reserved.
Printed in U.S.A. POSTM ASTER: Please send address changes to RADIO-ELECTRONICS, Subscription Dept., Box 55115 , Boulder. CO 8032'-5115.
A stamped self-addressed envelope must acco mpany all submitt ed manuscripts and/o r artwork or photographs if th eir return is desired shou ld they be rejected . We discla im any responsibility for the loss or damage of manuscripts and/or artw ork or photographs wh ile in our possession or oth erw ise.
6
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The Audit Bureau of Circulation
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READY-TO-USE INSTRUMENTS FROM HEATH

Backed by the expertise that makes our instruments famous
An engineering department that insists on honest value in every product Rigorous quality assurance inspection. Full one year warranty.
Outstanding manuals with complete specifications, operating instructions, schematics, and more. Technical assistance hotline : (616) 982-3315 . Our own factory service department.
A POWER SUPPLY FOR EVERY WORKBENCH

Here's an excellent value in an all-around bench power supply. Dual meters let you continuously monitor voltage and current, and 0-30 volt 3-amp output fills most common power supply needs . Use the constant current mode to charge rechargeable batteries, limit power to circuits under test, and operate devices that are current dependent.
DELUXE SCOPES ARE A PLEASURE TO USE
,UII"II."I''''''
8p2762 . . . ...... $169.95

Spedficatiom: Output vol...,: 0-30 VDC COIItinuouoly variable. Coono md nile cotllrob. 0utpu1 load: 03 A COIIIimlouo. Output impedance: Typically ioH than 0 .2 n to 10 kHz . Ripple: To 10 kHz, ioHthanS mVp-p(O.s mV ImlItypicol) .Lood"'JUl.tioo: O.2S~3mV.I -I()()Il, olrazdew=L Line "'JUlation: 0.2S~ 2mV for1
~ line variation. Cummtlimitittl: 0-3
These oscilloscopes offer the measurement capability you need, plus luxury features that make them a joy to own . TV triggers, I mV/div sensitivity, differential and X-Y measurements, plus beam finder, component tester, graticule illumination, and other features many manufacturers omit. Enjoy a top-quality 25 or 40 MHz scope backed by a reliable name, full warranty, and complete specifications.
25 MHz: 80-4552 ........ $399.95 40 MHz: 80-4554 ........ $599.95

Spccificatiooa:Vcrticol: 1 mV/mv-S v/mv. Bandwidthl....t I mV/div .A=acy3~ at llcHz,S~ at I mV/mv.o-.hooc lo.than~.Mu input: 4OOV.ModoI: CHA, CHB, dual, add. Horizomal: .2 . - .l l'11mv , pluo XI0mapWicr. Trigcr. CHA, OIB, Line, Ext, Auto, Norm, TV-V , TVH, +/-. Powe r: 90-132/198-264 VAC .5OI6O lh. 4S W. Weiaht 16.711>0.
A, variable . Power:120VAC/
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HANDYBNC CABLE SET

Our new BNC cable set provides you with 10 handy coax cables for
HALF PRICE SPECIAL!
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connections to instruments and other equipment. Included are two 3 ft. BNC male/dual E-Z hook connectors, three l-l{l ft. BNC male/ BNC male connectors, two 2 ft. BNC male/BNC male connectors, and a rack that you can mount on your workshop wall for convenient cable storage. An outstanding value at less than $3 .00 a cable.
HCA5002 ... $29.95
Order any product from this ad and get our popular shirt pocket miniature DMM, Model SM-2300-A, for only $12.47 - half our regular price.
Spedlc:allon.: Autoranglng 3-1/2 dlgtt DMM. DC \/Ott.: 2000 mV to 450 V. 1.3%4 count Approx. 11 Mn Input real.tanoe. Max input, 450 VDC. N:, volts: 2000 mV to 450V.2.3%Soounll, 50 to 400 Hz.Approx. 11 loinInput resistance. Max Input, 450
PREMIUM QUALITY COAX CONNECTORS

Make different types of coaxial connector adapters with gold plated pins and Teflon insulation. Just screw the required connector onto one of the interfaces - no crimping or soldering is needed. In just seconds, you'll have that special coaxial connection you require. Kit contains male and female N, F, RCA, BNC, UHF. SMA, TNC, and mini UHF connectors . A handsome, padded, zippered case is included with your deluxe kit to protect your connectors and to keep them looking new after years of service.
V. Reall1ance: 2000 n to 2 loin :2% 4 count.
To order, call TOLL FREE 1-800-253-0570

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for credit card orders, 24 hours a day For your free HEATHKIT catalog, call18()()'44HEATH
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CD CD
WHAT'S NEWS
Magnetic resonance images take place of X-rays
Rep orts on trials of a new experi mental ap proach to imaging t hreedimen sion al areas of t he human body wi th out X-rays we re made by Ge nera l Electri c scientists at th e r e c ent Soc ie t y o f M a gn eti c Re son an c e i n M edi cin e (SM RM) co nference in t he Neth erl and s. Th e new tec h ni que, known as " p hase co nt rast magn eti c reso nance ang iograp hy," pr odu ces images of fl owin g bl ood th at o ut line th e ve i ns an d ar te ries throu gh w hich th e bl ood is flowing . The faster th e bl o od f lows, th e bright er the im age that appea rs o n th e M agn eti c Re son an ce (M R) scan ner 's di spla y scree n . Because t he im age changes du e to vo lume of bl o od f low, th e M R me t hod requ ir es no in jecti on s of X-ray-abso rbi ng f lui ds to highli ght th e vessels- ofte n an un comfortabl e pr ocess fo r th e patient. With the nonin vasive GEM R appro ach , it is po ssibl e to acq uire data representin g all points wit hin a three-d im en sio nal area-co mmonly term ed volum e-the head, neck, o r whatever. All b lood vessels w it hi n th at area can be seen fro m any o rie ntatio n, and t he vo lum e can the n be rot ated to give vi ew s f ro m f ro nt , back , to p, bottom , o r o bliq ue ang les. O ne of the paper s p resente d at t he SM RM m e e t in g i n t he Neth e rl and s d ramatize d th e ad vantage of MR angiog rap hy's 3-D
THIS VIEW SHOWING ALL THE MAJOR blood vessels of the hand was made without X-rays. It used a GE-developed technique known as " phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography." The GE technique-totally noninvasive and painless-enables viewers to see flowing blood and thereby delineate the veins and arteries through which it is flowing. The faster the blood flows, the brighter it appears on the MR scanner's display.
capability. A pati ent w it h mult ipl e intercr anial ane urys ms was evaluate d both w it h X-rays and M R. The res u lt i ng MR i mages c lear ly showed t he ane u rysms t hat we re visib le o n t he X-ray screen and also an ext ra o ne not discovered by X-rays . Th e a dditiona l ane urys m was fo u nd by rotating t he 3-D image to an orientation t hat prov ided an unobstructed view.
Smart ca rds will respond to owner's voice

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Based on t he p remi se t hat no tw o vo ices are alike, Bellco re has d evi sed a tech no logy for per sonalize d " smart cards" th at work w it h spoke n co m mands . The ow ne r wo uld "trai n" suc h a card-whic h co nta i ns i nteg rate d ci rc uits and software- to recogn ize o nly hi s o r her voice .
Bellco re's recent ly patented exper i me nta l system behi nd t he " spe ake r-ve r i f icat i o n " co ncept cou ld p ro vid e i nc reased cred it card secur ity and expedi te ot her t ransactions invo lv ing an access card. Bel lcore's prototype speakerverificatio n system uses an inte grated circ uit ca rd to sto re d at a abo ut its owne r's un iqu e speec h
patterns (speech temp lates) and other perti ne nt in fo rmati on. Data is load ed in to t he card w hen it s ow ner "t ra ins" t he speaker-verifi cati on software to recog nize hi s o r her voice before usi ng the card fo r t he fi rst ti me. The system works with spec ial voice-recog nit io n softwa re t hat co uld be built into eq uip me nt th at it 's used in, incl udi ng te lep hones, or bank term inals equ ipped wit h a micropho ne. The software cou ld also be sto re d i n a ce nt ralize d co m p uter i n a remote locat io n suc h as a tel eph on e co mpany centra l office. A speaker-ve rif icatio n syste m wo uld be exceptio nally easy to use since most co mmands are sim ply spo ke n . Co m ma nds range from securi ng access to t he system to di alin g p r e-pr o gr amm ed te le p ho ne num bers. For examp le, O nce a smart card is pro g ramm ed wit h its u ser 's vo ice, a spea ke r-ver ificatio n tel eph on e call co uld pr oceed as follow s: The user wo uld fi rst in sert t he card into any speake r-verif icat io n te rmi nal, w hic h wo uld extract t he user 's nam e, speec h te m p lates, an d any specia l co m ma nds and bi l l ing in f o rm at i on. W he n pr om pted , t he users wo uld speak t he verificatio n p assw o rd. Th e passwo rd wo uld be t ranslated into di gital fo rm , and verified by t he co mp ute r w hich wo uld compare t he voice against t he pre -progra mmed speec h te mp lates. O nce ve rifie d as t he p rop er user, yo u wo uld be ab le to sim p ly speak a co m man d to in it iate a seque nce of eve nts. For example, the com mand "Ca ll Mom" co u ld instruct t he p ho ne to generate t he call, assum ing th e co mmand and co rrespo nd ing te lep ho ne num ber were stored in the smart card . Bellcore p lans to make the techno lo gy availab le for licensin g, and beli eves that it w ill be qui ckly develo ped for many co nsume r and co m merical uses. R-E
How to build a high-paying caree~ even a business of your own, in computer programming.
ba ud internal modem , 512K RAM, disk drive, monitor, and invaluab le programming software -BASIC, Pas cal, C, and COBOL-all yours to keep . Youget the experience and the know-how, the computer and the software to get to the heart of every programm ing problem, design imaginative solutions, then use your choice of four key computer languages to build original, working programs .
No matter what your background, NRI gives you everything you need to succeed in programming, today's top-growth computer career field.
C, and COBOL. Th en, rounding out your training, you use your modem to "talk" to your instructor, meet other NRI st udents, even download programs through NRI's exclusive programmers network, PRONET.
Your career in computer programming begins with your FREE catalog from NRI.
For all the details about NRI's at-home training in Computer Programming, send the coupon today. Soon you'll receive NRI's fascinating, informationpacked, full-color catalog. Open it up and you'll find vivid descriptions of every aspect of your NRI train ing. You'll see the computer system included in your course up close in a special, poster-sized foldout section. And, best of all, you'll find out how your NRI training will make it easy for you to build that high-paying career- even a business of your own - in computer programming .
CARL BARONE, NRI PROGRAMMER/ANALYST
Start with training that gives you hands-on programming experience -at home and at your own pace. Training that begins with BASIC, then continues with Pascal, C, and COBOL-todays hottest computer languages. Training that even includes a powerful IBM-compatible computer, modem, and programming software you keep . . Start with real -world training. The kind of training only NRI provides.
You need no previous experience to build a successful programming career with NRI training. Indeed, your NRI lessons start by walking you step by step through the fundamentals, giving you an expert understa nding of the programm ing design techniques used every day by successful micro and mainframe programme rs. And then the fun really begins.
Now with NRI's new at-home training in Computer Programming, you can be one of today's highly paid, creati ve team of computer wizards who give computers the power to carry out an astoni shing range of business, professional, and personal application s. Now, with NRI, you can be a computer programmer, ready to build a highpaying career - even a business of your own-making computers do anything you want them to do.
The only programming course that includes a powerful computer system and software you keep.
You master today's hottest computer languages, gaining the skills you need to build programs for a wide variety of real-world applications.
With your personal NRI instructor on call and ready to help, you use your computer and software to actually design , code, run, debug, and document programs in BASIC, Pascal,
Send for your NRI catalog today. It's yours, free.
If the coupon is missing , write to us at the NRI School of Computer Programming, McGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center, 440 1 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008 .
IBM is a Registered Trademark of the IBM Corp oration
Unlike any other school, NRI gives you hands-on programming experience with a powerful IBMcompatible Packard Bell computer system, including 2400
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NAME ADDRESS
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Only NRI gives you an IBM-compatible computer with modem, 512K RAM, disk drive, monitor, and soft ware- BASIC, Pascal , C, and COBOL-all yours to keep!
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541 5-129
I I I
VIDEO
NEWS
Widescreen TV. In a major move toward the implementation of high-definition TV, Thomson Consumer Electronics announced at the recent Berlin Audio-Video Fair that it would introduce TV sets with widescreen proportions next fall. Thomson is Europ e's second largest manufacturer of TV sets ( aft er Philips). Its brands include Thomson in France; Telefunken, Saba, and Normende in Germany; and Ferguson in England. Thomson also sells RCA and GE TV sets in the Un it ed States, bu t says that its introduction of widescreen sets here will depend upon the American consumers' demand. Widescreen TV's have an aspect ratio of 16:9, close to t h e proportions of Cinemascope movies, as compared with 4:3 for standard TV sets. HDTV broadcasting is expected to use widescreen proportions, and the European satellite broadcasts in the extended-definition D2-MAC system are expected to include some widescreen pictures as well as standard-aspect transmissions. Thomson's first widescreen sets will use a new picture tube, now in pilot production, measuring 34 inches diagonally. In height, the 34- inch tube is the equivalent of a standard 28-inch type. The new set, which will sell for about $5 ,000, will be a "multi-format multi-standard" model, which can receive br oadcast s in all of the world's TVtransmission standards-those are PAL, SECAM, andNTSC. In addition, the set will be able to tune directly to D2-MAC satellite programs, dtsplaymg widescreen pictures when transmitted, or standard-dimension programs from any source. When tuning regular, standard European broadcasts, it will be capable of doubling the number of fields from 50 to 100, eliminating flicker. At the touch of the remote control, it can ~ enlarge a standard-aspect TV picture to display a z "cinem a" version, filling the widescreen tube by ff cutting of a portion of the picture's top and bottom. Alternatively, it can show a standard 4 :3 ~ picture at the left of the wide screen, with three w 6 smaller pictures from other channels ( or a VCR) is vertically in the space to the right of the main ii picture ( "picture-outside-p icture"). The new set also can enlarge to full -screen "lett er box" TV transmissions and recordings (wh ich normally have black bands at the top and bottom of the screen to show all of the original movie's dimensions ). Europe's D2-MAC transmissions, which started this year, are designed to be the forerunners of the true HDTV They achieve improvement in the picture by transmitting brightness and color signals separately. The goal of the combined European "Eureka" project is to start compatible HD-MAC 1,250-line widescreen service in 1992. A preliminary version of HD-MAC was being transmitted from satellite and distributed by fiber optics and cable at the Berlin show for demonstration purposes.
Audio-video CD's. Two interactive audiovideo compact-disc formats are racing toward the consumer market, both with products tentatively scheduled for 1990 or 1991. Compact Disc Interactive ( CD-I) , championed by Philips, can squeeze a whole dictionary of audio and still- or limited-action video on a 5-inch CD. Digital Video Interactive ( D VI) , developed by GE and being readied for the market by Intel, claims up to 72 minutes of full-motion digital video, in addition to audio, on the same size disc. Both companies are aiming for $1,000 players at nrst, coming down rather quickly to somewhere round the $500 price level. Manufacturers are still somewhat vague on what kind of programming they think will become popular, but Philips' subsidiary, American Interactive Media, has released a list of CD-I programs that are under development. Those include ''A Visit to Sesame Street," "Children's Bible Stories," "Ch ildren 's Musical Theater," "Clu e," "Gar dening," the "Grollier Encyclopedia," "In t er a ctive Golf," "Kaleidoscope Music," "Oldies Juke Box," "Rand-McNally Family Atlas," "Rocket Ranger," "Bargon Chess," "Sinatra, my Father," "Stamps," "Time-Life Photography," and "Treasures of the Smithsonian." That list should give you some idea of what the new medium might be like. R-E
IHINK OF II AS AN ELECIRONIC SWISS ARMY KNIFE.
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BROKEN
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XTEI<NAL
I bought an 80287 Math Coprocessor for my Pc/AT and broke pin 1 flush with the DIP surface while installing it, so there's nothing to connect to . I've written the manufacturer, but no answer. Do you have any ideas?-J. Dunbar, Camden, TN
Th ere's always a way to fix anythi ng; let 's tal k abo ut rep airin g IC legs in ge neral, and th en w e'll de al wi th yo u r 80287. So me meth od s w ill make a manu fact u re r c ringe, so me may m ake them cross th e st reet and w alk the ot he r w ay when th ey see yo u, and ot he rs may ju st vo id yo u r warranty. Puttin g a crutc h on an IC is so me th ing th at eve ry hardware junki e does eventuall y. The best w ay is to repl ace t he IC ; however, t ry ing to get a " reco m mended meth od " is li ke asking a car co m pany how to rep air a gas tank leak w it h bubbl e gum . On e of th e stap les of any elect ro nics ben ch sho u ld be a co llectio n of d ead l C's, since t he best repl acem ent for o ne broken IC leg is ano t he r. Break the leg off a dead IC flush w it h t he bo dy of the DIP, and ti n the end t hat was near t he DIP. You neith er need nor wa nt mu ch so lde r beca use t he m ore yo u have, th e m ore heat yo u' ll need to melt it , and heat is th e lC's d eadl y ene my. An y elec tro nics ben ch sho uld have a co llectio n of d ead lC's, since t he best rep laceme nt fo r o ne broke n IC p in is anot he r. Break off a d ead IC pin flush w it h t he package, and tin t he pack age end . Don 't use mu ch solder; t he more yo u have, t he more heat yo u' ll need , w hich may da mage w hateve r IC yo u' re t rying to fix . O bv io usly, t he best thi ng to do is
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Moto-Too l or similar moto rized harid t o ol w it h a f ine, po in t ed , g ri n d i ng wh e el , an d rem ov e some of th e case, expos ing some of t he intern al co nt inuat ion metai, as in Fig. 1. It 's not aesthetic, but it wo rks. Althou gh yo u can wo rk eit her o n t he top o r botto m of th e DI P , t he to p p resen t s less r isk of damag ing ot her pin s. Keep the chip co ol with freeze sp ray o r a nap kin soaked in ice wate r. Remember, grind ing also gene rate s heat. Limi t th e area yo u' re gri nd in g t o th e width of th e pin , abo ut Y16-inch of met al, but don ' t bear do wn . Wh at ever t he case materi al , grind a few seco nds, and sto p t o b oth exami ne th e DI P and co o l it off. How mu ch yo u'l l have to d o dep end s o n t he case.
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repl ace it . Failing th at, th ere are o n ly two in st an ces w he n yo u sho uld fix it : It 's th ree o ' clo ck in t he morn ing and yo u need it NOW! It 's expe nsive . If t he re's a stub left , ju st tin it and solde r th e new p in o n. Th is can be tri ck y, since t he new pin is sma ll and w ill stick to the iron. You' ll need a pair of tw eez ers and steady hand s. Don 't insist o n perfect alig nme nt w it h th e rest of the p ins, ju st get it close eno ug h to fit in a socket. Alig n it after solde ring, to m ini mize heat. If the stub is flus h w it h t he D IP, first expose mo re metal ; t his can be d on e, bu t takes great care and ver y steady hand s. Lock t he IC ligh tly an alligator clip fixt u re for PC boa rd s. If you do n't have o ne , use an all igator clip held in a vi se. Then, take a Drem el o r X-acto
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11
Cerami c is more resistant than pla sti c, but th ey leave" no residue ; pla stic grinds qui ckly, but m elts. O nce you 'v e got th e m etal exp osed as in Fig. 2, tin it and so lde r to it. For t he 80287, w he n yo u break an IC pin , chec k wh eth er it 's used. Tho se for the 80287 are in Fig. 3, and you're lu cky becau se pin #1 is labell ed "N /C " (No Conn ection ), so repa irin g it is pointless, all th e more so sin ce you m ight very well dama ge o r
over he at it needle ssly. Even th e slo wes t 80287 costs ove r $150. Sin ce the only benefit is aesth etic, leave it alo ne . Besid es, asymmetry is in vo gu e.
MIKE INPUT ATIENUATOR
I have a small cassette recorder to listen to tapes at work. I spent the extra money for record as well as play, since I'd like to use iffor making the tapes I listen at work. The problem is, the machine only has a mike input, and the copies
are garbled. I've tried using series resistors to cut the level, but they don't. I know there's some way, but I'm out of ideas.-D. Conklin, Princeton, NJ. You haven 't sent in any spe cs on the recorder, but most have si m i lar inputs. You 're having a problem , since a series resistor only cuts current. To match signalline level to input mike lev el, cut the power of the input by droppin g both voltage and current. The mike input n eed s about 200 IJ-V at -72 dB, whereas standard outputs deliver about 300 mV, at a 10:1 mi smatch . The
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problem is compounded if you 've got low impedance 200ohm mike inputs, not high impedance 50K inputs. Use one resistor for the signal current, and the other on the mike input voltage. You can use a transformer, but an resistive attenuator pad is easier. It does the same th ing and mi ght even fit inside the recorder. Since I don't have the numbers on your mike input, you 'll have to experiment. I used those in Fig. 4 to pad the mike input in my recorder, an old Sony TC-55 with low impedance mike input havin g 200 IJ-V sensit ivity at -72dB . If there 's enou gh room , use a DPDT switch as in Fig. 4. With the switch in the "Mike " po sition, the input is in it's original condition . Wh en you put the sw itc h to " Li ne," the sig n al is f i r st routed throu gh R1 and th en R2. Mount the resi stors on the sw it ch t erminal s to save space and keep th e signal path sho rt. Standard Y4- or Va-w att resi stors are fine . R-E
12
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CIRCLE 155 ON FREE INFORMATION CAR D
LETTERS
SPECTRUM MONITOR CORRECTIONS Th ere are a few co rrect io ns and clarificatio ns to "B uild th is Spec Seve ra l p erform an ce asp ect s w ere uncl ear : Ma ximum frequ ency resolu ti on isabo ut 5 kH z. Rotatin g th e ce nter tune c lockw ise
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t hatturns o n a tape record er w he n a te lepho ne hand set is take n off hoo k. Th e br idge rectifi er, w hich mak es t he device pol ari t y-ind e--t r u m-M o n i to r,'-w h ichCl p p ea re d -i n-- (e W )- i nGea s-e-s-t h-e-c e-nTeTf re--~ p~ e= n a e n t , sno ulCl De ' rotatea''-gO - t he Septe mbe r and Octobe r 1989 qu en cy, and vice -ve rsa. The sweep deg rees wit h respect to th e rest of issu e s of Radio-Electroni cs. Th e co ntro ls hori z on t al sca le; f u l ly t he circ uit. In ot he r wo rds, the int u ne r is a Ze n i t h p art No. CW, it's abo ut 10 MHz/di v, if the pu t s and o ut p uts of t he b ridge 175-02292A. You can b uy it from ce nte r fr equ en cy isn 't near t he sho uld be transposed-Edito r PTS Co rp., 5233 S. Hwy 37, Blo omtun er ext remes. Rot atin g it co un ing to n, IN 47401 , (800) 333-7871. ter clock wi se (CCW) expands the ONE READER'S OPINION Cost fro m PTS is $33.45 in clu d in g scale to abo ut 5 M Hz/d iv at m idI would like to respond to yo u r shi pp ing and handl in g. range, b ut it's not calib rate d. Setrecent req uest (Radio-Elect ronics, In t he tu ner d iagram (Fig . 2 in ti ng the sweep fully CCW excee ds Jul y 1989) fo r read er's votes o n the th e Septem be r issue), some of the t he moni to r's capab ility.-Edito r " PC Service" sect io n, and to vo ice nom en cla ture is n ot co ns ista nt my o pi nio n on HOTY. wi th th e schemat ic: PL5 is in corASK RE AGAIN First, I vot e to go back to pu ttin g rectl y label ed as PL1 , PL6 as PL2, There is a mistak e in "Ask RE," art wo rk fo r t he PC b o ard s o n C41 as C1, and L3 as L1. In Fig. 4, t he Radio-Ele ctronics, Octobe r, 1989. pages with nothin g p rinte d on the unl abel ed electro lyt ic ben eath R20 In t he " I Need Val ues" lett er, a ot he r side . Th e way t hat it is pr eis C35. sche matic was give n fo r a device sente d now is wo rt hless in most cases. I wo u ld also like to com men t abo ut yo u r artwo rk for large (usual ly di gital ) PC board s. Because th ey are so co m p lex and must be redu ced to fit t he page, t hey are usually unusabl e because tracks ru n toget her. As an alte rnati ve, perh aps yo u co uld make f ull-size, clea n artwo rk availab le to reade rs by mail , at a small cost . Now... HOTV. I t h in k th e wh ol e idea of HOTV is a valiant effo rt fo r a n e edl ess ca use. I f e qu i p me nt costs as much as is p red icted, I certa inly wil l not b uy any. W hy do yo u need mo re reso lution on te leMI STAKEN IDENTITY visio n, anyway-fo r sports nu t s to In t he Aug ust 1989 " New Pro de n d Trini t r on se ts; t he ir S RS see th e lin es o n t he fo otba ll f ield uc t's" co l u m n, w e f e atur ed a . spea ke r systems do not in co rp oclea rer? I see no need to up set the (f) rate SRS tec hno logy. The SRS-03K w ho le ind ustry for t he re lat ive ly o tel evi sio n and a speake r system Z fro m So ny and m i st ak enl y despeake r system , shown here and few w ho w ill go to big-screen TV o in the original "New Prod ucts" cola: scribed bot h as i ncor po rat i ng (that, admitted ly, req uires better fu mn , costs $299.95; t he co rrect o Sony's Sou nd Retre iva l System resol ut io n). It seems t hat t he re is LU ..J (SRS) tec hno logy. Act ually, SRS is p rice fo r t he SRS-77G syste m is always a desi re for co mpa nies to LU $199.95 . O u r apo log ies for t he make more mon ey, hidden be hi nd o used o nly in th e Sony XBR lin e of o tel evi sion sets and in several hi gh co nf usio n .-Edito r so-calle d bette r p ro d ucts fo r t he -c a:L--.J average cons ume r, and it w inds up
I
14
ltadlG Ihaek Etart I Etlaee

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makin g all pr odu ct s cost mor e. I love Radio-Electron ics! Keep up t he good work. NORMAN STOBERT Berri en Springs, M O
WORKING LIKE NEW
Thank s so mu ch fo r t he art icles, "New Radio s, New Pro bl em s, New Solu t ion s," by Gary McClellan (Radio-Electronics, Jul y and A ug ust 1989). By usin g some of th e sugges ti on s i n th o se articl es, I w as abl e to fi x a Delc o radi o th at I co u ld n't find parts fo r and a San sui car ste reo t hat had been " b utc he red " by som e oth er techni cian. You saved my neck! Let 's have mor e articl es li ke t hose. JIM PRIOR St. Pau l, MN
RADIATION RISKS
Like Roy Norman, wh ose letter app eared in t he November issue of Radio-Electronic s, I was im pressed wi t h t he series of art icles cal le d th e "A n na ls of Radi ati on" that ap pea red in three co nsecut ive issues of The N ew York er ("Powe r
Lines," June 12; " Rada r," June 19; and " Video Disp lays," June 26). As an art ist w ho works w it h elect ron ics , a rep ai r technic ia n, a teac her, and a hobbyist , I fo u nd th e series to be extre mely soberin g. I think the materi al is a " m ust read" for all of us invo lved in elect ron ic s-as we l l as t hose w ho aren't. Th o se art ic les caref u l ly do cu me nt research showing at least a do ub ling of the in cid en ce of leukem ia in peopl e livin g two hou ses or less fro m utili ty-p ol e-moun ted stepdown tr ansform ers. The d ange rs see m t o be cause d by th e magn et ic fi eld s and I want ver y much to build some so rt of devi ce th at can accur ately measur e t hose fie lds . The impor tant freque ncies are 60 Hz , 120 Hz, and 15.7 kH z. I wo uld like th e meter to read direct ly in Milli-Guass units. . I t hin k t hat t his is also important in li ght of Radio-Electronics' recent art icles o n br ain- wave expe rime ntation both w ith co mp ute rs (Septe mbe r, O ctob er, and November 1988) and w it h medi tation goggles
(April 1989). The N ew Yorker series di scu ssed research in w hich cats were expose d to 147-MHz rad io waves . They fo und that unrnod ulated radio waves of 1 mW/sq . cm . d idn't cause any p rob le ms, b ut w he n t hey w ere m odul at e d at b rai n-w ave f re q ue nc ies, sig n ificant electrical d ist urba nces in the cats' b rai ns we re obse rved . The experim en t was rep eated o n chicks and was defin itely shown to cause serio us calc iu m- io n and imm u nesyste m pro b le ms in t hei r b rai n tissue . I kn ow th at th e k nee-je rk respo nse to th at so rt of stu ff is to ignore it-after all , it is very harrow ing news. But itwo uld be sad if th at happ en ed. FRED WO LFLINK Brookli ne , M A 02146
THE GREAT WIRE DEBATE
Co nce rni ng t he "great w ir e debate," I co nd uc te d ex pe ri me nts sim ilar to th o se don e by M r. Kiley (Radio-Elect ro nics, " Lette rs ." August 1989). In my case, I compared t he performa nce of both 18-SEG
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twin cab le and that of standard 5-A PVC lin e cord 20 feet in len gth. I also co m pa re d perf o rm an ce be tween w orkin g into an act ual co mm er cial loud speaker and a purely resistiv e load , as we ll as makin g direct measurem ents att he o ut p ut of th e ampli fier. Extrapol atin g fo r th e differen ce between Mr. Kiley's t ests and min e, I arrived at exact ly th e same co ncl usio ns as Mr. Kiley did . I did , however, find that th ere was some co ntact resistance in t he speake r connection s that far outwei gh ed th e resistance of t he wi re. Ch eckin g for th e cau se I found that , althou gh th e exte rnal connection s to th e spea ker used sta ndard bindin g po sts, th e C Onnec tion s to the d riv er itself w ere mad e via inexp en sive slide-o n lu gs, and that merely ji ggling them sli ghtl y resulted in variations in th e overall resistance of th e set u p. That was in line with my gen eral experien ce that poor-quality conn ector s are far more often the cause of sig nal degeneration than wi re characteri stic s per se. No " p rem ium-w i re pu sher " has ever pres ented any evid ence for hi s claim s, and to m y knowl ed ge, no blind group-li st enin g-test results have ever been publi sh ed (ce rt ai n ly not by th e wire pu sher s!). Fortu nately, th ere are signs that professional audio eng ineers are increasin gl y debunkin g th e wir e manufactur ers ' absurd claim s. I would like to exp ress my appreciati on for Larry Klein 's man y co nt rib ut io ns to co mm on sense in those matter s and for Radio-Electronics' con sistent objectivity and indep end ent stance in all of th e subjects it tackl es-whi ch is a tribute to it s faithfuln ess to th e prin ciple s of it s fo unde r, th e late Hu go Gernsback. In th ese days of bla tant scams, it is o ne of th e few publication s I kn ow th at I can alway s tru st. JOH N COX
and I think yo u r magazin e sho u ld adapt itself to today's and to morrow's techn ol ogy and stop loo kin g only at th e techn ol ogy of 5 o r 10 years ago. Hobbyi st s used to be innovator s, in ventors of new elect ro n ic toys. M ost hobbyi sts have o nly magazin es li ke yo u rs to info rm th em of new mi cro chip s, and yo u don 't seem to do yo ur job very we ll. It seems to me, by yo ur arti cles on mi crop ro cesso rs, t hat th e new s takes a lon g t im e to reach yo ur magazin e. Take th e 68705 for inst ance . I' ve u sed t hat c h i p f o r seven years, and f irst noti ced an arti cle o n it in your magazin e thi s year. What abou t th e 8096, 8098, TM S3 70 , uPD 7 810, uPD 7810 , uPD7 811, HD 64180 , HD 64 71 80, HD641 80S, V25, H8, HPC, 68701, 68H C11, 8051, 8751, and 8031, to nam e a few? Th e mo st am us i ng article I'v e seen in years is th e o ne on PLC in th e Septe m be r issue. (" Prog rammable Ar chi t ectu res: Th e N ext Breakthrough ?") What are GAL's, PEEL's, o r EPLD's, mi ght I ask? It so u nds like an articl e th at mu st hav e b een writt en in t he ear ly 1970's . I c an und er st and that EPLD's are rath er n ew, bu t I'v e used them for three years and th eir EEPROM co u nte r pa rts f o r two years, and I' ve yet to see Radio-Electronics write any t hi ng abo ut th em. I was rathe r sur p rised to see that th e EPROM used mo st often in yo u r article s app ear s to b e th e 271 6. Don 't yo u know that the 2716 is an o bso lete part? The kin g in th e elect ro nic w orld nowadays is th e 27C256. If I were to design anythin g with a 2716 my boss w ould think t hat I was nuts. MICHAEL CATUDAL
Put Professional Knowledge and a
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An important part of being prepared to m ove up is holding the right college degree, and the absolutel y necessary part is knowing your field. Grantham can help you both ways- to learn more and to ea rn your degree in th e process. Grantham offers two degree programs-one with major emphasis in electronics, the other with major emphasis in computers. Associate and bachelor degrees are awarded in each program , and both program s are available completely by correspondence. No commuting to class. Study at your own pace , while continuing on your present job. Learn from easy-to-understand lesson s, with help from your Gr antham instructors when you need it.
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Accredited by th e Accrediting Commission of the National Home Study Council
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BEHIND THE TIMES?
I'v e read Radio-Electronics for more than 20 yea rs, an d yo u've had quite a few interesting articl es in that t ime . Lately quali ty has go ne d own ,
Silver Creek, N Y We try to keep our co ns truction projects buildable. That ofte n precludes using the latest and greates t parts in a proj ect. If a 2716V (which cos ts about $4.00) will do the job, w hy wo u ld yo u use a 27C512 that costs three times as much ? Your p oin t o n cove ring n e w techn ology is well taken. We hop e that so me of the articles we have . plann ed for the co m ing year answer at least a few o f yo ur co m plaints.-Editor R-E
GRANTHAM
College of Engineering ~ 10570 Humbolt Street co <0 Los Alamitos, CA 90720

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Tek's new 50 MHz 2211 gives you more measurement power for the money than any scope in its class. If you want the performance of an expensive digital scope, but not the cost, our new 2211 is
the perfect solution. It represents Tek know-how and quality at its affordable best. It combines powerful 20 MS/s digital sampling with the familiar operation of an analog scope. In digital storage mode you can capture and display single-shot events, see what happened before atrigger event, or compare newly-acquired signals to astored waveform. And ifyou need to analyze fast or complex signals in real time, simply switch to analog mode with the push of abutton. Productivity-enhancing features are in abundant supply. For instance, all measurements and front-panel scale factors appear on the CRT Waveform cursors automatically calculate time and voltage. A4K record length and X50 magnification give you excellent timing resolution, plus analog-quality displays. And trigger levels can be read directly on the screen.
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There's even astandard hardcopy interface that lets you connect the 2211 to Epson printers or HPGLcompatible plotters, such as the Tek HC100, for convenient automatic 4-color documentation.
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Model Number__ ___ . 221L_____2201 Bandwidlh Storage Bandwidth Sample Rate Vert. Sensitivity Cursors/Readout Hardcopy Interface Record Length Vertical Resolution Price "
50MHz 1 MHz 20MS/s/ch 500 flV/div Yes Y es 4KJch 8 bit $2 495 20MHz 1MHz 10MS/s/ch 5m V/div N o O ption 2KJch 8 bit $1495
2225
50MHz N/A N/A 500 flV/div N o N o N/A N/A $1095
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afte r th e tri gg er , a Ce n tro n ics co mpat ib le printer inte rface , and d ata-managem ent fun cti on s. The analyze r is hou sed in a gray pl asti c case th at measur es ro ug h ly 7 x 4 x 1 in ch es. The fron t panel is dominated by a 24-key membran e keypad , a 2-li ne by 16-ch aract er LCD readout, and 6 termin als for inputs and o ut p uts. A 0 6-25 parallel printer port is provid ed at th e side of th e analyze r, whil e the to p edge of th e unit offe rs a test-cabl e co n ne cto r and power-suppl y input. A 5-volt regulated w aIl-transform er power sup ply is provid ed with th e analyzer. Th e 28-pin IC test clip is well suite d for co nnec t io n t o eit her 24or 28-pin EPROM's. Th e test cl ip can conn ect up t o 14 of t he EPROM's add ress lines to t he analyz er. Th e d at a o n t hose lin es (0- 13) form t he hexad ecim al data words th at are show n on th e displ ay. Two ad d it io nal input s are provid ed on t he front pan el for lin es 14 and 15. Thos e data are display ed separate ly, unl ess spec if ically app end ed to the data word. Th e anal yz er dire ctl y su p p o rt s
2758, 2716, 2732, 2764, 27128, and 27256 EPRO M 's. So me ea r l ier EPRO M 's, spe c if ica lly t hose t hat use -5 and +12 vo lts, cannot be hoo ked up directl y to th e analyze r. O nce th e analyze r is co nnec te d to th e circ uit und er test , and t he pr op er ROM is selecte d and th e cl ock is p rop erl y selecte d, th en the analyze r is ready to do it s job taki ng data. O nce starte d, t he analy z er co nt i n uo us ly lo ad s h exadec i m al d at a wo r ds in t o it s mem ory. Th e m em ory wi ll hold th e 1023 mo st recent w ord s, writin g ove r any o ld data. On ce t he selecte d trigger w ord is sto red, th e fo ll o w i n g 1023 data w ord s are sto red. Th e to tal mem ory of the analyze r is 2047 word s. O nce th e d ata wo rds are sto red, th ey data w ord s can be easily vi ewed. Th e analyzer d isplay w ill start fro m the trigger po sition. Left and righ t arrow keys can be used to scro ll throu gh th e mem or y. Sho rt cuts are provid ed to move throu gh th e memory mor e qui ckly, and a searc h fun cti on is provid ed for findin g a parti cular data word. Outputtin g th e co nte nts of th e
data me mo ry to a p rinte r is simp ly a matt er of sett ing the curso r to the mem o ry pos itio n w he re yo u want t he o utp ut to start, and th en issuin g t he print co m mand . The next 500 hexadecim al data word s wi ll be o ut p ut to a Ce ntro n ics -co m patibl e prin ter in a form at of 10 co lum ns of 50 wo rds each. A t imin g-di agr am for mat can also be pri nted . If th at opt io n is chose n, a 16-channe l graph ic diagram fo r101 clock peri od s wi ll be o utp ut. The co ntents of channe ls 14 and 15 can be o ut put separately. Turnin g t he ana lyze r into a handh eld two tr ace, two state sto rage sco pe, O th er features of th e analyzer in clud e a hexad ecimal /d ecim al calcul ato r/co nverte r, a pre-t rigger arm funct io n, and a sto pwatc h. We've o n ly scratc he d th e surface of t he capab ilit ies th at th e Precisio n Mo tio n l o gi c an al yz er de livers . We fo und t he feat ures, the small package, and t he $1495 pri ce of the analyzer imp ressive, and we' re alm o st look in g for ward t o havin g a mi croprocessor-b ased syste m b reak down so we can pu t R-E it back to w ork .
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TElEV IS ION H A S COM E A LO N G WAY IN
a sho rt t im e. Somew he re in th e past coupl e of years th e te levisio n b usiness w as t ransf o rmed in to the video ind ust ry. And w he re once screens wer e o n ly fill ed w it h images desi gn ed to ente rtain, tod ay's tub es d ispl ay eve ryt h i ng fr om M artian invad ers at a qu arter a pop to st oc k qu otes at co nsi de rab ly hi gher pri ces. The in creased sop hist icatio n of video moni tors has led to t he need fo r more sop histic ate d di agno stic t o ol s to m aintain th em. O nce up on a tim e th e in strum ent s needed to service televi sion s w ere oft en big ger and more expe nsive th an th e t elevisio ns th em selves. BK Preci sion (6470 W. Cortland St., Chic ago , IL 60635) has always had a lin e of vid eo test gear and anyo ne involved in servicing video eq uipment sho u ld ce rtainly be familiar w ith it . 249 is t he ir low Their mod el 1 end video-s ig n al ge ne rato r. Despite a relatively low cost, it can produce ju st ab out eve ry sig nal needed to test, service , and ad j ust a wide vari ety of NTSC co mpat ib le monitor s and televisio n sets. The in strum ent can ge nerate standard NTSC col or bars, split image bar s, stai rcase , and an asso rt me nt of line and dot patt ern s useful fo r setups and co nve rge nce . . A ll th e patt ern s th e 1249 can generate are availab le on several out puts, from co m po site vid eo, to a 45.75 MHz IF, to modul ated RF on either channe l thre e o r fo ur. Th is is a great co nve n ie n ce fo r t rac ing p robl em s si nce th e same sig na l can be in ject ed at di ff erent po ints in th e vid eo chai n . Being ab le to sing le-step yo u r way f ro m th e anten na inpu t to t he final video ampli fi er mak es it mu ch easier to pi npoint pr obl em areas in tun er s and vide o circ uits. Since all the outputs are buffer ed, th ey can all be used sim ulta neo usly. Thi s means yo u don 't have th e hassle of plu gging and unplu ggin g cables as yo u work your way throu gh vi deo circuit ry. To make t he in strum ent as versat ile as possibl e, all t he impo rta nt frequencies are ge nerated fro m a sing le master clock and t he in d ividual co m po ne nts of th e vid eo sig nal are brou ght o ut to separ ate front pan el BNC conn ector s. Th is
B + K Precision Model 1249 NTSC Generator A relieble, easy-to-use se rvicing tool .

is really co nve nie nt if yo u' re usin g an osci llosco pe beca use, for examp le, yo u can t rigge r off H w hile
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MODEL RANGE: FROM TO APPLICATIONS 2210 10 Hz 2.2 GHz General Purpose Audio-Microwave $219 1300H/A 1 MHz 1.3 GHz RF 2400H 10 MHz 2.4 GHz Mic rowave CCA 10 MHz 550 MHz Secu rity $299 NA < .5 mv < 1 mv NA NA NA CCB 10 MHz 1.8 GHz Security $99 NA < 5 mv < 5 mv < 5 mv < 10 mv < 30 mv
$169 $189 PRICE SENSITIVITY NA NA 1 KHz < 5 mv 100 MHz < 3 mv < 1 mv < 3 mv < 3 mv < 5 mv < 3 mv 450 MHz 850 MHz < 3 mv < 20 mv < 5 mv < 100 mv 1.3 GHz < 7 mv < 7 mv < 30 mv NA < 30 mv 2.2 GHz ACCURACY AL L HAVE + 1- 1 PPM TCXO TIME BASE.
All counters have 8 digit red .28" LEO displays. Alumin um cabinet IS 3.9" H x 3.5" x 1". Internal Ni-Cad batter ies provide 25 hour portable operation with continuous operation from AC hne charger/power supply supplied. Model eG B uses a 9 volt alkaline battery. One year parts and labor guarantee. A full line of probes. antennas, and accessories IS available . Orders to U.S. and Canada add 5% to total (S2 min . S10 max). Florida reside nts. add 6% sales tax. COO fee S3. Foreign orde rs add 15% . MasterCard and VISA accepted . Orders to U.S. and Canada add 5% to total ($2 min, S10 max). Florida residents. add 6% sales tax. COO fee $3. Foreign orders add 15% . MasterCard and VISA accepte d.
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Bes ides produ cin g NT SC signals, t he 1249 also generates a 30 Hz TTL level sig nal, (useful fo r servici ng VC R's), and a 4.5 M Hz signal w hic h is exact ly w hat's need ed for locati ng aud io iso lation p rob lems in a TV tu ner. Th e 1249 has a DB9 co nnecto r o n t he fro nt panel w it h p in ou t s id en ti cal to IB M co lo r cards and, si nce th er e's a f ro nt panel switc h to choose eit he r TTL level o r .8 vo lt signa ls, t he instrument can be used to service some co m p uter co lo r monitor s. Ther e are some com p ute rs that pr odu ce RGB vid eo that's reaso nab ly clo se to NTSC, so if yo u servi ce a lot of these monitors, th e 1249 ca n ma ke yo u r ben ch tim e mor e effi cie nt. Even thou gh t his in strum ent is sold as an standa rd NTSC ge ne rato r (pAL is a factory opt io n), th e fact that someo ne at B + K decid ed to add a PC-compatibl e video o ut p ut means they had an eye on th e f ield of co mp uter monitors. That's co m me ndab le, bu t if yo u' re lookin g fo r an in strument st rict ly to help service co mpu ter mon itors, th e 1249 is a poor choice.
M o st of th e co mp ute r v ideo bei ng ge ne rated to day is far fro m bei ng NTSC co mpatib le. Hor izon tal scan fre q ue nc ies vary all ove r the p lace and t he NTSC standa rd p rod uce d by t he 1249 is ju st too low if yo u' re t rying to t ro ub leshoot anything ot he r th an a small handf u l of co m p uter m oni t or s. Eve n so met h i ng as co m mon a s a PC mon ochrom e mon itor need s a signal w it h a hor izon tal scan fre que ncy of about 18 kH z and th e new er hi gh resoluti on co lo r moni tor s are up beyond 35 kH z. To be fair about it , t he 1249 was design ed around th e NTSC standard so it's hittin g below th e beltto crit icize it for doin g o n ly th e job it was design ed to do . The RGB o utputs are a co nven ience t hat co me in hand y fo r occasio na l servicin g-and , I sup pose th at if th ey save yo u t he hassle of havin g to m ak e a specia l ca b le, t hey' re wo rt h th e front panel space th ey occ u py. The docum entati on th at co mes wi th t he meter is terri fic. Packed in th e small instructio n bookl et is a lot mor e th an ju st swi tc h detail s
and set up p roce d u res. Severa l pages have bee n devoted to a hi story of NTSC video, an extremely detail ed analysis of t he signal itself, and a co mp lete glossary of video te rms. The manual has clea r in st ru ct ion s o n eve ryt h i ng fro m t urni ng t he un it o n to how to adj ust t he o utp ut by twea k i ng t he tr im mer s inside t he case. You also get an ove rsized sche matic of t he uni t - somethi ng most co mpanies d on 't p rovid e - and a co m p le te part s li st. Just abo ut the o nly co mpl ain t I have with t he pap erwork is th at B + K doesn't pu t th e IC valu es on th e sche matic, onl y th e part designati on s (10, IC2, etc.). They are, or co urse, in t he par t s li st bu t it 's alway s mor e co nv en ie nt t o have th em right th ere o n t he schematic. The bott om lin e is thatt he 1249 is a good value fo r it s $517 li st pri ce. The un it is easy to use, reliab le, gene rates rock steady sig nals, and yo u don 't need a seco nd mortgage o n yo u r hom eto b uy o ne. If yo u're in t he market fo r an NTSC gene rato r, t he 1249 is we ll wo rt h tak ing a loo k at. R-E
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IF you are able to work with common small hand tool s, and arefamiliar withbasicelect ronics (i.e. able to use voltmeter, understand DC electronics).... IFyoupossessaverage mechanical ability, andhave a VCR onwhichto practice and learn . . . .thenwe can teach YOU VCR maintenance and repair! FACT: upto90%of ALL VCR malfunctions aredueto simple MECHANICAL or ELECTRO-MECHANIC AL breakdowns! FACT: over77 millionVCRs in usetoday nationwide! Average VCR needs service or repair ev ery12 to 18 mon ths! Viejo's400 PAGE TRAINING MANUAL (over 500 photos and illustration s) and AWARD-WINNING VIDEO TRAINING TAPE rev ealstheSECRETS of VCR maintenance and repair-"real world " information that is NOT ava ilable elsewhere! Also includes all the info you'll need regarding the BUSINESS-SIDE of running asuccessful service operation! FREE INFORMATION CALL TOLL-FREE 1-800-537-0589 Or write to:.Viejo Publications Inc. 3540 Wilshir e BL. S TE. 31 0 Los Angeles, C A 90010 Dept. RE
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State Zip A subsid iary of Zenith Electron ics Corporation
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COAX ADAPTER KIT Create any adapter in seconds Make all combinations of BNC, TNC, SMA, N, UHF, Mini-UHF, F and RCA The TPI 3000A kit contains male and female connectors of all 8 types, and 6 universal interfaces. Simply screw any combination of2 4 connectors to one of the interfaces to create the desired adapter. $150. TEST PROBES INC. 9178 Brown Deer, San Diego, California 92121. Call toll-free forca talog: 1-800-368-5719.
DELUXE TEST LEAD KIT Users callTPI test leads Th e Absolute Best. The TLS2000 features the highest quality cable in the industry - with spring-loaded safety-sleeved plugs. U.L. listed (file E79581). Kit: $29. Leads & probes only: $ 19. Satisfaction guaranteed. TEST PROBES INC. Call toll-free for catalog: 1 800-368-5719.
No Better Probe Ever at This Price!
BNC ATTENUATOR KIT Contains 4 attenuators - 3dB, 6dB, 10dB, 2OdB; 1 feedthrough and 1 termination. Thickfilm circuitry for low reactances. Rugged design resists shock and lasts longer. Rectangular shape stays put on the bench. Impedance: 50n Frequency: IGHz. Ma ximum Power: IkW peak, 1W avg. VSWR 1.2: I. Attenuator Accuracy:O.2dB. Terminations Resistance Tolerance: I %. $150. TE ST PROBES INC. Call toll-free for catalog: 1-800-368-5719.
Shown here Model SPl50 S witchable l x -lOx ....
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U n iv e rsa l - works with a ll oscilloscopes Removable G r o u n d L ead E xcludes E xternal Interference - e ven o n sc o p e 's most se n s it ive range ECONOMICAL S I LICON R UBBER TEST LEADS Best value in moderately priced leads. High quality, soft, silicon rubber cable. Banana plug on measuring tip accepts push-on accessories. Plugs have spring-loaded safety sleeves. Model TLi 000 $14. Satisfaction guaranteed. TEST PROBES INC. Call toll-free forcatalog: 1-800-368-5719.
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NEW PRODUCTS
PACKAG ING SYSTEM. For anyon e w ho's lo oking fo r a way t o spee d up bre adboard assem b ly, o r is build in g a lim it ed- r un produ ct i on d ev i c e , o r simp ly doesn't have t he tim e or reso u rces for PC board s, th e E-Z Buss syste m mi ght provid e th e so lut io n . The modular elect ro n ic -p ac kag i ng syste m from N ational System / Inc. offer s eve ryt h ing needed to q uick ly and easil y bui ld a r e liab le , r epr odu cible elect ro n ic assem b ly, includin g mod ul e card s for co m mo n ly used anal o g and di gita l e lec troni c fun ction s, a mountin g connector base, "fi ll -in t he-b lank " docume ntatio n forms , and a heavy-d uty aluminum e nc l os u re that mak e s for a professi ona llooking packa ge. Th e modul e cards can be ord ered separat ely on an "a s-n eed ed " ba sis . Th ey com e i n t hre e siz es (d ependin g on t h e siz e and comp lexity of yo u r cir cuit's d esign ). Un iver sal lo gic and co m po ne nt cards are availabl e, as w ell as d edi cat ed ampli fi er, tim er, re si st or, and power- supp ly ca r ds . The cards each co me with a sch emat ic dia gram, top view layou t d rawi ng , and a bl ank pa rt s list. A co nnec to r You are sho w n how to build a keyb o ard and to scan a keybo ard and di splay. The kit co ntains all parts, assemb ly, and also co mes with a lesson manual. The M'icro Master Trainer kit cos ts $129.00.- Elenco Electronics, In c. , 150 W est Carpe nte r Aven ue, Wh eeling , IL 60090. BA SE/ M O BIL E SCAN NER. Offerin g 100 chann els and co m p le te p ubl ic-s e rv iceband coverage, ACE Communication s/ mod el AR950 can b e c o nv eni entl y mounted under an aut omobil e's da shboard with th e su p p lied mountin g bracket , or used in a fixed locati o n w it h its AC wa ll -p lug adapter. The scanning rad io proCIRClE 10 ON FREE INFORM ATIO N CARD
assi gnm ent c ha rt an d a bl ank wire-run list sim p lify base wiring . The E-Z Buss co n nec to r base provid es a platform on whi ch as many as 30 separate modul e cards can be inst al le d . Th e go l d -p l at e d m odul e -card co n nec to rs have wire -wrap tail s that allow up to three wraps per conn ecto r. Th e base it self, w hi ch has provis ions for input and output b lo ck co nn e ct or s, i s cl e ar ly num -
ber ed with tai l po siti on s to permit qui ck and easy interco n nec tio n wirin g between modu les. The E-Z Buss conn ector base costs $150.00, modu le card s ran ge i n pri ce from $10.00 t o 20.00 (i n cl ud in g do cum en tati on fo rms) , and the enclos u re cos ts $65.00. Part k its are also avail able for t h e power-supp ly card on ly.- Nat iona l System, Inc. , 17 Hamm att St reet, Ip sw ich, M A 01938; 508-356-1011.
CIRClE 12 ON FREE IN FO RM ATIO N CARD
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M ICROPROC ESSOR TRAI NER KIT. If yo u' ve eve r co nsidered buildi ng a co m p ute r from scratch , b ut w eren 't quit e su re how to go abo ut it , th e El en c o mod el MM - BOOO Mi c ro Ma ster Train er k it co u ld co me in han d y. Requirin g no pri or co m p ute r knowl ed ge, th e sim p le, easy-to -u nd erstand instr u ct ion s t each you to w rit e in mac hin e langu age . The kit d emon strates how
t o writ e in t o RAM 's an d ROM 's and run an 8085 micro p rocess o r th at uses th e same mach in e language as an IBM Pc. It teach es yo u how to w rit e t he basic inst ruc t io ns t o get th e 8085 sta rte d, and how to sto re th o se inst ruc tio ns in permanen t memory in a 2816E2 PROM . Th e Micro M ast er Trainer exp lains th e work in g s of i nput an d o u t p u t ports and co m p ute r tim er s.
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vide s coverage of th e 27- 54MHz , 108-1 74-MHz, 406-512-MH z, and 830-950MHz band s. Tho se incl ud e all of th e po lice , fire, and eme rge ncy band s, as w ell as th e new services now avai lab le above 800 MHz in 12.5-, 25-, and 30-kHz in crem ents. The co m pact (2Y a x 5% x 7Y4 in ch e s) rec e iv er 's 25 front -p an el key s ca n b e used to program fiv e bank s of 20 chan ne ls. Pairs of up p er an d l ower limit s f or band s to be searc hed can be sto red in f i ve se pa r ate searc h -me m o ry lo cati on s. Thr ee p erman ent m emo ries, whi ch do n' t lo se prog r am i n f o r m at i o n i f th e power is di sconn ected , are
One-of-a-kind training lets you explore the technology that's rapidly shrinking our world
new future in telecommunications-today's high-growth electronics career field

wu NRI train ing yo" b u ild a co m plet e tel eco m m u ntca ttons syste m .
Now! Prepare for amoney-making
Nowyou can get a fast start in an exciting career as today's in-demand telecommunications technician with NRI's new at-home training. Experience firsthand the power and excitement of telecommunications electronics as you build your own telecommunications system and become part of NRI's exclusive operating network, interacting with your instructors, fellow students, and even industry experts.
Some of today's hott est jobs in elec tronics are in telecommunication s, w here the explosion of new tech no logies is tra nsforming the wo rldwide computer and telephone network into a multibillion dollar high-tech hotlin e for new co mm unications serv ices. . Fax . .. fiber op tics . .. sate llites . . . microw aves . . . voice messaging . . . teleconferencing . .. electronic m ail . . . these and other futuristic communications services are makin g it possible for voi ce , video, and data messages to travel instantly across the country and around the world- and create unlimited oppo rtuni ty for you as today's trained telec ommunications technician . Now NRI's read y to get yo u started w ith hands-on tr aining bu ilt around an IBM XT-co m patible compute r, modem , breakout board.telep ho ne , fiber optics lab, and communicatio ns software yo u tra in w ith and keep.
You move on to learn abo ut satellite and cellular techn ologies, analog and digital switching systems, electr oni c telephone products and net works , vo ice, video , and data serv ices , and more . Fro m the ins and outs of a var iety of resident ial telephon es to the inne r workings of centrex systems and PBX products. . . fro m the wi despread digital app lications of today's local area netw orks (LANs) to the vo ice, video , and data services of tomorro w 's integra ted services digital net works (ISDNs), you cover the comp lete range of telecommunications technology. But yo ur NRl training doesn 't stop there .
news, weath er, spo rts enc yclopedias, newsletters, catalogs, and user groups. In no time at all, yo u have a complete un derstanding of the telecommunicat ion s techno logy th at's takin g the world by storm. And be tter yet , you have a head start on a mon ey-making new future as today's fullytrained telecomm unications technici an .
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NRl's 100-page , full-color catalog describes every aspect of NRl's hands-on training in Telecommunications Technology, as we ll as at-home training in micro com puters, electronic mu sic, security electronics, robotics, and ot her hightech career fields. Send today for your FREEcop y! If the coupon is missing, write to NRI School of Electronic s, McGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center, 44 01 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008 .
Hands-on experience with your own telecommunications system gives you real-world , in-demand skills
Complete coverage of the latest advances in telecommunications technology prepares you to succeed
Your tr aining starts w ith an exciting hands-on int roduction to the fundamental electronics at the heart of to da y's telecommu n ications tech no logy. Using the specially selecte d eq uipment an d test instruments included wi th yo ur co urse, yo u actua lly bu ild an d experime nt with th e wid e ra nge of ana log and d igital circuits fo und in advanced tele communications systems .
At just the right mo ment in yo ur train ing, yo u receive your Packard Bell comp uteryours to train w ith an d keep. Step-by-step , IBM is a regi stered trademark of International Bu sinessMachines th rou gh a series of carefully plann ed Corporation demo~strations and ex penments, yo u . . ~ . School of transform yo ur co m. . ~ . Electronics .I'I~ . f ~ l. p uter mto a state -o McGraw-HiliContinuing Education Center j the-art telec ommu4401 Connecticut Av enue, NWWashington. DC 20008 nications device, ,,/ complete wi th modem I.!I CHECKONEFREE CATALOG ONLY and ded icated co mm u0 Telecommunications Techn olo gy nic ations software. 0 Computers and Microprocessors o Security Electronics o Cellular Telephone You use your 0 Robotics Technology o Computer Programming system to go on line 0 TVlVideo/Audio Servicing o BasicElectronics and " talk" to your 0 Electronic Music Technology instructor, take your final exam via comName (pleaseprint) Age puter link, correspo nd w ith other stude nts, Add ress and access information L CitylStatelZip serv ices anywhe re in Accredi ted M anbcr. National Home Srudy Council 3 - 1 29 the country for on-line
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used to store all in f o rm ation. The scanner's backl it LCD has 22 p rompti ng annunciators to mak e it easier to use . The AR950 also feat u res fi rst -c han nel priority, keyboa rd lockout, BNC -ante nna co n nector. Tw o antennas-a te lescopi c type and a f lexib le r ubbe r o ne op timized for 800 M Hz-a re incl uded, as are a fused D C power co rd , an AC wa ll -p lug adapter, and all mo unti ng hardw are. The A R950 scan ni ng receive r has a suggested retail pr ice of $299 . 00. - AC E Communication s, M oni t o r D iv ision , 10707 East 106th Street, In di an ap ol i s, I N - -46256. SYNTHESIZED FREQUENCY SOURCE . Teledata Systems' WAVEBOX 100 f re q ue ncy sou rce is easy eno ug h to use fo r educational and produ cti on app l icat io ns, an d has exce pt io na lly hi gh acc u racy and sta bi l i ty- 10ppm (0.001%) accuracy over
of $325.00. -Teledata Syste ms , 68 Reservo ir Ro ad , New Mi lford , CT 06776. COMPUTER TIME STANDARD . Prov idin g reli abl e, traceab le, and accurate t ime fo r IBM PC's and co mpa t iCIRCLE 13 ON FREE b les, Coo rd i na te d Tim e INFORMATION CARD Lin k 's CTS-1Ocom pute r t ime a 1-Hz to 100-kH z f requency stan dard decodes ti me i nfo r mat ion fro m WWV / range-for an instrume nt in WWVH radio Signals f rom its p rice range . Foo lp roof t he Nat io na l In sti tu t e of t h umbwhe el switc hes are Science and Techn ol o gy used to dia l up t he o utput freq uency direct ly. (N ISn. Those signa ls are Intended for pow er, ausync h ro nized to t he NI ST dio , te leco m m u nic at io ns , ato mic c lock. With t he CTS-1O board in stall ed , any an d ultrasoni c f re q ue ncy applicatio n runnin g o n th e testin g, th e WAVEBOX 100 has1-Hz resolu ti on over t he PC auto matica lly incorpo ent ire range . The sinewave rates th e co rrect t ime . outplJris v.fria:l5 le up to 0- - -Th e t i m e-st an a ara de - vo lts p eak -t o -p eak w it h a vice , w hic h plu gs direct ly 10-vo lt offset , and an auxint o t he Pc, automat ica lly il i ar y TT L/ C M O S-l e v el acco m modates day l ig ht square-wave o utput is also saving t ime, leap years, leap prov ided. To t al harm on ic seco nds , and o t her ti me ano ma lies . M enu -d ri ve n an d no n- ha rmo nic disto rt io n is bette r th an 40 dB . sof tware pr ovid es easy inThe WAV EBOX 100 synsta lla t io n of u ser -d ef in ed t hesi ze d fr equ en cy sou rce port addresses an d in terhas a sugges ted retail pr ice rupt levels. The CTS-10 fea-
t ures t ime-zo ne selection , 12-/24- ho ur se lection, ad ju stabl e o n-scree n d ispl ay, an d co lor se lectio n . Th e co rrect t ime is ma intaine d durin g p ow er o utages by o n- boa r d ca pac i t ive an d batt ery backup. Rem ot e di agn o sti cs prov id e co nve ni en t evaluat io n and tro ubleshoot ing capabilit ies. - TI1eCTS -1O, Inclu a in g softwa re, has a sing le-unit pri ce of un der $200 .00.Coordinated Time Link , 921 Bl uebo n net Dri ve , Su n nyvale, CA 94086. FREQUENCY COUNTER. Bill ed as an "affo rda b le, ge ne r al - p u r po se in strument w it h a hi gh f reque ncy
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IIJOEL 2160 Oscil loscope, 60MHz. Ou a1ee p Trace , with Delayed Sw REG . $1099.00 SALE $836. 95 IIJOEL 2120 Oscill os cope , 20MHz, D ual Tr ac e REG . $549.00 SA LE Call f or Quote IIJOEL 1541A Oscil los cope, 40MHz. O ua1 Tra ce REG . $845 .00 SALE $598 .00 FR EE FREIGHT! IIJOEL 560 IlDEL 388- H O Test Benc h REG . $129.0 0 SALE $l OS. 95
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ran ge , " 8& K-PRECIS ION 's m od el 1804 f eatures m easure me n t to 550 MHz, an 8di git LED displ ay, a low-pass f i lte r, 1- and 0 .1- se cond gates, and an ove rf low indi cator. It has a d irect range of 5 Hz to 100 MHz and a prescal e range of 10 MHz to 550 MH z . Usin g th e 1.0-second gate, it has resolution of1 Hz in direct m ode and 10 Hz in prescale m od e ; with th e 0.1-second gate, direct and prescale resolution s are 10 and 100 Hz , resp ectivel y. Acc u racy with th e 1.0-second gate is tim e base accu racy 1 coun t; with th e 0.1-second gat e accuracy is tim e base acc u racy 2 co unts . Th e co u nter's i n p u t imped an ce in th e direct range is 1 m egohm, sh u nted by less th an 40 pF. For the prescale ran ge, imped an ce is 50 ohm s to match co m m uni c ati on s appli c ation s. Sinew ave sens it iv ity for th e direct ran ge is 30-m V rm s for 5 H z-30 MH z ; 50-mV rm s fo r 30--80 MHz; and 100-
CIRClE 15 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD mV rm s for 80- 100 MH z . Prescale-range sensit ivity is 50-mV rm s for 10-550 MH z. Th e in p ut f ilter is a sw itc hselectab le 100-kH z lo w-p ass filter. Th e m od el 1804 fr equ en cy count er has a suggeste d li st pri ce of $295.00.-B&K-PREC1SION , M axt e c Int ernati on al C o r po ra t io n , 647 0 W est Co rt land Ave n ue , Chicago , IL 60635. Ie REMOVER. U sin g th e IC Rem o ver f ro m Video Rep air Sch o ol, you can qui ckl y salva g e inte grat ed ci r cu it s from su r p l us PC board s. With a littl e practi ce , a 40pin IC and be de -so lde red in as littl e as 8 seconds, and more than 300 l C's can be
d e-sold er ed in an hour. Th e IC Rem over is a set of eig h t spec ial d e-sold erin g to ol bits t hat screw o nto t he ti p of a Radio Shack o r Unga r so lderi ng i ro n . Th e tips fit 8- to 40-p in lC's, and can be used to re move l C's fro m d oubl e-sid ed and mult il ay ered b o ar d s w i t ho u t dam agin g th e bo ard . Because th e l C's are heated so br i efl y, t hey a re n ot da mage d eithe r, and ca n th en be reu sed in ot he r appli cati on s. Th e I C Rem o ver set o f eig h t IC- d esold erin g bit s (so l de r i ng ir on n ot includ ed) cos ts $89.95.- Vid-
eo Repair School, P .O. Box 121 , Gle n, M S 38846. SW R/WATTM ETER. You can m on ito r SWR, fo rwa rd , and ref lected power at a single glance w it h t he MF]-8158 ligh ted c ross -nee d le SW R/
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CIRClE 17 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD w attm et er, w h ic h p ro vid es b oth peak - and av e rage re adin g f u nc t io ns . Th ere a re t w o u ser- sel e c t a bl e pow er ranges fo r forwa rd and refl ected po w er (2000 w att s fo rwa rd/500 watts refl ect ed and 200 w att s forw ard /50 wa tts re fl ect ed ). The M F]-8158 shows SW R fro m 1:1 to 8 :1, and cove rs 1.8 to 30 M Hz w it h 10% accu racy. Th e i ns tr u me nt i s
CIRClE 16 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD
Professional Tool Case

SPECIAL
$49.95
Reg ..$64-=95" ModeiREIM5 Two removable pallets hold over 60 tools Case top has built-in document holder Case bottom is partitioned into 3 areas A handsome black case to organize and transport your valuable tools and instruments. This is the same quality case used by literally thousands of professional field engineers.Case is made of high impact polypropylene, and has snap-action keylocks and a padded handle. Size: 171/2 " x 12112 " x 5". Toolsare not included. Offer expires January 31, 1990 .
COntact east
NO MASTER NO CAMERA. NO FILM. NO DEVELOPER DIRECT ETCH dry transfers make quality circuit boards fast without form al artwo rk. A new Master Assortment inclu des over 4000 donuts from .050 " to .250 " and 118 trace lines fro m .014"to .125 ". It also co ntains all sizes of thr ough hole and surf ace mount devices incl uding DIP. TO. DIN, 0 and edge card con nectors. SO. SOL, PLCC, fla tpac ks, SOT's. 2 term inal tubu lar and flat SMD's. The Master Assortment has 6 9 cut apart dry transfer sheets with complete instr uctions. Works wit h all common etchants. DE-973 Master Assortm ent (6 9 pattern sheets) $34 .95 (Add $2.00 shipping. NJ and CA residents also add sales tax) DATAK Corp. 3117 Paterson Plank Rd. N. Bergen, NJ 07047 CIRCLE 136ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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Contains thousands of products for testing, repairing & assembling electro n ic eq uip m e nt. To get yo ur fr ee catalog , call (508)682-2000. CIRCLE 55 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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covered by MFj 's f ull on ey ear " N o Matt er What " gu arantee. Th e MFj-815B SWR/wat tm et er co sts $69.95.- M FJ Enterprises, lnc., P.O . Box 494, Mis si ssipp i State, M S 39762. HEX KEY SET. Bondhu s' BLX-1O hex -key set co ntains ten " Balld rive r" he x-key Lwre nches in Ylb, 5/04 , 3/3 2 , 7/04 , YB , 9/ 04, 5/32, 3/ib , 7/ 32 , %, 5/i b , and 3fs-inch sizes . Th e pat ented " Balld rive r" d esign allows ang le entry into fasteners to 25. The set is pack ed in a case th at id ent if ies the tools
sizes for easy access an d use , and lock s th em in t o pl ace f or qui ck and easy co nve n ie nt sto rage. Th e BLX-JO hex -k ey set (It em No. 10938) has a suggested list pr ice of $7.99.Bondhus Corporation , 1400 EastBroadway, P .O . Box 660, Monti cello, MN 55362. PROTOTYPING WORKSTATION. Offer i ng flexib ility for cir cuit d esign , Global Spe cial ti es' PB-204 ProtoBoard is a c o m p let e prototyping workstation housed in a metal case. Designers can qu ickly make alterations by re-routing connect io ns, and cir cui t co rrections can be performed in seconds . The PB-204 offers a highly regu lated , cu rre nt-li m ite d , tripl e-voltage power supp ly ( +5, + 12, and - 12 vo lts) to safely hand le op-amp, mi croprocessor, TTL, and CMOS design applicatio ns . The large breadboa rd ing ar ea has 2250 tie points, providing space for as many
Th ere are four different sets avail abl e, each offe ring various bit co mb inati o ns. Each set incl udes 26 inter ch angeabl e socket-b it to o ls to use w ith ju st two sta n dard Y4 and %- i n c h - sq u ar e drive too ls. For easy access, all b its and soc ket s snap-lo ck into pla ce in a co m pact bu t rug ged molded case.
as 2414-pin D IP's. Th e PB-204 Proto -Board wo rkst ation ; whi ch i s back ed by Global 's l i f egua rantee on t he bread board sockets, has a suggest ed r e t a i l pri c e of $119.95.- Global Specialties , 70 Fulton Ter race , N ew H av e n , CT 065 12; 1-800- 345 -6251 (i neT, 1-800-445-6250). SOCKET BIT SETS . To elim inate the bu lk iness and hi gh costs of individ ual sockets, Bondh us has introduced SOCKET SAVER i n t e r changeabl e sock et -bit sets.
Th e SOCKET SAVER sets have a suggested retail price of $37.00 each .-Bondhus Corporation , 1400 East Broadway, P.O. Box 660, Monti cello , MN 55362. R-E
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MIDI
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FCC LICENSE PREPARATION

The FCC has revised and updated the commercial license exam . The NEW EXAM covers updated marine and aviation rules and regu lations, trans istor and digital circuitry. THE GENERAL RADIOTELEPHONE OPERATOR LICENSE - STUDY GUIDE contains vita l inform ation. VIDEO SEMINAR KITS ARE NOW AVAILABLE. WPT PUBLICATION 979 Young Street, Suite A Woodburn, Oregon 97071 Phone (503) 981-5159
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BP182-MIDI interfacing enables any so equ ipped instruments, regardless of the manufacturer, to be easily connected together andused as asystem witheasy computer co ntrol of these music systems . Combine acomputer and some MID Iinstruments and you can have what is virtually a programmable orchestra. To get your copy send $6.95plus$1.25 forshippinginthe U.S. to Electronic Technology Today Inc., P.O. Box 240, Massapequa Park, NY 11762-0240.
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LIT
1989-1990 MASTER CATAlOG. Jen sen To o ls' full -lin e catalog is fu ll of essent ials for elec t ro n ics techni cian s, ser v ice me n , a n d h obby ists-too l kits and cases, powe r and hand too ls, sold e rin g a n d d e sold erin g eq u ip me nt , measurin g devices, tel ecommuni cation s
co n ta i ns 14 pages of n ew pr odu ct s . Th e Jen s en 1989-90 M aste r Cata log i s free up on requ est.-Jensen Tools Inc. , 7815 Sout h 46th St reet, Ph o eni x , A Z 85044-5399; 602-968-6231 . I/O CONNECTOR CATA lOG. The 12-p age bull etin (No. EX-10 -1) tit le d Inpu t/ O utp ut D ata Co m m un ica ti ons Co n nectors descr ib es Panduit 's I / O D - submini ature and ribbo n co nnectors, w hi ch allow re liabl e m ass t e rmin ation o f
Group, 17301 Rid geland Avenu e , Tinl e y Park , Il 60477-0981; 1-800-777-3300. RF POWER MEASUREMENT. Bird Electronic s Q uali ty In strum ents for RF Power M easuremen t is a 60-page,
avail ab le at no charge to quali f ied service estab lis hments, lab s, eng inee rs, and bu y er s.-Bird Electron ic Co rp. , 3 03 03 Aur ora Ro ad, Sol on , O H 44139 ; 216-248-1200. CATALOG OF CATALOGS . Eaton Co rporatio n 's Literature Revie w o ut l i nes 61 pr odu ct catalogs and broch u res tha t are b ein g off e r ed f o r Co ns o l i da te d Contro ls , Cut le r- Ham me r, and MSC Product s. Each catalog is describ ed in detail , to simp lify selec t io n . They cover relays, senso r in st rume nts, switc hes, tr ansdu c er s, va lves and act u ators. and ai rc raft coc k p it
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pr o du ct s, co m p u te r an d tes t eq u i p me nt , vac u u m s an d cl e an er s, and c i rc u i t b oard an d sta t ic co n t ro l e q u i p m e n t. Th e ca ta log
0.05-in ch ce nte rli ne spac ing flat cab le . Th e co n nec to rs, ava i lab l e in PCB or I D C typ es, are .sui tab le fo r EIA RS-232-C and RS-449 ap p licatio ns . They are offered in va rio us she ll sizes and mountin g styles, w it h eit he r st raig ht o r ri gh t-angle pin s. Ther e is no charge for th e catalog.- Panduit Corp., I/O
fu ll-lin e cata log th at i n clud es h u nd red s of ph ot o s alon g with det ailed d escription s, specif ica ti o ns , and o r deri ng in f ormati on f or t ho usands of produ ct s. In addi tio n to t he ir exte nsive lin e of watt me te rs- incl udin g hi gh- accur acy, p eakre adin g , hi gh - an d l owp ower , multi p ower-l ev el , an d l o w -frequ en cy m odels- t he br ochure pr esents a w i d e se l ectio n of c al or i m e te rs , p l ug -i n e l e men ts, lin e sect io ns , QCco n necto rs , RF lo ad s, attenu ators, sw itc he s, direct i on al co u p le rs, and ac cesso ries . Th e cata log i s
contro ls. The Literature Review is free.-Eaton Corporation , Aeros pace & Co mmer cial Co nt ro ls Divi sion , 4201 North 27t h St reet , Mil w auk e e , W I 5 32 16 ; 414-44 9-7483. R-E
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.=,.~~ List $595

20MHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope
All Hitachi scopes include probes, schematics and Hitachi's 3 year guaranty on parts and labor. Many accessories available for all scopes.
DC to 40MHz Dual Channel CRT Readout Cursor Meas DC Offset Alt Magnifier Compact Size
LIST
DC to 100MHz Dual Channel Delayed Sweep CRT Readout Sweep Time Autoranging Trigger Lock 2mV Sensitivity
Save $170 ~;;';"";;'''';'':'';''-------....I.,,;;;;;';;';''';;''';'';''~------'

Y223 20M Hz Y422 40MHz Y423 40MHz V660 60MHz Yl065 100M Hz YllooAlooMHz Y1150 150MHz D.T. 1mY D.T. 1mY D.T. 1mY D.T. 2mY D.T. 2mY a.T. 1rnv a .T. 1mY sens , sens, sens, sens, sens, sens , sens, Delayed Sweep, DC Offset. Vert Mode Trigger DC Offset Vert Mode Trigger. All Mag Delayed Sweep, DC Offset. Alt Mag Delayed Sweep , CRT Readout Delayed Sweep . CRT Readout. Cursor Meas Delayed Sweep, CRT Readout . DYM, Counter Delayed Sweep , Cursor Meas . DYM, Counter
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6" CRT Built in SCOPE PROBES component tester P-1 65MHz.1x,10 x $19.95 P2 100MHz,1x.10x TV Sync $23.95
High luminance 6" CRT 1mV Sensitivity 6KV Acceleration Voltage 10ns Rise Time XY Operation Z Axis Delayed Triggering Sweep Top quality scopes at a very reasonable price . Contains all desired features. Two tx, 10x probes , diagrams and manual. Two year guarantee.
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PRICE BREAKTHRU
on Auto Ranging DMMs choose from: MDM-1180
TrueRM54'h Digit Multlmeler
Multlmeter with Capacitance and Transistor Tesler
Digital Capacitance Meter

~
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LC1800
CM1550
3 to
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MDM-1181
$27.95
MDM-1182
j..:....--....,....-,.......
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9 Ranges Measures .05% DC Accuracy .1pf20.000ufd Coils luH2ooH .1% Resistance .5% basic accy Caps .1pf2oouf with Freq. Counter Zero control Res .0120M and deluxe case with case -.,....--1---------+----...;,.;,;.;::..:..;;,;;;;.;;.----f.--...."..,~~~_I .
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Solderless Breadboards
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Tlmpirliture Controlled SL30
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M3500
3'h digit .1 % accy
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$125
4'h digit $175 .05% accy
Digital display Temp range: -900F 300F Grounded tip Overheat protect
9436 SHOWN
Wide Band Signal Generators

SG9000
31/z Digit Probe Type DMM
~
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9430 1.100 pins $15 9434 2.170 pins $25 9 , $35 24 63 66 0 pinS All have color coded posts
ST265
$25
0-1000A AC Wor ks with most DMM
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$129
I!!J~""I=-:=-=--
M1900
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RF Freq 100K450MHz AM Modulation of 1KHz Variable RF output 5G95oo with Digital Display and 150MHz bulltln Freq etr $249
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Convenient one hand operation with batteries Measures DCY. ACV, Ohms and case Audible continuity check. Data hold
= i ': : j :e; . #9620 ':.==. ~.:- . $18.95

Provides sine,lri,squ wa ve from 1Hzto 1MHz AM or FM cap ability
19610 Resistor 810x 47 ohm to 1M & 100K pot 19620 Capacitor 810x 47pfto 10MFD
Digital Triple Power Supply
XP-765
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Xp580
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MODEL PC-1000
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Q20V at 1A 020V at 1A 5V at 5A
Fully Regulated. Short circuit protected with 2 Limit Cont ., 3 Separate supplies
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220V at 2A 12Vat 1A 5V at 3A 5V at 5A
$595
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150W Power Supply 256K RAM Expandable to 640K Monochrome Monitor Monographic Video Card Parellel Printer Port
Fully regulated and short circuit protected
XP660 with Analog Meters $175
XP575 without meters $39.95
FourFunctlon Frequency Counters

(J)
GF8016 Function Generator

with Freq. Counter
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F100 120MH
$179
F-1000 1.2GH
Fre;;;nCy. Period , Tota lize. $259 Self Check with High Stabilized Crystal Oven Oscillator. 8 digit LED display
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Square . Triangle . Pulse . Ramp, .2 to 2MHz Freq Counter .1 10MHz
5/10MHz Motherboard 8 Expansion Slots Math Compressor Slots 360K Floppy Drive AT Style Keyboard
GF-8015 without Freq. Meter $179
FREE spreadsheet and word processor 3.XXMS DOS and GW Basic add 75.00
15 Day Money Back Guar~ntee 2 Year Warranty Pnces subject to change WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG
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36
WE WI~L .NOT BE UN?ERSOLDl UPS Shipping: 48 States 5 '0~r.iiiEi.iiI 1245 Rosewood. Deerfield. IL 60015 ($10 Max) IL Res., 7% Tax~" (800) 292-7711 (312) 541-0710
C & S SALES INC.
ROBERT IANNINI
LET'S FACE IT. MOST OF US HAVE BEEN THE
victim of some form of theft at one time or another. The chances are that either you personally, your house, your car radio, or your whole car has at one time been robbed . And, while a car armed with an ordinary siren-type alarm is better-protected than if it had nothing at all, most people won't even look away from what they're doing when they hear a car alarm go off. And most thieves are not at all frightened by them either. More important, a thief can be out of the car so fast that by the time someone does something about it, it's too late. That's where the Phasor Property Guard comes in. It's not just an alarm; it emits sound that is actually painful to listen to. It's sound output can be adjusted from an inaudible yet painful ultrasonic level, to an ordinary alarmtype sound, to a level that's so loud and irritating, that not -eve n the world's best car thief could stand to listen to it as he tries to steal your car or car stereo. Be warned, though, that continued exposure to the sound can permanently damage your hearing.
Operation The Property Guard is intended as a property- or home-protection device. It generates high-pressure ultrasonic sound that is triggered when an unauthorized intrusion is detected. The unit can be triggered by a trip wire or closed system such as taped glass windows and doors, where a break or open triggers the unit. The unit also contains a switch input that can be used with a pressure-sensitive switch activated when someone enters a room or building. A positive voltage from equipment such as an IR intrusion detector, motion detector, sound detector, etc., can also be used to trigger the unit. The sound produced by the unit can cause certain adverse effects to the intruder. They may be paranoia, severe headaches, disorientation, nausea, cranial pain, upset stomach, or just plain irritating discomfort. Most people are affected in one way or the other, with younger women unfor-
PROGRRMMRBLf PHASOR PROPERTY GUARD
Now you can protect your valuables by scaring criminals away with an unbearable ear-piercing sound.
tunately being the more sensitive. External adjustments allow the user to select clearly audible sounds that serve as an alarm or the higher-frequency energy that produces the discomfort and other effects . Sound-pressure level is less than 130 dB, and will not produce pennanent damage if exposure is kept to a minimum. Therefore, prolonged ex_posure is not encouraged. A rule of thumb is to keep exposure down to less than I hour to any frequency less than 20 kHz at a sound pressure of 105 dB or over. The system consists of a central control unit that can power up to 6 remotely located transducers, which can be positioned to take advantage of potential entrance and intrusion areas. Be sure to take into consideration that each transducer can produce up to 118 dB at a distance of I meter. Sound-pressure levels are logarithmic, so every time the distance from a transducer is doubled, the sound pressure is attenuated by factor of -3 dB.
Circuitry If you look at Fig. I, the detection circuits monitor inputs 11, J2, and 13, and, when they sense an intrusion, they energize control-relay RYI via drive-transistor Q5. Note that the relay controls power (Vcd to the driver stage shown enclosed in the dashed lines . Diodes D2-D6 guarantee full "off" and "on" functions of the circuit while D7 clips the voltage spike produced when the coil of RYI is turned off. A set of relay contacts are
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FIG. 1-SCHEMATIC OF THE PHASOR PROPERTY GUARD. Detecti on circuits sense an intru sion from J1, J2, or J3.
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used to "hold on" the circuit once triggered. A pushbutton sw itch (S4) allows resetti ng of th e circ ui t by gro unding th e positive " hold on" voltage at the diode junctions. As for the dr iver circuitry (inside the dashed line s), a 555 timer (IC2) is con nected as an astab le free-running multi vibrator whose frequency is externall y controlled by potentiometer R7 . Resistor R8 selects the range limit of R7, while R9 selects the duty cycle or symmetry of the pulses. Capacitor C6 , along with those resistors determines the frequency range of the device . A low-range switch (S2) decreases the frequenc y by switching C5 into the circuit. A test switch (S3) connects C7 acro ss C6 , thus dropping the frequency to approximatel y Vs, producing a clearly audib le tone for verification and test purpo ses. The square-wave output of IC2 pin 3 is resistively co upled to Q2 through RII. The coll ector of Q2 is DC biased
by R12-a and RI 2-b . The square-wave output signal is then fed into power amplifier Q3 via 01. The collector of Q3 is DC biased by the choke-coil/ transformer combi na tion, L l. Resistor RI4 helps stabilize the stage. The amp lified square waves are fed to the transducer via resonating-coi l L2 and DC-blocking-capacitor ClO. The resonating coil is selected to tune out the inheren t capac itance of the transducer at the upper frequency limitusually around 20 kHz. A sinuso idal wave is generated tha t allows th e transducers to operate at a hig he r peak power level than wo uld the equivalent-voltage square wave be cause less power is goin g into the harmonics that would make up the square wave. Resonant peaking of the voltage is also obtai ned . The transducers, unlike the ir electromagnetic counterparts, have a tendency to draw hi gh curre nt at high er freq ue ncies . That effect is compensated to an ex-
tent by power-resistor R23 . Note the wave shape shown is at a fixed frequency of 20 kHz . Timer ICI is similarly connected as an astable run ning multi vibra tor, and is used to prod uce the sweeping voltage necessary for mod ulating the frequency of IC2 . IC I is activated by S5 (the switch-half of RlIS5), and the sweep repetitio n rate is controlled by R I (the pote ntiometer-half of RlIS5). Resistor R2 limits the range of the repe tition time . Resistor R3 select s the duty cycle of the pulse while capacitor C2 sets the sweep time range . A slow sweep range is selecte d by SI con necting C3 to the circuit. The ramp-voltage output of ICI at pins 2 and 6 is resistively coupled via R4 to inverter tran sistor Q1. The output of QI is fed to pin 5 of IC2 and provides the mod ulation voltage nece ssary to generate the sweeping frequency action required . Note that the signal is easi ly disabled via S5 , which is a con venie nce whe n initially setti ng or checking the range of IC2, as it elimi-
nates the constant varying frequency. Power is supplied to the system by a conventional step-dow n transformer TI , bridge-recti fi er BRI and filter-capacitor C12. Power is controlle d by S6, w hic h i s part of the frequencycontro l potenti om eter R7 . A neon indi cator l amp (NEI) tells w hen the system is energ ized (R24 i s a currentlimiter for NEI ). A remote-control option is avail able via pin s I and 2 of the terminal strip; pins I and 2 must be connec ted fo r normal opera ti on . A three-w ire line cord is show n, but a two- wire co r d wi ll su ffice as th e power supply voltages are under 25 volt s. Construction The Property Guard co nsists of a driver board that's assembled 0 11 a PC board and a detect ion board that' s assemble d on a piece of perfboard. Both are in stall ed inside a metal cabinet with vari ous controls and other hardware mounted to it. A partspl acem ent di agram for the dri ver board is shown in Fig. 2. Most of the resisto rs are vert ically mounted. Always leave at least Y\6-inch l ead between the bod y of a component and the PC board. A s for the detection board, a sug-
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FIG. 2-D RIVER-BOARD PARTS PLACEMENT. Most of the resistors are vertically mounted.
gested layout is shown in Figs. 3 and 4; simply mount the components on the perfb oard and hardwi re the j umpers as indicated by the dashed lines. A ssembl e the resonator coil L 2 by winding 40 turn s of no . 18 enameled PARTS LIST
w ire in a solenoi dal format on a 2inch lon g piece of 5fs-inch outsidedi ameter cardboard form. Wr ap the coil with tape, or hold the turn s together with shellac, varn ish, etc . The ferrite core (FER I) included in the kit
All resistors are %-watt , 5%, unless otherwise indicated. R1-500 ,000 ohms, potentiometer/ switch (S5) R2, R3, R4, R5-10,000 ohms R6, R13 , R15, R16, R17, R18, R2Q1000 ohms R7-500Q-10,000 ohms, potentiometer/switch (S6) R8-1500 ohms R9-3900 ohms R1Q-10 ohms, V2-watt R11-470 ohms R12-a and R12-b-220 ohms total (2 11 O-ohm 3-watt resistors connected in series) R14, R21-Q.33 ohms, 5 watts R19-100 ohms R22-30 ohms, 2 watts R23-15 ohms, 10 watts (see text) R24-39 ,000 ohms Capacitors C1 , C4-Q.01 IJ.F, 25 volts, ceramic disc C2-1 IJ.F, 25 volts, electrolytic C3, C9-10 IJ.F, 25 volts, electrolytic C5, C6-Q.01 IJ.F, polystyrene (use 0.0068 IJ.F for higher frequency) C7-Q.047 IJ.F, 25 volts, ceramic disc (use lowervalue for higher frequency)
C8, C11-100 IJ.F, 25 volts , electrolytic C1Q-3.9 IJ.F, 350 volts, paper C12-10,000 IJ.F, 16 volts, electrolytic (larger value acceptable) Semiconductors IC1 , IC2-555 timer IC 01-IN4001 50-volt diode 02 ,03,04,05, 06-IN914small signal diode 07-IN4007 15-volt diode 08-15-volt Zener diode 01-PN2907 PNP transistor 02, 05-04005 NPN power transistor 03-2N3055 NPN power transistor, T03 package 0 4-PN2222 NPN transistor BR1-5-amp bridge rectifier Other components S1 , S2-switch OPOT switch S3, S4-momentary pushbutton RY1-12-volt OPST relay L1-AF choke/transformer (see text) L2-resonator (see text) T1-12-volt, 2-amp transformer F1-1-amp fuse J1-J3-RCA-type jack NE1-neon lamp FER1-3 x V2 ferrite core
T01, 2, 3, 4-Piezo directional transducers Miscellaneous: line cord and retainer bushing, wire nuts, metal cabinet , perfboard (3 V2X 4 % inches), dual T03 heat sink, T03 mounting kit (see Fig . 5) , tape , neon-lamp holder, small vinyl strap, no. 24 hookup wire, no. 20 hookup wire, hardware, 4-lug screw terminal strip, fuse holder, PC board, etc. Note: The following items are available from Information Unlimited, PO Box 716, Amherst, NH 03031: assembled and tested driver board (Fig. 2), part no. PPG3A (includes all switches and controls), $59.50; assembled and tested detection board (Figs. 3 and 4), part no. PPG3B, $39.50; L1 multitap transformer, $34.50; L2 resonator, $19.50; TD1-TD4 Piezo directional transducers, $12.50ea. For overseas operation on 220 volts, it is suggested that you use transformer no. STDWTR, or obtain any 220-to-110-volt, 50/60 ohm 50 VA unit.
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components. It's a good idea to testposition each component before drilling or cutting . Note the mounting of power res istors R l4 and R23; R l4 must be sealed in RTV or elec trical putty to prevent contac t of 115V circuits. Do not con nect the lead to Q3's base at that point. Asse mble Q3 with its mounting kit as shown in Fig. 5 , and mount it on the heatsink. Note that the body of Q3 must be insulated from the heat sink. Ch eck it with a meter to prevent dama ge to the circuitry. Assembl e th e c ho ke -c o il/ tra ns former comb ination Ll by winding 15 turns of no . 18 wire between pin I and 18 on the bobbin , 10 turns between 18 and 6 , and 5 turns between 6 and 13. Wind all sections in same direction . Those are taps for setting the output level desired . Assemble the fer rite " E" cores with the brass " U" bolt to secure it to the cab inet. Since the choke is for feedin g DC current to Q3 and to maintain a blocking effect to the AC signal, an air gap may be required if more than 4 tran sducers are powered by the system: It is sugges ted that you wind 10 more turns on the core and space the ferrite " E" cores with a piece of scotch tape placed one layer thick on each leg of one of the " E" core pieces . Note that the preassembl ed units do not use an air gap.
Checkout Ch eck your wiring for accuracy, the quality of solder joints, short circuits, pinched wir es , debris , etc . Now place a jumper across contracts I and 2 of the terminal strip, and ground 13. Plug the unit into a 120-VAC outlet and turn it on. Check TPI for 3-4 volts higher than what's shown in Fig. 1 (that's because there's no load on it now). Also check for 15 volts at TP 3 . Rel ay RYI sho uld be deen er gized , and TP 2 should be at zero volts. Momentaril y unground 13 and then reconn ect it ; RYI s ho uld e nerg ize . Measure 15 volts at TP 2. Push the reset switch (S4) and make sure TP 2 drops to zero . Momentarily ground 11 and aga in note RYI energizing. Measure 15 volts at TP 2; push S4 and make sure TP2 drops to zero . Momentarily apply a 5-IO-volt level to 12 through a lK resistor and repeat the previou s step. That verifies the detection stage of the device . Energize the system by removing
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rn
I TO RYl ~PIN 6 -.J (FIG.31
--- .. TO C12( - )
TO TERMINALSTRIP(FIG.5 .1 ) CONTACT 1
FIG. 4-DETAILED VIEW of the detection board. Hardwire the jumpers as indicated by the dashed lines.
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o ill
-.J ill
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should be inserted inside the cardboard tube . Note that L2 is sec ured to the perfboard by a piece of foam tape and a small nylon strap. Bring the leads out from T2 as shown Fig . 3. Note the wirin g of relay RYI. Use appropri ate pieces of vinyl-covered no. 22 wire for leads from the relay to the board .
Asse mble and wire the cabinet as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Be careful to allow sufficient clearance for the contacts of the termin al strip. Note that a hole about the 'size of a half-doll ar must be made in the cabin et directl y under Q3 for the w ir e s to pass through . Use the drawing s as a reference for the locati on of all holes and
40
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BOARD
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DETECTION BOARD I IFIG.4,1)
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L1
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MO UNTING KIT
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FIG. S-CABINET WIRING. First make all of these connections, before continuing with Fig. 6.
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DETECTIO N BOARD II
I I SEE FIG 'S 3 AND 4
I,
DRIVER BOARD
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TO R21/R22 (FIG.3,Q)
L1
PIN1
FIG. 6-FINISH THE WIRING as show n here. Be careful to allow sufficient clearance for the contacts of the terminal strip.
the gro und co nnec tio n to 13 . Turn S5 to " off," rotate R7 full y clockwise , open up S2 , co nnec t a scope to the collec tor of Q2, and note the approx imate wave shape as show n; the voltage will be approx imately 15 volts p-p. Those settings sho uld be at the max imum fre que ncy obta ina ble , If the frequency varies much from 20 kHz , it will be necessary to change the value of R8 or C6; a higher value for lowering the frequ en cy and vice versa. Rotate R7 fully co unter-clockwise and note the freq uency droppin g from 20 kH z to 10 kHz. Close S2 and note frequency range dropping from approximately 10 kH z to 5 kH z. Check the action of test- switch S3 and make sure that all freq uenc ies decrease by a factor of 4 to 5. Preset all co nt ro ls for max imum frequency, and turn on S5 to initi ate swee ping actio n , Close S I and rotate RI full y co unter-clockw ise. Note .the freque ncy swee ping from 20 kHz to approx imately 25 kH z . S weep ra te will increase by approx ima tely x 10 whe n S I is ope n. A change will also occ ur when vary ing RI . That checks the frequency and swee p ranges of the device , Note that the frequency readings may vary, and can be com pensated for, if necessary, by changing circuit values. Co nnec t the base of Q3 to the driver board via jumper lead (N). Conn ect up to 4 tran sdu cers in parallel to co ntacts 3 and 4 of the terminal strip. Note that if only I or 2 transduc er s are used, it will be necessary to change R23 from 15 ohms to 40 ohms for outp ut comp ensation . Apply power and co nnect a sco pe across the tra ns duce r(s). Th e wave sha pe should be close to a sine-wave . The wave shape deteriorates as the frequency is lowered . Double check the test points with the sys tem in full operation, noting the values given in Fig. I. Adjust the ferrite core inside L2 for maximum voltage at max imum frequen cy and sec ure it in place . The core may not be needed if four or more transdu cers are used , as the induction of the co il by itself is usually suffic ient. You will note that LI is shown with several tap co nnections intended to prod uce more output. Tap 18 is the fac to ry setti ng and is in tended for continuo us use ; the voltage across the (Co ntinued on page 76)
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41
WE L EFT OFF LAST MONTH WITHO UT
finishing the discussion on the circuitry operation. So let's finish describing the circuitry, and then get to building and aligning the unit. Before we begin, though, please note that there are a couple of corrections that you 'll want to make to last month's article. FIrst. in Fig. 3, pin 13 of IC3 and its corresponding channel-2 component, ICI6 , should be connected to + S volts for proper operation . Second , the correct value for R9 and R209 should be ISK . When we left off we were explaining Fig . S, so would you please refer back to that figure in last month 's issue. Ramp-generator ICI2 is used to generate a slowly varying DC voltage for slow fades , wipes, or key-ins . It is fed either positive or negative signals through R44 . The speed (rate) of the ramp depends on the setting of the speed control R42. By varying R42, either a slow or fast key transition can be obtained . R47 is used where manual control of key transition is desired. Q3 and Q4 feed either + S or - SV DC to R42 , depending on the logic level at the junction of R37 and R36 . Figure 6 shows the video switching circuits; IC17-IC20 are CMOS analog SPDT switches. Each has three sections that can be switched at over I-MHz and can handle signals up to S MHz with SO dB isolation . They are controlled by a logic level at the input. All switches are in .up" positions (N .C.) when logic level is zero, and "down" (N .O.) when logic level is high . Channel-l video is input to pin IS of ICI7 (IC I is fed from that point as well), where it is split into video and sync. ICI7 is dri ven QY IC2 in the keying section. Sync and video are available separately at 12 and 17. In FIg. 6 , an HEF" followed by a letter represents an emitter-follower circuit; one is shown in detail inside dashed lines in FIg. 6 . ICI8-a selects either z input video or effects video (derived a? externally from video I). ICI8 se lects either CHI or a DC level between ~ - O. S and + I.S volts from RllS used UJ 6 in a fadeout ; it is blanked during sync i5 interval s so as to not upset sync levels . ~ Transistors QlOO-QI02 , DIOO, and
VIDEO
SCENE SWITCHER
WILLIAM SHEETS and RUDOLF F. GRAF
Time to finish this project.
R1l2-R118 generate the required waveform. ICI8-c and IC20-c are configured as a DPDT switch to switch between CHI and CH2 for direct fade s, wipes , or key-ins (genlock sources are required). Switched video from both channels is fed to fader RI2S . The output of RI2S is taken to summing amplifier IC21 , together with sync from ICI7-b and ICI9-b (sync is selected for the channel in use). Fre-
the PLL on the keyer board (lCS ) need be only SO rnA , but it sho uld be well filtered . A suitable power-supply is shown in Fig. 7 . The two PC boards can be con structed using the Parts-Placement diagrams of Figs . 8 and 9. Foil patterns for the two PC boards are provid ed in PC Service. Just be very careful when soldering , so that you don 't create any problems for yourself when you go to calibrate the unit. Check off each 'part
o
42
quency-cornpensation components RI19 and CI07 maintain correct burst pha se . The output of IC21 is a complete inverted video signal. It 's fed to IC22 for re-inversion and then to J9 via termination-resistor R132 . The unit requires S, and + 12volts DC. The S-volt supplies must be at lea st S.oO rnA . Two IC regulators, an LM780S lor + S and an LM790S for - S, together with a 12volt AC tran sformer and bridge rectifier can be used . The + 12 volts for
as you install it, and inspect your work as you go along to minimize headaches later on. After you've assembled and checked out the two boards, you must wire them along with the switches, RCA jacks , control potentiometers , and power supply as shown in Fig . 10. There are a lot of connections to be made , so be patient , take your time , and do a careful job . Any suitable control-panel layout can be used . Just make sure that lead s
~:I":" TO Cl
Cl09 .01
....
R143 lOll
Rl00 2.2K " M""'" + SV IC17-a
- .-
o----r-~ o: CD=1 40~ ~--~.:;~~~~1 Jl lsi. 1 ~ VI DEO 1 l; - I C113

v
CH I SPLITTER
FROM ,---. + SV SS Rl44 FROM 57( Rl21 Ion lO O K Cll0 -;::- Rl02 lO O K R101 11 7 ":" 10 2.2K 12 2 11 v 131 114 lIS
R122 lOOK
FROM 59 CHANN EL SWITCHING

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INPUT 10'16""" -lL '01 16 IC18-a IC18-b IN FROM R136 II IS CD4053 v.. CD4053 EF-a IC2 lOOK Rl47 PIN 9 R133lOll OUT R148 C1l4 ~ 8m - SV J2 Ion .01 ~ SPLI T "'= VIDEO 1 SV OUT \9}--- - - -- - f --...J FRO M S8 FROM + SV J3 EFF 1 INlOT - - -- - -- - + - - - - ' S6 SPLIT R14S R120 -b VIDE O SV Rl0S 10II lO O K ONLY I -.............."Ir-2.2K R104 2.2K
IV
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+ SV R135
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R131 10K
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R1l2 2.2K
+ SV R114 2.2K Rl28 1(10
6 IC22 lM318N OUTPUT AMP
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-w
_____- - - - - - + - - -- - + SV
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FIG. 6-THE VIDEO SWITCHING CIRCUITS. Each analog switch (a CD4053) has three sections that can be switched at over a 1-MHz rate, controlled by a logic level at the input. An "EF" followed by a letter represents an emitter follower circuit; one is shown in detail inside the dashed lines.
are kept as short as possible and separated from eac h other to m inimize crosstal k. The prototype that you see pictured in this article is mo unted inside a metal cabinet. Whil e a metal cabinet is preferred for its shielding, any oth er kind will do, as long as everythin g fits inside.
Checkout and alignment After the unit is all together, and you've inspected the boards for soldering defects, turn the unit on and make sure that none of the IC's get hot. Then check all points for proper voltages-+5, - 5 , and + 12 . You will need an osc illosc ope for the fol-
lowing checks, and we will go over the procedures for CHI only, but the procedures are ident ical for CH I and CH2 . Appl y a I-volt p-p negati ve-sync NTSC video signal to 11, and verify negative sync pulses at about 5-volts p-p at ICI pin I. Adjust R6 so that IC2
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+1 2V 0301 l N4007 C307

10~F
12:]1 1
T1 120V:24VCT SOOmA
0302 lN4007 0303 lN4007 C304

2200~ F
C309
lO~F
- sv
- 5V C311 +
'="
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lO ~F
Note: A kit cons isting of the two PC boards, the pa rts that mount on them, and the front- panel potentiometers is available from North Country Radio, PO Box 53, Wykagyl Station, New Rochelle, NY 10804, for $137.50. The kit does not contain other parts that mount off the board, such as the switches, RCA jacks , power supply components, project case, etc. A set of two PC boards is available separately for $27.50. Add $2.50 to either order for postage and handling. New York residents must include sales tax.
FIG. 7-THE SCENE SWITCHER REQUIRES 5 AND + 12-VOLTS DC. The prototype's power supply is shown here.
R48 R47 WIPE F ADE MANUAL CONTROL 9-.. S3 1'0 AUTO . R46
IC 4 PINS 9&10 (TO VIDEO SWITC HING BOARD , PIN 15 OF IC17 AND IC19) SlO IC4 PIN 6 ITO VIDEO SWITCHING BOARD , 0 S~~~~T JUNCTIO N OF Rl09 AND R11 61 ,-------'- --o-.o-~
-'~--MANUAL'I~--j
Sl HORI Z. oP ATTER N_ ..;....._ _.......:=~:;A--;,.-;.:l;'ll.
- 5V
+ 12V
FIG. 8-VIDEO-KEYING BOARD parts-placement diag ram . Solder the resistors and capaci tors first, and t hen the IC's.
pin 6 (IC2-a) shows an 8-f.1s pulse and adjust R8 so that pin 9 (IC2- b) shows a 53 us -pulse. Check for a 60-Hz . m vertica l-sync pulse at le I pin 3 . Ado z just RIOforO.5-0 .6-ms pulses at lC3o a: a pin 6, and adjust Rl 2 for a 16-m s Io pulse at lC3-b pin 9 . (Start out with ill R l2 at its minimu m-resis tance set-' ill o ting). Make sure that S10 (SYNC SELECTING) is in the CHI position, and o a: then check for sync pul ses at pin 6 of
44
lC4 . Co nnect the sco pe to lC5 pin 13 and, using a non-m etallic tool , adjust C22 so tha t the pulses are sy nchronized to the video signa l. Check for 60-Hz pulses at lC5 pin 12. Connect the scope to lC8 pin 4 , and adju st R35 for a 126-kHz sawtoot h wave. Now connect the scope to lCll pin 6, and adjust R57 for a 480-H z sawtooth . Verify a 15.7-kHz horizontal sawtoot h at the jun ction of R3 1and
the emitter of Q2 , and a 60-Hz vertical sawtooth across C42 . Now check the waveform at the wiper of R49 ; it should be a mixture of two of the four previou s waveforms, dep ending on the settings of SI, S2, and R49. Check for 2.5 volts at the wiper of R47 , and also for between + 4 and - 4 volts at lCI 2 pin 6. When you activate S4 , the voltage should slowly continued on page 54
It's easy to build
a low-cost, professionaltype PC-board etching system.

- TONY-L:EWIS - - - - - - - - I
MAKING A PRINTED-CIRCUIT BOARD
by simply plunking the copperclad b oard into a bowl of etchant is usually an irritating and time-consumi ng project, even if you try to speed things up by heating th e etchant in a Pyrex bowl on the stove. But build yourself a professio na l-type etchi ng system that has automatic heater contro l and airburst agitation, and your PC boards will be done before you can figure out how to drill or cut the holes . Best of all, the total cost will be about half that of a comparably equi p pe d comme rcia l system.
System design
Etching a printed-circuit board is usually a time-consuming task for even the smallest of boards, because copper etchants require two things to work properl y: heat and agi tation. Traditional methods of heating the solution include warmi ng its container on a hotplate or stovetop, immersion in a hot-water bath, or even by placing the etchant in a microwave oven. Of course, due to the chemical action of the etching solution, only plastic or glass con tainer s are used-usually large flat bowls with the copper board immersed in the fluid. That is an acceptable meth od for sing le -side d boards, but double-sided boards must
be removed frequently and turned over to monitor the etching process. Also, the etch ant emits fumes when heated; and although the fumes aren't dangero us, they really don't belong in the kitchen . Effective etching also requires agitation , which is usually provided by constantly moving the container and the board back and forth while they are being heated . Since the board is probably in the horizontal position , dissolved copper is likely to pile up on the board unless you are very enthusi astic in your agitation. So etching a
typical board may take from 20 to 60 minu tes, even if you con tinuously push the copper-clad board around the bottom of the contai ner of ho t etchant. Between the agitation and the heat, it's not a pleasa nt job.
Build a tank
To minimize the etching time, while also reducing your con centration and effort, you should use an etching system that incorporates its own source of heat and agitation. Systems with heaters and air bubblers (for agitation) sell for about $60 and
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45
under $30, and you'll probably avoid an oversized tank by designing the system to fit your individual needs . The major components of the PCboard etching system are shown in Fig. 1. The individual bits and pieces CARRIER of plastic that are used to make the tank are shown in Fig. 2. For best control of the etchant's temperature, the solution heater should have an adjustable thermostat. Although heaters are available through mail -order firms, they can also be purchased locally from stores that carry aquarium supp lies . Whatever you use, make certain that the heater has a device that allows it to be clipped to the side of the etchant tank. Depending on the ini tial temperature of the solution, a 100-watt -- heater will raise the temperatureIOf'F in 30 to 45 minutes . If you purchase a heater with a smaller capacity--one with a lower wattage rating-the heatup time for the solution will be extended proportionally. The air bubbler and its hose can also be purchased either through the mail or from local aquarium-supply stores . The cost should be under $10. FIG. 1- THESE ARE THE MAIN COMPONENTS of our professional-type PC-board etc hing system. The air bubbler, the hose, and the solution heater, are available at stores that sell The air bubbler should be sized for at aquarium supplies. least a I5-gallon aquarium: The larger uses Plexiglas to form both the etchup. As an alternative, we'll show you the flow capacity, the better the perforhow to design and build a professioning tank and the PC-board carrier. By mance. Make sure that you buy constructing the entire system youral-type etching system , such as the enough clear plastic air hose so that it self, your total costs should come out one shown in the photographs , that will will fit inside the tank and also
ETCHING TANK
1
11"
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FIG. 2-THESE ARE THE INDIVIDUAL plastic components that are used to make the tank and the carrier.
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is
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46
FIG. 3-A SHEET OF PLEXIGLAS , a cutting tool, adhesive, and some aquarium materials are all that's needed .
FIG. 4-DRAW YOUR TANK PIECES on a sheet of paper first. Then transfer them to th e paper backing of the Plexig las.
FIG. 5-DON'T TRY TO CUT THE PLEXIGLAS with a saw. Instead, use a straightedge to guide the scoring tool.
FIG. 6-POSITION THE SCORE LINE on the edge of a table, hold the plastic firmly, and then snap the plastic in two.
allow the bubbler to be placed in a convenient location . The Plexiglas used for the tank should be % r-5Ji6inch thick . Thinner sheets tend to crack too easily, and thicker sheets are harder to work with. You'll need about three square feet of the Plexiglas, preferably in a 1 X 3-foot sheet form. Always buy more Plexiglas than required , to allow for practice and mistake s. Of course , you'll want to use clear Plexiglas so you'II get a good view of the PC board when it' s immersed in the etchant. If you live in a metropolitan area, there's probably a local plastics dealer listed in the phone book who can supply the Plexiglas . If not , mo st hardware stores carry Plexiglas--or can advise you where to get it. Other items that you ' ll need in-
c1ude Plexiglas adhesive and a cutter. To build the tank you' ll also need a
PC-BOARD MATERIALS Active Electronics, PO Box 9100, Westboro, MA 01581 (800) 343-0874 Datak Corporation, 3117 Paterson Plank Rd., N. Bergen, NJ 07047 (201) 863-7667. Injectorall, 110 Keyland Court, Bohemia, NY 11756(516) 563-3388 Kepro Circuit Systems, 630 Axminister Dr. , Fenton , MO 63026-2992 (800) 325-3878 Radio Shack stores
long metal straightedge , a carpenter's or Tee square to draw precise comers, a table or a surface having a sharp edge, and possibl y some small Cclamp s . A variable-s peed drill , assorted drill bits, and sandpaper or a file will also come in handy Figure 3 shows the the tools and materials that you' ll need. The Plexiglas is the " dark" sheet upon which everything else is placed . It's dark because it's supplied with protective paper stuck on both sides to make sure that the Pl ex igl a s doe sn 't get scratc hed during construction.
The tank first The tank should be designed on paper first, then cut and assemble the components from the Plexiglas sheet. Don 't hesitate to stop and make a new
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47
part if you make an error while cutting the components, because once Plexiglas is glued together it's glued for good. If you follow the procedures outlined below, you should be able to assemble a leak-tight working system in less than a weekend. If you use the Plexiglas component sizes shown in Fig. 2, you'll end up with a 10 X 11 X 2-inch tank that sits on a 10 X 6-inch base, and a carrier having an 8 X 2-inch base. The two small strips of Plexiglas on top of the carrier's base form a groove for the bottom of the PC board to rest in.
Working with Plexiglas
Plexiglass isn't hard to work with as long as you're aware of some of the tricks of the trade . The first step, as
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sure and mark your sheet of Plexiglas. Since the Plexiglas comes with a peeloff paper backing on both sides, simply mark the cutting layout directly on the backing. Because you will be cutting out more than one section at a time, a long straightedge, preferably metal, is necessary. Also, a carpenter's square is invaluable for both drawing the cutting lines and for making perfectly square comers. Whenever possible, line up the sections having common dimensions; for example, the left and right sides and the base should have a common width. Don't forget to account for the thickness of the Plexiglas when determining the dimensions. Check and double-check all the dimensions, and double-check the comers for squareness. Also check the precut edges and corners of the Plexiglas itself; don't assume that they're cut straight and square at the factory. Before cutting the sheet of Plexiglas, practice on an extra piece or two just to get the hang of the special cutting technique. Actually, the term "cutting" is a misnomer because you will score rather than cut the Plexiglas. If you try to cut the Plexiglas using a conventional saw you will quickly discover one of Plexiglas' annoying characteristics: it melts. If you try to cut or drill the plastic quickly it begins to melt locally in the area of the blade or the drill bit, and will quickly foul the saw or drill. By slowly scoring the surface multiple times , then breaking the Plexiglas on the score line, you can create a smooth edge with very little effort. Figure 5 shows the tools needed to
cut the Plexiglas: a plastic knife get too much agitation in one section. (which is not made of plastic, but is Tank assembly designed to cut plastic-available for under $4), and a metal straight edge to Remove any ridges from the edges guide the knife as it scores a groove. of the Plexiglas pieces before gluing Draw the knife along the line you them together. Although it is possible marked on the paper in a smooth, to use epoxy or other adhesives to slow fashion, without pressing down hold the sections together, we recomtoo much. As a general rule, score the mend an adhesive that is specifically Plexiglas a minimum of 36 times in intended for use on Plexiglas. The one direction, then a minimum of 36 stuff is not really an adhesive as much times on the same line in the opposite as it is a solvent. Capillary action direction. Before stopping, check the causes the adhesive to rapidly spread edges of the plastic on both ends; the between the two pieces of Plexiglas. groove should be about one-half the The adhesive slightly dissolves both depth of the sheet of Plexiglas. pieces of Plexiglas, which then solidNext, break the edge . As shown in ifies into a "weld." A small amount Fig. 6, position the plastic with the of adhesive will go a long way, so scored line on the edge of a table. Use you'll need a convenient dispenser, one hand and a straightedge, or a simsuch as a syringe (hypodermic), liar soliao15jecCfoh olotfie plastic-\Vfiicnis availaolefrom orug stores fordown. Using your other hand, press about $1 each. The syringe allows firmly down on the part to be broken precise dispensing of the amount and off. The Plexiglas will bend slightly, location of the adhesive. Once you then suddenly snap in two. Inspect the have the Plexiglas sections aligned, edges. If they're not perfectly slowly inject the adhesive at the joint smooth, they can be sanded or filed without pushing the Plexiglas out of down. Do not leave any ridges on the position. The adhesive will flow unedge, because they will cause probder the joint and begin to "melt" the lems when you're trying to seal the plastic slightly, which helps seal the tank. two Plexiglas pieces together watertight-even if they have small imperGenerally, sections longer than six inches are hard to cut properly the first fections on the edges. time when hand-holding the PlexNote: Many states require a dociglas . Clamps and a straightedge, tor's prescription in order to purrather than hand pressure, are better chase a syringe. If you live in one of those backward-thinking states, forholding long pieces. Drilling Plexiglas isn't difficult if purchase a syringe-type fine-oil disyou use a variable-speed drill and a penser, which is really a syringe little patience. Mark the area where whose tip has been blunted . . the hole is to be drilled, then drill a Figure 8 shows a square being pilot hole using a small-diameter bit. used to hold two sectioris of Plexiglas Note that the faster you drill, the more perpendicular to each other while likely the Plexiglas will be to melt and being glued. Make sure that the two wrap itself around, and clog the drill sections are as square as possible, or bit. After drilling the pilot hole, start you'll have trouble fitting the other sections later. After applying the addrilling slowly with a Y4-inch bit. Don't press down too hard, or the hesive, press the two sections toplastic may crack. For best results, gether and hold them in position for a place the Plexiglas on a piece of soft minute or two. Then allow them to set wood when drilling . up undisturbed for at least 15 minutes As shown in Fig. 7, straighten a or longer. When the adhesive dries length of the plastic air-bubbler hose completely, the joint will be as solid as the Plexiglas itself. and drill small-diameter (0.040 .06-inch) holes spaced about one Another reason to use Plexiglas adinch apart. Seal one end of the hose hesive is that it dries completely clear, with silicone or RTV sealant and alwhich makes for a better appearance low it to dry overnight. To ensure that of the final product. Once you've apthe hose will bubble correctly, conplied the adhesive to one side of the nect it to the air bubbler and test the joint , go.back and apply it to the other hose underwater in a sink. Drill more side of the joint, and allow it to set up. holes if there are not enough bubbles, That will give the joint a better seal but keep the holes evenly spaced so and added strength. that the printed-circuit board will not Place one of the larger Plexiglas
FIG. 7-STRAIGHTEN THE PLASTIC AIR HOSE and drill a series of small hole s sp aced approximately one inch apart.
FIG. 8-SaUARE THE PLASTIC SECTIONS using a machinist's square. Then , apply t he Plexiglas adh esive.
FIG. 9-THE HOLES DRILLED in the bottom of the carrier allow the air bubbles to pass through to the printed-circuit board.
FIG. 1o-HANG THE HEATER f rom the side of the tan k, connect the air bubbler, and check for an even bubble distribu tion.
sides on a flat surface . Using the previous procedures, position one of the sma ller sides so that it is perpendicular to the flat piece. Note and correct any ill-fitting edges, and also make certain that the two pieces are of the same height. When you are sure that the pieces have a good fit and are properly supported, slowly begin injecting the Plexiglas adhesive on the inside interface of the two pieces. Note that the adhesive will probably move faster along the interface than you do. When all of the interface has been injected with adhesive , press down lightly on the vertical piece for a minute or two while mainta ining its perpendicular position . Release the pressure and recheck for proper position. The adhesive will set up in about 15 minutes, but allow at least 30 minutes before attempting any more
work. After drying, the interface should look clear, with a few minor bubbles. If a bubble appears to run from one side to another, a second inject ion of adhesive may be necessary. When you're satisfied with the adhesive injectio n process on one side of the interface, repeat the process for the other side. With one small side in place, repeat the proced ure for the other small side. Your tank should now have three sides, and be capab le of standing upright. Position the partially assembled tank over the center of the base section. Once again, make sure there's a tight fit between the Plexiglas pieces before applying adhesive to both sides. Then install the two small supports in the bottom of the tank . But before installi ng the supports, dri ll two evenly spaced Y4-inch holes in
each support for the air-bubbler tubing . Temporarily set the supports in the bottom of the tank (using tape to hold them in place) and position the last side on top. Check to make sure that the last side will fit tightly with the base and the two smaller sides, and that the supports do not cause the piece to bulge out. It's too late to correct measuring errors after the supports are glued in place . When you're satisfied with the fit all around, glue the supports to the base and to the side. (You will not be able to glue them to the last side that's installed. ) Run the bubbler's hose through the holes in the supports-try not to create kinks in the hose. Install the final side of the tank after the hose is properly installed and all the other joints are sea led from both sides.
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49
With the tank in a vertical position, first inject the adhesive to the interface at the base and press down lightly while holding the sides together. Then, place the tank on its side and apply adhesive to the two side interfaces. To ensure a good seal , place a heavy object (abo tit five pounds) on top to apply even pressure.
Checkout The tank is no good if it can't hold the etching solution, so check"it out thoroughly. After the tank has had a chance to set up overnight, place it in a sink and slowly fill it with hot water while watching for leaks. If leaks do occur, drain and dry the tank and reapply Plexiglas adhesive in the areas of the leaks . If necessary, a small amount of adhesive can be poured along the inside corners to enhance sealing from the inside. If you discover that you have a gap between two Plexiglas pieces that the adhesive will not seal, then epoxy or contact cement may have to be applied from the outside to stop the leak. Do not use silicone or RTV sealer, because they may weaken or leak after repeated exposure to the hot etchant. Another possible way to solve the leaks that the less-than -perfect craftsman is bound to get is to mix some DATAKOAT liquid, or other 100% acrylic coating, with some solventtype acrylic adhesive . The resulting material should seal even relatively large leaks. The printed-circuit board carrier, shown in Fig. 9, is easier and less critical to make than the tank. Cut the base, the two top pieces, and the handle. To ensure that the carrier will move in and out of the tank without hitting the walls, the width of the carrier's base is slightly less than the width of the two small sides . As shown, glue the two top strips over the center of the base so that they provide "a groove to hold the bottom of the circuit board as it rests in the tank . Carefully drill a series of evenly spaced Y 4-inch holes in the base assembly. Then, glue the handle on top. Finally, as shown in Fig. 10, install ~ the solution heater and bubbler to test z your system. The carrier should be a? able to move in and out of the tank without hitting the air hose or the ~ heater. With the carrier in place, and w o the bubbler running , the bubbles o should be evenly distributed along the ~ base of the tank .
Custom size The main advantage to building your own etching system is that you can customize the tank to your needs; it should be customized for your anticipated PC-board sizes . There is no need to oversize the tank because that wastes etchant and takes longer to heat up. If your boards are usually wide and short, or you don't need a tall tank, it is possible to redesign the tank so that the heater is inserted horizontally near the bottom of the tank, above the bubbler hose. An ordinary hole saw from the hardware store will do the trick . In that case, one of the" supports will need a corresponding hole drilled to accommodate the heater. However, a horizontal heater assembly is really not advised unless absolutely required because the area around the heater/side joint might be prone to leaks. Using the system Two types of etchants are available for hobbyist and technician use: ferric chloride, and sodium or ammonium persulfate . Ferric chloride is generally available and is economical to use. However, it should be used only in a well-ventilated room, and it can stain badly-which can be a problem if the etching tank is upset. The persulphates come in crystal form and have several advantages over ferric chloride in that they will not attack stainless steel, they are totally ineffective when cold, solutions are clear when first used, and they give an indication of their copper absorption by turning blue. Like ferric chloride, the more the persiilfate solution is reused, the slower the etching process will become. Another important advantage of persulfates is that they are not as aggressive as ferric chloride in the etching process, and will not undercut the PC-board's traces. That is especially important if you work with printed circuit board patterns having line widths of 0.032-inch or smaller, such as computer-memory boards. (Nothing is quite as frustrating as having the etchant disso lve some lines on one side of a board while you were examining the other side.) For comparison purposes, four 2 x 4-inch single-sided boards having identical patterns were etched in heated ferric chloride and ammonium persulfate, both with and without the bubbler running . For ferric chloride,
the etching time with the bubbler off was 16 minutes; 9 minutes with the bubbler on. For ammonium persulfate, the etching time was 19 minutes with the bubbler off; 11 minutes with the bubbler on. (Etching times will vary, depending upon the board pattern, the number of times the etchant was reused, etc.) Also, monitoring the etching process in the tank was easier using the ammonium persulfate solution, because it is clear. Note that our test etching times are considerably faster than when agitating a Pyrex dish over a heater or the stove. Often, the bubbler results in a 40% reduction in etching time com pared to simple hand agitation. Also, keep in mind that the faster a board is etched, the less likely the chance that the etchant will attack the sensitizer and undercut edges of the traces, thus ruining the board. If you'd .like to use persulfate as an etchant, it is available from Kepro Circuit Systems, and Active Electronics. Other major mail-order firms such as Datak, carry powdered ferric chloride and others carry ferric-chloride solutions. Those of you who choose to work with ferric chloride will want a way to get rid of the spent etching solution. The best way is to mix it with a solution of lye (sodium hydroxide). The copper and iron will precipitate . The remaining solution is salt water and excess lye. Pour the salt water down the drain. Let the copper and iron hydroxide dry out, and then dispose of with your tin cans, etc. Our etching system should give years of trouble-free service, while saving you many hours of time spent in etching PC boards. If you want additional information on making PC boards, see the following articles that have appeared in Radio-Electronics: "Making Your Own PC Boards" (Feb. 1988); "Designing DoubleSided PC Boards" (Sep.-Oct. 1985); "Etch Your Own PC Boards" (Dec . 1982, Feb . 1983). Also, Bob Grossblatt has been covering PCboard design and production in his " Drawing Board" column since August of this year, and Don Lancaster's "Hardware Hacker " column in this issue looks at a novel approach to PC board design . Now you have no excuse for not putting the PC Service pages to work, or building that design you've been working on and meaning R-E to prototype!
50
ic
IfOLIDAY
GIFT GUIDE
ELECTRON ICS HAS CERTAINLY CHANGED T HE WAY WE LIVE . IF
nothin g else, it has made the holiday shopping seaso n a little easie r to deal with! The array of consumer products is so great, that you are sure to find something for everyone. We've compiled a subjective list of what we would buy for our families---or ourselves- from the pleth ora of products available in the consumer-electronic s market. We looked at video and audio product s, computer-related products, and electronics for people who take their elec tronic s seriously. We didn't pick products for their price , nor did we pick them becau se they were the " best." We picked the products because we felt they offered something unique, something fun, or something innovative. We don 't pretend that our list is comprehensive-we' re sure that we've neglected to mention some of the produc ts that deserve recognition . Despite that , we hop e that this guide proves helpful by, at the very least, giving you some new ideas.
Video products
Integrated Video System For those on an unlimited budge t, we' d like to sugges t the Bang & Olufsen Video System 5000, an integrated video system that is capable of multiroom operation. It can be team ed with any Bang & Olu fsen audio sys tem to form an interactive audio /video sys tem in anywhere from one to sixteen rooms . The Video System 5000 integrates a 26inch TV monitor and a Super-VHS digital VCR with a motori zed , remote-controlled stand and an audio/ video remote control. As you might expect, the Video System 5000 doesn't come cheap . But if you 're contemplating installin g a throu gh-the-house AN system , that probably doesn 't matter much. The entire system, including the motori zed sta nd retail s for $4290 . LCD projection TV For those more concerned about picture size than hightech convenience, Sharp's LCD projection syste m is the answer. It' s quite a cha nge from traditi onal projection sets. First ofall, it's portable . The projector weig hs about 30 pound s, and projec ts a bright , clear picture on either a wall or scree n. The unit's magn ification can be varied , produ cing a picture from 25 to 100 inches (meas ured diagonally). The key to the system's size and performance are three small LCD panels inside the unit. The 3-inch twin TFT (Thin F ilm Tansistor) panels form the red, green, and blue components of the video picture. The projector does not require any converge nce adj ustme nt, and it features two video inputs and and Super-VHS com patibility. The price for this first-of-its kind TV is $6500.
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51
Self-Powered Subwoofer Perhaps you already have a big-screen TV but you don't feel that you're getting the big-screen feeling. Maybe you've even tried surround sound and still don't feel that you've been successful in creating the home theater experience . Don't give up yet. Audiophiles and videophiles have created a demand for accurate low-frequency sound reproduction. Pioneer Electronics has answered the demand with their S- WlOOO switchable, self-powered subwoofer and center-channel speaker system. The S-WlOOO subwoofer system features a magnetically shielded design and low-distortion 12-inch wooofer powered by a built-in switchable power amplifier. An extra amplifier is provided for center-channel Dolby Pro-Logic Surround Sound applications . Switchable roll-off frequency .settings of 50, 90, or 140 Hz are available. The subwoofer system is available at a suggested retail price of $500. Talking Remote Control While we hope that no one reading this magazine has trouble programming his VCR, we're sure you've heard family members muttering under their breath as they go through the some times frustrating procedure. Until now, you've probably never heard your VCR talk back. But the Optonica Voice Coach remote control from Sharp will vocally guide users through the proper programming procedure. The Voice Coach comes with the Super-VHS VC-G990U VCR. Full remote operation is featured, including remote eject. The VCG990U, with the Voice Coach, is available for $999.95. Videotape Editor As camcorder sales have skyrocketed over the last couple of years, the need for an easy-to-use editing system has become evident. DirectED Plus, from Videonics, combines the functions of a video editor, titler, special-effects generator, and video librarian. DirectED works with just about any VCR that uses an infrared remote control. Both a recording and a playback VCR are required to assemble your finished video production. DirectED Plus sells for $549.95. For professional video producers, ProED, a computerized multifunction edit controller is available for less than $1000. VCR Survival Kit VCR maintenance is simple. Simply keep it clean. Unfortunately, not many people follow even that simple advice . You can help them along with the GE Survival Kit. The kit includes a head cleaner, a dust cover, and a GE T-120 video tape. While we generally don't recommend head cleaners for VCR's, giving someone this kit might do the favor of stressing the importance of cleanliness for long VCR life. The GE Survival Kit retails for $19.95.
Audio products
10th Anniversary Walkman The last ten years have seen a lot of changes in audio. Most people would point to the CD player as the most important development of the decade. But we think that the Sony Walkman has done more to bring an appreciation of good
52
d aserGO, Inc
Hi-Fi Phono Plugs

seat, filters the sound , and converts it to electronic signals. The signals are amplified by a stereo amplifier and output to stereo headphones. When you can't find any of the airline's music that suits your tastes, you can always plug Jetman's earphones into the Walkman that you brought on board. Jetman sells for $34.95 If you're looking for some "stocking stuffers" for the audiophile in your family, you might consider ProFi connectors from Neutrick. These connectors incorporate a special re- r;~~~ tracting ground shell . Thus, the ground makes contact first, and breaks contact last, ensuring a noisefree connection of equipment. Grounding noise is not only annoying, of course, but can also cause speaker damage if the amplifier is operating while the connections are being made. The connectors range in price from $17.14 to $24.96, depending on finish .
Big Sound, Small Speakers

The major change in home-stereo systems over the last decade is that they've gotten smaller and less obtrusive. That's to be expected with the electronics portion, but getting big sound from small speakers always proved to be a problem. The Bose Acoustimass 3, however, seems to have solved the problem . Acoustimass technology, developed by Dr. Amar Bose, uses two moving air masses (acoustic masses) rather than a moving driver cone to launch lowfrequency sound energy into the room. The Acoustimass module can be hidden anywhere in a room, even under furniture. Two curved wedgeshape enclosures , measuring 3Y2 X 4Y2 X 4Y2 inches, complete the loudspeaker system, which sells for $599.
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audio to the masses than anything else. In honor of the tenth anniversary of the introduction of the Walkman, Sony has introduced a special edition AM/FM stereo Cassette player, the WM-F701C. It features digital synthesized tuning , 14 station presets, remote control, and auto reverse. It all fits in a cassette case-sized package and carries a price that only a Walkman fanatic could love: $379.95.
computer Products
Palm-top Computer
It's finally happened: You can buy a PC-compatible computer that fits in your shirt pocket. The Atari Portfolio, which the company calls a "palmtop" computer, weighs one pound and is smaller than a VHS video cassette. The keyboard is too small to touch type on, but it's arranged in a standard QWERTY format for quick data entry. The Portfolio comes with 128K of RAM standard, and plug-in solid-state RAM cards can add up to 128K of memory. The screen is a 40line by 8-line liquid-crystal display. A wide variety of add-ons are expected soon, including a parallel interface that will allow for connection to fullsized PC's . A Lotus 1-2-3 work-alike spreadsheet is built in, as are standard pocket-computer functions such as an address book, appointment calendar, editor, and more. This may be the first pocket computer that really makes sense. It sells for $399.95.
Amplified AM/FM Antenna

When most people think of stereo components, antennas usually don 't enter into things. That may change with the Parsec ARC , or Amplified Receiving Component. The ARC is contains an amplified, directional AM antenna and omnidirectional FM antenna . The amplifier uses GaAsFET circuitry for low-noise, higain operation. The FM section provides a gain of better than 30 dB, AM better than 15 dB. Both AM and FM sections are tunable for optimum performance , and the gain is adjustable. Since most receiver manufacturers pay little attention to the AM sections of their receivers, an antenna that offers a way to improve AM reception is a welcome sight . The suggested retail price of the ARC is $149.95.
Airplane Headphone.
The Walkman introduced a whole segment of society to good stereo sound. Of course, in doing so, it made people realize how bad some of their audio sources were. Take airplane headphones as an example. They're uncomfortable to begin with , and sound awful, too. Air travelers will be happy to discover Jetman, a small audio amplifier with ear-bud style mini stereo headphones. A small microphone module plugs into the headphone jack of a typical airline
Tower Computer Case

While small computers make some people happy, others are always looking for more room . For example, we're always playing around with some new card, and always running out of slots or drive bays. We think we've finally found a case for our computer that will help: Jameco Electronics' JE201O. It not only accepts all continued on page 78
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SCENE SWITCHER
continued from page 44
change, and R42 should vary the rate of change. Set R45 at the center of its range, and set S3 to man ual. Place the scope at the collector of Q5; you shou ld see the keying waveform . The waveform will disappear if you rotate R49 to its extremes, and you will see either 0 or + 5 volts at either extreme . Place S5-S9 in the "norm al" position ; you should get video at 19 that
Using the switcher Sw itches S5-S9 determ ine exactly what signal is applied to eac h side of the fader control. For example; suppose a fade to black is desired. In that case , FADE SELECT (S7) would be set so that CHI video passes directl y to one side of FADER CO NTROL (R I25) . S8 would be placed in the fixed position , which applies a fixed DC level (set via the FADE LEVEL CONTROL) to the opposite side of the FADER CONTRO L. By rotating the FADER CONTROL , a mix of CHI video and the DC fade level is sent to the output amplifier, and manS6
swaps CH I and CH2 , reversing the connec tions to each side of the fader control. If the fader control is set at one extreme , and CH I is coming through, then moving S9 to the "reverse" positio n instantly routes CH2 into the output amplifier. In the "keyed" positions, S5-S9 apply a waveform to elec tro nically switch the video for wipes, transitions, and fades. Sw itches SI and S2, in combination with R49 determ ine the particul ar pattern . Switch S3 selects the manual fade/key mode where R47 manuall y controls the effect, or
- -_ - -- --QK EYING LINE (FROM KEYING BO ARD , JUNCTI ON OF 05 AND R54)
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FADER R1 25
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FIG. 9---VIDEO-SWITCHING BOARD parts-placement diagram. Check your work as you go along, to lessen the likelihood of any problems.
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you can check with a mon itor. Adjust ClO4 for optimum sharpness. Adjust ClO7 for correc t burst phase , as indicated by proper flesh tones on a video image. Place S8 in the " fixed" posi-. tion , and vary RI25 . You should be able to fade to a level set by RII5.
ual fading is performed . If a fade from CH I to CH2 is desired, both CHI and CH2 fade selectors must be placed in the norm al position . If a fade from CH 2 to CHI is desired , S7 and S8 must be placed in the fixed and norm al position. S9
the auto-key mode where the ramp generator produces the effect; S4 initiates the transition or effect , but has no effect in the manual position of S3 . Switches S5 and S6 select the effec ts channel or other video inputs that are R-E synchronized to CH I or CH2 .
CMOS PLL'S
R.M. MARSTON
T HE 4046[3 M IC RO-POWER PHA SE-LOCKED
An in-depth look at a particularly versatile CMOS IC, the 4046 micropower CMOS phase-locked loop.
40468
1 PHASE PULSES
I--
Voo 16
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2 PC10UT
PCl
L oop (PLL) is o ne of the most versatile of all CMOS IC's . PLL's can be used in freguency synthes is, track ing , multipli cation. and co he rent co mmun ication sy ste ms . Altho ug h the PLL concept ha s been aro und for so me ti me usin g d isc re te co mponents , the IC was needed to make the idea practical . The 40468 also has a numb er of useful, independently accessi ble e lements, very similar to the layout of the 555 IC t im e r. It s YC O (Vo l tage -Co ntro lled Oscillator) is the most ver sat ile an d cost-effective ver sio n ava ila b le, produ cin g a sym metr ic square wave with an upper frequency limit over 1 MH z, and capable of bein g sca nned over a 1,000 ,000:1 frequency range . It ca n be gated on and off via an INHIBIT termin al , and produ ces a biph ase output wh en used with one of the two intern al Phase Comparators (PC's). Several practical appli cations will be covered later.
4046B basics Figure I shows the intern al block diagram and pin out s of the 4046B, with two d ifferent PC's, a Ze ner diode , and the YC O. PCI is a simp le XOR ga te with goo d noise reject ion , but needs square waves on pin s 3 and 14, and has only a nan-ow capturefreq ue ncy ra nge (spa n). PC2 is an edg e-triggered logic/bi stable memory version with a tristate outp ut , can be dr iven by gross ly asymme tric waveforms on pins 3 and 14, and has very wide span but somewhat poor no ise rejection . The reaso n is that an XOR gate, bei ng level-triggered , must have a lower frequency response than the edge -trigge red/bistable versio n . TIle YCO is wide- range, with a maximum operatin g frequenc y over I MH z determined by the voltage on
COMP IN
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PC2 OUT
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10
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FIG. 1-INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM of the 4046B micro-power CMOS PLL.
pin 9 , the cap acit or between pins and 7 (50 pF minimum), and RI and R2 . Also , R2 presets the minimum operating frequ en cy, and can be eliminat ed in man y app licatio ns . T he sy m me tr ic sq ua re- wave veo OUT appears on pin 4 . The veo IN , pin 9, has almos t infinite input impedance , and is driven from a high-imped ance source . The so ur ce foll ower ca n be ex te rna lly mo nitored on pin 10 without loadin g that source . The INHIBIT term inal , pin 5, is norm all y tied to Y5 5' enab ling bot h the YCO and source follower ; both are di sabl ed w he n pin 5 is gro unded . The S-volt Ze ner provides supply regulation if needed .
PLL basics Figure 2 shows the basic 4046B PLL co nfig uratio n , includin g fre -
OW.P ASS FILTER }
FIG. 2-BASIC PLL, WITH DIVIDE-BYN COUNTER for frequency synthesis. For N = 1 no frequency multip lication occurs, and the action is just that of a PLL.
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3
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. ----Y\flr-.....-'
R1 10K
FIG. 3-SIMPLE VARIABLE-FREQUENCY (200 Hz-2 kHz) square-wave generator.
01 +9V R2
1N4148 10MEG
C1 .01J.lF
3
R3 100K FREQ
veo
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FIG. 4-WIDE-RANGE VCO, fully variable from 0 Hz-1 .4 kHz.
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C1 .01J.lF
of a PLL alo ne . Th e output is directl y prop ort ion al to the phase differen ce bet ween INI and IN2, smoothed via the Low- Pass F ilter (LPF), and fed to IN2. If the YCO freq uenc y is less than that of IN I, th e PC output goes positi ve , and the resulting filte red vol tag e increase s the YCO frequency until it track s INI in frequen cy and ph ase . If the YCO frequency is greater than that of the extern al input, the PC o u tp ut de cre ase s, caus ing the YCO output to ph ase-lock to IN!. Th at m ay not seem immedi at el y useful . However, the YCO ge nerates a clean , sy mme tric output waveform, even if the external input waveform is noisy and asymmetric . Also , bec ause the LPF ha s a finite time constant , the YCO tracks the mean phase and frequ en cy of a rapidly-varying external input. A PLL can track and clean up s low ly-vary ing ex te rnal inp uts, or track the ce nte r frequency of an FM signal and provid e a demodulated signal at the PC o utput. The YCO frequency adjusts so that the divider output frequency matches that of the exte rn a l input, and the YCO frequency equals N x fIN' If the external input comes from a preci sion so ur ce (a crys ta l) , signa ls of any fre-
+9V
R3 100K FREQ
.hnnL veo
R1 100K OUT
___--Y\flr-_---~
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qu ency can be synthe sized with equal preci sion using the appropriate N value . Some pr acti cal versions will be exa mined later.
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circuits
Figure 3 shows the sim ples t way to use th e 4046 B YCO . Th e vo ltageco ntro l input (pin 9) is tied permanen tly high and the circuit acts as a basi c sq u are -wave oscill at or, w it h variable frequency over a 10:1 ran ge via R2 . The YCO output (pin 4) is tied to the PC input (pin 3); if pin 3 is allowe d to float , the PC 's reson ate at
16
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(SHORTED FOR SLOW RISE TIME AND CONVENTIONAL SIREN.)

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01
FIG. 5-RESTRICTED-RANGE VCO, variable from 60 Hz-1.4 kHz via R2.
R2~ R3 + C1 47K ~ 10MEG 10j.lF L-L -(O PENFO RSi... OW---<R.... IS-ETI-'-E-......... -M ':" AND CONVENTIONAL SIREN.)
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+ 'iN
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R2 100K FREQ OUT 2
FIG. 8-AN ELECTRONIC SIREN. For normal wailing tone, short D1and open R2. For fast rise and slow fall in frequency, include D1 and R2.
9
40468
+ 9V
S1 r"ARE
R6 10MEG
SPKR
80
R9
62n
Q z
en
FIG. 6-A BIPHASE WIDE-RANGE VCO.
V1 V1
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being fed usin g an ex ternal input , and IN2 by the YCO output throu gh the di vide-by-N counter. Of co urse , if N = I then no frequency multiplication occurs , and the act ion is just that
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FIG. 9-PHASOR-SOUND GENERATOR CIRCUIT.
56
abo ut 20 MHz and superimpose a signal on the top part of the YCO output waveform . Figure 4 shows how to use the 4046B YCO in wide -range mode . Here , RI-Cl determines the max imum frequency obtained , and R2 contro ls the actual frequency via pin 9. The frequency falls to a few cycles per minute with pin 9 grounded. The effective control range of pin 9 varies from roughly I volt above ground to I volt below Y DD ' Also, R2 has a dead range (hysteresis) of several hundred mY at either end of its span, eliminated by 01 and 02 . The minimum operating frequency is reduced to zero by R2 on pin 12, in which case the YCO output randomly sett les in ei.. ther logic state. Figure 5 shows a restricted-range YCO; R2 going to ground determines the minimum operating frequency. Here, f M IN\ is determined by R2-Cl, and f M A X i:l-y CI and RI-R2 in parallel. By suitab le selectio n of RI and R2, the rest ricted-range YCO can span any range from 1:1to near-infinity. The YCO can generate 180 degree out-of-phase square waves by con necting the YCO output to the PCI input, taking the external input (pin 14) hig h, and taki ng the ant i-phase output from pin 2, as in Fig. 6. The 4046B YCO can be disabled by taking INHIBIT (pin 5) high . That lets the YCO be gated on and off externally. Figure 7 shows how the YCO can be either manually gated via pushbutton on pin 5, or by an external . inverter from a 40 IIB NAND gate.
R2 47K
A~~IO .2211F
C1
Rl 47K 6 R3 47K
7 R4 lMEG 9 40468 8 11 R6 12K
3 4
FM OUT
C2 .2211F
FIG. 1D-FM GENERATOR using a 40468 and a 3140 op-arnp, at 220 kHz.
R1 5.6K
~
02 1N4148
0
Sl SPIN R9 10M EG 40468 7
C2
.0111F 3 4 8 OUT R10 820 0
>
01 1N4148 R2 3.3K + R4 1MEG
R5 C1 47K lOIlF R6 47K
11
R8 1MEG
"SOUNO"OUTPUT TO CRYSTAL OR CERAMIC TRANSDUCER
FIG. 11-RUNDOWN CLOCK/SOUND GENERATOR, for use in dice or roulette games, where the output always settles in logic-O.
st RANGES (NOMINAL)
1=0.5Hz - 50Hz
2=50Hz - 5kHz 3=5kHz - 500kHz

+9V
D1 1N4148 9
1/ 4
7
40468 5
OUT
1..f1.JU"
1 I ' I 1 I I I " I
40938 14 GATE INPUT
R2 47K C1 .111F 02 1N4148 FREERUN
.rtrirt,
OUT
Sirens and sound-effe ct s Figure 8 shows the 4046B YCO in a siren circuit. For a conventional wailing tone , short 01 and leave out R2 . When 51 is closed, C I charges exponentially via RI, and the YCO frequency rises from zero to a maximum value . When 51 is opened , CI discharges via R2 and the operating frequency decays to zero . The YCO output is AC-coupled to the speaker via C4 and QI. For a " quick-start " tone, leave 01 unshorted, and include R2 . In that case, C I charges rapid ly to Y 2-YD D via RI-R2 and Dl when 51 closes , and discharges via R3 when 51 is opened. Figure 9 shows a "phasor" sound generator. The 40llB astable is gated by 51 to produce 4-millisecond pulses at 70- mill iseco nd inte rvals . Each pulse rapidly charges C2 via R3-02 ,
R3 47K
'="
0
GATE S2
FIG. 12-UNIVERSAL CLOCK/SQUARE-WAVE GENERATOR over 0.5 Hz-500 kHz.
producing a high tone that decays fairly slowly as C2 disc harges via R5; the process repeated on the arrival of eac h pulse.
Miscellaneous veo circuits Figure 10 shows a 220-kHz FM generator. The internal Zener on pin 15 of the 4046B provides a stable sup ply to the 3140 op-amp, biased at about 2 volts via R2-R3; the 2-volt
YCO input on pin 9 of the 4046B is an amplified versio n ( x 20) of the audio input, that modulates the YCO frequency. Figure II shows a "run -down" clock generator used in dice and roulette games . When 5 1 is pressed, C I charges via 0 2, while Q I is biased on via 03-R5 and effectively connects R7 between pin II and ground . The YCO operates in the tens of kHz ,
m
JJ
iO
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57
FIG. 13-PRECISION NARROW-BAND TONE SWITCH (about 1.8-2.2 kHz) composed of a 4046B wide-range PLL signal tracker and lock detector us ing two 4001B NOR gates, showing waveforms obtained with the loop locked.
+ 9V Rl l MEG fIN (1-1 50Hz) 14 3 13 9 4046B R2 + lO O K

';:"
Cl 2.2J.lF 16 4
11
6 R3 68K C2 .O lJ.lF + 9V(REG)

'='
A
TOA
';:"
TOB
16 14 4518B 15 fOUT =f"jl<100
TOA
'=' + 9V
TOB
14
16 15 2 4 4017B 6 9 11
fOUT 8 1-9kHz 13
';:"
x8 xl
x9
I-
en o Z o a:
o W
W
FIG. 14-A 4046B PLL USED WITH EITHER a 4518B dual synchronous up counter as a x 100 low-frequency pre-scaler, or a 4017B dec ade counter as a simple x 1- x 9 frequency synthesizer
-l
6 o
< a:
generating clock pu lses until SI is released . At that point, Ql turns off and the YCO timi ng is governed by R8,
wh ile C l rapidly discharges to Y2Y D D via RI-R2 -R3- D!, making the YCO operate at abou t 100 Hz. Next ,
C I slowly discharges via R4 , and the YCO freque ncy slowly decays to zero in abo ut 15 seconds . Figure 12 shows a simple but very useful 40468 YCO " universal" clock or sq uare -wave generator, span ning 0.5 Hz-50 kHz in three switchse lected bands . A biphase output is provided , along with either free-running or gated modes . Figure 13 shows a PLL wide-range sig nal tracker combined with a "lock detector" in a precision narrow-band tone switch. The signal tracker captures and tracks any input within the approx ima te spa n 100 Hz- 100 kHz, provided the input on pin 14 switc hes full y bet ween logic- O and logic-I. The circ uit uses PC2, and can lock to any sig nal wit hin the YCO span due to the wide range it provides . Filter R3-R 4-C2 is a sample-and hold that determin es signal capture, settling, and tracking times . The maximum YCO freq uency is determined by RI X C I, th e min i m um by (R I + R2) x C I, and the pin-9 voltage for both . The YCO span, capture, and tracking ranges go from the YCO frequency with pin 9 gro unded , to the maximu m value with pin 9 at Y DD' In the lock detector, eac h PC output is a series of pul ses with widths proportional to the phase differe nce betwee n the two PC inpu ts. The PCI output is low and the PC2 ou tput is high , excep t for those pul ses . When the PLL is locked, the two PC outputs are almost perfec t mirror images , and the output of ICl-a remains low, drivi ng the output ofICI-b high and lighting LED I. If the loop isn't locked , the output of ICl -a is a series of posit ive-go ing pu lses th at rapidly charge C I via D! -R6 , forcing the o utput of IC I-b low, keeping LED! off. Figure 14 shows a 40468 with either a 45 188 dual synchronous upl down co unter in a X 100 freq uency prescaler, or a 40 178 decade counter as a X 1- X 9 freq uency multiplier, depending on which counter IC is con ne ct e d betwee n A an d 8. The prescaler can upcon vert I- ISO Hz in to ISO Hz- IS kHz out; the 45188 contains a pair of decade counters confi gu r e d as a divide - by - l00 . T he frequency multip lier ge nerates an outp ut, th e freq ue ncy of w hich is X 1- X 9 that of the input. The 40178 is rep lacea ble by a string of programmab le decade co unters to give a wider 10 Hz- l MH z range . R-E
58
,.7;7-,
Understanding Relays, Part II: Solid-state versions

HARRY L. TRIETLEY
LAST MON TH , WE EXAMINED ELEC-
tromechanical relays in depth . This month , we'll examine solid-state versions, including how to build your own. Like the electromechanical variety, so lid-state relays use low-level signals to switch isolated loads. However, instead of mechanical contacts, solid-state models use transistors or thyristors (SCR's or triacs) to switch a load . Control-to-load isol at ion is provided either by optoisolators or transformers. Solid- state relays are available in AC and DC versions; Fig. I shows typical block diagrams. All approaches shown use an optoisolator to separate the control and drive segments . Figures l-c and l-d need a rectifier and filter for AC input. Figures I-a and l-c use a drive circuit , an NPN
transistor, Zener tran sient suppres sion, and reverse-b iased inductive load diode for DC output. Figures l-b and l-d use a zero voltage switch, an RC snubber filter, and a triac for AC output. Virtually all solid-state relays are Single-P ole Single- Throw, Normally Open (SPST-NO) devices, where the outputs turn on in response to a control voltage. The majority take operating power from the control I/O, although some requi re separate DC logic power. The simplest DC input circuits use an LED optoisolator and series current-limiting resistor. The resistor is usually sized for a 5volt logic input , and results in a specified "ON" range of 3-6 volts DC. For wider operating ranges (typically 4-32 volts DC) , the resistor is re-
placed by a constant-current diode . Then , AC input circuits rectify and filter the contro l input before applying it to the LED . Typical ACiDC LED curre nts are 5-20 rnA.
AC and DC outputs The optoisol ator photo current is amplified and used to drive whatever output device the relay is connected to, wheth er a transistor for DC outputs, a thryistor for AC, or a power MOSFET for either. The power for the drive circuitry is taken either from the output load or is supplied separately. In some MOSFET designs, the photocurrent is sufficient to drive the output device . Tabl e I summarizes typical specifications. Norma lly, DC output devices like those in Figs. I-a and l-b use an NPN
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~
CD
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CD CD CD
59
02
r-_-~f-------~
ADD DIODE FOR ,--+!- - -INDUCTIVE LOADS I : LO AD
DC CONTROL INPUT
Q1
ZENER TRANSIENT SUPPRESSION
01
DC CONTROL INPUT
SNUBBER
02
r- - +!- -"I I
AC CONTROL INPUT RECTIFIER ANO FILTER
age, and low "ON" -state resistance and "OFF" -state leakage. Due to near-zero gate current, power MOSFET's can be driven directly from a series stack of photodiode jun ctions, as in Fig. 2. The " photovoltaic-generator" stack from International Rectifier shown in Fig. 3 is co nst ructed usin g IC fabrication techniques , and exposes a series of photodiodes to LED illumination. No operati ng power is required from the load. Most FET-output relays are housed in Du al -/nline P ackages (DIP 's) . Their main use is as a replacement for reed relays, where low offset and low leakage are import ant, and for control of low-power ACIDC load s. High power AC loads are best controlled by thyristors, which are easily controlled for zero-voltage tum -on; they also offer inherent zero-current turnoff, and produce lower output-voltage drop at high currents . However, FET des ig n invol ves tradeoffs in voltage , current and resistance specs. In particular, high-voltag e FET' s ha ve hi gher " ON "
AC CONTROL INPUT
RECTIFIER AND FILTER OPTOIS OLA TOR
ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCH
OPTOCOUPLER WITH PHOTODIOOE ST ACK
CONTROL INPUT
FIG. 1-S0LlD-STATE RELAY INPUTS AND OUTPUTS may be designed for ACIDC. All approaches shown use an optoisolator to separate the control and drive segments.
z a? t5
6
o
C2
60
transistor, and may include a Zener diode across the output for transient suppression. The transistor will drop some voltage in the " ON" state, and the drive circuit will need some current to operate. Typical output drop is 1 - 2 volts at the full rated load current, while the " OFF" -state leakage may range from approximately 10 ILA-I rnA. Most AC output devices inc lude ze ro-voltage-s w itching c ircuitry. Logic detects when the AC load voltage crosses zero (changes polarity) and delays the triac tum- on pulse until then. The triac turns on at the next zero crossi ng after the input goes high. Once triggered , it remains on until its current goes to zero. Zerovoltage and zero -current sw itching minimi ze transients and ElectroMagnetic Interference (EM!). The RC snubber in Figs . I-b and I-d suppresses rapid voltage changes that can
inadvertently tum on the thyristor. In some applications , having the output tum on instantly is desirable . Relays referred to as "random turnon" are designed without zero-voltage switching. Tum- off still occurs at zero current, due to the inherent latching effect of thryistors. As with DCoutput relays, the thyristor drops voltage while condu cting, while the drive circuitry requires power to operate. In addition, the snubber passes AC leakage in th e " O FF" state. Typi cal "ON" -state voltage is 1.6 volts, while " OFF" -state leakage is 2- 10 rnA for 60-Hz power. With recent advances in power MOSFET's, solid-sta te relays can be designed with lower " ON " -state voltage d rop s, a nd greatly re duce d " OFF" -s ta te l e ak a g e. Th e s e MOSFET 's offer bidirectional current flow, near-zero gate-drive current, no inherent source-to-drain offset volt-
FIG. 2-DUE TO NEAR-ZEROgate current, power MOSFET's can be driven directly by a series stack of photodiode junctions.
FIG. 3-A PHOTODIODE junction stack, known as a photovoltaic generator, from International Recti fier. It's constructed using IC-fabrication techniques, and exposes a series of photodiodes to LED illumination. No operating power is required from the load.
FIG. 4-1/0 ISOLATION may be provided by th is transformer-coupled AC o utput oscillator relay. It's powered by a control input which drives a thyristor th oug h a tr ansformer.
Transformer coupling allows faster switching. The oscillator frequency is typically 1-3 MHz , resulting in switching times as low as 1 u see. Optoisolators exhibit slower response, with times for DC versions typically 10-100 u see . They can be designed for slightly higher temperatures , being free of LED limitations. However, achieving breakdown voltages above 1.5 kilovolts is easier using optical techniques.
include DC power supplies (not as stand-alone devices). Figure 6 shows a buffered DC-output relay. The input circuitry and the LED are powered from a separate logic supply, allow ing the logic input current to be typica lly 25-250 !LA.
r
THYR ISTOR
[
VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION NETWORK
LINE
a I
LOAD
....
"'-F
INP U T~
o-------:FI> REED SWITCH

RYl
FIG. 5-HYBRID RELAYS marry reed relay i np ut w ith solid-state power output to c o ntro l a thyristor. The reed contacts swi tc h low power only, and turn-on t ime is that of the reed relay; about 1 msec.
resistances , making them unsuitable for switching high-current line-voltage loads . Typical DIP relays have 70-500-mA current ratings, "OFF"sta te leakage resistances of 100 Megohms or more, and "ON" resistances from about one ohm for a 60-100-volt rating , to 25-50 ohms for a 300 - 400-vo lt rating. Sw itching times range from 10-100 usee.
Hybrid relays Hybrid relay s marry reed relay s with a solid-state power output. figure 5 shows a thyristor version; DC outputs are also offe red . The hermetically sealed reed contacts switch only low power, and last 10 million operations or longer. The tum-on time is that of the reed relay, about I msec. Other hybrid relays are the reverse , using a solid-state input amplifier driving a reed-relay output, the obv ious advantage being high input sensitivity. The term "hybrid" sometimes describes construction tech nique, rather than method of operation. In some catalogs you'll find hybr id solid-state relays with no mechanical components at all. Self-powered and buffered relays So far, all the relays that have been discu ssed until now have been " selfpowered," in that they take operating power from the applied signal s. All models, whether optoisolated, transformer coupled , or hybrid , require approximately 5-50 mA at their inputs . Some, notably thyristor-output relays with zero-voltage switching , also take operating power from output loads, although none require separate power connections. Buffered relays offer improved input sensitivity at the expense of needing separate DC power, and are usually used in systems that already
I/O isolation The majority of solid-state relays use optoisolators . All offer at least 1.5-kilovolt RMS I/O breakdown, and 2 .5- or 4-kilovolt ratings are common. Most of them have been rated, listed , or approved by safety agencies like U L, CSA, and VDE. Transformer coupling is also used to isolate solid-state relays . Figure 4 shows a transformer-coupled AC-output relay; DC and ACiDC FET relays are also available with transformer coupling. The control input powers an oscillator, the output of which is coupled through a small pulse transformer to trigger the output thyristor. Circuitry of the type shown produces random tum-on operation; transfor mer-coupled relays generally don't include zero-voltage switching circuitry.
Package styles Solid-state relay s are generally grouped into DIP' s, power relays, and I/O module s. DIP relays are available with transistor (DC) , thyristor (AC) , or MOSFET (AC/DC ) outputs, and with optoisolator or transformer coupling . Most power relays are used to switch AC power, and use thyristor switching with optoiso lator coupling . Tran sistor (DC) outputs and trans former coup ling are also available . I/O modules are a lways op tocoupl ed , and don't offer MOSFET outputs; Fig. 7-a shows an IC DIP version, Fig 7-b a power version, and Fig . 7-c an I/O module . The DIP versions have transistor (DC) , thyri stor (AC), or MOSFET (AC/DC) outputs , and either optoisolator or transformer coupling . Most power types use thyristor switching with optoisolator coupling for AC power; transistor outputs and transformer coupling are available. I/O module s are always optocoupled , and don't offer MOSFET outputs . Their characteristic s are summarized in Table I. DIP relays look just like IC 's; most often, 8- or 14-pin DIP's . Rated load currents are a fraction of an ampere, with voltage ratings from 60-300 volts. Since many can fit on a PC board , they're very handy for interfacing logic signals to the outside world in digital control systems. MOSFEToutput relays also make excellent replacements for reed relays in measurement and dat a-acq uisition applications. Edge-mounted SIP (single -inline package) relays also are made . Military-grade relays are pack-
'I- 5V 0-+--
- ..-- - - - ,
CONTROL INPUT
CONTROL LOGIC
DRIVE CIRCUIT
m
01
DC OUTPUT
OPTOISOLATOR
m o m
:s::
co
FIG. 6-THE BUFFERED DC-OUTPUT RELAY ADDS externally-powered inpu t circuitry to redu ce control cu rrent req uirements. The in put ci rcuitry and the LED are powered from a separate log ic supply, lettin g t he lo gic in put current be 25-250 f.lA.
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61
TABLE l-S0LlD-STATE RELAY OUTPUT SPECIFICATIONS Package Style

Dual Inline (DIP) Input! Output Module Power Power (High Voltage) Thyristor (Triac or SCR) AC Dual Inline (DIP) Input! Output Module Power Power MOSFET
Output
Bipolar Transistor
AC/DC
DC
Max. Load Currents

500 mA 50 mA 3.5 A 1A 2 to 20 A to 5 A
Max. Load Voltages

60 VDC 250 VDC 60VDC 200 VDC 50VDC 250 VDC
Voltage Drop (on) at Rated Load

1 to 1.5 V
Leakage Current (off) At 25 C

20 JJ.A
1.2 to 1.75 V
10 JJ.A to l mA
1.5 to 2V 2V
5 to 15 mA 10 f.l.A
0.3 to 1 ARMS (to 3 ARMS with heat sink) 3.5 ARMS
140 or 280 V RMS 140 or 280 V RMS 140 to 480 V RMS 60 to 300 V
1.5 V max
. 10 JJ.A to l mA
1.5 V max
2 to 5 mA
10 to"40 ARMS 100 to 500 mA (Some to 1 A)
1.5 V max Resistance 0.25 to 50 ohms
2to15 mA Resistance typically 100 megohms
AC/DC
Dual Inline (DIP)
FIG. 7-THE THREE most common solid- state relay styles are the (a) IC DIP, (b) power, and (c) 1/0 module varieties.
+
HI
5V CONTR OL 390n INPUT
power relays are also available, including some PC board versio ns . I/O modules are used primarily in microprocessor-based data acquisition and control systems, although they can be used in other applications where they
2
3
4N37 OPTOCOUPLER
R2
1 0K
o Z o
en
a: .....
FIG. 8-THIS BASIC DC IN, DC OUT 1 /0 RELAY switches up to 5 amps at 60 volts DC. It's built around a Motorola 4N37 optoisolator, wh ich passes up to 30 mA output with a 10 mA /0 isolation. LED current, while providing 1.5 kilovolts peak 1
o W
W
....J
is a:
age d in he rmeti call y-sealed TO -5 transistor cans . Power relays look very similar to the one in Fig. 7 , com mon sizes bein g
about 2-3 inches on a side . Rated load curre nts are 10- 40 amp s , making them suitable for switching all but heavy indu strial power loads. Sm aller
12 VAC CONTROL INPUT
4N37 OPTOCOUPLER
FIG. 9-ADDING A DIODE BRIDGE and filter capacitor converts the control input to AC.
62
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o m o
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65
plug into mating multi-channel lIO boards; their normal size is about 1-2 inches on a side . "Output" modules convert logic signals to ACiDC switched outputs, acting ju st like the relays examined thus far. They plug into racks of 4, 8 or 16, and can be connected to a computer or microprocessor to control power devices drawing up to 3.5 amps , or to drive power relays for heavier loads . "Input" modules do the reverse .
R1 180n
oPTO ISO LATD R
MOC3031
2m
R2
5V CO NTRO L INPUT
3
FIG. 1G-THE MOTOROLA MOC3031 OPTOISOLATOR WITH built-in zero-voltage switching simplifies design of this solid-state AC output relay. The MOC3031 is opt imized for use with 120-volt AC, and provides up to 7.5 kilovolts peak 1 /0 isolation. However, you'll need to keep both input and output well separated.
When to use solid-state relays The advantages of solid-state relays are fast switching and no mechanical contacts to wear, burn, pit , or corrode, hence clean switching with no contact bounce, and immunity to shock and vibration . Their life should be unlimited , barring electrical surge or overload damage. Their low drive requirements often enable them to be driven directly from logic IC's . Some have features like noise suppression or overload sensing . The latter shuts the relay off until it's reset, letting it act as a circuit breaker. Their I/O isolation equals that of mechanical versions, and there are no inductive coil surges. AC-output relays with zero-voltage and zero-current switching minimize EM!. Their major disadvantage is that their outputs are never completely ON/OFF, as shown in Table I . If the "ON" resistance or "OFF" leakage is of prime importance, use a mechanical device . Also, when switching power, remember that the load is never "OFF." The several-mA leakage current of AC power relays is a very real shock hazard. Switching AC loads AC loads can be switched using either thyristors or power MOSFET's, the latter generally limited to loads under 1 amp. A thyristor is a regenerative, positive-feedback device which, upon triggering, conducts until the current through it goes to zero . When a thyristor is in the "OFF" state, the voltage across it changes rapidly, capacitive coupling within can produce a sufficiently high pulse to cause conduction. The RC snubber in Figs. I-b and I-d reduces the effect. AC relays specify a maximum rate of change of typically 100-200 volts/usee for power devices, and higher (500-1000 volts /u sec and above) for DIP versions and other
small models. Normally, 100-200 volts/usee is adequate for most loads, but inductive loads need special caution. Since a thyristor turns off when its current reaches zero, and an inductor's current lags its voltage , the supply voltage won't be zero when the relay turns off. When the relay opens , the supply voltage will appear across the thyristor, producing a very high rate of change . Purely inductive loads are a problem for any relay or switch. Fortunately, most real loads such as motors are both inductive and resistive. For highly inductive loads, select a relay with a high rate-ofchange rating. Some AC power relays specify maximum motor horsepower or a minimum load power factor. Incandescent lamps have high ini.tial currents due to the cold filament resistance. Most relays specify peak as well as steady-state surge current. For lamps, a relay should be capable of handling five times the lamp current for 1 sec . Transformers can also draw high initial currents, so you should allow for a one-half cycle surge current equal to the line voltage divided by the resistance of the transformer primary (I = E/R). Finally, most thyristor relays are designed for use only at or near 60-Hz.
mainly on the output transistor; the type you use depends on whether you want high power or minimum leakage current. With the 2N5337 shown, the relay can switch up to 60 volts and 5 amps DC; OFF-state leakage is a few rnicroamps. The Zener protects against voltage transients and inductive turnoff. The input resistor is suited to 10 mA at 5 volts; increase for higher inputs . The LED drops 1.1 V, so: R = (V IN -1.1 volts)/1O mA. The value isn't critical, although operation at lower currents will reduce available output current; the LED can handle up to 60 rnA continuously. Figure 9 shows modifications for AC control. Building a zero-voltage-switching AC output relay is almost as easy, as in Fig . 10. The Motorola MOC3031 optoisolator provides built-in zero-voltage switching and triac driver Circuitry optimized for 120 volts AC. It also provides up to 7.5 kilovolts peak lIO isolation, but you'll need to keep both the input and output well separated. Figure 10 is from the Motorola spec sheet; Rl is selected for 20 mA at 5 volts. Or, you can add a bridge and filtering for AC control; R2, R4 and Cl provide "snubbing" of inductive loads. If the load is very inductive then increase R2 to 360 ohms . The breakdown voltage of CI must be higher than the peak line voltage. Output voltage and current capabilities depend on the triac used. The circuit shown will switch 120 volts at 15 amps RMS, if the triac is heat-sink mounted . Substitute optoi solator MOC3041 and triac MOC3040 for 240 volts RMS. OFF current through the snubber will be 400 j.LA at 120 volts. If the OFF leakage is important, and you 'll be switching resistive loads like heaters or incandescent lamps, then the snubber can be reduced or eliminated . R-E
UJ ill o
t5 z a? I~
CI:
Building your own Although solid-state models are readily available at moderate co st, you may want to design your own. That will not only afford greater packaging flexibility, but will let you tailor lIO characteristics. Low-cost op toisolator IC's make designing your own easy. Figure 8 shows a basic DC lIO model built around a Motorola 4N37 optoisolator, which passes up to 30-mA output with a lO-mA LED current, while providing 1.5 kilovolts peak lIO isolation. The output characteristics depend
66
AUDIO
UPDATE
LARRY KLEIN , AUDIO EDITOR
Are t here sonic differences among CD players?

LAST M ONTH WE LO O KED ATTHE AUD IO
co mm u n ity 's reacti on s, p ro and co n, to t he in trodu cti on of t he d igital co mpact di sc. Ma ny d edi cated au diop h i les and LP co l lec to r s co mp la i ne d t ha t , co m pa red to LP's, m an y-i f not m o st-CO 's sounded harsh , cons tricte d, and unmu sical. Because t he f irst tra nsistor am p l ifie rs p rodu ced t he same so rt of co mp laints, I te nde d to dism iss t he c rit ics as sim p ly havin g emot io nal o r fin ancial vested inter est s in LP t echn ol o gy. Ultimatel y, it t u rned out t hat many CD 's did sound bad-n ot because the mu sic had been cho p ped into di git al bi ts as th e crit ics claim ed , but sim p ly because many reco rding an d record-ma sterin g eng ineers w ere unable to adapt to th e di ff eren t demand s of th e new medium . Th e many exce lle nt-so u nd in g C D 's cu rre nt ly avai lab le are suff ic ie nt pr o of t hat th er e i s noth in g inher ently wro ng wi th t he CD format.
Player problems
O ne of t he cla ims made in favor of the co mpact disc is t hat indi vid ual pl ayer s that co nfo rm to t he CD standa rd wi ll al l so und essentially alike w he n wo rk ing correctly. In ot her wo rds, a given data stream o n a di sc wi ll p rodu ce fro m any pl ayer a wi de-range aud io signal wit h vani shingly low di st o rt io n , no ise, and wow and f lutte r. Leavin g asi de ack now led ged di ff eren ces in th e players' abi lity to resist exte rna l shock and vibrat io n and to ign or e varyin g degr ees of di sc f laws, d o all th e m achin es so und essent ially ali ke, as many of
the mor e techni cal crit ics claim ? As yo u mi gh t suspect , dedi cated audiop hi les claim th at each br and and mod el of pl ayer so und s diffe rent. Their view is not su rprising si nce t hose o n t he o ute r audio f r i nges reg u la rly p e r c eiv e di ffe rences th at are not o nly impercepti b le to ordi nary mor tal ears, b ut also u su all y defy m easureme nt. But give n t he rel ease of so many sonica lly flawed CD 's, is it safe to say that th e marketpl ace hasn't been subjected to equally flawe d pl ayer s? Aside fro m th e regul ar ann ual te sts run by Con sumer Reports th ere have been two fai rly rigorou s co m par at ive -l ist en i ng t est s co ndu cted by Ste reo Review, a large main stream hi -f i publi cation . The first tests app eared in t he Janu ary 1986 issue and in volved a di spar ate gro up of six pl ayers ran gin g i n p rice f ro m an under-$200 Emerso n to a $1,300 Sony. The seco nd series of co m parative- listening test s (i n the Decem ber 1988 issue) was performe d on six p ricey ($750-$2,500 ) " st at e-of -t h e-a rt" mach i n es. A ll te st s were ca ref u l ly co ntrol le d , usin g spec ially qu ali f ied li sten er s working wit h the sop hi sticate d ABX test device.
st ructe d to tak e as mu ch tim e as he liked sw itc hi ng betw een A, B, and X. Hi s task was to decid e wh eth er th e sound of pl ayer A o r B was id enti cal to th at of t he machin ese lecte d X. Th e A BX's mi cr o processor kept track of it s rand om cho ice of X fo r subseq ue nt co mpari son w ith t he listen ers' w ritte n cho ices . For each li stener, every pl ayer was com pared w it h eve ry ot he r pl ayer fo r a tota l of 50 tri als. The beauty of t he ABX syste m is th at th e li sten er is not fo rced to m ak e va l ue jud gm ents, but i s asked on ly to indicate wh ether he hear s a d iffe rence between co mpon ents A , B, and ref er en ce X, wh en X can be eit he r A or B. If th e li sten er can reliably identify A o r B as so und ing different from (or th e same as) X, th en it can be said that th ere is an aud ib le difference between t he two co mpo ne nts under test. If the cho ices co me out no better th an chance, it is evide nt t hat th e li sten er is not hearin g a di ff eren ce, eve n th ou gh he mi gh t beli eve he is.
Test results
Since I wo uld rather not d rag the reader t hro ug h a rath er dull d iscussion of th e d esign and stat istica l m ath em ati cs of t he A BX doubl e-blind test proc edu res, let it suffice to say th at I have no co mp lai nt s w ith either t he test tec hni qu es or t he stat ist ic al ana lys is used i n t he t wo ser ies of t est s. ~ However, I do have a mild qu arrel ~ w it h so me of th e arti cle 's co n- ~ c1u sion s. gJ As with pr evi ou s tests, th e mo st <0
Test techniques
Tw o p layer s at a t ime we re co nnected to the ABX te st unit's inp ut; it s o ut put was co nnected to a ve ryhi gh-qual it y refe rence aud io syste m . Du ring each t rial in the series of li sten in g tests, a logi c circuit in th e ABX co m parato r ra n do m ly chose o ne of t he two CD pl ayer s to serve as X. Th e li st en er was i n-
continue d on page 88
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'"
HARDWARE HACKER
PC-board breakthrough
- OUR -S'TUPE N i:56 u SLy'-MAJO R NEW b reakthro ug h fo r thi s mon th is a bran d new way of doi ng hacker printed- circu it b oard s that I'll call t he direct tone r m ethod . Believe it o r not , all yo u need is an i ron and yo ur favori te wo rd pr o cesso r. Th is new p ro cess is ridicul ou sly faster, sim p le r, and chea per t han any of t he o ld ways . Since it 's so new, we su re co uld use yo ur p erso nal help in f urt he r test ing and debu ggin g. But fi rst , let 's revi ew so me of th e o lder ways of makin g p rinted- ci rcuit boar ds. W e mi ght sta rt off by go ing ove r some ...
ep'ox ies :"Wh ile"p ne no l i C is-t h'e chea pest, it do es chip and shatter easily, and sho uld be h eat ed be fo re pun chin g o r d ri l li ng. It i s often used for sing le-sided layouts in toys, ap pliances, and any ot he r high- volu m e app licat io ns. For us h ac k e r s , ph en ol i c is nea r ly usel ess. Glass epoxy is pretty near t he same st uff t hat a fibe rg lass boat is mad e of. It has great electrical and m ech ani c al p r op er t i e s, a nd i s nearl y id eal for any do ub le-side d and multil ayer boards . Hacker d isad va ntages are that glass epoxy costs more and dull s d rill s at an ama z i ng rat e . Ca rb i de d ri lls are ju st abou t m and atory fo r all but th e sho rtest of p rodu cti on run s. Th e CEM-1 mat er ial has o nly a pai r o f f i b e rgl ass laye rs impregnated in t o an epoxy bo dy. Because it 's chea pe r and easie r to drill t han glass epoxy, it 's a good choice fo r h ack er use . It also d r ill s and pun ch es we ll. G lass-epoxy boards are we ll suited fo r all b ut t he most precise and exacting need s. Th ey eve n co me in a wide variety of col o rs. Th e simp les t va r iation is a single-side d board . Th e substrate
NEED HEL P?
Optical reprint sources Hacker pc breakthough Clock and doorbell chip Faki ng doub le-sided boards Print ed circui t resource list
DON LAN CASTER
Circuit-board fundamentals
Printed circ uit board s first became popul ar in th e early 1950's because of t he ir overw he lmi ng advantages ove r poi nt-to-po int w irin g. Th e PC w i ri ng p att ern w as always th e same, virt ually elim inating wiring erro rs. Stray induct ance and capac ita nce were mu ch low er an d far m ore un if o r m. A nd t he manu factu rin g co uld be totally auto mated. Produ ct ion t i mes beca me mu ch sho rte r, and lab or costs droppe d sharply. So did size an d we ig ht. A p ri nted -circ uit board often w i l l co nsist of an ins u lating substrate t hat h as o ne o r m ore lay e r s of co nd ucting patterns p lace d o n o r in it. Figu re 1 shows so me popu lar forms of pr in ted-circuit boa rds. You w i ll f i nd three m ain subst rate mate rials in use to day. They in clud e p he no l ic, FR-4 (o r G-10) glass epoxy, and CEM -1 co m pos ite
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Phone or wr ite your Hardwa re Hacker questions directly to: Don Lancaster Synergetics Box 809 Thatcher, AZ 85552 (602) 428-4073
is m o st often Y16th'of'an-i n'ch-th ick, and has a single layer of coppe r fo il lam in at ed to one surface o nly. Two po pul ar t hicknesses of copper are used . O ne-ou nce copper is aro u nd 0.00135 in ches t hick; two o unce copper is double that, or aro un d 0.00270 inches th ick. Th us, one-ounce copper is a tad ove r one mil th ick, and two-ounce copper is somewhat over two mi ls t hick . Tw o -o u n ce copper is normall y reserved for higher-current uses or w he re extreme reliabi lity is need ed . O n a tra d itio nal sing le-si de d circuit board, m o st of the co rnpo nen t s get m o u nt ed o n t he bare side of t he board, g iving us a com po nent side and a foil side to w ork wit h . That allows a d ip, a refl ow, or wave solderi ng of all t he p art s at o nce . The co mpone nts t en d to p u ll the fo i l towa rd t he subst rate, rath e r tha n tryi ng to peel the foi l from the board . Sing le-sided boards lim it both your mi n im um size and how m uch you ca n connect where , u n less yo u go to an unacceptable number of i nterconnecting jumpers . Because of that, most modern boards are double-sided, and have fo il on bot h surfaces . While the most co m mon means of rou ti n g connections between the two board sides is with plated-through holes, h ac k er alternat ives are eyelets, w ire tabs, the component leads by t hemselves, or indiv id ua l socket p ins. Mill-Max is a leading so urce of l o w - c o st socket p i ns, and Stimpson is a good eye let source. A d ou bl e- si d ed p late-t hro ug h
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SINGLE SIDED
DOUBLE SIDED , NO PLATE THRU
ing and extre me com pone nt de nsit ies. M u lti -laye r PC boards as d en se as 24 layer s have bee n b uilt. Q uite ofte n, t he multi -l ayer PC boa rd wi ll be th e most ex pe nsive part of an electro nic syste m. Flexibl e bo ard s are also becomin g popul ar. Th ey are ofte n th inner and use a Kapton substrate. Uses in clud e m oun t in g co n nectors, and fo r hi ghl y d en se o r unu sual packagin g. Rogers Corp is a leadin g so u rce of f lex ib le PC- bo ard sup plies.
Creating a printed-circuit
There's a number of go od ways to create a final printed- circui t board. In genera l, t hose meth o ds th at pu t new co nducto rs o n an in su lat i ng su bstrate are additi ve ; t hose th at rem ove unw anted co ndu ctors from unneeded areas are subtractive. Very often, both add it ive and subtract ive tec h niq ues w ill be used in co mbi nat io n. Fou r of th e tradi ti onal b o ardprodu ct i on t echniqu es in clud e
DOUBLE SIDED , PLATE THRU HOLES
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MULTI-LAYER
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FIG. 1-SEVERAL POPULAR TYPES of printed-circuit boards. Note that a double-sided plate-through board can be hacker-faked by using component leads , eyelets, wire tabs, or low-cost individual pin sockets.
direct, m e ch ani cal, silk screen,

and ph otographic. In th e direct meth od , an etc hresi st an t pa tt ern is ap p l ie d by hand to t he printed-c ircuit stock . M o st any paint , lacqu er, in stan t transfer, o r in k wi ll wo rk, as will t he tape and dot s in tend ed for ini tial layout w or k . So does a f i n ge r p r i n t or sp i l le d ro o t b eer. Bishop Graphics is a leadin g suppli er of PC tap e and dots , and Oatak is on e so u rce for i nstantt ransfe r produ ct s. There are also so me rubb er- st ampin g l ay out aid es bein g offe red. Actu all y, th e direct meth od is more hassle t han it is w orth , and ends up ju st abou t tot all y useless. Some probl em s here are patt ern a l ig n me n t , pr e v ent in g f i n ge rp rints, tape li ft in g, a lack of uniform ity, and t oo man y defect s. The mechani cal method s p hysica lly remove un w ant ed co p pe r, usually by rou tin g, spec ial d rill s, o r by milling. They're ano t he r co ncept that lo oks mu ch better on pape r t han in the real wo rld. Several spec iali zed systems are usabl e for th e mechani cal PC layou t s. Invariab ly, th ey are both laughin gly and obsce ne ly overpriced. Th e si l k-sc ree n PC meth od is quite simp le and is wid ely used co m me rc ially, espe ci ally fo r sin-
set u p i s b e y ond wh at m o st hac kers w ould care to atte mpt. The tanks and suc h alon e can set yo u ba ck th e bett er p a r t of $10,000.00. Nasty chemica ls are involved that are hard to get in small quantit ies. Wor se yet , it tak es a lon g tim e and involve s seve ral dozen ste ps, all of whi ch have to f u nctio n pe rfec t ly to eve r get any p rodu ct o ut at th e far end. You co ul d farm O Ul a lot of prototyp e board s at $30 to $60 before yo u co uld ever ju sti f y t he in vestm ent. Fortunat ely, t h e lat e st of th e surface-mo un t techn ol o gy co mpon ents tend to great ly minimize hoth the number of hol es and th e need for pl ate-throu gh . So jum-
per s, eyelets, o r individual socket pin s are not reall y all th at bad an alte rnat ive fo r yo u r pro t ot yp e board s. The next ste p beyond d oubl el ay er bo ard s a re multi-layer board s, wh er e ci rc uit ry is pla ced inside t he substrate, as w ell as o n both su rfaces . Typi call y, the re will be fo u r layer s. You r hori zontal run s w ill dom in ate o n th e t op su rface, fo llowed by a low er powersup ply pl ane, a ground plan e t hat is low er still, and t he ve rtica l run s t hat domin ate t he bottom su rface. As yo u mi ght guess, all fo u rlayer board s are quite exp en sive and are extrem ely hard to modify, but t hey do offe r supe rio r shie ld -
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gle-sided board s of fa i r1y low toleran ces . The process is exactly the same as sil k scr ee n i ng a T-shirt o r a g reet i n g card . Oversize artwork is creat ed , usually at a 2: 1 or so m et im es a 4 :1 scale. A lit h o ne gative get s shot from the art w o r k, which in turn creates a photo master for th e s c r e e n. High-reso lution screen s are u sed, often in a 20XX density. To print a board, etch-resistant ink is placed on the screen, and a squeegee is used to force the in k through the open portions of th e screen. The board is then etched to remove all copper that is not covered by the inked image . The advantages of the si lk screen meth od ar e that it is ch eap , fast, and relatively low tech. One disadvantage is that the $30 set u p charge per screen gets out of hand when you w an t only a single prototype board. A second is the in ability to do very fine li n es or precisely align ed wo rk . Ulano is one major so u rc e of silk-screen fi lms . The screens themselves are available from such
1. Always do your layouts double sized (2X) on a blue gridded mylar sheet, available from any drafting supply house. Always work on a light box. Use only "real" printed circuit tape and dots. Bishop Graphics is one source. 2. Watch which side you tape from. Pin one of an integrated circuit is at the lower left when viewed from the top as shown in the data book. Pin one will be at the lower right when etched from the bottom board foil. 3. Never cut your tape with an X-acto knife! Instead, lay the knife down flat and pull the free end of the tape back against the blade. Always firmly mash the tape in place after routing. A teaspoon is ideal for this. 4. Never do your own photography! A litho negative costs only $3 at a jiffy printer, ad agency, or lithographers. This is the only way to get the proper precision and density. 4. Never coat your own boards! Always use commercially precoated dry film boards, such as those from Kepro. 5. Always use dry film photoresist, rather than spray-on or liquid coated KPR types. Otherwise, pinholes, dust, and uniformity will eat you "alive. 6. If you must coat your own board, incredible cleanliness is essential. Thoroughyly scour the board with ultra fine steel wool and a chlorine activated (Comet) cleanser at least three times, spending not less than two minutes per square inch of board. Dry promptly and avoid all finger prints. If possible, follow up with a chemical copper cleaner. Then etch for a few seconds, rinse four times, dry, and use immediately. . 7. Note that properly cleaned copper will allow an unbroken film of water to flow over it, and that it will not be copper colored at all. Instead, it will be a uniform hot pink. 8. Never print through the negative base! Always have the photo emulsion in direct contact with the dry film photoresist. 9. Never use a ferric chloride etchant! Always use ammonium persulfate. 10. Always etch at an elevated temperature, around 120 degrees Farenheit. A warming plate from a yard sale is ideal for this. Agitage the etchant with a gentle sloshing or bubbles from an aquarium pump.
HANDS-ON BOOKS
Hardware Hacker Reprints II Ask The Guru Reprints I or II CMOS Cookbook TIL Cookbook Active Filter Cookbook Micro Cookbook vol I or II Enhancing your Apple I or II AppleWriter Cookbook App le Assembly Cookbook Incredible Secret Money Machine LaserWriter Reference (Apple) PostScript Cookbook (Adobe) PostScript Ref. Man. (Adobe) PostScript Prog. Design (Adobe) Real World Postscript (Roth) 24.50 24.50 18.50 16.50 15.50 16.50 17.50 19.50 21.50 10.50 19.50 16.50 22.50 22.50 22.50
11 . Never etch with your foil side up!. Support the board vertically, or else foil side down at least 1/2 inch above the bottom of the etchant tray. A mirror under a glass etchant tray lets you view etching progress. Use only plastic or glass in contact with your etchant.
FIG. 2-S0ME REALLY DUMB MISTAKES are often made by hackers who do their own printed-circuit boards the "old way." Here is how to avoid the worst of the pitfalls of the trad itional methods. But this is all ancient history, because ...
PRINTED CIRCUIT RESOURCES Advance Process Supply 400 North Noble Street Chicago, IL 60622 (312) 829-1400 Bishop Graphics 5210 Lewis Road Agoura Hills, CA 91376 (818) 991-2600 Black Lightning RR 1-87 Depot Road Hartland, VT 05048 (802) 359-2790 Circuits Manufacturing 500 Howard Street San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 397-1881 Datak 3117 Paterson Plank Road North Bergen, NJ 07047 (201) 863-7667 DuPont Riston 3945 Freedom Circle F4 Santa Clara, CA 95054 (408) 562-9300 Electronic Manufacturing 17730 W Peterson Road Libertyville, IL 60048 (312) 362-871 1 Electronic Packaging 1350 E Touhy Avenue Des Plains, IL 60018 (312) 635-8800 Kepro Circuit Systems 630 Axminister Drive Fenton, MO 63026 (314) 343-1630 Kodak 343 State Street Rochester, NY 14650 (716) 724-4000
UNLOCKED SOFTWARE
LaserWriter Corner (lie/Mac/PC) PostScript Show & Tell Intro to PostScript VHS Video PostScript Perspective Draw PostScript Beginner Stuff PostScript Techn ical Illustrations PostScript Work in Progress PostScript BBS stuff Abso lute Reset lie & lie AppleWr iter /Laserwriter Utilities Enhance I or II Companion Disk AppleW riter CB or Assy CB Disk FREE VOICE HELPLINE 29.50 39.50 39.50 39.50 39.50 39.50 39.50 19.50 19.50 49.50 19.50 24.50 VISA/MC
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sources as D ick Blick, South ern Sign Supply, and Advance Screen . Two trad e journal s that serve the field are Screen Printing and Signcraft magazines. At one time , printed-circuit boards were etched using a ferric ch loride solution. Today, ferric ch loride is a very poor cho ice of etchant. A much better etchant choice is ammonium persu lfate . It is much cleaner, faster, and easier to use. Being a light blue solution , ammonium persu lfate al so l et s you view the board as it is being etched. Etch ing best takes p lace at an elevated temperature, typica lly 120 degrees Fahrenheit. You co u ld easi ly h it that temperature with a modified aquarium heater, a warming plate from a yard sale , or any of the st rip heaters found on the surp lus market. Everything that comes in contact with the etchant must be gla ss or p lastic. PVC is often usable . Ideally, your etchant shou ld be . sprayed onto the vertica ll y held boards . Other ways to keep the etchant moving wou ld be a simp le manual slo shing or injecting air from an aquarium pump. One really dumb mistake that most hackers make w hen etching the ir first PC boards is to place their board face up in the etchant solution . A ll that does is redeposit sed iments and any crud removed from t he board back on it sel f, leading to all so rts of n asty problems. I n st e ad , always suppo rt your boards vertica lly in the etchant, or e lse use surface tension to f loat
A thermal transfer toner image is PostScript laser printed onto a treated polyester sheet as a 1:1 revers ed positive.
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Heat and pressure fuse the toner directly to a thoroughly cleaned printed circuit board .
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The pc board then gets etched in ammonium persulfate in the usual manner.
FIG. 3-0UR BRA ND NEW DIRECT TONER TRANSFER meth od can dra mat ically simp lify and speed up mak ing all of your hacker printed-circuits at a cost only of pennies per board. Here are t he t hree key steps in th is breakt hrough process.
Lazer Products 12741 E. Caley Ave. # 130 Englewood, CO 80155 (303) 792-5277 Meadowlake 25 Blanchard Drive Northport, NY 11768 (516) 757-3385 Miller-Stephenson Box 950 Danbury, CT 06813 (203) 743-4447 Mill-Max 190 B Pine Hollow Road Oyster Bay, NY 11771 (516) 922-6000 Rogers Corp 100 S. Roosevelt Avenue Chandler, AZ 85226
(602) 961-1382 Screen Printing 407 Gilbert Avenue Cincinatti, OH 45202 (513) 421-2050 Sign Craft 1938 Hill Avenue Fort Myers, FL 33906 (813) 939-4644 Southern Sign Supply 127 Roesler Road Glen Burnie, MD 21061 (301) 768-8600 Stimpson 900 Sylvan Avenue Bayport, NY 11705 (516) 472-2000 Surface Mount Technology 17730 W. Peterson Road
Libertyville, IL 60048 (31 2) 362-8711 Synergetics Box 809 Thatcher, AZ 85552 (602) 428-4073 Thiokol Dynachem 2631 Michelle Drive Tustin, CA 92681 (714) 730-4200 Thompson & Thompson 23072 Lake Center # 100 EI Toro, CA 92630 (714) 855-3838 Ulano Corp 255 Butler Street Brooklyn, NY 11217 (718) 622-5200
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Box 809 Thatcher, AZ 85552 (602) 428-4073
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FOR FREE CATALOG CALL 1-800-866-7899

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OR WRITE TO:
Kroy Kolor
14555 N. Hayden Road Scottsdale, AZ 85260 (800) 521-4997
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7355 W. Wilson Avenue Chicago. IL 60656 (312) 867-7971
CHASE SClENTIF1C COMPANY P.O . BOX 1895. APTOS. CA. 95001-1895

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1. Create a PostScript printed circuit artwork image on disk, using your favorite word processor and the sample routines of figure five and six, the full code found in my PostScript Show and Tell, or some suitable third party printed circuit layout package. 2. Run a positive, reversed 1:1 proof on a PostScript speaking laser printer, such as an Apple LaserWriter liNT. Many copy shops offer this service. Low cost PostScript printers are available through Don Thompson.
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3. Optional step: Take a polyester based, laser printable overhead transparency material and lightly coat one side with Miller-Stephenson type MS-136 heated mold release agent. Mark the coated side. 4. PostScript laser print a 1:1 positive reversed (black = foil; right = left) onto the coated side of the polyester sheet, using a special thermal transfer (f-shlrt) toner from Black Lightning, Don Thompson, or Lazer Products. Other graphic toners might also work; try them and see. 6. Sharpen and smooth the leading edge of an oversize piece of 1116th inch printed circuit material with a file and steel wool, so that it can be sent through a fake Kroy Kolar machine without hurting the rollers. Use a 3/8 to 1/2 inch leading slope. 7. Thoroughly clean this oversize printed circuit board, scouring it three times with fine steel wool and Comet cleanser, followed by a chemical cleaner, followed by a brief etch. The board must be a uniform hot pink in color and must allow an unbroken stream of water to flow smoothly over it. Be sure to avoid any and all fingerprints. 8. Tape the leading edge of the polyester sheet toner side down to the copper side of the printed circuit board, using a suitable high temperature tape. Make sure the polyester sheet lies flat. 9. Run the board, image side up, through a preheated fake Kroy Kolar machine adjusted to a medium temperature. One source of these machines is Lazer Products. See the November 88 Radio Electronics or my hardware Hacker II reprints for details on building your own machine. 10. Optional step : Chill the board suddenly in a freezer before lifting the polyester sheet. Allow to warm to room temperature, then bake for fifteen seconds at 300 degrees F in a kitchen oven. 11. Etch in the usual manner in ammonium persulfate etchant.
FIG. 4-THE STEP-BY-STEP"BASELINE" process for the new toner transfer PC method. An ordinary iron can substituted for the Kroy Kolor machine, but the results may not be as good. Let us know your experiences here.
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1203 Grant Ave. Rockford. IL 61103
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% Copyr ight c 1988 by Don Lancaster & Synergetics, Box 809, Thatcher AZ , 85552 . % (602) 428-4073. All rights reserved. Personal , non-cornmerclal use permitted so long % as this header rema ins both present and intact. Show & Tell disk costs $39 .50. Iquadpixe l {transform 4 div round 4 mul itransform} def Isetg rid {save I rubbersnap exc h def Isize exch def quadpixel exch quadp ixel exch trans late size dup scale) def Idrawlines {72 300 div Iw mul size div setlinewidth /hposs 0 def #hlines gs div 1 add cv i {hposs 0 move to 0 #Vlines rlineto stroke I hposs hposs gs add det} repeat Iv poss 0 def #vlines gs div 1 add cvi {O vposs moveto #hlines 0 rfineto stro ke Ivposs vposs gs add def} repeat} def
} setscreen 0.9 Ishowgrid{gsave I#vfines exch def I#hfines exch def 106 45 {pop pop O setgray Igs 1 def I lw 1 def drawl ines grestore} def
11 X {30 72 mul 300 div setgrid} def
Itrace20 {6 30 div setl inew idth) def Itrace50 {16 30 div setfinewidth} def Itrace 80 {24 30 div setlinewidth} def
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FIG. 5-S0ME SAMPLE POSTSCRIPT PC-LAYOUTroutines that were excerpted from my PostS cript Show & Tell disk . Just shove th is listi ng into your favorite word processor as a prolog to your act ual layout.
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the board upside down on the surface of the etchant . Another ploy is to add nylon spacers to your PC board so the fo il faces down in your etc hing so lution . Or else throw some ny lo n hex nuts in the etcha nt and sit the board upside down on the nuts. Once agai n , never etch a PC board face up! A second stupid m istake that lot s of hackers make is failing to clean the boards properly. It is not possible to clean a circuit board at ho m e w ithout spending at least two minutes per square inch of board. Begin by using Comet or another chlorine-activated cleanser with a fine steel -wool pad or Scotchbrite pad . Rinse thoroughly and wipe on an inner fresh turn of a new roll of paper towels. Repeat that at least three times , avoiding any and all f ingerprints. Note that fairly clean copper w ill
allow an unbroken stream of water to flow over it without any runn ing or beading. Your key secret is that a genuinely and totally clean copper will not be copper-colored at all . Instead, it w ill be certainly a uniform hot pink. Commercial copper cleaners, such as CU3 from Kepro, are a great help, but are somewhat expensive. The ultimate final cleanliness step is to place the copper in ammonium pe rsulfate and etch it for ten to fifteen seconds or so . Then thoroughly rinse three times and air d ry immediately. If you get a un iform hot p ink result, then yo ur copper is clean enough for immediate use. The photographic methods get rather complicated, but they can be used for arb itrarily fine lines and for all of the precision you will ever need. In fact, the same tech-
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niqu es are used to man ufacture integrated cir cuits to a fraction of a micron accu racy. Note that there are 20 m icro ns in a mil. Wi th t he ph o t o proces ses, a li ght-sensiti ve etch resist is p laced on the t horoughly cleaned boa rd. The resist is fi rst co ntact-printed from a ph otogr aph ic negat ive and th en d eveloped . In t he mo st popular n eg ati ve-a c tin g syste ms, those portion s of the resist th at receive li ght hard en and rem ain; tho se that did not will dissol ve o ut. Etchin g is done in th e usual manner. Traditional ly, the sp ray-o n ph oto resist was used, such as a KPR product from Kodak . These days, thou gh, it is far simp le r and far better t o u se a dry- film ph o toresist, such as t he Riston materials by DuPont, or any of t he Lamin ar AX p ro d ucts f ro m Thiokol. Th o se dry films devel op in tri sodium ph o sph at e, t he garage-floo r cleane r fo u nd at yo ur local h ardwar e sto re . They are quite resistan t to pinh ol es, eliminat e du st and dry in g prob le ms , have highly visibl e images , and are alway s at the ri ght t hi ck ness. O nce sensit ized , th e b o ard s must be kept dry, c o o l, an d in total darkness. They also have a one. year shelf life. The third most stup id mi stak e that hack er s mak e is t ryi ng to use KPR instead of th e new and infinitely bette r dry film s. Mi st ak e number four, of course, is t rying to coat th eir ow n bo ard s in stead of usin g pre-co ated o nes. Excell ent dry-film pre- co at ed b o ar d s are stocked by Kepro. Th e cost of th e dry-fil m resist by itself is around a dolla r per square foot. Unfortun ately, a fancy laminator is need ed to bon d t he resist to th e board . I have a hu nch t hat a Kroy Kol or machin e or o ne of it s imitators can be su bstitute d here. The required te m perature is 234 degrees Fah renh eit. Let me know if you p ic k up any experie nce alon g t hose lin es. D ou bl e- si d ed p late -thro ugh bo ard s often use a co mb inatio n of processes. Typ icall y, yo u start with a doubl e-sid ed boa rd . The ho les are first drill ed , and t he n t hey are plated t h ro ug h by additive tech niqu es. Th e hol es get che m ically activat ed, and th en seede d with an
% requi res printed circu it sampler code of figure five

100 100 1X 11 11 showgrid trace20 10 2 am 1 10.75 1- 4.5 I 0.75 1+ 2 16 u 10 5 am 0.75 I 1.5 1 - 1.25 10.5 1 - 2 10.5 1+ 0.75 u 1.25 1 + 7 4 am 0.75 1 0.5 1- 0.75 15 5.5 am 1 1+ 1.5 u 5 4.5 am 2 1+ 2 u 2 6.5 am 1.5 u 73 am 0.5 1 - 2.75 I 0.751+ 0.5 u 0.751+ 2 3.5 am 1 110 9 am 0.75 1 + 2.75 10.51- 2.75 d 1 16 6.5 am 2.15 d 0.351-1 .1512 1 + 1 156.5 am 1.5 u 7 2 dip16v 2 3.5 dip8v [{1 10 edgeconu} 1 5) xrpt 3 2 circpad2 3 1 circpad2 35.5 feedpad showpage quit
FIG. 6-A TYPICAL PC-TEST LAYOUT. Note how simple and short the code is. Omit the showgrid command to drop out the fine gray view ing grid. Be sure to preface this code with the PostScript routines of Fig. 5.
ultra-t hin pall adium p lati ng . El ectroless cop pe r is t he n built up on t he co nd uctive pall adium to a med i u m thi ckn ess, fo ll owed by a heavy co p pe r pl at in g up to the final wall thi ckn ess need ed. The rest of the board is t he n p ro cessed t hro ug h t he usual do ub le -sid ed ph oto graphi c ste ps . Key hacker p rinte d-ci rcuit mis takes are summariz ed for yo u in Fig. 2.
Printed-circuit resources
I've gathe red some of the maj or PC-b oard resources into o u r first side bar, as we 've don e in previ ou s co lum ns fo r oth er to pic s. M ost of the produ cts w e have menti oned ar e availabl e dire ctly t h ro ug h those sou rces . Th e b e st trade jo u r na l f or pri nte d ci rcui t s is Circuits Manu fac turin g. A f ew ot hers are Electronic Pack ag in g and Productio n, Surface Mount Techn ology, an d t hei r sister publ ic ati on , Electro nic Ma nufacturing . Be sure to let me know if t here are ot he r resources t hat yo u t hink sho uld be added to th e li st.
The direct-ton er metho d

There's a new process on t he b lock for hacker p r inted -c i rc u its w hic h is rid icu lously sim p le r, faster, and far cheaper than any of t he above. All yo u really nee d is a wo rd processo r and an ir on. Thi s new sche me is k nown as t he directto ne r m eth od. And it is new and undeveloped eno ug h so t hat yo u mi ght pl ay a major rol e in makin g it wo rk and shap ing its f ut u re.
Ver y sim p ly, co p i er or la serprin ter to ne r is o utstanding as an etc h resi st. Tw o d ecade s ago , Xerox even had a p rod uct th at directl y printed o n your coppe r PC boa rds f rom a 2 :1 artw o rk original. A ways back , a new hacker produ ct know n as Meadowla k e did at te mpt an iron -o n to ne r syste m . Earl y ve rsio ns of the produ ct d idn ' t t u rn o ut reli abl e enough and lacked stabi lity. But th er e is a b rand new ty pe of th ermal -transfer toner now carried by severa l laser-p ri nter supp ly hou ses. Whil e t he to ner is intended fo r makin g iron-on T-shirt imag es, it t ra ns fe rs to c o p pe r beautifully and sm udge-free, and is t h us a key secret to the directto ner proc ess. Th ree sources of a t he rma l-t ransfer to ner are Black Ligh tnin g , Laz er Produ cts, and D on Thompson. Black Lightning do es offer a f ree samp le. Co st of th e to ner ranges fro m $90 to $180 per cartrid ge, which translates to a d im e per bo ard. Seve ral of t he ot her new graphics to ne rs sho uld also wo rk we l l. Yo u r h elp i s need ed in pin n in g d own w h ich ones are acceptable and w hich are not. Figure 3 summa rizes t he key toner-transfer ste ps; t hat is fo llow ed by so me detailed instruct io ns in Fig. 4. The best way I'v e fo und to create ini t i al artwork i s b y u sin g a PostSc ript speaki ng laser p r int er and my wo rd processor. In fact , I have a co mp lete package that does ju st t hat for App le, Mac , and IBM
74
users. Note that the original image must be a 1:1 reversed positive . That means that left is where right belongs and black is where you want your foil to remain. Naturally, since your image is disk-based, it is easy to change, and super easy to build up from a library of suitable Post-Script dictionary routines. The image gets printed, again as a 1:1 reversed positive, onto a laser-printable Mylar or polyester overhead projection sheet. Just for luck, I'll previously apply a very thin coating of MS-136 Heated Mold Release Agent from MillerStephenson. That mayor may not help, but it sure seems like a good idea, at least for now. It also may be a good idea to anneal or remelt the toner for a few seconds in an oven, after the image is transferred. Too much reheating, of course, would lower the resolution. Although ten-mil lines on twenty-mil centers should be possible, I'd stick with double that as an initial lower limit. In theory, you could simply iron the toner directly onto a previously super-cleaned PC board. Instead , I modify the board by sharpening its leading edge, and run it th rough one of the imitation Kroy Kolor machines we looked at in Radio-Electronics, November, 1988. By the way, an improved and economical do-it-you rself version of that beast is in the works here at Radio-Electronics. The benefits of the new way are obvious. You go from artwork to PC prototype amazingly fast. No cameras, chemistry, screens, or fancy equipment is needed. Without any fuss or bother. Just print and etch. And products such as GoScriptand Freedom of the Press even let you fake PostScript on a dot-matrix printer, so " no printer" is no excuse. The technique could also revolutionize running hacker PC projects. You show the PostScript code in the magazine and offer it downloadable off your BBS. Now, every hacker can end up with a precisely accurate original , rather than a th i rd-generation copy. Figure 5 shows some sample PostScript code from my PC layout stuff, while Fig. 6 shows a simple
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actual layout that you can use to test out your own version of the direct-toner board method. As I said before, this is a brand new techn ique that needs some further exp-erimentation to perfect. So , for ou r first contest this mo nth, just te ll me anyth ing you find out on your own about makin g a direct -toner PC board. There' ll be t he usual dozen or so
In credible Secret Money Machine
The EC&C Reticon fo lks have three brand new data books out. They are their Image Sensing Products, Solid State Cameras, and the
Ana log Signal Processing Integrated Circuits. The latter covers
Ma in has a un ique catalog of Hooks, Points, and Teeth. A sharp
books for best entries, along w ith a n a l l-expense-pa id ( FO B Thatch e r, AZ) tinaja quest for t he very best of a ll. Let 's hear from you o n thi s hot new to pic.
New tech literature

The hac ker bu y of t he month has to be t he new $3.75 speech syn t hes ize r ava ilable as stock number leA from A ll Electro nics. It even inclu d e s a load-power se nsing det e ct o r. There is one very tiny gotcha, though- t he ma in t hing the sy nt hesizer has to say is "Your ice cream is ready." Oh, we ll.
ana log delay lines, sw itched -capac itor fi lters, and some very useful ap -notes . The BU2911 is an interesting new melody c hip from Rohm . It provides a pair of fo lk songs and six differe nt chime and siren sound effects. Uses? How about some clocks, doorbells, or alarms? Min iature fluorescent lamps from jKL are offe red in various colors at very low p rice s ; they also carry EPROM erasing la mps . Th e SPI E fo lks have g reat bu nches of re p rin t s in vo lvi n g nearly everyt hing optica l, a nd covering laser scann ing, CD ROM, holography, fiber optics, and I-R detection . Get thei r list numbe r 6. Turning to mechan ical st uff, free molded-gear samples are obtainab le from Winzeler. And Robert A.
outf it fer sure. Tellyawhat. Their catalog number twelve is so unusual, that we'll make us a second contest out of it. Just come up with some off-the-wall use for any of the hooks, po ints, or teeth shown . If you want to explore our new direct-toner hacker PC process further, o r want to draw your own first -quality electronic schematic diagrams, isometric drawings, or architectural perspective sketches (includi ng all lettering!) using nothing but your favorite word processor, check into my PostScript Show and Tell, that has scads of working code and deta iled examp les in it. Available for App le, Mac, or IBM, it does need a PosrScript speaking laser printer (or a softwa re emulator). As always, this is your column and you can get technical help and off -the-wal l networking per the Need Help? box. The best calling times are weekdays 8-5, MST. R-E volves the control of animals or as an intruder deterrent. It is always best to consult with local municipal and state laws before using this device to protect home or property. Do not operate at continuous high output at frequencies below 20 kHz. Daily sound pressure exposures in excess of one hour at 105dB may lead to hearing impairment. When properly used, this device provides a limited liability deterrent. It should not cause permanent damage or trauma . There have been numerous requests for information on the effect of these devices on people . First of all, an ultrasonic device should not be used unnecessarily on humans, because of the possibility of acoustically sen sitive people being highly irritated. Remember that the Property Guard cannot stop a person with the same effect as a gun , club , or more conventional weapon . It will, however, produce an extremely uncomfortable, irritating , and sometimes painful effect in most people . Although not everyone will experience the effect the same degree . Younger women are much more affected than older men, due to being more acoustically sensitive. The range depends on many variables, but is normally somewhere between 10 and 100 feet. R-E
PROPERTY CUARD
transducer is approximately 40-volts p-p. Tap 6 may be used for frequencies below 20 kHz with "on" times no more than 20 minutes; voltage is approximately 50-volts p-p. Tap 13 is intended for intermittent use where "on " times are less than 3 minutes and the frequency well below 20 kHz. Those times may be longer when operating at lower frequencies. Never allow the transducers to get excessively warm . That completes the testing and adjustment of the system.
fREQUENCYRESPONSE
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FIG. 7-FREQUENCY RESPONSE of the piezoelectric transducers.
should be such that they direct their energy to the points of intrusion or access . They can be all directed to any target area, or be individ ually placed for multiple effect. The transducers used in this system are piezoelectric and are many times more efficient than the electromagnetic-type speaker. Their frequency response is shown in Fig. 7.
Ultrasonics Ultrasonic is agray area in many respects when the application in-
76
DRAWING BOARD
Developing and Etching a PC board.
THE MAIN I N G REDI EN T I N MAKI NG
good PC boards is consistency. Once yo u're past the layou t phase , you 're past the creative part. Converting the graph paper li nes to copper foi ls is as mechan ical as fill ing a gas tank . Just follow t he rules , if you know w hat they are. The only p roble m is, I've ne ver fou nd them wr itten down anywhere, and be lieve m e , I ' v e looked! Even the Kodak booklet I mentioned last month was vague about the things that were giving me problems. All the information I've give n you so far about PC board production is the result of trial and error. If you follow these steps, yo u've got a re liable method. The only steps left are developing and etchi ng . While you mig ht th i nk these straightforward, there are some undocumented pro blems here also .
If you're wearing po lyester, the consequences are too horrib le to contemp late. So, t he f irst rule fo r PC board deve lopme nt is: The
trays must be made ofglass or metal or else !
FIG. 1
Developing the board By the t ime you 're ready to develop, you may be l u ll ed into a false sense of secu rity. After all, it 's basi cally the same process as developing lithograph ic fi lm. That was easy, but there was so much latitude, you couldn't make a serious mistake without trying reall y hard . Developing copper, however, has unique problems . Copper etchant is considerab ly more caustic than that for film . It may not exactly be aqua -regia, but it'll eat through almost any kind of plastic. Guaranteed , if you pour it into a plastic film tray, the bottom wi ll vanish in 15 seconds, and the floor will be ruined; polyurethane and vinyl flooring are plastic, also .
Prope rly appl ied resist is much denser than film emuls ion, and deve lopment is roughly log arithm ic. W ith fi lm, the image appears fairly quickly, and darkens slowly. The actual rate is ir relevant, since you can watch it happen and pull the film when it's done. With resist, however, you have to remember the chemical react ion rate, because you won't see anything happen on the PC board, making reliable development very difficult. The whole PC board process involves many variables, so a problem can be caused by any preceding steps . If the pattern d issolves, you can' t tell why. The list of possible screwups gets longe r as you go on. Just as with the earlier parts of the process, I finally doped out a rel iable approach . Put the exposed PC board in the developer slowly, and gently rock the tray at one shake per second for 20 secs. Then , remove the PC board at an angle so the excess
developer can run off . Even though the board won't be fully developed, mo st of the unwanted resist should be loose enough to wash . All the resist, both pattern and exces s, should be very soft now, so handle the PC board carefu lly, or you'll have to scrub the copper clean and start over. Resist manufacturers all have suggested methods', from a water spray to dabbing with paper towel. The latter was told to me by a spray can manufacturer, and I still have difficulty believing that such stupid advice would be given . There's only one way, wh ich I found after conside rable trial and error. Before you start development, fill a sink or tray with COLD water, un der 70F (right from a tap), or it won 't wash the off the excess. So, the seco nd rule is: Use only cold
water and don 't make waves!

Be careful when washing the PC board; keep it perpendicular to the water as you dunk it and lift it out, and let the water run off momentari ly. DON'Tshake it, and for God's sake, DON'T use running water. If you refl ect some light off it, you should start to see the pattern appear as the excess is removed. Keep dunking it until you can see the whole foil pattern . The cold water should slowly harden the resist on the board so don't wash the board for more than a minute . If you only see a partial pattern after a minute of washing, the board just need s more developm ent. Regardle ss of how the pattern looks after a 1-min cold water wash, develop for about th ir ty seconds more. Water and developer
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77
GIFT GUIDE
continued fr om page 53
LIST OF MANUFACTURERS
Bang & Olufsenof America, Inc. 1150 Feehavnille Drive Mount Prospec t, III60056
Sharp Electr onics Corporation Sharp Plaza Mahwah, NJ 07430-2135

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Pioneer Electronics(USA) Inc. 2265E. 220th Street P.O. Box 1720 l ong Beach, CA 90601-1720
don't mi x, so shake the ,excess water off the board or just let it air d ry thoroughly befo re you imme rse it in the developer a second time. The water shou ld have hardened the resist so shou ld to le rate shaking at this point, it 'll probably sti ll be too soft to wipe or touch . The second immersion in developer shou ld eliminate all unwanted resist, and when the 30 secs is over, repeatthe water wash. The pattern should appear much faster now, and be m uch easier to see, since the copper covered by the pattern should be totally free of resist. Repeat until the pattern is cl ear. The hardest part is knowing when t he copper is free of all excess resist and developer. The difference in appearance between cl ean and coated co pper is fairly evident, as in Fig. 1. Clean copper is reddish, and coated copper whitish . You'll understand when you see it .
Etching the board

Once developing and washing is done, let the resist harden fo r 15 mins before dumping the PC board in t he etchant. The etchant will d issolve metal, as qu ickly as t he developer wi ll plastic. A ll standard etchants like ferric chloride and ammonium persulfate will dis solve metal. There are so me exceptions, like stainless stee l, but don 't experiment . Remember, the secret to success in this is con sistency; find a way t hat works and keep 'it . We 've now reached the t hird rule of board making: Use
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etchant! It stains just about anything, espec ially the ferric chlo-
ride variety. Put the board in a p lastic or glass tray, NOT METAL, and heat t he etchant to 100F. Pour it on the PC board, wait 15 sees, then take t he PC board out wash it. The brief contact with the etchant should start t he copper removal. The reason for pulling it out so quickly is to let you examin e the resist integrity. Th is is the t ime to examine the pattern for any breaks in the fo ils, excess resist, etc. The fo ils can be repaired the same way you laid t he patte rn o ut on graph paper. Use drafting tape to cover breaks in the fo ils, and scrape away excess resist w ith an X-acto knife. When the pattern is right, put the board back in the etchant and rock the tray gently. Don't be violent about it because you don't want to spi ll that stuff; cleaning it's a big job . We're not talking the Exxo n Vald iz here, but it'd still be pretty bad . The t ime needed depen ds on the etchant type, the amount, the number of times you 've used it before, how much copper is invo lved, the temperat ure , and how the board is agitated; however, you shou ldn't need over a half hour to finish. You'll have to keep pulling the PC board out to chec k it for foil breaks and excess resist , repairing with the drafting tape and X-acto knife . Most PC boards need wo rk as they 're being etch ed , but if you get something Fig. 2, it's.shot. Etchant has limited life, since the etched copper combines w ith the etchant chloride to give cupric chloride . When it gets black, it's saturated and must be dumped . R-E
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LaserGoInc. 9235 Trade Place, Suite A San Diego, CA 92126

of the popular sizes of motherboards up through new 386 boards, but it has continued on page 88
78
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COLOR CONVERTER SOLDER SIDE.
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PUiEilD'GESi
RGB-to-IYTSC COlYVERTER
High-quality computer video on your TV- for peanuts!
ROBIN BEK
BENCH . =~~
EDITOR'S WORK~ . BJ
JEFF HOLTZMAN
a ve you been searching for a H low-cost alternative to a $300 color monitor? Or would you like to run your flight simulator on a big-screen TV? Great idea, but there are problems . Personal computers deliver digital signals that tell the TV when to turn the red, green, and blue guns in the CRT off and on. But TV's expect an analog signal that is a combination of the three color signals, the audio signal, horizontal and vertical sync pulses, and other things as well. Even so, there's an easy (Le., inexpensive) way of cutting your cake and eating it too. Our RGBto -NTS C color converter is easy to build, costs less than $30, and is easy to tune using only a color TV and a voltmeter. The circuit was designed specifically for the Atari ST, but it could be used with any computer that delivers standard RGB video. Also, the circuit could be adapted to RGB -to-PAL operation for use with European PC's.
Theory of operation The problem with interfacing a computer to a TV is that the two use two totally different types of video systems. Computers typically deliver RGB video, which is composed of separate digital signals corresponding to the red, green, and blue guns in a color TV tube. In an RGB system, each signal is either on or off. Hence there is a certain number of combinations of on and off signals wh ich correspond to colors rang-
ing from white (all signals on) to b lack (all signals off). Because there are three signals, and each may assume only two values, there are 2 3 possible combinations, or eight colors. On the other hand, TV's generally expect a composite NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) video signal, which, as the name suggests, combines the three RGB signals, an audio signal, sync signals (and possibly others as well) into a single composite s ignal. The advantage of composite video is that instead of using five wires, you use just one. The disadvantage of a single wire is loss of fidelity and increased circuit complexity. Fortunately, though, converting the two radically different signal systems is relatively easy (and inexpensive), thanks to modern technology. Our circuit is built around Motorola's single-IC solution to the problem , the MC1377. The circuit is easy to build and tune; you really don't even need a scope unless you run into problems. However, you will need a voltmeter to verify the supply voltage and several test points.
How it works The MC1377 is a 20-pin IC. As shown in Fig. 1, pins 3, 4, and 5 accept the incoming RGB signals, which are separated into chrominance (color) and luminance (intensity ) information .
co ntin ued on page 85
[wondering about Wmdows? h e Graphical Interface T (GUll. once relegated to expensive engineering workstaUser
tions or to toys like the early Macintosh, is gaining wider and wider acceptance from the PC community. There are two complementary reasons for the increasing popularity. First is that hardware has evolved to the point where we can buy computers with enough computing horsepower and memory to handle the greedy demands of GUI's. Second is that some, b ut by no means all, of the necessary software is coming to market. The central hub from which those software elements radiate is Microsoft's famous (or infamous) product, Windows, shipments of which have surpassed the two million mark. On the surface, Windows bears a strong resemblance to environments like that provided by the Mac, by Steve Jobs' NeXT computer, and similar products. That surface resemblance is so strong, in fact , that Apple's legal corps decided to sue Microsoft, even though Apple could no more claim to have invented the GUI than the cheeseburger. Fortunately, common sense seems to be winning out; the presiding judge has dismissed all but a few of Apple's claims.
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So what is it about Windows that would make anyone even think of a resemblance between it and the Mac? And why do I say that the resemblance is at best only skin deep? The points of resemblance are pretty obvious . Both Windows and the Macintosh Finder program present information to the user in a bit-mapped format . The user rolls a mouse about the desktop to select items from menus; those menu items initiate actions such as loading and saving files, etc. In addition, those menu items function pretty much the same from program to program, so that once you learn how to use one, you know them all-in theory, anyway. The real differences between Windows and the Mac are slightly more subtle. The Mac, on the one hand, was designed around a single coherent philosophy that dictated nearly everything about the system . With the original Macs, software designers didn't have to worry about half a dozen or more video standards, half a dozen or more mouse protocols, and hundreds and hundreds of printers . Originally there was one video standard, one mouse, one keyboard, and one printer. Gradually, more and more options have appeared, but they have been smoothly integrated into an overall architecture. Windows, on the other hand, was designed from the beginning as a compromise between multiple competing philosophies, and the effects of that compromise show up in Windows' famously laggard performance, difficulty of installation, and difficulty of use (more on that in a moment). When you have to support everything from CGA to one-megabit pixel monitors, it's not surprising that your video drivers aren't optimal. Why is Windows difficult to use? Doesn't Windows work with a mouse, present bit-mapped graphics, and use drop-down menus, dialogue boxes, and the other hallmarks of the GUI? Because of the necessity of supporting so many underlying types of hardware, Microsoft never got around to building a slick
386 2.10 3.30 4.0 640 x 450 1520 EtlS Henory Rvailable 447 Conventional Henory Rvailable 366 HIS Henory Portion 81 Hon-EMS Por.tion
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shell (like what you see for the Mac) for Windows. What you use to work with Windows is something called the MS-DOS Executive, which provides a very crude way oflaunching programs and maintaining disk files . Comparison with any decent DOS shell (X-tree, Norton Commander, etc.) will show you why I say crude. At bottom you can think of the Mac as a fine piece of finished furniture, and of Windows as a stain-it-yourself piece from the bare-woods factory. Certainly, with care, you can sand it, stain it, varnish it, and polish it. But in the end you may not end up with the kind of product you really wanted. To be fair, Microsoft is working on a new version of Windows (3.0) that should be out before the end of the year, and it should add a decent user interface (that, by the way, is rumored to bear a very strong resemblance to the forthcoming version of the OS/2 Presentation Manager). In the four years that have passed since Windows was introduced , how'ever, at least four companies have introduced their own products that attempt to correct that user interface problem, and IBM has even given several of these products semi-official endorsements by including them in sales and educational promotions.
Because they're add-ons, however, these products (all of which I have tested) tend to be buggy and memory hungry. My personal favorite is a $20 shareware products called Command Post (shown in Ftg.T, and available on the RE-BBS at 516-293-2283, 300/1200, 8Nl). With it you can customize your version of Windows, adding your own menus and items to the Windows environment. Command Post won't make a Mac out of your PC, but it does make certain common Windows operations much easier.
Using Windows Before proceeding, it might be useful to discuss why you'd even want to use Windows. Up until very recently, there were really only three reasons to ever use Windows: Designer (Micrografx), a CADlike drawing program that is simply ajoy to use; see Editor's Workbench, March 1989. Excel (Microsoft), a spreadsheet that greatly surpassed 1-2-3 in its ability to print nicely, and in its ability to consolidate worksheets. PageMaker (Aldus), the original desktop-publishing program. However, Samna Corporation has introduced a word processor (Ami) for Windows, Crosstalk has likewise introduced a communications program, and Microsoft
82
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BP135-A beginners guide ' , - ".,. to the Commodore 64 presents masses ofusefuldata and prog ramming tips, as , well as describing how to get the best from the powerful sound and graphics facilities . We look athow the memory is organized , random numbers and ways of generating them , graphics-color-and simple animation, and even a chapter on machine code . Get your copy today. Send $5.00 plus$1.25 for shipping inthe U.S. to Electronic Techology Today Inc., P.O. Box 240, Massapequa Park, NY 11762-0240.
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CIRCLE 61 ONFREE INFORMATION CARD
is readying a version of Word for Windows that is due out by the end of th e year. The point is that Windows is rapidly approaching critical mass-even more rapidly th a n OS/2 , to IBM's chagrin. Even if you're not specifically in teres ted in one of those Windo ws applications, but are curious about where PC technology is headed, you should get a copy of Windows and play around with it long enough t o see what its s tr ength s are-and also its weaknesses.
Problems with Windows The biggest problem with Windows is the difficulty you have in upgrading hardware . Whenever you ch ange your memory, video set u p, or mouse, you must re-install the entire Windows package. When you do, a text file called WIN.INI , which functions like CONFIG .SYS does for DOS, is ove rwr itten by a virgin copy from the in stall ati on disk. Con sequently, valuable se tu p information may be lost during a reinstallation. A technician on Micros oft's Windows help line told me he includes a line in his AUTOEXEC.BAT fil e that copies WIN.INI to a safe location every tim e he boots. I could have saved myself a great deal of h eartache on a recent job if I had thought of that trick on my own.
Video hardware is another area that is painful to deal with. On the one hand, you want as much resolution as you can get. On the other, you don't want to wait half an hour each time the screen is redrawn-which means every time anything happens . I've worked with Windows on every IBM standard video system (CGA, EGA, and VGA), and none of them are good enough for professional day-to-day work . For professional use, the 800 x 600 Super VGA (SVGA) offers the best compromise between screen resolution, display speed, and cost. On the other hand, for occasional use, Hercules monochrome or monochrome VGA work nicely, es pecially if your final output is in monochrome. However, if you're considering a SVGA system for professional u s e , make sure that it is compatible w ith you r software. Yes, I know that the whole purpose behind Windows is to provide device-independence, so software designers (not to mention endu sers!) don't have to worry about the hardware. In practice, however, it doesn't work out that way, particularly in the area of screen fonts. . For example, in s etting up a desktop publishing system based on SVGA video and an HP LaserJ et II, I had trouble installing
fonts from two different manufacturers , and eventually had to settle for using the system at VGA level. Even at that level, some special symbols appeared on-screen differently than on paper. In addition , some text simply did not print on paper where it appeared on screen, which required several iterations of the "print, inspect, edit, print, inspect, edit" process . And don't even think about getting a decent printout when composing a document for one printer and printing it on another. So much for WYSIWYG. A related problem is a software package that I use to capture graphics screens and either print them on a LaserJet or include in a desktop publishing file . The program translates screen colors in to various shades of gray in a quit e attractive manner. The problem is that it supports only standard video mode s , not SVGA. Part of the reason is that there is no real s t a n d a r d for SVGA; several manufacturers have implemented bit and color planes in different ways, a n d small software outfits can't afford to s u ppor t them all. Meanwhile, an industry gro u p (VESA, h eaded up by NEC) has begun trying to define an SVGA standard. But what ab ou t all the cards sold until the standard emerges-if indeed it does ?
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Memory woes Depending on wh eth er you have a 286 or a 386 processor. you buy a different vers ion of Windows . However. in my case. I ended up running the 286 version on a 386. because the SVGA adapter did not come with a 386 software driver--only a 286 version . In addition, after the font fiasco , I ended up running the system in VGA mode anyway, which would have allowed me to use Windows/386-if I felt like in stalling (and transferring) the setup information in WIN.INI yet again. In theory, Windows/386 sounds great: it will let you run even ill-behaved standard DOS applications (i.e. , most DOS programs of consequence) in separ ate on-screen windows . However, Windows/386 won 't load with 386MAX loaded, because b oth switch into protected mode to m a n a ge memory, and you can ru n only one protected-mode program at a time. So you can either p lay tricks loading different CONFIG .SYS files, or stick with Windows/286 . Another complaint regards Microsoft's doc umentation, esp ec ia lly that "explaining" in stallation trade -offs (how to a llocate memory, for example). Part of the problem is that the docu m en ta t ion hasn't been updated in two or three years; let's hope it is in 3 .0! Given the amount of trouble I h ad setting up that system, why not stop fighting and switch to a Mac? Hardware cost is one big reason. A 20-MB hard disk for the Mac still costs almost twice what a PC drive costs, and larger capacity drives are even more expensive. There's a lso t h e question of selection. With the PC, I've got lots of choices for CPU, memory, video, and printer. And even though I complain about how t hose choices adversely a ffe ct Windows' performance and setup rou ti n es, I'd rather be able to make my own decisions. One standard to watch is the OS/2 Presentation Manager. For a wh ile it s eemed that Windows would gradually be phased out as OS/2 PM gained popularity. Now it's not at all clear what will hap-
pen . There are rumors that an upcoming 386-specific version of OS /2 PM will run Windows applications as-is. That's an in tr ig l~ing possibility, but almost certainly one that will not be realized in the near future . So it seems that DOS, Windows, and OS /2 a re each going to have their own market niches . Ultimately, OS /2 would be the better solution, because it offers built-in support for many problems facing Windows users (memory management and lowlevel device-driver support). However, as few good Windows applications as we have, there are even fewer for OS /2 . Again, though, that 's rumored to change during 1990, as versions of Ventura and PageMaker and other programs are released. At bottom, you've got to look at the problem of system configuration as an ongomg issue that's not likely to settle down in the near future . The point is to find a compromise that seems as though it will remain stable for awhile-a year or two at best. And try not to lock yourself into proprietary solutions that could .be come obsolete as new standards emerge . In the ideal world, the Ultimate PC w ou ld have unlimited re sources , would be extremely powerful, and yet would be easy to operate. That machine doesn't
ex ist yet, and rather t han co m plain about how far s hort curren t systems fall from the goal, we should look back ten years a n d see how far we 've come. An edi torial of that time expressed certainty that 16- b it mi c r oprocessors wo uld never catc h on because most people u s ed p ersonal computers for text processing, and eight b it s a re enough to adequately represent the n ecessary information
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programmers and would-be C programmers will wan t to check out Sta ndard C. by P. J. Plauger and J im Br od ie. This concise . inexpensive (less than $10) book is a reference for the newly approved ANSI s tan dar d for the la n gua ge. It's not a tutorial but a reference t o thos e p rintj for mat specifiers you can never remem ber, as well as t he hundreds of other ele m en ts of the language. The authors poin t out that although Standard C is an historical developm ent of the C language, it s hou ld be t reated as an essentially n ew language by programmers fa miliar w it h previous versions.
ITEMS DISCUSSED Standard C ($7.95), P. J.
Plauger a n d J im Brodie, Micros oft Pres s, 16011 NE 36th Way, B ox 970 17, R edmond, WA 9807 3 -9 717. (206) 88 2-8080.
Mic rosoft M ouse Program m ers Ref e re n ce ($ 29.95), Mic rosoft Pres s , 16011 NE 36th Way. Box 97 0 17 , Redmond, WA 980 73-9 7 17. (206) 882-8080.
Microsoft Mouse Program mer's Reference contains reference information for program mers building menu-based mouse in terfaces for text-mode programs , as well as graphics s upport . Th e book contains numerous tes t programs. and two dis k s containing object code libraries a n d sample programs in various la n guages (BASIC, C, Pascal, etc .).
Comman d Post ($ 20 for lice nse, $ 5 fo r di s k. $1 0 for pr int ed do cum en t a tion), Wilson WindowWare. 33 77 59th SW, Seattle. WA 9 8116. (206) 937-9335.
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RGB TO NTSC
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The chrominanc e (R - Y and B - Y) s ign als drive two doubleb alanced modulator s that are 90 out of phase. The resulting s ignals are then com bin ed in a chroma amplifier and bandwidth-reduced by an external bandpass transformer. The luminance signal (- Y) is fed through an external delay line before being combined with the chrominance signal. A composite sync si gnal is obtained by combining the horizontal and vertical sync s ig n a ls before they enter th e MC1 377 . Figure 2 shows th e com p le t e s che mat ic diagram of the circuit. The power supply is not critical; the circu it shown in Fig. 3 will suffice.
Construction Because of the high frequencies involved, we recommend use of a PC board. Patterns are shown in PC Service; a kit is also available , as mentioned in the Parts List. Ifyou use a PC board, Fig. 4 . shows wh ere to mount the components. Whatever your construction method, place the components (especiallyTl and IC2) as close as
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possible to the associated pins of ICl. In addition, make sure that the trimmer capacitor (C3) is mounted firmly and is accessible for adjustments. Mount LEDI so that it is visible when the unit is powered up. Most of the components are
readily available, but C13 and R7 are critical. Those two components set the timing for the colorburst s ignal at pin 1 ofICl. If they are off by as liWe a s 5 %, bye-bye color. Therefore, you should use a 2%20polypropylene capacitor for C13 and a 1% metal-film resistor
VOLTAGE CONTRO LLED
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Parts List
Resistors _
C16 C17
220 0 A ll resistors a re 'I~ - wa lt . 5 %. unless ot he rw ise not ed . Rl 1000 oh ms R2 5100 oh m s R3 3300 oh m s R4 220 ohms R5 , R6 1200 ohms R7 51. 100 ohms. metalfi 1m. 1% R8 75 oh ms . 'I2 w a tt R9 680 oh ms
JJ.F. 25-volt electrol y tic 1 jJ.F. 16-vol t elect rol y tic
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tran~or mer
Semiconductors
ICI
Capacitors
Cl, C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7-C9, C13 ClO, Cll, C15 , C18 C12 C14
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220 pF disc 5- 55 p F trimm er 62 pF disc 100 p F d isc 001 jJ.Fd isc 0 .1 jJ.F d isc 0.01 jJ.Fdisc 001 jJ.F po lypropylene. 2 % 10 JJ.F. 25 -volt electrolytic
MC 1377 RGB to NTSC converter IC2 D L 12240lD-1533 d e lay line (TDK) IC3 CD4049 i nverti ng h ex b uffer (opt io na l. see Fig . 7) IC4 LM78 12 12- volt regulator Dl 1N523 7 8- volt Z en er diod e (optional. see Fi g. 7) D2-D5 1N4002 diod e 91, 92 2N2222 NPN tra nsistor LEDI Pan el -m ount LED
Jl J2
SPST power switch (120 VAC) 1j ~-a mp. 250volt f use Vi deo output co n nector (see text) Female MIDI con nector (op t/ o naI 5-pin DIN)
Miscellaneous
PC board. ca b i net . 5 9- ohm ca ble. line cord. RF m odu la tor (option a l). etc.
Note:
Th e jolowing ite ms are availablejrom RGB . 32 Wilson Ave. . n-umbull. CT. 06611. (2 03) 374 -7634. leave a j m essa ge if no answer: Complete kit o p a rts includi ng A tari vi deo con nec to r. $29.95: PC board on l y. $ 10.00 . All orders add $2 .50 postage and h andling. Con nectic u t reside nts please includ e sa les tax.
Other components
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ca re fu lly a n d correct any mistakes. Then apply power to the circuit. making sure polarity is correct. Upon power-up, LED1 should light. Measure the voltage at pin 9 ; it s h ou ld be + 3-volts DC , and pin 16 should be +8.2 volts. If th e LED doesn't light or thos e voltages are incorrect, go back and check your connections.
Hooking up
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th e circuit to the cor rect frequ en cy. After soldering all com ponen ts to the board, check you r work
The most difficult part of the project is the hook-up to the computer. And that's not very difficult. Just don 't forget to route the audio signal from the computer to the monitor. The output of the converter s h ou ld b e routed with RG59 coax cable a n d terminated with a male RCA co n nector (depending on yo u r te le v is io n) . If your TV do esn't have au d io and video inpu ts , you can feed th e vid eo output of the converter into one of thos e cheap (preferably less than $5) RF modulators, and connect it to you r TV's antenna inputs. Pinout information for th e Atari ST is s h own in Fig. 5. To con nect the cir cu it to an IBM CGA circu it , you must invert the syn c si gnals. A simple way to do that is shown in Fig. 6 -a; the IBM vid eo pinout is shown in Fig. 6-b .
86
UT PIN 1AUDIO O PIN 2 N/A PIN 3 N/A PIN 4 N/A PIN 5 N/A PIN 6 GRE EN E3 PIN 7 RED E2 PIN 8 N/A PIN 9 HORIZONTAL SYNC E6 PIN 10 BLU EE4 PIN 11 N/A PIN 12 VERTICA L SYNC E7 PIN 13 GRO UND E1
P1 4 5 9 13 AS VIEWED FROM TH E RE AR OF THE COMP UTER 8 12
17 and adjust C3 u n t il the counte r reads 3.579545 MHz. Without a counter. use a computer image of known color. For example, the bootup screen of the Atari is a bright green. Adjust C3 till you ob tain that colo r.
Troub leshooting There are two things to watch out for : No image . Check the power supply, Ql, Q2, and connectors. If you have a scope, check pin 2 of
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Fig. 5 VIDEO OUTPUT conn ector of the Atari S1'.

+ 12V
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HORIZONTAL PIN 818M IC3 4049 TO HOR IZONTAL INPUT
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ICI for the waveform shown in Fig.7-a. Image but no color. Check pins 3, 4, and 5 of ICI to make sure that all three of the RGB signals a re getting through. Check pin I of ICI fo r the waveform shown in Fig . 7-b. If adjusting Cl has no effect, then the RC network R7/C 13 is out of tolerance. Either replace C13 with a more accu rate capacitor or place a trimmer potentiometer in series with R7, and adjust the trimmer u n til the waveform is correct . Good luck and enjoy your new computer-TV screen .
CMOS PROJECTS .. ... $5.50 Still more waysto use these ve rsat ile dev ices . None of these projects overlap those in book #224 . The pair make a wonderful circuit reference set.
o BP112-A Z-80 WORKSHOP MANUAL ....$6.95. Har dware de ta ils of the Z-BO, mach ine-code and assemb ly-lang uage programming for those what want to go beyond BASIC.
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MAIL TO: Eleclronic Technology Today, Inc. P .O. Box 240 Ma ssapequaPark. NY 11762-0240
SHIPPING CHARGES INUSA AND CANADA

$0.0110 $5.00 $5.011010.00 $10.01 1 0 $20.00 $20.01 to $30.00 $1.25 $30.01 1 0 $40.00 $5.00 $2.00 $40.01 10 $50.00 $6.00 $3.00 $50.01 and ab ove $7.50 $4.00
Turn on your computer and the converter, and place your TV in the monitor mode (or on channel 3 if you're using an RF modulator ). You should see a computer image on the screen. If you don't, go back and check your connections again, especially the sync ctrcutt (Q120and Q2 ). There are two ways to adjust the converter. If you have a frequency co unter, connect it to pin
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87
AUDIO UPDATE
continued from page 67 recent Stereo Review 'evaluat io ns used both test signals and music. One particular test-disc si~nal proved particularly revealing: When listening to it, everyone of the evaluators was able to distinguish each of the six players from all other players! The signal is on track 20 of the CBS CD-1 test disc and is a SOO-Hz dithered tone that' fades from - 60 to approximately -120 dB . When reproducing the lowest levels of that.signal, and listened to at full gain, the players produced degr~es an? types of distortion and nOl~e s.u~fl dent to allow almost 100% individual identifications duringABX testing. . The dithered SOO-Hz test signal was specifically designed to reveal very low-level linearity 'pro?le~s in D/A converters-which It did very effectively. However, I would suggest that the re is a sample-tosample variability in the D/A-converter chips used in even top-ofthe-line players that makes it hard to correlate any particular player's price and design with ultimate performance .
GIFT GUIDE
continu ed from pa ge 78
Earn up to
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No costly School. No com m u ting to class. The Original Home-Study co~rse p~e pares you for the "~.CC ~ommercIaI~adlO telephone License . This valuable license is your "ticket" to thousand~ of exci.ting jobs in Communications. Radio-TV, MICrowave. Computers. Radar. Avionics and morel. You don't need a college degree to qualify. but you do need an FCC License. No Need to Quit Your Job or Go To School This proven course is easy. fast and low cost! GUARANTEED PASS - Youget your FCC License or money refunded . Send for FREE facts now. MAIL COUPON TODAY!
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6 available drive bays that are accessible from the front of the case. Now we can have two floppy drives, a tape backup drive, a half-height CD ROM drive, and two hard disks without juggling them in and out of the machine. The case, complete with a 250-watt power supply sells for $299 .
Math Co-processor
While computer buyers are always interested in speed, most people don't take full advantage of the machines they have. If you know someone who has an empty math co-processor socket, then you might consider a math coprocessor such as Intel's 8087 or 80287. For people whose software requires heavy calaulations spreadsheets, graphics, engineering software and the like-no other accessory will have as much impact on their overall computer operation as the addition of a math co-processor. The cost of a co-processor ranges from about $89 for a slow 8087 up to $240 for a lO-MHz 80287.
f -coriim.inli -PRODUCTIOnS--1
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FCC LICENSE TRAINING, Dept . P .O. Box 2824, San Francisco, CA 94126
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The sound of music

For anyone who has worked with both test signals and music in making audio evaluations, it wi!1 come as no surprise that the rnusical part of the listening tests proved to be very difficult. Even those players that were easily identified with the dithered test signal more-or-Iess sonically merged with the crowd on music tests. The statistical test results indicate that under carefully controlled test conditions using the finest available audio equipment in an acoustically designed listening roo~, some critical listeners can hear differences on some music some of the time. And .even then, I suspect that the perceived differences stem from D/A quality-control problems (or lack of same) rather than from specific design configurations in the player mechanism or circuitry. So what's the bottom line? In de fense of test signals, it's been said continued on page 95
CIRCLE 108 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD
PostScript Interpreter
When discussing the future of graphics printing , you won't get too many arguments if you suggest that the PostScript language is the way to go . Unfortunately, it doesn't come cheap . But GoScript, a new PostScript interpreter, gives PostScript compatibility to a number of common and inexpensive printers . It allows page-makeup and word-processing programs to be used to their full advantage . It's also an excellent way to learn PostScript programming . GoScript features up to 35 fonts that can be scaled to any size, and rotated to any angle. GoScript certainly can 't replace a PostScript-compatible laser printer, but at $195, it a good way to get your money's worth out of an inexpensive printer. R-E
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MARI{ET CENTER
FOR SALE
PHOTOFACT folde rs, under # 1400 $4.00. Others $6 .00. Postpaid. LOEB, 414 Chestnut Lane, East Meadow, NY 11554. GREAT bUys! Surplus prices, ICs, linears, transformers, PS, stepping motors, vacuum pump, phototrans istor, meters , LSASE, FERT IK'S, 5400 Ella, Phila., PA 19120. DESCRAMBLERS. A ll brand s. Speci al: Combo Jerrold 400 and SB3 $165. Complete cable descrambler kit $39. Complete satellite descrambler kit $45. Free catalog. MJM INDUSTRY, Box 531, Bronx, NY 10461-0531.
CLASSIFIED AD ORDER FORM

To run your own classified ad, put one wo rd on each of the lines below and send t his form along with your check to :
Radio-Electronics Classified Ads, 500-B Bi-Cou nty Boulevard, Farmingdale, NY 11735 PLEASE INDICATE in which category of classified advert ising you wish your ad to appear. For special headings , there is a surcharge of $25.00. ( ) Business Oppo rtunities ( ) For Sale ( ) Plans/Kits ( ) Wanted ( ) Satellite Television ( ) Education/Instruction ( ) - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - Special Category : $25.00 PLEASE PR INT EACH WORD SEPARATELY, IN BLOCK LEITERS. (No refunds or credits for typesetting errors can be made unless you clea rly print or type your copy.) Rates indicated are for standa rd style classified ads only. See below for additiona l charges for spec ial ads. Minimum : 15 words.
ENGINEERING software, PC/MSDOS . Hobbyists - students - engineers . Circuit design, FFT analysis, mathematics, logic simulation, circuit analysis . Free catalog, (614) 491-0832, 8S0FT SOFTWARE, 444 Colton Rd ., Columbus, OH 43207 .
CABLE-TV AT ITS BEST

SCIENTIFIC ATL ANTA : Mode ls 8 500-8 55 0 -858 0 . . $ 275.00 SA-3 [Add-On Descram bler j . . $ 99.00 JERROLD : SB-3 [Inband Ga te d Sy nc] .. . $ 74.00 ... $ 95 .00 TRI-Bi [Trirnod e/ Bistat e OAK : M-35B [Combo w / v ar t-svnc] . $ 99 .00 N-12 [Add-On WIVa risyncj . . $ 89.00 HA M LIN : M LD-1200 [Ad d-On] . .. $ 89.00 ZE NITH: [ZTAC Descrambl erj .$ 169.00 CONVERTERS: [80 Channelsj .$ 95.00 N.A:S. INTERNATIONAL (BOO) 726-4. NAS
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15 ($46.50)
16 ($49.60)
17 ($52.70)
18 ($55.80)
19 ($58.90)
20 ($62.00)
21 ($65.10)
22 ($68.20)
23 ($71.30)
24 ($74.40)
25 ($77.50)
C ABL ETV OESCRAM BL ER S

JERROLD'" Tri-Bi Mode. S105.00 JERROLD'" SB-3 OR 2 S89.00 Hamlin MLD-l200....... S99.95 Oak N-12 WfV.S.......... S99.95 Oak-M-35-B WfV.5...... S99.00 OAK E-1L ..._......... S99.95 Zenith SSAVI............. S185.00 S12O .00 E.gle PO-L............. Scientific Adanl1.......... Sl29 .95 SACombo'. .............. CAlL Tocom..................... $350.00 Oak N-12 WI Auto....... S14O .00 Jerrold Starcom CSV.... S139.95
10 Lot $85.00 $65.00 S62.00 S62.00 $78.00 S58.00 S145.00 S85.00 S105.00 SCali S295.00 Sl O5 .00
Call
26 ($80.60)
27 ($83.70)
28 ($86.80)
29 ($89.90)
30 ($93 .00)
31 ($96.10)
32 ($99.20)
33 ($102 .30)
34 ($105.40)
35 ($108.50)
We accept MasterCard and Visa for paymen t of orders . If you wis h to use your credit card to pay for your ad fill in the following additional information (Sorry, no telephone orders can be accepted .):
Card Number
Expiration Date
*NEW STARGATE 2000 CABLE CONVERTER
- - --
Please Print Name
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Signatu re
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IF YOU USE A BOX NUMBER YOU MUST INCLUDE YOUR PERMANENT ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER FOR OUR FILES . ADS SUBMITTED WITHOUT THIS INFORMATION WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. CLASSIFIED COMMERCIAL RATE: (for firms or individuals offering commercial products or serv ices) $3.10 per word prepa id (no charge for zip code)...MINIMUM 15 WORDS . 5% discount for same ad in 6 issue s; 10% discount for same ad in 12 issues within one year; if prepaid . NON-COMMERCIAL RATE: (for indiv idu als who want to buy or sell a persona l item) $2.50 per word, prepa id....no minimum . ONLY FIRST WORD AND NAME set in bold caps at no extra charge . Additi onal bold face (not available as all caps) 55 per word additional. Entire ad in boldface, $3 .70 per word. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE AD: $3.85 per word . TINT SCREEN B EHIND ENTIRE AD PLUS ALL BOLD FACE AD: $4 .50 per word. EXPANDE D TYPE AD: $4.70 per word prepaid . Entire ad in boldface, $5.60 per word. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE EXPANDED TYPE AD: $5.90 per word . TINT SCREE N BEHIND ENTIRE EXPANDED TYPE AD PLUS ALL BOLD FACE AD : $6 .80 per word. DISPLAY ADS : 1" x 2Y4"- $385.00; 2" x 2Y4"- $770 .00; 3" x 2W'-$1155.00. General Information : Frequency rates and prepayment discount s are available. ALL COpy SUBJECTTO PUBLISHERS APPROVAL. ADVERTISEMENTS USING P.O. BOX ADDRESS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED UNTIL ADVERTISER SUPPLIES PUBLISHER WITH PERMANENT ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER. Copy to be in our hands on the 10th of the third mont h preceding the date of the issue. (i.e., Aug. issue cop y must be received by May 10th). When normal closing date falls on Saturd ay, Sunday or Holiday, issue clos es on preceding working day. Send for the classified brochure . Circ le Number 49 on the Free Informat ion Card.
1-$89.00 10-$69.00
Last channel recall-Favorite channel select75 channel-Channel scan-Manual fine tuneOne year warran ty-surge protectlon-Hac & Standard switchable- and much more. ,
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INFORMATION(402)554-0417 0 Orders Call Toll Free m o
1-800-624-1150
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M.D. EL ECTRONICS 115 NEW YORK MALL SUITE 133E OMAHA NE. 68114
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T.V. tunab le notch filters . Free brochure. O.K. VIDEO, Bo x 63/602 5, Margate, FL 33063. (305) 752-9202. SURPLUS ELECTRONICS. New giant wholesale catalog. Hundreds of amazing bargains. $2. Box 840 , Champ lain, NY 12919.
Multi-Ch annel 1.9 10 2.7 GHz. 40dB gain 30 Channel Syst em complete $149.95 12-Channel System compl ete $104.95 3 Channel Syslem complel e $79.95
PLANS
.::J~:~ 7CC1- 3 SEPARATE TESLA C O ILP LANSTO 1.5M EV $25, 00

1062- IO NRAY G UN GAAl-GRAVITY G ENERATOR ElIlLl- ELECTRO MAGNET COILGUN/LAUNCHER
.. S 1 0.00 .. S1O.00 ...58.00 With Al lN ecessary Plans M FT3K- FM VOICE TRANSMlmR 3 M I RANGE .... " 549,50 VWPM7K--TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER 3 MI RANGE. , S39,5O BTt3K-250,000 VOL T10-14' SPARK TESLA COIL... .. .$249. 50 LHC2K- SIMULATEO MULTICOLORLASER , 544.50 BLS1K- l00.ooo WATT BlASTER DEFENSE DEVICE $69.50 MIG7K-NEGATM ION GENERATOR KIT, ., 534.50 PSP4K- TIME VARIANT SHOCK WAVE P ISTOL , ,..S59.5O STAlK- A LL NEW SPACE AGEACTIVE P lASMA SABER S59.5O S05K-SEE IND A R KVIEWER K IT ,... .. .. Sl99.5O PGSK-PlASMA LI G HTNIN GGLOIlt K IT 549. 50 Wrth AllN etessary_ lnstructions B TClB-50,000 VOL T-WORLD'S SMALLEST TESLA COIL S 54.5O LG U4O- 1 M WHeNe VISIBLE R ED LASER GUN, S 249.5O TAT30- AUTO n:LEPHONERECORDING DEVICE " , .,. ,..S24,5O 1TM10-100,000 VOLT 20'AFFECTIVE RANGE INTIMIDA TOR .. .. .. 599.50 usnO- SNOOPER PHONEINFINITY TRAN S Mlm R . " ..$169. 50 1?G70- INVIS IB LEP A IN F IELD GENERATOR M U TLIMODE.. . .. .. .S 74.5O CATALO GCONTAINING DESCRIP TIO NSOF ABOVE PLUS HUNDREDS MORE AVAILABLE FOR $1.00 OR USE OUR PHONE FOR "ORDERS ONLY' 603-673-4730 . PLEASEINCLUDE $3.00 PH ON ALL KI TS AND PRODUCTS PLA NSAREPOSTAGE PAID. SEND CHECK, MO, VISA, MC IN USFUNDS.
illJild Yournelf - All Parts A vaila ble inStoel<
TUBES: "oldest," "latest." Parts and schematics. SASE for lists. STEINMETZ, 7519 Maplewood Ave., RE, Hamm ond , IN 46324. LASER Listener II, other projects . Surveillance , des cramblin g, false identificatio n, inf orm ati on . Plans, kits, other strange stuff. Informational package $3. 00 refundabl e . DIRIJO/BOND ELECTRONICS , Box 212, Lowell, NC 28098 .
LIFETIME
p.o.Box 8533 Scollsdale, AI 85252 (602) 947-7700 1 S3.00Credlt lllphoneordenl)

Pricill~
Phillips-Tech Electronics
WARRANTY MasterCa rd V isa . COD's Quantity
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ASSEMBLED
RESTRI CTED technical Information : Electronic surveillanc e, schematics , locksmithing, covert scienc es, hack ing, etc . Huge select ion. Free brochures. MENTOR-Z , Drawer 1549, Asbury Park, NJ 07712.
TJ Services is here to serve you! Our quality products, quick courteous service, knowledgeable sales peopl e and rock bottom prices prove it! Not sure what you need? Call (313) 726-0900 we'll help! Prices quoted are 20/10/5/110\.Jerrold DRX-3-DIC $6 9/$ 79/$89/$99, DS X-3-D IC $59 each, DRX-3auto Tri -Bi -10 $ 109 /$ 119 /$ 12 9 /$ 139 , DRZ-3 $49/ $59 /$ 69/$ 79, SB $45 eac h. Tri-B i-2 or 3 $69/$79/$89/$109. Oak M35B $20 each, new original N-12 $65 each. Scientific Atlanta t ype SA-3 $ 69 /$ 7 9 /$ 8 9 /$ 109, Hamlin CR X-6600 -3M $ 8 9 /$ 10 9 /$ 1 29 /$ 1 49 , MLD-1200 -2 or 3 $29/$39/$49/$59, CRX-6600-2 $39/$49/$59/$69, Eagle PD -3 or iginal $ 59/$ 64/$ 99/$ 109, Interferance Filters, we stock all channels $12/$ 15/$ 18/$ 29, Zen ith SSAV I-1 Ant i-f lashi ng $89 / $ 99 / $10 9 / $129 . P ioneer type PI - 3 $79/$89/$ 109/$ 129. Replacement remotes and ma ny access o ries in stoc k. New volume control 78 channel wireless remote converter with parental control and fine t un ing capabil it ies $79/$89/$99/$109. B.E .L. radar detector 861 close out $89 each. TUBES, new, up to 90% off. SASE, KIRBY, 298 West Carm el Drive, Carme l, IN 46032. 2WAY radio system. Used VHF base stations, portable radios , UHF car radios + many extras. (202) 944-2802 for information . -
INFORMATION UNLIMITED
P.O. BOX716DEPT.REAMHERST, NH 03031
CABLE TV converters bargain headquarters: Zenith, Tocom, Scientific Atlanta, Hamlin. Jerrold 400-DRX3D1C w/remote $135, Oak M35B $60 .00.Quantity discount. Visa-M/C-COD. Order yours today. 1 (800) 327-8544.
THE ELECTRONIC GOLDMINE

Send forJour copy ofour 1989catalog feoturilljJ hun reds ofel edronkcomponents achof and uniqueelectronicproject kits,. E our project kilsind ude all necessory ports ~::'.:lJ~=-and agloss epoxyetched and drillellPC bo ard - you on~.need to solderinthe ports andpr ovidea battery (onbottery npercted kils)
CABLE TV converters and descramblers. WeseU onlv the best. Low prices. 883 $79.00. We ship C .O.D. Free catalog. ACE PRODUCTS, PO Box 582, Dept. E, Saco, ME
04072, (201) 9670726.
STEPPER motor drive & contro l with Commodore 64. Affordable hardware, interface, & software . Send for detailed literature & prices to: MASE, R.D. # 2 Box 166, Mohrsvi lle, PA 19541. JERROLD 450 modu le works good, information $2, module $55, COD only. BIL L, 7014 East Golflinks # 124, Tucson, AZ 85730. COMMUNICATIONS. Electronic equ ipment, sales, service, FCC licensed, free catalog . RAYS, PO Box 14862, Fort Worth. TX 76117-0862. CABLE TV converters: Je rrold , Oak , Scientific Atlantic, Zenith & many others. " New MTS" stereo add-on: mute & vo lume . Ideal for 400 and 450 owners! 1 (800) 826-7623, Amex, Visa, M/C accepted. B & B INC., 4030 Beau-D-Rue Drive, Eagan, MN 55122. PC-ECAP, AC circuit analysis software for the IBMPC, will calculate and display the frequency and phase response of your circu its. Very easy to use. Complete ly menu driven. Support s CGA, EGA, and Hercules graphics . High resolution plots on IBM/ Epson printers. $99.50 To order or for info, write CIRCUIT SYSTEMS , 418 Church Road Sicklerville, NJ 08081. ' EPROM burners $79 .95, JR PRODUCT DE- _ VELOPMENT CENTER, 5174 Lak e Loop Road, Cooper City, FL 33330 . CABLE boxes and electronics. Sharp Fax FO-300 list $1995.00 our price $995.00, Oak RTC 56 w/r $159.00, M35B $49.95, Jerrold 400 w/r $129.95, Tocom w/r $225.00, Hamlin CRX6600 w/r $179.95, qu antit y prices on 10 lots, ca ll MOUNT HOOD ELECTRONICS, (206) 896-6837. PARABOLIC Refl ect ors. 18" spun metal focuses RF, Iight,sound ; $25. PJC 2981 Tess Ave., Grang er, VT 84119.
N.inia1"rtGeigtf Collnm kit de"c1s a~,
M INIATURE GEIGER COUNTER KIT
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GM T uba,adKcUtol. Qpo<a'".,,9 y ba""Y lnoh llll.Sizo:1.9 xl . (6430$59.95
2 CH Compact DishSystem - $77.95 ish System - $93.95 5 CH D 23,95 12 C H Vagi (Rod) System - $1 30 CH Dish Sys tem-$163,90 Yagi-$183.90 SUN MICROWAVE IN n . IN C. Send$1" for P .O . BOX34522 catalog on these PHOENIX , AZ B5067 and other fine (602) 23ll-0640 video products. QUANTITY DISCOUNTS UFETIME WARRANTY
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LIGHTNING-BOLT STROBE LIGHT KIT
this ki t isfor.xpwittKtd ~ildtn ,aIy td" "hivh"hojil.Sizt: 3.4"xS"
W ro Mfrom 30kl400 permiau ". (6431$34.95
FEB 87 Triparts $59.00. Feb 84 SB parts $49.00. $3.50 shipping. OCTE, Box 276, Alburg , VT 05440. (514) 739-9328 . RENTAL movie stabilizer. Connect between VCRs or to monitor. Satisfact ion guaranteed. $69.95, $4.00 hand ling. 1 (800) 367-7909 . CABLE TV descramblers, Jerrold, Scientific Atlanta, Zenith , most major brands. Dealer inquiries welcome. Visa-M/C accepted. E & 0 VIDEO, 9691 E. 265th Street , Elko, MN 55020 . 1 (800) 638-6898. TEST equipme nt pre-own ed now at affordable prices . Signa l ge ne rat o rs from $50 .00 . Oscilloscopes from $50.00. Othe r equipm ent, including manua ls avai lable . Send for Cata log . J.B . ELECTRONICS, 3446 Dempst er, Skokie, IL 6007 6. (312) 982-1973. VIDEOBEAMER links VCR to TV witho ut wires $99.00. MVS ANTENNAS , 1205 Cop lon Ave. , Schene ctady, NY 12309.
Fabulous Component Values!

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CCTV video cameras : color Sanyo VC C3700 $395.00, Panasonic B&W $219.00, others . PC video digitizer $249.00. SAMPSON ENGINEERING, PO Box 550363 , Dallas , TX 75355-0363. (214) 328-2730.
MASTERCARD AND VISA are now accepted for payment of you r advertising . Simply complete the form on the first page of the Market Center and we will bill.
tfREM OTE'iCONTROL)KEVCHAIN::(}
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PLANS AND KITS
BUILD this five-digit pan el m eter and square-wave generator including an ohms, capacitan ce and frequency meter. Detail ed instructions $2. 50. BAGNALL ELECTRONICS , 17 9 Ma y, Fa irfi eld , CT 06430. STEREO FM transm itter!. Transmit your VC RIC 01 Walkman to any FM ste reo radio . On e chip does it all! Free schematic and info . Send a self addr ess edl stamped envelope to : OJ INC., 847A Second Ave., Suit e 113, New York, NY 10017. FM tra nsmitter 88 to 108 MHz kit $12 .95 . SIERRA ELECTRONICS, Box 709, Elfers , FL 34680-0709 . ELECTRONIC k its ! Tran smitters! Recorders! Pho ne device s! Bug d etecto rs! Surve illa nce items! More! Catal og $1.00 : XANDI ELECTRONICS, Box 25647, 60X, Temp e, AZ. 85285-5647 . RADIO Astronomy! Month ly m agazine, books , components . $3. 00 br ings sample package. BOB'S ELECTRONIC SERVICE, 7605 Deland , Ft. Pierc e, FL 34 951.
H A MLIN vee 3000 36 CORD ED REMOTE CU NV ER TER re tl .SIl II IY I
PANASONIC WIRELESS CONVERTER 101lr AR GA TE 2000 S T 'JERROLD 400 COMBO JERROLD 400 HANDREMOTECONTROL JERROLO450 COMBO JERRO LO450 HAND RE MOTE CON TAOL JERROLDSBADDON 'JER RO LD SB-ADDON WITHTAIMODE
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TUBES - 2000 TYPES

DISCOUNT PRICES!
Early, hard-to-find, and modern tubes. Also transformers, capacitors and parts for tube equipment. Send $2.00 for 2 4 page wholesale catalog.
' M-35 B COM BOUNITWITH VARISYNC ' MINICODE IN-1 2. ' MINICODE IN-1 2J WITH VARISYNC ' MINICODE VAR ISYNCWITH AUTOON-OFF
ECONOCODE trrumcooc sub stn nt ui
UNIT 29 00 9800 8800 169 00 2900 199 00 2900 ggOO 10900 ggoo 10900 9900 10900
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ECONOCOOE WITH VAR ISYNC

M L D 120Q3ICh a outouu ML D - 1200-2 ICh 2 output }
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ZENITH SSAVI CABLEREADY INTERF ERENCE FILTERS ICh 3 only'

"EAG LE PO-3 DE SCR A MBl ER IC h 3 0 u l p u l
ANTIQUE ELECTRONIC SUPPLY

688 W. First St.-Tempe, AZ 85281-602 /894-9503
'SCIENT IFIC ATLANTA ADDON REPL ACEMENT DESCRAMBLER

' CA LL FOR AVAILABILITY
2400 11900 11 9 00
IOOR MORE 1800 79 00 6900 >1 9 00 18 00 13900 1800 6300 7500 7000 7500 6200 6500 10 500 4200 4600 6200 6200 12500 14 00 6500 8500
CATALOG: hobbylbroadcasting/HAM/CB : Cable
TV, transmitters, amplifiers , survei llance devic es ,

computers, more! PANAXIS, Box 130-F12, Paradise, CA 959 67 . SURVEILLANCE equipment design gives 58 schematics of Sheffield Electron ics' surveillance devices. Circuits explain ed . Transmitters ran ge from pens to one-mile VOX 's includ ing crystal, sub carri er, carrier current, infrared, firefly , automobile. Demodulators given . Cub e tap and dup lex mains powered transmitters presented . Eighteen telephone transmitters are leech and battery types including cr ystal and subc arr ie r. Countermeasur es chapter. Much more. This 81 /2 x 11 inch 110-page book is illustrated with photographs. Price $30. 00 + $4.00 S & H. First class mail U.S . & Canada . Oversea s A irmail S & H $9 .00 . One -day processing , pay with Money Order or C ash ie r 's Check . S end to : WINSTON ARRINGTON, 7223 Stony Island Ave., C hicago, IL 60649-280 6 . DETECTION - Surveillance, debugging , plans, kits, assem bled devic es. Latest high-t ech catalog $ 5. DETECTION SYSTEMS, 2515 E . Thomas, # 16-864F, Ph oen ix, AZ. 8501 6. ELECTROLOCK programable keypad door release Sy.s te.m, complete kit inc ludi ng efectri c strike: $129.95. Assembled and tested: $149,95. Free brochure and orders: sYSTEM S ASSOCIATES INC., 1320 Cran ston Slreet, Cran ston, RI 02920. (40t)
Quantity
Item
Output Channel
Price Each
TOTAL PRICE
Ca lifornia Penal Code #593 -0 forb ids us from shipping any cable descrambling unit to anyone residing in the state of Californ ia. Prices subject to change with out noti ce . PLEASE PRINT
SUB TOTAL Shipping Add $3.00 pe r unit COD & Credit Car ds - Add 5% TOTAL
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_ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _
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o Visa
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94 3-2986. _..:.----=----------- _.
DESCRAMBLlNG, new sec ret manual. Build your own descr amblers for cable and SUbscription TV . Instruction s, sch emati cs for SSAV I, ga te d sy nc, sinewave, (HBO, Cin emax, Showtime , UHF, adult) $ 8. 9 5, $2. 00 postag e . CABLETRONICS, Box 30502R, Beth esd a, M D 20814. 450 MHz Sp ectrum an aiyz er - kit - $459.95 or assembled & tested $799 .95. For more inform ation, send lega l size SASE to A & A ENGINEERING, 2521 W. LaPa lma , #K, Anahei m, CA 92 801. PRINTED c ircuit board design, layout and protot ype d e ve lop m e nt. SAYTECH CIRCUITS, PO Box 20169, Ind ian apolis, IN 46220 . (317) 253-3269 .
FOR OUR RECORDS: DECLARATION Of AUTHORIZED USE - I. the unde<signed. do hereby declare under penalty 01 perjury that all products purchased, now and in the future. will only be used on cable TV systems with proper ! authorization from local officials or cable company officials in accordance w,ith all applicable federal and state laws. FEDERAl AND VARIOUS STATE LAWS PROVIDE FOR SUBSTANTIAL CRIMINAL AND CML PENALTIES FOR UNAUTHORIZED USE. ~
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CABLE TV CONVERTERS & EQUIPMENT
DESCRAMBLERS for movi es, networ ks, $175, video on ly, $450 complete . Visa , MC accepted . Catalog $4. SKYWATCH , 238 Davenport Road, Toronto , Canada, M5R 1J6. FREE c at a log - Do -i t-yourself save 40-60% . Lowest prices wor ldwide , sys tems, upgrades, par ts , all major bra nds factory fresh and warra ntied . SKYVISION, 2009 Co llegeway, Ferg us Falls, MN 56537. 1 (800) 334 -6455 . DESCRAMBLER : Build our low cos t video only, sate llite T V descrambler for most satell ite chan nel s. Uses easy to get , eve ryda y parts . Boards & plans $35 .00 US fun ds. Board, plans & parts $99.00 US funds . Wired & tested unit $189.00 US funds . Send check, mo ney order or Visa to : VALLEY MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS, Bear River, Nova Scotia , Ca nada BOS 1BO or phone (902) 467 -3577. 8am to 4p m eastern time . Note : ed ucational project only. Not to be used illegally.
SCIEN TIFIC ATLANTA WI TRI-SI PANASONIC WIRELESS CONVERTER 1403N 85.00 74.00 JERROLD 400COMBOW/ REMOTE (DRX3 DIC) 134 .00 .. 100.00 JERROLD 400OR 450 REMOTE HAND UNIT 24.00 15.00 JER ROLDJR X 3DIC 84.00 65.00 JER ROLD SS ADDON 74.00 55.00 JERROLD SS ADDON WITH TRI-B1 95.00 75.00 79.00 50.00. OAKM35 COMBO OAKMINICODE (N-12) 84.00 59.00 64.00 . . .40.00 OAKECONOCODE (E-13) HAM LIN MLD 1200 64.00 55.00 SC IENTIFIC ATLANTA SA-3 ADDON . 109.00 80.00 INTERFERENCEFILTER (CHANNEL3 OR 6) 24.00 14.00 SC IENTIFICATLANTA 83 CHANNEL CONV ER TER 95.00 80.00 PIONE ER CONVERTER SA 4500 SER IES 100 .00 85.00 TO MCOM VIP Call for price andavailability ZENITH FLASHING Call for priceandavailability Call for priceand availability ZENITHSSAVI EAGLE PG-3. . . . . . . . . . . Call for price andavailab ility
PAYTV AND SATELLITE DESCRAMBLING NEW... 1989 EDITION ... NEW

Th e newe st systems, parameters, turn -ons,harassm ent and countermeasure s being used by and against cable, wireless andsatelliteoperators. New orig inal information$15.95. Pay TV Vol. 1 $14.95. Volume 2 $12.95. E xperien ces with VC $12.95. MDS/MMDS Han dbook $9.95. Build Satellite System s Under $600. $12.95. Any 31$28 or 61$42. Sc rambling News Monthly $24 .95 /yr. Samp le$3. Scramb lingNewsYear 1 (200) pa es $22 .95. Year 2 $22.95. C atalog $1 or call.
POW ER supply - versat ile! + 1-15V (3A), -1-15V (1.5A) and + 5V (1.5A) - with d ig ital display of voltage, current. Inclu des 60 Hz T TL output. Detailed p lans US$4.95 . SAS E bri ngs infor mation . CLASSIC DESIGNS, Box 142, Lac hine, Quebec, Canada H8S 4A6 . PRINTED circu it boards so lde r plated , etched, drilled routed . One week de livery. So lder masking and des ign available. SHORE PROTOTYPE CIRCUIT, 36 Fairview Aven ue, Littl e Silve r, NJ 07739. (201) 747-6300.
VIDEOCYPHER II descrambling manual. Sc hematics , video and aud io. Explains DES, EPRO M , Clone Master, 3M usketeer, pay-per-view (HBO, Cinemax , Show1ime , ad ult, etc .) $13.95, $2 .00 postage . CABLETRON ICS, Box 30502 R, Be thesda, MD 208 14.
VIDEO-LINK
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
EASY work ! Exce llent pay ! Asse mb le produ cts at hom e . Ca ll fo r info rmat io n. (504) 641-8003 Ext. 5192 .
Enterprises, Inc.
Major Makes & Mode ls! Will match or beat anyone 's prices! Dea ler discounts at 5 units! Examples: HAMLIN COMBOS. $44 ea. (Min. 5) OAK ADD/ON . . . . . $40 ea. (Min. 5) OAK M35B . $60 ea. (Min. 5)
165 W. PUTNAM AVE. GREENWICH, CT 06830
(203) 6224386
MAKE $50 /hr wo rking evenings or weeke nds in your ow n electron ics business . Send for free facts. INDUST RY, Box 53 1, Bronx, NY 10461. YOUR own radio statio n ! AM , FM, TV, cab le. li ce nsed/ unlice nsed . BROADCASTING , Bo x 130F12, Parad ise , CA 95967. INVENTIONS, ideas, tech nology wanted for presentat ion to industry/exhibition at nation al inn ovation exposition . Ca ll 1 (800) 288-IDEA. MAKE $75,000 to $250 ,000 yearly f ixing IB M monit ors, no investme nt, start from home , (a te lephone required). Inform ation USA, Canada $1.00 , Europe, Middle East $8 .00 . RANDALL DISPLAY, Box 2168- R, Van Nuys, CA 91404 USA.
._---------_.. ---OlY ITEM OUTPUT CHANNEL PR ICE EAC H TOTAL PRICE NO CONNECTICUT SALlES. It SUSTOT. is not the intent of VIDEOLINK~=:=-'c;::.c:.+----l Shipp ing to defraud any pay television $3/Unit opera tor and we will not assist1-::==--+----1 COD: any company or individual in Add 5% doing so. 1 - - -+-- - - 1 TOT AL PL EA S E PRINT:
MONDAY - F RID AY10AM - 5:30 PM, E.S.T. IMPORTANT: Have make and model # of the equi pment used in you r area.
INVESTIGATORS, experimenters - Qual ity new plans. Hard to find m icro and restricted devices . Free catalog. Se lf add ressed sta mped envelope to KE LLEY SECURITY INC ., Suite 90, 253 1 Sawtelle Blvd., Los Ange les, CA 90064. CB Tricks II book . Power amp lifie r desig n and theory, UHF CB tune ups. Se nd $19.95 MED ICIN E MAN CB, PO Box 37, Clarksv ille , AR 72830. DAZER protector kit $44 .95 ! Exciting electronic kits! Catalog $1.00 . QUANTUM RESEARCH, 17919-77 Avenue , Edm onton , Al berta T5T 2S 1.
NEW HE NE LASER TUBES $35

Dealer Inquiries Invited. Free Catalog !
o CASH IER'S CHECK NAM E

ADDRESS Cll Y/ST ATEIZI P PHONE SIGNATURE
M.a.
C.O.D. _ _ _ _ _
MEREDITH INSTRUMENTS: 6403 N. 59th Ave.

Glendale, AZ 85301 (602) 934-9387 "The SourceJot Laser Surplus"
WAIVER.
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Since I. the undersigned, fully understand that the ownership of a cable decoder does not give the owner of the decoder the right to decode or view premium cable channels without proper authorization from their local cable company, hereby declare under penalty of perjury that all products purchased, at any time, will only be used on cable TV systems with proper authorization from local officia ls or cable company officers in accordance with all applicable federal and state laws. Federal and various state laws provide for substantial criminal and civil penalties for unauthorized use. Dated: Signed:
SATELLITE TV
CABLE TV secrets - the out law pub lication the cab le companies tried to ban . HBO , Mov ie Chan ne l, Showtime, descramb lers , converte rs, etc . Supplier 's list incl uded $8 .95 . CABLE FACTS, Box 711R, Pataska la, O H 43062. VIDEOCIPHER II man ua ls. Volume 1 - hardwa re, Vo lu me 2 - software . Eithe r $32.45. Volume 3 projects/software - $42 .45. Volu me 4 - repa ir $97.45 . Volume 5 docu mentation - $42.45. Cable Hacker's Bible - $32 .45 . CaDs : (602) 782-2316. 0100-032 software - cata log -$3 .00 . TE LECODE, Bo x 6426-RE, Yuma, AZ. 85366-6426.
INVENTORS
INVENTORS! Ca n you patent and profit from your ide a? Ca ll AMERICAN INVENTORS CORPORATION for free information. Over a decade of service 1 (800) 338 -5656 . In Massachusetts or Ca nada ca ll (413) 568 -3753.
DIGITAL CAR DASHBOARDS

BUILD yourself complete electronic das hboards . Infor mation packa~e : $2 .00 (refundab le). MODERN LABS, 2900-F Hulsseau, Sa int-Elizabeth , QC , JOK 2JO, Canada.
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CI RCLE 64 ON FREE IN FORMATION CARD
92
WANTED
All Jerrold , Oa k, Hamlin, Zenith , Sci entific Atlanta, Magnavox and all specialized cab le equipment available for shipment within 24 hours. For fast service MC / VISA or C.O .D. tel ephon e orders accepted (800) 648-3030 60 Day Guarantee (Quantity Discounts) 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. C.S.T. CLOSED WEEKENDS. Send self-addressed Stamped envelope (60 postage) for Catalog. INVENTIONS/new products/Ideas wanted : Call TLCI for free information 1(800) 468-7200 24 hours/ day - USNCanada. INVENTORS! Confused? Need help? Call IMPAC for Free information package. In US and Canada: 1 (800) 225-5800. WILL pay for g ood inform ati on o n J erro ld DPBB232. MIK E (918) 663-9778.
After yougive som ethingto your friends andfamily, m ayw e suggest about 23 million other people?
When you support the Christmas Seal Campaign'" you're benefitting research and programs that giveover 23 million Americans with chronic lung disease the one thing they want this Christmas. Hope.
AMER ICAN
DESCRAMBLER MODULE
LATEST technology alternative to Jerrold SB3 or Radio -E lectr oni cs Feb. 1984 projec t. Featurin g electronic tuning, AGC, auto-on/off, ACIDC power, mini-size, A&T, and more. For literature - SOUTHTECH DISTRIBUTING, (813) 527-2190.
EDUCATION & INSTRUCTION

LEARN IBM PC assembly language. 80 sample proqrarns. Disk $5. Book $18. ZIPFAST,Box 12238, Lexington, KY 40581-2238. PROGRAM your own computer simulations and learn how to analyze circuits. New periodical will show you how to analyze filters, phase locked loops, etc. Complete with basic subroutines you can use in your own program s. Only $10.00 per issu e or $100.00 for 12 issues. DESIGN LETTERS, PO Box 251, Gaithersburg, MD 20877.
INVENTORS
"PATENTS, getting one ... A cost-cutting Primer for Inventors ." Author ed by Stuart Peterson , form er patent examiner and registered patent attorney with over 40 years patent experience. This is a "must" for any inventor. Available in early January. Write now for free descriptive literature and special pre-publication pri ce. ACA DEMY B OOK S, Dept. R, Rutland, VT 05701.
I. LUNG ASSOC IATION "

Thf> Ctv .stmas Sea l ~opltd!
V1O B ' <1 9 5 2,75 8080A laOA CPU 1. 75
CP U', & CHIPS

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TIP 3 18 NPN S' TO2 20 . T IP 328 PNP 5, TO220 T I P3 4P NP SI . . ' .. . . . . TIP 111 . . . TIP 122 NPN 51 \J84 . . . . TIP 14 1 NPN 5, U97 . T IP 1" 5 . . . . . . . .. 2N 130 7 PNP GE TO5 . OPS2000 -0 UA L POWER OAR L. .. .. . 2N222 2 NPN 51TO9 2 . 2 N2907 PNP S, TO9 2 . . . T IP 2955 PNP 51 . . . . . . 2N305 5 NPN 51TO3 MJE3055T . . 2N 3772 NPN 51 TO-3 . 2N3 904 NPN 5, TO92 . . 2N3 906 PNP 5, TO'0 2 . 2N4901 PNP 51 TO3 . 2N5 296 NPN TO 220 . 2 N5 109 PNP S. TO2 1O . . MRF ao0 4 CM AF NPN .. MPSA41 300V NPN . . MJ13 00!JA NP 700 V . TTL IC S E R IE S
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REGISTERS
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INTERFACE
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NO. 30 WIRE WRA P WIRE SING LE STRA NO 100 ' . $1 .40
DIPSDCKETS
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DB CD NNECTDR
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74HC .SERIES
RCA . HC 250D 60 \'VATTS $34.95

SOLID S TATE HYBRI a LINEAR A Na AUDIO AMP BAND WIDTH 3 0 I<Hz. t 60 WATTS. 7 AMP OUTPUT
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14 LS112 .29 74 LSl 13 33 74 L5 114 .33 74 LS122 .70 74 L5 123 45 74 LS125 35 74LS l 26 .35 74 LS13 2 39 74 LS136 35 74 LS13 7 90 74LS 138 39 74LS 139 .39 74 LS145 . 70 74 L5 147 1.00 74 LS148 .90 74 LS15 1 39 74 LSl 53 .39 74LS l 54 1.5 0 74 LS15 5 .55 74 LSl56 .45 74 LS15 7 .35 74 LSl58 20 74L S16 0 .2D 74L S16 1 49 74LS 16 2 49 74L 5 163 .49 74 LS l64 45 74 LS159 .90 74 LS1 70 80 74LS 1 73 .49 74LS 1 74 .39 74 LS1 75 .J 9 74 LS181 140 65 65 65 65 .55 55 55 65
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7" LS368 .30 74 LS373 . 75 74 LS374 .75 74 LS3 77 .75 74LS386 45 74LS 390 1.10 B RIDG E PRY 2A 6A 25A 100 1 40 100 80 1 30 2 20 400 1 00 1 65 330 600 1 301904 40
DI SC CA PAC ITOR S IN4 148 lIN9 14 l 74LS241 65 .1UF 16V . . 101$1.00 . 100 1$8.00 74LS.242 G5 .0 1UF 35V .. 16 /$1.00 . 100 1$5 .00 15 / 1.00 74LS 24 3 .65 I-"==:..:..",,:::;:::,:..,;::::::~Ol:-""':";;";;::':'-" REGUL ATO RS 74 LS244 65 LASJ 9 U $ 5 95 3 23 K ILA14051. . . $ 2 9 5 74LS :l45 .75 78 105 or 12 S .30 LM33 7 . . . . . $ 2.75 14 LS245 1 40 781.'1 05 . 12 0 r 15 ' . S .40 LM338 1<. . .. . . $ 3,75 74 LS247 1.00 LM305 . . .. . . . $ .75 340 T 5.6 .8.12 . 74 L5243 65 3091< $ 1.25 15.18 0 r 24 V. ' " S.45 74LS 251 45 LM317T .. . . . $ .9 0 723 $ .45 74 LS253 .45 320 T5.12.1 5 0' 14 . . . S .55 74 LS157 3D 74LS258 .45 Ll 41H A Detect o r , _ . . " . 3 1$1.00 74 LS25 9 1 20 FP l 00 Ph oto T' . m . . $ .50 74 LS26 0 .45 Rid LEOs, 2 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 101$ 1.l)(, 74LS26 6 ,55 Yellow. Groe n. or Ambe r Lg LED's .2" . , . . . 81$1.00 74 LS2 73 , 75 Red G,..n 8,poll ' LEO . . . . $ .90 74 LS279 .39 Red'Ylli ow B'Po l.. LEO. . . . . . . . . $ .9 0 74 LS280 1.70 MLE092 lA LEO . . . . . . . . . . .. $ .40 74LS 283 .55 MR0 14S PhOtO Darl. XTO A . .. . . . . .. . . . $ .60 74LS2!)0 80 IL5 OPto 1 5Oll t0 r1 0' MCT2 . . . $60 74 LS293 80 4N4 5 ()Pto Coupl ~r . _ S 60 74 LS298G5 74LS299 1.:15 TTl SIZ E COPROCESSORS 74lS320 200 REL AYS 808 7-2 . . .. . ... $115.00 74LS322 300 95 8087-3 . . . .. . . . $ 85.00 74 LS323 24 0 5V DPST 95 80 287 8. . . . . . . . $195.00 74LS 365 39 12V DPST
80387 16
$300 .00
DIP SW ITC H ES CTS206- 4 4 POS lt,o n . 75 CTS 206 7 7 POSlt'On 95 CTS 206 8 8 Positio n 95 CT5206 10 10 POSlt 'Oll 1 15
PLEASE CALL FDR QUANTITY PRICI NG
74 LS9 2 45 74 LS93 45 74 LS95 .48 741 596 40 81 LS9 8 1 ,40 74 LS107 .3 5 7"L S109 .3 5
~: ~~~
.;;
74 LS192 74 LS193 74 LSl94 74 L5195 74L S l 96 74 LS19 7 74 LS22 1 i4 LS240
~: ~~~ :~ i:~;;;i 2'~~
74LS44 6 200 7 4 LS~1 1.40 74 LS625 1.75 74LS6 45 95 74 LS668 1 .45 74 LSG70 .95 25 LS252 1 195
t-:::::::= :-::::=7.:::1== S I LI CON PO WER R EC T I F :=:-r====1 IE RS MUl Tl TU R N

PRY 100 100 400 600 800 1000
JA 12A 50A 125A 90 600 06 ,17 _ &0 130 -l00 09 .25 .65 1.50 10 (,.. .11 30 .80 200 13 00 .13 .35 1.00 250 16 00 20 45 1.25 3 00 10 00
lA
05 .14 _35
T RI M POT S 240A 850 50 OHM 11.50 100 OH M 13.50 1000 OHM 16 ,00 5K 10 K 20 .00 10K 50 1< 100 1< 26.00
3/$2 .00 .
TE RMS: FOB CAM8R IDGE. MASS SEND CHECK OR MONEY OR DER. MINIMUM T ELEPHONE. C.O .D. PURCHASE ORDER OA CHAR GE $2000. MINIMUM MAIL ORD ER $500.
SEN D $ 25 FO R OUA CAT ALOG FEAT URI NG T RANSISTORS & R ECTIF IERS 145 HAMPSHI RE ST. CAMBRI DGE. MASS. 0 2139
o m s::
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93
ASSEMBLE YOUR OWN COMPUTER FOR LE$$

IBM XT 10 MHz Compatible Kit...
.4.nI10 MH z Mo th erboard
.2561<8 RAM (640 1<8m ax) . 150W Powe r Supply Floppy Disk Controller On e 5 1/ 4' 3601<8 Drive MonoGraphics Card w/ P .101 Key Keyboard Case (3LED,2Button,Key) . 12' Amber Mono Mon llor Installation Gu id e & Manu al . 8/12 MHz Mo th erboard 512 1<8RAM (4 MB m ax) .200W Power Supply Floppy Disk Controller .One 5 1/4' 1.2 MB Drive MonoGraphics Card w/ P 10 1 Key Keyboard Case (3LED,2Button,Key) .12' Amber Mono Monitor Installatio n Guid e & Manual Display Upgrade: CGA Package $200 EGA Package $455 VGA Package $500 MS -DOS with GWBASI C Hard Drive Option: 20MB wlCTR L XT-$275 AT S315 30MB wlCTR L XT-S310 AT-$410 40MB w/ CTRL XT-S390 AT-$4 15 $75
$379
LEARN electronics the practical way. Build your own kit or do tens of experime nts with your own self trainer. For free catalog : ARLI ELECTRON ICS , 2155 Verdugo Blvd. # 22, Montrose, CA 91020. MAGIC! Four illustrated lessons plus inside information shows you how. We provide almost 50 tricks including equipment for four professional effects . You get a binder to keep the materials in, and a oneyear membership in the International Performing Magicians with a plastic membership card that has your name gold-embossed. You get a one-year subscription to our quarterly newsletter "IT's MAGIC!" Order now! $29.95 for each course + $3.50 postage and handling. (New York residents add applicable state and local sales tax). THE MAGIC COURSE, 500 -B Bi County Boul evard , Farmi ngdal e , NY 11735.
i< i< i< i< i< PRESENTING i< i< i< i< i<
CABLE TV DESCRAMBLERS
i< i< i< i< i< STARRING i< i< i< i< i<
JERROLD, HAMUN, OAK

AND OTHER FAMOUS MANUFACTURERS
FlNESTWARRANTYPROGRAMAVAILAB LE LOWE ST RETAll/\IIHOlSALE PRtCES IN us, OR DERSSHIPPED FROM STOCKWITHIN 24 HOURS FOR FREECA TAlOG O N LY
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IBM AT 12 MHz Compatible Kit..
$705
1-800-S45-89Z7
1-8 18- 7 16-59 14
FO R A LL INFO RMATION
PROJECT CABINETS/ ENCLOSURES

RIGID 1/16 aluminum shell, hardwood trim, contemporary styling. Several sizes and styles available. $10.99-$26.99, free brochures. PYRAMID ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS, 15020 LaGrange Road , Suite 2100, Orland Park, IL 60462.
All Componants Fu lly Tested Before Ship VISA & MIC subject to 3% surchar ge Pric e & Quantlly sub ject to chan g e without prior not ice 15% Restoc king Fee on All Items
JINCO COMPUTERS INC.

5122 WALNUT GROVE AVE. SAN GABRIEL, CA 91776
MULTI CHANNEL MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

CRYSTAL CONTROLLED MICROINAVE ANTEN NAS FOR OVER THE AIR CABLE SYSTEMS (WIRELESS CABLE) CAPABLE OF RECEIVI NG 30 CHANN ELS CONVERTERS AVAILABLE FOR ZENITH SYST EMS
Tel: (818) 309-1108 Fax: (818) 309-1107

IBM , XT, AT are reg istered trademarks of Intern ation al Business Machine.
ATTENTION CABLE BROKERS

SURPLUS CATV converters and descramblers at wholesale prices. Unmodified units only. Oak M35B $30. (415) 566-9815.
CALL FOR PRICE (203) 622-4386
VIDEOL1NK ENTERPRISES
165 W. PUTNAM AVE. GREENWICH. CT 06830
f':.wlAss
iiiiiiiliiiii"'iiiiiiiI 'lnteiiiiirn ati= onal ;rln C .
12 cIBI octave roll ot!.
EMINENCE
CABINET KIT
Super quality, genuine walnut
!--------------,..--------------,..-------------"""'i 12" SUB WOOFER 3-WAY IOOW CROSSOVER WALNUT SPEAKER

800Hz, 5000Hz crossover po ints. 8 ohm. 100 watts RMS. Dual voice coil sub woofer. 30 oz. magn et, 2" voice coils. 100watts RMS, 145 watts max. fs =25 Hz. 6 ohm
(4 and 8 ohm compatible). SPL= 89 dB l W/I M. Response: 2S700 Hz. QTS= .31, VAS = 10.3 cu. ft.. Pioneer " A3OGU3O -SS D. Net weight: 6 Ibs .
1-800-338-0531
.~"
18" EMINENCE WOOFER
@ MOTOROLA PoIydax
MPIONEER '
MADE IN USA 100 oz. magne t, 3" voice coil . 2SO watts RMS , 350 watts max. 8 ohm, 30 Hz
re sonant frequency. 222700 Hz response. Efficiency: 95 dB lW/IM.
Paper cone, treated acc ordian surround . Net weight: 29 lbs.
# 290-200
$98.90
(1-3)
$89.50
(4-up )
# 260-210
$12 .50
$9.95
(lO-up)
(1-9)
SPEAKER CONTROL PANEL

Panel with SO watt L-pads
venee r cab inet. Kit include s: routed and mitred top , sides, and bo ttom in unfinished 314walnut veneer. Cut
your own custom
TITANIUM COMPOSITE TWEETER
for tweeter and midr ange

and buil t-in LED power meter . Sx 2 1/2- 100
holes in the fro nt and rear to match your dr ivers. IS" x 24- x 11. Volume:
1.9 cubic leet.
# 290- 145
~1~~)80
$24.80
(lO-up)
watt version av ailable
$14.50 # 260-235
(1-5)
$12.90
(6-up)
# 260 350
$22.50
(1-3)
$19.95
(4-u p)
12" POLY WOOFER

Super duty, 40 oz. magnet. 100watts RMS, 145watts max. 4 and 8 ohm compatible (6 ohm). 2" voice coil. Is ~25 Hz. OTS= .I66, VAS= 10.8 cu ft. Response: 25-1800Hz. Net weight: 9 lbs. Pionee r .. A3OGU40-5lD
PIONEER BORN TWEETER

Mylar dome. 2.93 oz. barium ferrite magnet. 8 ohm. Response: 1800-
# 290- 180
(j)
o Z o a: Io ill
ill
...J
20000Hz. 35W RMS ,

SOWmax. Is = 2000 Hz, SPL = 106 dB. Pioneer " AHE60-51F
GRILL FRAME KIT
# 290- 125
,~Parts
$36 .80
(1-3)
$34.50
(4-up)
# 270-050
$6.50
(1-9)
$5.90
(lO-up)
o o
a:
94
'l:Xpr ! !!!!!
340E. First sc, o.ytOJ\ Otio 45400
Local: 1S l3-222-ll 173 FAX: SI3-222-46
15 day money bKX guatIIUHt .$l5.OO rnittrun order We accept '24 hwrshi_ _ V.... Ois<xM<,ondC.OD. _ -Ship ping c har ge - UPS chart rate t'loo ($3.00 minimum charge) "Houu: 8:30 am- 6:00 pm EST. Monday - Friday "Mail order customers, pleue call for shipp ing estimate on orders exceedinq S lbs .
# 260-333
$8.50
(1-9)
AUDIO UPDATE
continued from page
CONSOLIDilTED
aa
Try the
ELECTRO N I C S
tallaa-
that music is the wo rst kind of signal to use in evaluati ng com po nen ts. I wo uld rep ly t hat it's always poss ib le to find a test signa l that wi ll revea l cir cu it misbehav iors ' that , in truth, have no audible co nseque nces . I n any case, the p ro of of t he aco ustic pu dd ing is in t he li stening . Several of t he hi ghest- scori ng list eners in the group shared the opi n ion t hat the au d ib le differe nces among the tested highend players we re essentially negli gible. Based on the tests run by Consumer Rep o r ts, I wou ld ex tend that view to in cl ude low-end p laye rs as we ll. In ot he r wo rds, onc e you 've selected a player based on its featu res (and that might not be easy) you need not be concerned abo ut the quality of its so und. Consumer Reports' opinion, based o n a recent test of 26 models, is that they all sound "splendid." R-E
Elellranils
bulletin board system
(RE-BBS) 516-293-2283
The more you use it the more useful it becomes. We support 300 and 1200 baud operation. Parameters: 8N1 (8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit) or 7E1 (7 data bits, even parity, 1 stop bit). Add yourself to our user files to increase your access. Communicate with other R-E readers. Leave your comments on R-E with the SYSOP.
Order your 260 page catalogue pack ed with over 10.000 money saving electronic parts and equipment. Send $3.00 check or money orde r. or call 18005433568 today and use your Mastercard or Visa. Consolidated Electronics. Incorporated 705 Watervliet Ave" Dayton. Ohio 45420 -2599
NAME ADDRESS CITY
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Catalogs are the only way that a Direct Market ing operation cal) let its current and potential customers be aware of a ll the items that it carries. Additiona lly, they should help the firm's customers make an intelligent purchasing dec ision based on publ ished specifications and operating characteristics. But because most Mail Order Companies send out hundred of thousa nds of Catalogs every few months to a ll the people on their mailing list, they become skimpy when it gets to tec hnical information. If there is room on the page, they put in a graph or two and if they are really hurting for space they sta rt printing things so small that you need a magnifying glass to read them . What isworse, they send you the same stale information time after time! We at Electronic Buyers Club have a better idea. All of our Members receive a Large three ring binder and we only replace the pages that have new information when the time comes . And because we don't waste paper a nd money by sending everyone the same information over and over, we include Origina l Manufacturers' Spec Sheets and oftentime the ir complete Ca ta logs. Case in point: our competitor lists all the technical informati on a nd prici ng for Pa nasonic Type ECQ-E Metallized Polyester Capacitors on one page, but we supply a four page data sheet from Panasonic in addition to 4 pages 12 Months Saving Guarantee 30 Days Money Back G ua ran tee of pricing information! So you see, by We will refund the full Membership Wewill refund the first year Membership Fee of any new mem ber of Electronic Fee of any member who has purchased not wasting paper (and money) in $300 or more worth of products from Buyers Club who within 30 Days sending the same old stuff over and after receiving the Membership Electronic Buyers Club and has not over again we can afford to be Binder, returns the Binder to EBC saved an amount greater than the first generous in supplying complete yearMembership Fee, if buying the same and asks for the cancellation of expanded information to all of our itemselsewhere. Membership . Members.
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PHON E (All 50 States & Canada) : 1-800-325-0101 FAX: (503) 336-4400 Hours: 6:00 AM - 6:00 PM PST
o m o m s:
:D
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A Divi sion of International Canponents Corporation
co
95
NEC V20 & V30 CHIPS

Rep lace t he 8086 or 8088 In Yo u r IBM PC and part No In c reas e Its Spee d by up to 30% p ri ce
UP D7 0 108 -5 UPD70 108 -8 UPD70 108 10 UPD70116-8 UPD7 0116- 10 5 MHZ) V20 Chlp 8M Hz) V2 0 C h lp 10MHz) V30 1
1-9 10+
part No
MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS
ZllO, ZllOA, ZllOB, SERIES
pri ce
8000SERIES Continued
part No Price 8 1SS2 3.75 81CSS 425 82 05.. 9.95 82Cll ..... 6.95 8212 ... 1.99 8216 . .... 1.39 8224 .. 1.49 82 28 .. .... 1.49 82375 4.25 82 43 1.95 825OA 4.95 8250B (F'" IBM).... .. 5.95 8251 A...... .... 1.95 8253 1.89 82535 1.95 82 C535 3 .95 8254 4.95 8255A5 2.95 82C55A5 4.49 8256 11.95 82595 .. .. 2.25 8272 . . 3.49 8274 4.75 82795 2.95 8282 2.95 8284A ........ .. 1.95
8000SEI!IES ConHnued
Part No 8286 ..... 8741 .... 8742
Price
.......... 2.29 9.49 14 .95
$5 .25 $6 .95 $13 .49
~~~~)~~~OC~r~~.::::::::::::::::::.~;~:~;
C h ip
7400
PartNg
1-9
7400..
7402 7404 7405 . . ..
7406
..
..
7407 . 7408 .. 7410 7411 . 7414 . 7416 .. 7417.
.29 29 .29 .35 .39 .39
.35
.29
.35
.49
.35
..
7420
742 7
. ..
7430
7432 .. 7438 . 7442 . 7445 .
7446
7447 ..
7448
7473
.
..
.35 .29 .29 .29 .39 .39 .49 .39 .75 .65 .89 .79 .89 .79 1.95 1.85 .39 .29
.19 .19 .19 .25 .29 .29 .25 .19 .25 .39 .25 .25 .19 .19 .19 .29 .29
7474...... 7475 7476. 7483 ..... 7485 ......... 7486 . 7489 .... . 7490.................... 7493.............. 7495 ............ 74 107.......... . 74121..... . 74123 ... 7412 5... 74147. . 74150 74 151.. 74154........ . 74161.. ........ . 74173....... 74174 .... 74175 .... 74193 ...
.39 .49 .45 .59 .65 .45 2 .25 .49 .45 .59 .29 .39 .49 .49 1.99 1.35 39 Le5 .69 .79 .59 .59 .79
29 .39 .35 .49 .55 .35 2.15 .39 .35 .49 .19 .29 .39 .39 1.89 1.25 .29 1.25 .59 .69 .49 .49 .69
Z80 125 Z80A 1.29 Z80ACTC 1.65 Z80ADART 4.95 Z80APIO 1.89 Z80AS IOIO .......... 3.95 Z80B .... ... 2.75 Z80B CTC 3 .95 Z80B P IO .. .... 3 .95 Z8681B l .... 4.95 8000 SER IES 8031 3 .95 8OC31 .. 8.95 8035 1.25 8039 1.59 8052AHBASIC .. ... 24.95 8080A . .. 1.95 808 5A. .. 1.95 8085A 2 .... . 3.59 8086 3.95 808 72 ~MHz ) ....... 129.95 8155
8749 9.95 8751H (3.5 12MHz) 34.95 87SS 13.95 8028610 (1OM Hz)l CC 29.95 80287 -3 (5MHz/l09 .95 80287 8 (8MHZ 209.95
~j~~2(~1IDsii2i vi :: ~.~~
~~j.\5~~~Hzj: :::l~~:~~ =.~(8~~;i:::: ::: ~rs

pa rt No
201612 2102 2112 2114N 2114N2l 21C1 4 5101 6116Pl 6116P3 6116lpl 6116lp3 6264pl0 6264P15 6264lpl0 6264lp 12 6264lp 15 6514 4325610l 4325615l 62256LPl0 62256lP12 62256l P15
Fyn ctl on
2.49
80387 . 16 16MHZ) 349.95 8038720 2OMHz ) 399 .95 80387 25 25MHz) 499 .95 82284 (8 Hz) 5.49 82288 (8MHz) 6.95 DATA ACQUISITION ADC0804lCN 2.99 ADC0808CCN 5.95 ADC0809CCN 3.69 ADCl205CCJl 2O.95 DAC0808LCN 1.75 Ay31015D 4.95 Ay5 1013A 2.95
=~:1g ~&~ .~)m~~
.10 .07 ......... .25 ......... .49 1.1 9 .39
.75
XC556A TP.. Red . XC556G TP , Green .
.17
STATIC RAMS
204lI, 8
1024xl
256x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4
74LS
74LSDO . 74LS02 . 74LS03..... 74 LS04 ...... 74LS05 ... 74LS06 .... 74LS07 . 74LS 08. 74LS09 ........ 74 L510 ... 74 L5 11.... 74 L5 14. 74 L52O. 74 LS21... 74L52 7..... 74lS30 ...... 74L5 32... 74L538 ... 74 LS4 2.... 74LS4 7........ 74 lS73..... 74 LS 74...... 74LS7 5... 74L576 ....... 74L583 ... 74LS85 ...... . 74LS86 ... 74 LS90 ..... . 74L593.. 7415 123 74LS125 ...... 74 LS 132... 74lS138 .26 .28 .28 28 .28 .59 .59 .28 .28 .26 .29 .49 .28 .29 .35 .28 .28 .35 .49 .85 .39 .35 .39 .39 .55 .55 29 .49 .49 .49 .49 .49 49 .16 .18 .18 .18 .18 .49 .49 .18 .18 .16 .19 .39 .18 .19 .25 .18 .18 .25 .39 .75 .29 .25 .29 .29 .45 .45 .19 .39 .39 .39 .39 .39 .39 74LS139 . 74L5151 ....... 74L5153 .... 74L515 4...... 74 l5157... 74l5161..... 74l5163...... 74LSl64... 74 L5165 ...... 74L5166 ... 74l5173 ... 74 l5174....... 74 l 5 175 ... 74l5191 ...... 74 l5192... 74 L5193 ........ 74l 5 194 ..... 7415221 74LS240... 74 L524 1... 74L5244.......
74LS245 ...
74l5257 ............ 74L5259... . 74l5273...... 74LS279 ... 74l5367...... 74l5373... 74l 5 374 ...... 74l 5 393... 74L5541... 74L5 590...... . 74L5688 ..
.49 .39 .49 .39 .49 .39 1.29 1.19 .45 .35 .49 .39 .49 .39 .59 .49 .75 .65 .89 .79 .45 .35 .39 .29 .39 .29 .59 .49 .69 .59 .69 .59 .69 .59 .69 .59 .59 .49 .59 .49 .59 .49 .79 .69 .49 .39 .99 .89 .89 .79 .49 .39 .49 .39 .79 69 .79 69 .89 .79 1 29 1.19 5 .95 5.85 2 39229
256x4 204lI,8 204lI, 8 204 8,8

2048x8
819 2x8 81 92 x8
8192x8 81 92x8 8192, 8 1024 x4
32,768x8
32,768,8 32,768, 8 32.768xB 32,768 x8
pri ce l 2Oos 2.95 35Oos ..... .. 89 450ns M OS........ .2.49 45Ons................ ............................. .99 200ns LowPo wer 1.49 2DOns (CM OS)... . 49 4500s (CMOS) 1.95 10005 (16K)CM OS 3.19 l5Oos (16K)CMOS 2.79 3.59 1DOns (16K)l P CMOS l 500s (16K)l P CMOS .. . .. 3.09 l000s (64K)CMOS . .. 6.75 1500 , (64K) CMOS 6.29 l OOns (64K} l P CMOS 6.95 120ns (64K} l P CMOS 6.75 OS. ...6.49 150ns (64K) l P CM 35OnsCM OS 3.25 lOOns (256K) LowPower 15,95 l 50n s (256K} Low Pow er 14.95 1DOns (256K) LPCMOS 16.95 l200s (256K} LPCMOS 16.25 150ns (256K) l P CMOS 15.95
6500/6800 68000 Series

Part No price 6402 ..... 3.75 6502 2.19 6502A 2.59 65C02 (CM05) 6.95 6520 ..... 1.59 6522 2.95 65C22 4.25 6532. . . .. 4.95 6551 2.69 65C802 (CMOS) 15.95 6800 1.75 6802 2.95 6808 2.49 6810 1.25 6820 2.75 682 1.. 1.75 68B21 2.25 684 0 3.49 6845 ... .. 2.75 6850 1.75 6852 75 MC68000L8 9.95 MC68000L1O 11.95 MC68OO8P8 8.49 MC6801OLIO 19.95 MC6802ORC12B 59.95 MC68701. 19.95 MC68705P35 15.95 17.95 MC68705U3S MC6845OL10 29.95 MC68881RC16A 129.95 MC68881RC2OA 159.95
Low Prollle WIre Wrap (Gold) Level .2 8LP .11 8WW. .49 14LP....... .12 14WW .65 16LP.... .13 16WW... .69 24 LP..... .21 24WW 1.19 28LP . . .23 28WW 1.39 40 LP .29 40WW 1.89 Solo.rt.n SnncI.r d (Gol &:TIn) &:Header Plug Sock ets Also Av eW ebM
IC SOCKETS
74HC HISPEED CMOS

part No 74HCDO 74HC02 74HC04 74HC08 ............ 74HC10 74HC14 74HC30 74HC32 74HC74 74HC75 74HC76 74HC85 74HC86 74HC123 74HC125 ... .... 74HC I32 74HC 138. 74HC139 74HCl54 74HC l63 74HC174 pri ce 19 19 19 .19 19 29 25 25 29
35 35
55 29 59 .. .49 49 .. 45 39 1.49 39 59
DYNAMIC RAMS/MODULES
41256A9 A l0 41256A9Bl0 421000A 9Al 0 421000A9Bl0 421000A9A80 421000A 9B80 TMS44 1612 TM S441615 411615 412815 4164-100 4164120 4164150 4125660 4125681J 41256100 41256120 41256150 4126412 41464-10 41454-12 41454 15 5125810 511000Pl 0 511000P 80 514256pl 0 51425810 262.144'9 262.144'9 1,048.576'9 1.048,576' 9 1.048,576' 9 1,048,576'9 16.384x4 16,3 84x4 16,384'1 131.072><1 65 ,536x1 65.536 xt 1DOns 256,9 SIP(Has le ads) 1DOns 256,9 SilL 1DOn, 1MEG,9SIP(Ha' leads ).. 1DOns lMEG,9SIM 80ns 1MEG,9 SIP(Has l eads) 8On, l MEG' 9 SIM 1200s l 5Ons 150ns (MM 529ON2).... 150ns (POOyback) . 100 ns
12O n5
49.95 59.95 159.95 159.95 169.95 169 95 5.95 5.49 ... 1.09 ...4.49 2.75 2.39
pa rt No 74HC175 ... 74HC221 74HC240 74HC244 74HC245 74HC253 74HC259 .. .. 74HC273 74HC373 74HC374 ... . .. 74HC595 74HC688 74HC943 74HC4040 74 HC4049 74HC4050 74HC4060 74HC4511 74HC45 14 .. .. 74HC4538 ....... .. 74HC4543 ...
prtce . .59 . .89 69 79 79 49 .49 49 69 . .69 1.29 1.49 6.95 79 29 29 69 99 1.79 1.19 1.19
74HCT-CMOS TTL
74HCToo 74HCT02 74HCT04 74HCT08 74HCT14... 74HCT32 74HCT74 74HCT86 74HCTl 38...
Commodore
WDl770 ... . 8.95 5 13052P 99 6504A .. .. 1.19 6510 14.95 652 6 13.95 6526A. 14.95 65451 3.95 6560 ... .. 6.95 6567 24.95 6572 .............. .... 6.95 6581 (12V).... .. 12.95 6582 (9V).. . .. 7.95 8502 7.95 8564 2.95 8566 6 .95 8701 9.95 8722 8.95 82 51 oo PLA 15.95 32557 201.. 17.95 90 122501 15.95 90122601 .. .. 15.95 90122702 4.95 90 122703 15.95 90122905 15.95 90 146003 1.95 901486 06 ... . 2.95 *No specs available " Nol e:82S100PLA.U17(G-64)
745 PROMS '

74SOO. 74504.......... 74S32 ..... 74S74 ........
74$ 112...
74S 124 745 138.......... 74S 153.... 74S163 . 74S 174. 74S175.
.25 .25 25 .25 .25 1.25 .49 .29 .75 291 .39
745 188 .... 745189 ...... 7482 40. 7452 44 ......... .. 745287" ... 7452 88 ' .. 7453 73.... 74S374 . 745387" 74S472 ..... 745 571 .....
1.49 1.49 .. ....... 1.39 .99 1.49 1.49 .99 .99 1.29 2.95 ... .... .. 2.49
.65.536x1 262, 144xl 262,144x1 144x1 262. 262.144x l 262 .144 xl

64K'4
150ns 60ns SOns. lOOns 12Ons 15Ons
65,536x4 65.536 x4 65.536x4 262 .144xl
l200s voec RMI.
2.15 6.95 5.75 3.95 3.69 3.25
17 74HC T139 17 74HCT15 7 19 74HCT1 74 17 74 HCT175 .29 74HCT240 .19 74 HCT244 29 74HCT245 25 74HCT373 .. 39 74 HCT374
.. .. .. ..
. ..
39 .29 29 .29 . .69 49 .49 49 39
LINEAR
part No 1-9 TL071CP 69 TL072CP 79 TL074 CN 99 Tl 08 1C P 59 Tl082C P 59 Tl084CN .99 LM307N ....... ...... .45 lM308N 65 l M309 K 1.49 lM31 0N 1.49 LM311N .49 LM3 17T .69 LM318N 1.09 lM 319N 1.29 l M323 K 3.49 lM3 24N 39 LM335 Z 1.49 lM3 36Z 1.09 lM3 37T 1.29 LM338K 4 .49 LM339N .49 lF347N 1.49 LM348N .69 l F35 1N .49 LF353N .59 l F35 6N .89 LF357N . .99 LM358 N 59 LM380N 89 lM 385Z 1.2 1.75 l M386 N3 79 LM393N .. ............ .45 LF398N 1.95 l F411CN 79 LF412 CN 1.29 NE555 V 35 XRl 555 75 LM556N ... .49 lM565N ... .99 LM566C N 1.2 9 LM567V... .75 LM723C N .49 l M741CN .35 lM7 47CN .. . .59 LM1458N 39 LM1488N .49 10+ .59 .69 .89 .49 .49 .89 .39 .59 1.25 1.25 .39 .59 .99 1.19 3 .25 .35 1.25
..
10.95
lOOns 12Ons.. 150n s l OOns State Col umn
4.95 .. 4.49 4.25 8.95
1.048,576' 1 lOOns (1 M } 1.048.576' 1 80n, (1 M I... ...... 262.144'4 1DOns (1 M ).......
..
..
262 .144x4 204lI, 8 4096,8 4096,8
lOOns Stat e Column
12.95 13.95 14.49 26.95
CD-CMOS
C D4001.. C D4002 .. C D4D07 CD401 1 CD40 12.. C D4013 . C D4015 .. CD40 16 .. CD40 17. C D4018 .. CD40 20 . CD4021 C D4024 . C D4027 . CD4028. C D4029 . CD4030. CD40 40 CD4042 CD4043 . C D4046 C D4047 .. C D4049 .. C D4050 .. .19 .19 .19 .19 25 .29 .29 .29 .49 .49 CD4051... CD4052 ... C0 405 3 CD4060 ... C 04 066 C 04 06 9 ...... C D4070 ... C D4071.. C0 4072 CD4073 .. CD4081. CD4093 . CD4094 C D45 18 . CD4520 ... CD4522 .......... C0 45 28 ... C 04 538 ... CD4543 .................. CD458 4... . CD4585 ... .59 .59 .59 .65 29 .25 .29 .19 .19 .19 .19 .35 .89 .75 .69 .75 .69 .79 .79 .49 .69 TM S2516 TMS2532 TM S2532A TMS 2564 TMS 2716 1702A 2708 2716
EPROMS
450ns (25V ) 4.95 450ns (25V} ..... .. 5 95 4500, (12 5V}..... . 3.25 4500s{25V} 6 95 8192><8 2048x8 4SOns (5V. +5V , +12V ) 6.49 2K (1 ~s ) . .. .4.25 256x8 4SOns ................. . 6.95 1024x8 2048x8 450ns (25V j .. ....349 2048 x8 350n, (25Vj 3.95 204lI,8 450ns (25V j CMOS 425 4096,8 450ns (25V) 3.95 4096x8 200ns (21V). .. 39 5 2500, (21V} .......... .. ..3.75 4096x8 450ns (25V) CMOS 42 5 4096x8 8192x8 250ns (21V ). .. 39 5 200ns (12.5VI... . . .. 4.19 8192x8 250ns (12 5V) 3.49 8192x8 8192x8 l 500s (12 5Vj CM OS. .. 49 5 . 59 5 16.384x8 2OOn, (21V}.... 5.25 16.384x8 250ns (21V) _ 695 16.384x8 150ns(12 5V) 16. 384x8 2OOn, (12 5V).. .. 4.75 . 5 95 16.384x8 250ns (21Vj CMOS ...... 849 32.768, 8 l5Oos(125Vj 32,768,8 200ns {12 5V}....... .. 5 49 .. .4 .95 32.768x8 250n, (12 5V}........... 7 25 32.768x8 150ns 112 5V}CMOS 549 32,768,8 250ns (12 5V) CMOS .7.25 65.536x8 25005 (12 5Vj ..9 95 65.536x8 150ns (12 5V)CMOS.. 749 65.536'8 250ns {12 5V}CMOS 131.0n x8 150ns (12 5V)CMOS(1 M j 199 5 8192x8 64K450ns(25V) (Ch'p Enab e! 14 95 64K350n, (25V) (Output Enable} 15 95 8192><8
.99
1.09 4.25 .39 1.25 .59 .39 .49 .79 .89 .49 .79 1.49 .69 .35 1.75 .69 1.19 .29 65 .39 .89 1.19 .65 .39 .29 .49 .35 .45
2716 1
27C16
.~~
2732
2732A2O 2732A25 27C32 276425 2764A2O 2764A25 27C6415 2712820 2712825 27128A 15
.45 .35
74C/CMOS
.35 .65 . 49 .59 .65 65 .29 .29
.~~ gg:~~~
:~~
7=
74COO 74C04 74COO
74Cl 0 74C 14
74C32
74C7 4
27128A20
27C12825 2725615 2725620 2725625 27C256 15 27C25825 2751225 27C5121 5 27C51225 27C01 015 68764 6876635
EEPROMS
2816A 2816A-25 2817A 2864A 2864A30 2865A 52813 2048xB 350n5 (9V 15Vj 5VRead/Write 5.25 204BxB 250ns (9V' 15V) 5V ReadiW rlt e 5.49 2048 x6 350n5 5V ReadfW rlte 6.95 8 192x6 250ns5V ReadfWrite (P on 1, NoR/B)10.95 8192x8 300ns 5V ReadfWr ite (P,n 1, NoR1J ) 9 95 8 192xB 250n5 5V ReadfW rlte 10.9S 2048x6 350n5 (21V) 5V Read Only 1.49
74C85 74C86 74C89 74C9J 74C151 .74CI54 74CI57 74C160 74C161 74C162 74C173
74C174 74C175 74C 192 74C194 19 74C22 1. 49 74C240.. 44 ..: 4 5 74C2 4 9 74C3 73 1.29 74C374 29 74C9 11 2.95 74C 912 ...99 74C9 15 1.75 74C9 17 2.95 74C920 1.49 74C92 1 49 74C922 49 74C923 .49 74C92 5 49 74C926
25 . 25 25 25
39 39
99
49 1.7 9
99
14 9 149 1.49 595 7.95 1.1 9 395 3.95 395 395 395 495 595
pa rt No ]9 lOt D5 14C88N 1.19 1.09 LM1489N .49 .45 D514CB9N 1.1 9 1.09 LM1496N ... .69 .59 l M1871N 1.95 1.75 l M1872 N 1.95 1.75 ULN2003A . .. 79 .69 ULN2D04A. .. 79 .69 26L5 29 .. . 2 .95 2.75 26L5 3 1 1.19 .99 261532 1.19 .99 26 L533 1.7 5 1.49 UlN2803A 1.19 .99 LM2901N . .39 .29 l M2907N l .29 1.19 LM2917N (8 pm) 1.75 1.49 MC3470P 1.29 1.19 MC3479P .. . 3 .95 3.75 MC3486P 1.29 1.19 MC34 87P 1.29 1.19 LM39DON... ....... .49 .45 LM3905N.... .. 1.29 1.19 LM3909N. . .89 .79 l M3914N. . 1.95 1.75 NE553 2 89 .79 NE553 4 89 .79 7805K.... .. 1.29 1.19 7812 K. .... 1.29 1.19 7815K 1.29 1.19 7805T .49 .45 78 12T .49 .45 78 151.. .49 .45 78L08 .35 .29 7905K 1.49 1.25 790 5T 55 .49 75 113 1.39 1.19 75150 1.29 1.19 75154 1.29 1.19 75 174 2.9 5 2.75 75 175 . 2 .95 2 .75 75 176 . 2 .25 1.95 75451 .45 .39 754 52 .45 .39 75492 89 .79 MC1454 06P 2 .95 ' 2.75
PARTIAL LISTING. OVER 400 0 COMPONENTSAND ACCESSORIESIN STOCK! CALL F ORQUANTITY DISCOUNTS
RAM'SSUBJEC T TO FREQUENTPR ICECHANGES
TEST EQUIPMENT GoldStar 20MHz Oscilloscope
JAMECO IBM PC/XT BMHz Turbo Compatible Kit With 256K RAM
Free! WordS tar EASY Word Processing and QAPLUS 0 1 ag nostic Software Included! Free! Now Included with DR"DOS (Disk Operating System) Software 256K RAM Included, Expandable to 640K AMI BIOS ROMs Included 4.77 or 8MHz Operation Flip-Top ces wl 150 Watt Power Supply 360K Disk Drive Parallel Printer Port 84-Key Keyboard Monochrome Amber Monitor
PROTOTYPING PRODUCTS
Jameco Solderless B readboa rds
NEW!
SAVE $88.95/
JE23 Part No. JE 20 JE 21 JE 22 J E23 JE2 4 JE 25 JE26 JE 27
Larg e 6" rectangular di splay' High sensitiv ity : 1 mV/di v High accuracy : 3'10 St ab le , low-drift de
sign Distortion -tree wavefo rm measurements

Specia l TV sync for qui ck measurements' Convenie nt X - Y operation mod e
GS7020 Oscilloscope Probes

Att enu atio n: xl I xl 0 Capacitance (LFI80) : 180pF I 22i<F; (LF210) : 40p F 1 17pF
LF180 Pictured
$399.95
~
~
C"" \"
JE24 Dim . Co ntact Points L" x W" 6.5 x .75 200 3.25 x 2.125 400 6.5 x 1.325 630 6.5 x 2.125 830 6.5 x 3.125 1,360 6.5 x 4.25 1.660 6.875 x 5.75 2,390 7.25 x 7.5 3,220
".~
JE27 Binding Posts Pric e 0 $2.95 0 $4.95 0 $5.95 0 $6.95 2 $12.95 3 $17.95 4 $22.95 4 $32.95
"
J E3002 IBMCorrpa1tlle f'C/XTBMHzTurbo Kit

AMBER HD55H TM5154 JE1059 TM5156 TM5 157 JE2060 12' Ambe r Mono 14 ' RGB 640x240 EGA 14"720x35O EGA Monitor & Card 14" VGA720x480 14" Mu ltisca n 8oox6oo VGA Moni tor & VGACard $99.95 $249 .95 $369 .95 $459.95 $399.95 $469.95 $529.95
$499.95
DATAKP hot o Etch PCB Kit

Make yo ur own circuit boards !
The ER4
IBM COMPATIB LE DISPLAY MONITORS

$19.95 $29.95
LF180 LF210
40MH z Oscillos cope Prob e 1OOMHzOsci lloscope Probe
e~~~nr~f~
Metex Digital Multimeters

Metex General specs:
Handh eld , high accuracy
AC/DC Volt age, ACIDC Current, Resistanc e, Diodes, Conti nuity, Transistor hFE Manual ranging w/overload protection M3650 /B & M4650 only: Also measures frequency and capacitance
~:~OJ~nwitch
'4.5 Digit M3610 M3650 M3650B M4650
M4650 Pictured
3.5 Digit Multim. t.r 3.5 Digitw/Freq. & Capacitance Sam. as M3650 w/Bargraph..... 4.5 Dig. w/Freq., Capacitance and Data Hold Switch
$49.95 $69.95 $7 9 .9 5 $ 9 9 .9 5
Metex Autoranglng Jumbo Readout DMM

ACIDC Vo ltage, AC/DC Current, Resistance , Diodes, Continuity and Freq uency 3 .75 Digit (.8' High) Ruggedized , Waterresistant case Easy-to-u se pushbutton switches M80 $ 5 9 .95
JE1050 JE1052 JE 1055 J E1071 JE1060 JE1062 JE1065 JE1081 XTGEN JE10 43 JE1 044 l003VMM2
Monochrome Graphics Card w/Paraliel Printer Port (PCIXT/AT)..........

Color Graphics Card w/Parallel Printer Port (PC/Xl/AT)...... ..............
$59.95
$49 .9 5
EGA Cardw1256KV,d.o RAM (PC /XT/AT)

Multi I/O Card w/Controller & Monochro me Graphics (PCIXT ) 110 Card w/Serial. Game, Printer Port & Real Time Clock {PCIXT)
$139.95
$ 1 1 9 .9 5 $ 5 9 .9 5
all the chemicals necessary for any hobbyist, engine er or student to create professional circuit boards. Contains: Print frame, photo copy film, resist developer , etch resist, 2 copper circuit boards, concentrated etchant, film developer and fixer, resist patterns and complete instructions. Must be shipped ground (surface) . E R 4 Photo Etch PCB Kit $ 3 7 .95
Jam eco Protot ype PC Boards

s pe cs : Laminated glass epoxy .062" thick 2 oz. coppe r clad with solder tin finish . All holes are .042" dia. on .10" x .10" grid pattern. JE401Pictured JE40 1 4.5-x6.5" t-sided a-notepadpattern $ 9 .9 5 J E403 4.5x6.5 t -slded pwr & gndbusses $ 9 .9 5 J E 405 4.5x6.5 t-sldedneneret purpose $ 9 .9 5 J E407 5"xI3.25" 2-sid.d g. n. ralpurpos $ 19 .9 5 J E 4 17 4.2x6 .5 PC IXT 112 card protoboa rd $ 19. 9 5 J E421 4.75x3.7"IBMPCIXT Card Ext.n d.r .. $19 .9 5
RS232 Serial Half Card (PCIXT/AT).. ........... ... ..... ......................... $29.9 5
110Card w/Serial, Game and Parallel Printer Port (AT)........ .. ........... . $ 5 9 .9 5
2MB Expandedor Extended Memory Card (zero-K on-board) (AT) 20/40MB Hard Disk Controller Card (PC/XT) 360K!720KJ1.2 MBll.44MB Flopp y Disk Controller Card (PC IXT/AT) 360KFlo ppylHard Disk Controller Card (PC/XT) 360K!720KJ1.2MBll .44MB Flo ppy/Hard Disk ControllerCar d (AT)
$109.95
$7 9 .95
$49.95 $109.95 $149.95
SEAGA TE HAL F-HEIGHT HAR D DISK DRIVES

ST225 ST225XT ST225AT ST238 ST238XT ST238AT 20M8 Drive only(PC /XT/AT) 20M8 w/Ccntrolle r (PC IXT) 20MBw/Ccntrolle r (AT) 30MB Drive only (PCIXT/AT) 30M8 w/Contrcller (PC /XT) 30MB wrcc otrouer (AT) $224.95 $269.95 $339.95
$2 49 .95
ENGINEERING/DATA BOOKS
ST22 SXT Plctured 21035 21398 2245 3 27064 5 270646 2 7 0 647 104 100 104200 10 4 3 0 0 IC M89 Sams TIL Cookbook (88 ) $ 1 4. 9 5 Sams CM OSCookbook (88) $ 19 .95 Sams OpAm p Cookbook (8B) $2 1.95 lntel Bebit Controller Hn dbk. (B9) $ 19.95 lntelf S-bitController Hndbk. (89) $ 19.95 lntel az-bnOcn trotler Hndbk. (89) $ 19.9 5 NSC Linear Data Book Vol.1 (88).. $ 1 4 .9 5 NSC Linea r Data BookVol.2 (88) $ 9. 9 5 NSCLinear Data BookVol.3 (B8) $ 9 .9 5 1989 IC Mast.r (3 Volum. S.t! no $ 1 19 .9 5
$299.95 $389.95
Seagate 40MB and 60MB Hard Disk Drives Also Ava ila ble!
A.R. T. EPROM Programmer

Programs all current EPROMs
IBM PC/XT/AT COMPATIB LE MOTHERBOARDS

J E1001 JE1002 JE3005 JE3010 JE3020 JE3025 JE3026 4.77I8MHz(PCIX T)
4.77 /1 O MHz(PCIXT)
in the 2716 to 27512 rang. plus M May b. the X2864 EEPRO operated by any RS232 port wi
te rminal e m ulation Fully intel ligent ASCII comma nd driven
Menu driven software included
EPP $179.95 SPECIALI Monochrome Text Card Sperry Monochrome Display Adapter
IBM PCIXT Compatib le Allows for Connec tion between C omputer and Monochro m. Monitor Use for Text only Great for Network Servers a nd Dedicated W ork St ations
Ba by 8/12MHz (AT) BabyB /16M Hz NEAT (AT) 8aby 16M Hz 80386 Baby 20M Hz80386 FullSiz. 2SMHz80386
$89.95 $99.95 $199.95 $299 .95 $999 .95 $1199.95 $1899.95
EDUCATIONAL KITS
JE3025 Pictured
IBM PC/XT/AT COMPATIBLE 3.5" /5.25" DISK DRIVES

3.5" 720K B (PC /XT/AT) $99.95 3.5' 1.44MB (PC IXT/AT) $ 109 .95 5.25" 360K B (PCIXT/AT) Black $89.95 5.25' 360KB (PCIXT/AT) B. ig $89.95 S.2S I .2MB(PCIXT/AT) B.ig $99.95
MF353B 356KU JE1020 JE1021 JE1022
~ .~ _ _'"
~ , ;'~f ~
the principles of fiber optic system design. Co mplete step-bystep Instruction s, the-
~~:~~~3J:~:~~~~ff" !
fuio~~frn;~~1~~.and
JE2 206: Function JE2206 Pictured generator kit provides three basic waveforms: sine, triangie and square wave . Frequency range : 1Hz to 100kHz J E 3 10 J E3 15 J E 2 206 Fiber Optics Experimenter Kit $ 19 .9 5 Advanced Fiber Optics Kit $ 2 9 .9 5 Function Generator Kit $ 19 .9 5
Pictured
JE1022
IBM PC/XT/AT COMPATIB LE INTERNAL MODEMS

1200B 1200 1300 8audInternal Modern w/ProComm Comm. Software (PC/X T/ATj .... $49.95 2400B 2400112001300 Baud tntamal Modern w/ProComm Comm. Sfwr. (PCIX T/AT).. $99.95
TEXT
135 5 Sh orew8Y Ro ad Balmont, CA 94002
$12.95
External Modems an d PocketS/ze Modem Also A vaila ble !
24 Hour Order Hotline (415) 592-8097
Ma't":_ c_m d _ FAX's (415) 592-2503 or (415) 595- 2664 ~ T elex 1760 43 . Ans . Back: Jameco Blmt D ata Sh e ets - 50 e ach Send $2.00 Postage for a FREE 1990 CATALOG VISA e 1989 Jam eco Electronics 12189 IBM is a reg istered trademark of Internation al Business Machines
Jameco
~

~
_~ _."_ '--_ __
MMC *_ "'i. ,E!.o'.: ':.1Qe.~_1;

---- - ",
$25.00 Minim um Orde r" U.S. Funds On ly CA Residents Add 6%, 6.5% or 7% Sales Tax Shipping - Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance (May vary according to weight and shipping method) Terms: Prices SUb ject to chang. without notic . We are not responsible for typographical errors. W. reserve the nght to substitute rnanutacturers. Items SUbject to availability and prior sale. Products pictured may only be representative. Complete list of terms/W arranties is available upon request.
24 -Hour Orde r Hotline (415) 592-8097 T h e Followi n g Phone Lines A re Ava i la b le F rom 7AM - 5PM P .S .T.: Customer Service ( 415) 592 -81 21 T e c h n ic a l Ass istance (4 15) 592-9990 Credit Department (4 15) 5 92-99 8 3 A ll Othe r Inquiries (41 5) 5 92-7 108
C IRCLE 1 14 O N FREE I N F O RMAT ION C A R D
*QUALITY PARTS
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ALL ELECTRoniCS CORR

3 to 6 Vd c MOTOR with GEARBOX
Probably de sign ed fo r ch ild s toy . Leve r selects 2 forw ard and on e reverse sp eed . 1st g ea r aprox. 120rpml6vdc, . 2nd gear aprox . , 300 rpml6vdc, e . Revers e aprox. , 120 rp ml6vdc . 3.35" X 1.75" X 3 .25" C A T# DCM10 $ 6.00
. WALL . ... T RANS F ORMERS
:_ ALL PLUG DIRECTLY ",T0120VAC OUTLET
SPECIAL /!!
NICKEL CADMIUM BATTE RY CHARGER
6 VOLT D.C. 9 .5 AMP/HOUR

GEL-CELL
SOLAR CELL
~
6Vdc @200ma. 9Vdc @250ma. 12 Vac @ 930 rm. 18Vac @ 1atl1?
RayovaC# CH-4 Recharges up to four AA. C. 0 or two9 volt nickel cadmium rechargeable batteries . LED charging indicator. CAT# UNCC $10.00 each 12 for $108.00
gel-cell battery . 4.25" X 2.75 X 5.5. Qu ick co nnect terminals. CAT# GC695 $15.00 each
~e~~:'r:~~:I~P!hou r
Elpower# 695
OJJ
4 inch square siliconsolar cell. Produces 0.3-0.45 volts @ l500 main direct sunlight. Soldertogether
in series or par-
allel forhigher voltage oramperage. Idealforusein solar panels. batterychargers and solar energy products. CAT# SCEL $3.50 each 25 for $75.00 WIDE BAND AMPLIFIER
NECI UPC1651G. 1200 Mhz @3 db Gain: 19db @ hz. 5 volt operation. Small package "nm di . X 2.5 mm thick. CATI UPC- 1551 2 for $1.00 10 for $4.50 " 100 for $35.00
LED'S
DOOR /WINDOW ALARM
CAT' DCTX1520 $2.25 CAT' OCTX.D25 $2.50 CAT' ACTX-12U $3.50

CA T' ACTX 18 8 5 $3.50
S1 AH OAR D J UMBO DIFFUSED T 1-314size
REO CAli LED1 10 10r $1.50 100 lor $13.00 GREEN CAli LED2 10 for $2.00 ' 100 for $17.00 YELLOW CAlM LED3 1010( $2.00 100for$17.00
~~~~~:d lr~~ ' ""0--1-0

from ~ intruders. ~ Opening of door or window pulls pin from alarm module and triggers loud buzzer. Simple installation. Operates on 2 AA batteries (not included). Plastic case is 3.32 X 2.29" X 1.19 . Ivory with brushed aluminum face. CAT# DWA $2.00 each 5 for $9.00 SOUND AND VIDEO MODULATOR
Til UM1381-1. Des igMd lor use witt, T.1.ClOITl)Oters. Can be used with video ca meras, games or other audio/video source. Buik in AlB switctl enables user to swncfl from T.V. antenna without disconnection. Operat., on chan nel 3 or ". Requires 12 Vdc. Hook up diagram indlJded . CAl i AVMOD $5.00 each
Protects
P IEZO WARNING DEVICE
~
oc-
'.500
')( '"
Murala Erie. PKBB..(AQ High pitched . udb le alarm. erat., on 3 20 Vdc @2O rna. 1htgh x 7/0- d ia. P .C. boatd mount. CArt PBZ~ $1.75 each
N -C HANN EL
MO S F ET
FLASHING LED
with built in flashing circuit operates on 5 volt.. RED 5 1.00 each CATI LEO--4 10 for $9.50 GREEN S1.00 each CAT' LEO....a 10 for $9.50 Lights RED one direction. GREEN the other. Two leads. CArt LEO'" 2 for $ 1.70
~'
S W ITCHE S ITT PUSH BUTTON ITT t.l OPl HrieI. ~4 X .~ 112"gray rectangular ~
key cop. S.P.S.T. N.O. Push to dose. RA TED: 0.1 arf1) .witctling . 0.25 afTl) carry current. P .C. mount. CA TI PB~ 85eeach 10for $6.00 100 for $50.00
NICKEL-CAD BAT TERIES

(RECHARG EABLE)
IRF-5n TO-220"'" ~ CAlI lRF 511 $ 1.00 each 10for $9.00 LA RGE OUANTIT Y AVAILAB LE
SPECIALII AAA SIZE

PanasoniOlf: P18AAA 1.2vol @ 180MAn CAli NCB AAAX $ 1.50 each 10 for $ 13.50 100 for $125.00
BI POLAR LED ~
~-
STROBE KIT , ' \ ' / .:
10 POSITION MINIROTARY
Gra)'hilll 56P3601 ' lONC ~ Mini rotary switch. Non... horting. 1 dec*. 10 podion. . .125- dia. shalt X .375 ' long. .377" beh ind the panel depth. P.C. pins . CAT. MRS-,O WAS $2.50 NOW $ 1.50 each
CAli HlED 10 for 6Se
LED HOLDER .... Two piece holder. ~ REL A YS
~m~
M SIZE
$2.00 each 1.25 YOIts 500 mAh CAl i HCB AA AA SIZE $2.20 each WITH SOLDER TASS CA T. NCBSAA C SIZE $01.25 EACH 1.2 volts 1200 mAh CAT' NCB-C o SIZE $4.50 oad1 1.2 volts 1200 I'I\l\h CAT. NCB-D
Variable rate strobe kl . flashes beIWHn 60 to 120 times per minute. WiRecerate on e~her 6 or 12 Vdc depending upon how you wire the circu~ . Comn cofTl)lete ~ h P.C. board and instructions for easy asserri:>ly. CATI STROBE1 $7.50 each
12 VOLT D.C. COIL S.P.D.T.

Omran' G2E- 184P 4 AfTl) contacts
TE LEPHONE COUP LING TRANSFORM ER

Mukl Products Internatlon all Al9N-HO- 10/ 1 Primary 600 ohm Secondary : 6001600 ohm .77" X .61- X .63" high. 6 p.c. pins on .18r centers. Primary inductance: 300 mH min., at 1kHz. 1 CA T, TCTX-1 $1.25each 10101'$11.00
. SPDT PUSHBUTTON
Marqunrdt. 1843 ~ Raled 6 arrps@ 125/250 VW;. Black P{astic pushbutton . , Switch body: .92" X .94- X .65". CATt PB- 1S $1.6583C h " 10 for $1.50 eaen
~~;h~l~ize.
.e1 X.'2" X.'" nign.
<> \V
GClThor n.erll 35-420 S.P.S.T., normally ope n momentary push button . wich. Red plas.ticactuator .sz-dl. Chrome bezel .68- diameter. Threaded bushing mounts In .50" diam. chassis hole. Rated 3 arfl)@ 250 Vac. Solde r loop terminals.
PUSHBUTTON SWITCH
P.C. mount with pin. on QIP spacing. CAli RL Y-787 $ 1.50 each
5 VOLT DC SIP RELAY

Gould, AUiedContrail ~ SR.1A.5VOC . SPST'normally ~ open SIP reed relay. 95 ohm coil. 2 afTl) contacts. -'1' X .29" X .39" high. Housing resists fluorocarbon and ctIlotinatl!ld commercial solvonts. CAli RLY -SIP6 $1.00 each 10 for $8.50
von.
r\--)
LIGHT ACTIVATED SENSOR

This device contains a photocell which senses sudden change in ambient light. Could be used as a door anunciator or modified to trigger other devices. 5 112"X ..- X 1-. Operales on 6 vee . Requires " AA batteries (nol ind uded) CAlIlSM O $5.75 per unit
OPTO SENSOR
U shaped package with mountlng ears. 118 - opening. 314 " mounting holes. CA TI OSU~ SOC each 10 for .50 . 100 lor 0.00
TRANSISTORS
ORDER BY PARTt
CATI PB20
$1.00 each
JAIIIK WBA1' $1.00 11'111 . BUY

200 ASSORTED 1/4 WATT RESISTORS
t"-""I
10 AMP SOLID STAT E RELAY

ELECTROL. S2181 ~ CONTROL: ~ Raied5.5 \Q10Vdc ': (will operate on 3-32 Vdc). LOAD: 10 a"1'@ 240 Vac 2114" X 1 31 "- X 718 " CAT' SSRL Y-10B $9.50 ea.ch
f""D\
1/4 WATT RESISTOR KIT

Ideal for the workshop. this 1/4 watt resistor kit contains 10 pieces ea.c:h of 42 of the rTlO5t popular values ("20 pieces tota~ . Includes a divided box and a parts locator. VA L UES In thi. kit are : 1 ohm, 10 ohm. 39 ohm. 47 ohm. 51 ohm, 68 ohm, 100 ohm, 130 ohl'T\ 150 ohm, 180 ohm. 220 ohm, 330 ohm, 470 ohm, 500 ohm, 680 ohm, t x, 1.2K, 1.5K, 2K. 2.2K. 2.7K. 3K, 4.7K, 5. 1K, 5.6K, 10K, 15K. 22K, 301<. 33K. 39K, "7K . 56K. 68K. 100K, 12OK. 15Cf<.220K. 470K, 1 MEG. 5.1 MEG. 10 MEG The resistors alone would sell for $2 1.00. Comploto kit
Bent ktads . carbon COI1l>. and carbon tam. CA T' GRES $1.00 per assortme nt
...cIO\
200 ASSORTED
1/2 WATT RESISTORS
Bent Hels, carbon co"", and carbo n film. CAT' GRA BR E $1.00 per assortment
OUANnTY DISCOll'iT
10 lor $85.00 25 for $175.00 50 for $300.00 " 100 lor $500.00
50 ASSORTED DISC CAPACITORS
M06t are cut (p.c. ~s) . Some to 500 volts CATI GRA BDC $1.00 pe r assort ment
XENON TUBE
~
1" long f1ashtube prepped with 3 112"red and black leads. Idea. l for electronk::flash or strobe pro,i&ct s. CAli FLT 3 2 lor $1.00
Contains bot h axial and radlal stytes from 1 mfd. CAT' GRAB CP $1.00 per assortment
15 VALUES OF -=t-F;, ELECTROLYTiCS ~
CAT# REKIT14 $17.00
PN2222 N PN T0-92 5 for 75~ PN2907 PNP TO-92 5 for 75~ 2N3055 NPN T0-3 $1.00each MJ2955 PNP TO-3 $1.50 each . MJE2955T PNP T0- 22O 75~ each MJE3055T NPN T0- 22O 75~ each TIP31 NPN T0-22O 75~ each TIP32 PNP T0- 22O 75~ each TIP121 NPN T0- 22O 75~ each TIP126 PNP T0- 22O 75~ each
OPTO ISOLATOR ~r =
Sigma' 301T1-12B1. Signal appfied to the Input is coupled by means of light to Isolated photo condlldive cell. High reliability s~ch i ng. 12 volt input. CATI OP-301 $1.50 each
A.C. LINE CORDS

"'ON POLARrZE D PLUG CAT' LCAC 2 for $1.00 " 100 for $45.00 POLARIZED PLUG CAli LCP-1 60e each 100 for $50.00
~/ ~
Black 6ft., 1812 . spt2
14.7 VOLT TRANSF ORMER

Sprite Industries# CS -S10A. 14.7 volt.
~
60 hz, 8.82 Va. 1.61 high X ' .95" X . .~__ 1.47. Mounting holeson 2.32" centers.
~ : <"'
JL(.:../l>
nr-=1 i
CAT# TX147 $3.00each 10 for $27.00 100for$250.00
(/)
o Z o CC o W
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ADAM
3 1/2",20Mb., HALFHEIGHT HARD DISK DRIVE

(ST225 Compatible)
5 1/ 4" FULL-HEIGHT DISK DRIVE (IBM !t\o '

Compat.J .
With our SO-day warranty, Univ ersal 511 . .. mounting. For any purchase can be returned for PC lxr/AT compatible computers. any r e a s o n for full credit or refund. Ave rage access tim e: 62 msec. Mf r - Lapin e #LT2000.
COMPUTER
Item #15853
RFE - $179.00
Western Digital Controller Card

For above drive. Item #10150
(L essprinte r)
* Capablaofrunning over2,000
$89 .00 ATARI HOME COMPUTERS...
Bell 103, 2 12A; CCITV.22 compatible. Bui lt- in MNP. Internal speaker, err or correct ion. RS-232C cable con n ects unit to your com pute r. 7 48 TPI, 40 Track, status lights. vo lume control, AC. Double Side/Double Density Includes Sysgen Interface Card & 2 phon e jack s. incl. AC plug & Mfr.- CDC 9409T (#3044-0011 . manuals & soft wa re. phon e wire. (Mfrs' Close Dutil Microcom SX/1200 Item #7928 $79.00 New JVC #MTD-520H 2 fo r $150 .00 New Item #23821 New - $199.00 Item #24034 New - $59.95
JVC 20Mb INTERNAL 1200-BAUD MODEM TAPE BACK-UP Operat es at 300 & 1200 baud . w/CONTROLLER
3M DATACARTRIDGE
Reliable,
Nowin ng necessary, justplugs togetller. Hookup diagramincl. Inc ludes: Keyboard, 1 casse ttedigital datadnve, 2 game controllers,power suppl y & one cassette. C~e ofrunning CP/M; has _ builti processor. Item ' 7410 .. _n _word _ _
Comptete ADAM 51/4"D1SK DRIVE Item '12830 - New Sp eclalADAM PRltITER
* Memory: 64K RAM, 24KROM

Clock speed: t.79M hz.
Atarl programs (IncludIng mu sIccomposition)
$129.00 $175.00 $69 .50 $ 19.95 $1495
* CPU:6502C Mlcroprocessor;
(Operating syst em, plus"Atarl Bsslc language) _" programmIng _
Item#8839 New DATA DRIVE Item #6641
PRltITER POWER SUPPLY Item #6642 Item #24781 RFE - $9.95 ASCII KEYBOARD ~:;::;==:::-::~===~r=:::;:.::~===.....::...:.;::;:.::.::+=-.;.;::;.;:::~::-::::=::-::-==:.r;=:7:==7;':;=~=::.t HIGH RESOLUTION ltem #66 43 $19 .95 ATARI DISK DRIVES CAMCORDER MULTI-ACCESS COtITROLLERS (Set of 4) 5 11. " External CASE REMOTE CONTROL TTL MONITORS.. . Item #7013 $9.95 RFE wlpower One remote controls your 12VDC Open Frame Tv. VCR & Cable ADAM CASSETTES supply . Convertersl Incl. Smart Basic, BuckRogers& blan k cass elle. Item#778 6
67-key. WI built- in diagnostic self tests. including: Memory. AudioNi sual, & Keyboard tests. Owner's guide. TV switchbox. AC power adapto r. & " Atari Basic" guid e also includ ed. It em #24144 RF E-$59 .95
fUII-~~g~~~YbOard.
Baker'sDo zen _
$ 19.95
NEW
aOOXL 62-key. fu ll-stroke keyboard in clud es: 4 specia l-fun ction key s & 29 graphics keys. Own er's gui de, TV sw itchbo x, AC po wer ad apto r. & "A tari Basic " guid e also inc luded. It em #24141 New-$49.95
Low Cost Dala Storage! ~l 8ackcoatedtape :_ _ .~ reducessta ticattr action, ens ures long term dataprotection:- -- - - - Uniquecovermounting reduceswarpage,ensures corr ecthead/ tape align ects data. ment , prot Highspeed driv e roller increases ope rating spe ed,extends cartridge life . Unformatted Storage Mod el Length FTPI capacity #DC300A 300 ft. 32 00 2.9 Mb .
.. \
PC/XT/ATCOMPATIBLE MULTIJ FUNCTION BOARD
Contai ns t he fo llowing: Paralle l port, real-time clock wlbattery back up. 2K programmable RAM. 2 opt icall y coupled in terf ace adapto rs. Software & schematic included. Item #24153 New - $29 .95
BLANK TAPES
Ite m#20868 4 for $ 10 .00 SMARTBASIC PROG. MANUAL Item#20875 New - $14.95 ADAM DAISY PRltIT WHEEL Item' 13305 $3.95 ADAM SOFTWARE SET Includes Ex pertype,ReapeFiler, SmartLetters & Form s, and~:~n#21746 IDesigned for 800LX/1200XL Computers!) 360K IDS/DO) Percom #RFD40-S 1. Item #24151 New - $79.95
9"
Green Phosphor Schemat ic included. Mfr: Audiot ronics/Eiston Item #17198 New- $19.95 12" Green Phosphor Sch ematic in cluded. Item #6811 New- $19.95 12" Black & White Schematic inclu ded. Mfr: Zenith Item #21930 New - $24.95 MS DOS / CPM COMPUTER "High Resolution" "Graphics Capability"
New _ $29.95
or z tor
$150.00
CALL OR WRITE FOR NEW 1990 CATALOG
laOK ISS/DO) Percom #AT88-S1 Item #24152 New- $59.50 or2 for $100.00
LEAD ACID, RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES '

12 V
EXTERNAL DISK DRIVE CHASSIS W I60W powersuppl y

notincl.)
(Fan coolad 'DIs k drives .
@
2 .5 Ah Oim .: 2.61" x 5.27" x 2.34" Item #24351 New 12V@6Ah Dim.: 5.89" x 2.53 " x 3.67" Item #24352 New 12V @15Ah Dim .: 7.05" x 2.9 6" x 6.51 " Item #24354 New
* Compatiblel * IBM Capable of running MSiDOS 3.2

256K , e xpandable (chips must be h ard-w i red in ). Complete with 15" monochrome mon itor (amber), 93 key Swedish ke yboard (most characters are in Eng lish) .
Can be usedwith our Disk Drive Ch assis, item#t4541. & DSlQuad Density DiskDrive, ilem#1 893 (seead at lelt).
Operates on 115 or 230V. Built-in printer output (seri al or pa rallel). Hook- up diagram included I Manufactured for Compis in Sweden . Item #21934
- $15.95 - $ 19.95
- $39.95 14" COLOR MONITOR AMERICAN DESIGN COMPONENTS,

(CGA -IBM Compatible!)
Can \ accommodate:" "'" " 2 full-helght drives ; '. 2 floppy drives; or 1 hard V, drive & 1 floppydrive. Input: 11 51 230 50160 Hz. Ong.for Burroughs compute r. Dim.: 11x8'H x 12'0 Item #14541 $59.50 5-1 /4" FULL-HEIGHT FLOPPY DRIVE 139.00 Item s #1893
(Disk drives not incl uded!)

Uses 1 o r 2 DS/Quad Densit y Disk Drives.
New - $199.00
~-----------~ wecannot accept relurns onthisItem.)
(Manufacturers' cIoseout-
815 FAIRVIEW AVE,. P.O . BOX 220, FAIRVIEW, N.J. 07022
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Please send me the following itemsItem How Man 7 Oeser; tion Price No .
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Card No . Exp . Date
Sign ature
Inpu t : 115/2 30V. _ _ _,.I 50/60 Hertz (autom aticall y switc hable). Resolution : 640 x 240 (RGBhor iz . x vert.). C om p le te w/CGA card and IB M interf ace cables. Bui lt- in stand. Dot p it ch: .31. Mfr - Hitac hi ; mad e fo r Dat a General. Item #22475 Telephon e: Ar ea Code
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Ship pin g & handli ng: we ship UPS unl ess ot herwise speCIfied . Ad d 10% o f Tot al plus $3. Canadia n: $3 plus P.O . cost. Charge onl y.
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m o m
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<0 <0
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99
~~ ~~
AK. Puerto Rico - 2186816674
AH 1S..-o5 AN1 9MOI AH7911101 A1(191i(l! AN1 9Ml ll AN19 l,112 A N79l,115 AN79M18 AlilmUO AIl 19M24 n 6J 6] 6J
Telex - 62827914
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PROFESSIONAL COLOR LIGHT CONTROLLER SM-328 Asse mbled & tested $150.00
al color light controller is keyboa rd programmable forease of use. it ~~;~ ',' allows full control of ." ~. intensity and flashrate. It has four sepa rate chann els with capacity of 1170 watts pe r channel.Total wattagecapability is 4.68 killowatts. This is equivalent to bulbs or 9365-watt colored bulbs and is sufficient for the larg est halls and auditoriums. Independent input signal control - Pr ofessional styled pendent outputs - 4 independent control pane l 4 inde dimmer controls - Chaser speed controls - Automatic chaser operation _ 4 presetchaser programs - Clockw ise chaser control _ Anti-clockwise chaser control. SPECIFICATIONS: Input se ns i ti vity(music mod el):
MARK V ELEORONICS, ... INC.

*
AMPLIFIERS
MODEL TAD01 TA006 TA-007 TA-10 TA-28MK2 TA-SOAIB TA-SOC TA-120MK2 TA-300 TA-302 TA-3221 TA-323A TA-377A TA-400 TA-477 TA-800 TA-802 TA-820A TA-1000A TA-1S00 TA-2400A TA-2S00 TA-2800 TA-3000 TA-3600 DESCRIPTtON 6WMini -Amplitier A . . 12W MiIl~Amplifi er A StereoPre.-Amp. w/magnetic mic. amp . DigitalVoice R e<:o<der A A .. Mult~Pu rpose Melody Generato rA . Mult~Pu rpos e Melody G en erator A . Class"A"M ain Pow er Mono Amp. A A . 30WMUltI-Purpose Si" lleCh3l1nel Amp. A . 60WStereoPower Booster A A SOW + 50WICStereo Amp. wiled lev e(display A HO 30W + 30W StereoAmp. A . FET Stereo Pr e-Amp. A A A . 40WSo lid State Mono Amp. A .. . 120W Mosfet Power Mono Amp. A A
1W Mini-Amplifier'" .. . . .. . . .. .
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SURROUND SOUND PROCESSOR SM-333 & & Assembled s tested $83.00 Completed kit $62 .00
The new SM-333 surround sound processor is a full featured unit that is design ed to provide your system with the ultimate musical reali sm. It has inputs for VCR, Video Disc and Compact Discand can also be used with FM tuner s, tape de cks and LPdiscs - in fact anythingthat can beconnected to your pre-amplifier. It also has front pan el control of dynamic noi se reduction, surround level, effect and time delay upto 50 milliseconds. Rearpanel outputs for frontand rear stereospeaker amplifiers. Theunit may bepurchas edas a kit or fully assembled ready to plug in. SPECIFICATIONS : Frequency respon se: 20hz to 20 k hz . Total harm onic dis tortion: Fron t channel : 0.05 %, Rear ch ann el: Les s than 0.25 % Input sig na l voltage : 0,1 t03 ,5V Output: Fron t ettennel: 0.1 to 3.5 V, Rear chan nel : 6.6 V . Delay tim e : 5 to 50 millis econds. Inp ut impedance : 4 7K Pow errequi rem ent s : 110 / 220 VAC, 50 /60hz. Dimensions : 14.2" wide, 4,82" deep, 2. 1" high.
100mV. (m usic & program) : 2 V Ou tpu t p o wer: 1170W per cha nne l 4680W to tal. Pow er reeutremen t: 10S-120V, eom Dim en si ons: 14.3 2 " wide, 9" h ig h, 3.19" d eep.
60W 60WOCL DC Pre-M"n Stereo Amp. AI. 1OOW Cl ass" A" Main Power Mono Amp . AA .. lOOW x 2 Class"A- DC Stereo Pre-Main Amp.AAA E lectronic Echo& Revelat ionAmp. 1. 1. 1. * . . . Stereo Slm uiatOlAI. 3DOW HO Hi-Fi P ower Mono Amp. AI. A
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KIT $ 5.07 6.90 11.20 8.20 30.00 $ 40.00 11.84 1658 12.65 17.71 31.25 20.00 50.00 70.00 35.50 29.50 59.95 75.00 28.00 68.00 60.92 45.94 48.00 59.69 80.58 73.70 95.81 93.30 116 .80 90.00 48.90 33.20 86.00 1~~ ~~
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.-----------------1 i_~-666 100W DYNAMIC CLASS A MAIN

POW ER AMPLIFIER TA-1000A&&
Assembled & tested $80.58 Complete kit T-2 " 8S01 " 8S04
MODEL TY -1A TY -7 TY -8 TY -11A TY -12A TY-13 TY -14 TY-18 TY -20 TY -23B TY-2S TY '3S TY-36 TY-38 TY-41 MK111 TY-41MKV TY '42 TY-43 TY-45 TY-47 SM-222 SM-328 SM-333
KIT . $ 5.19 7.15 ELectronic Lotto A , , . 15.00 Mult ~Fu nctiona l Controi Switch A . 5.19 16.63 g,,~traU:~~d~~t~~lteier'A:: : :: : ::: : :: : : 20.15 Electronic ShockA .. 6.25 9.22 21. 45 3 Channel Color LiQht Controier A A A 71.50 Stereo LoudspeakerProtector A ,, . 12.65 ophone A ." . FMWi relessMicr 9.22 AC/DC Quartz Oi gita l ClockA . 18.00 SoundlTouch Controi Switch A . 1200 . 15.00 Infr ared Remote Controi UnitA A A ., InfraredReroote Controi UnitA A A .. " . 20.00 BarlDot Le vel Met er A A .. 24.15 31'z Digit al Panel Meter A : .. 33.00 . 38.45 20 Steps 8ar/Dot Audio Level Display A A 19.46 ~ur.:. ~~~~rci~q~~~ef.t.AA" : : : : : : : : : 26.80 sional Color Light Controller 4 Channel Profes AudiO/Video Surround SoundProcessor 1.1.1.* 62.00 26.00 22.00 LCDThermometer Clock wi F & C me asurement 19.80 ParrotTalkingClock 12.00 Mynah Tal kingClock 12.00
Electronic Tou ch SwitchA . . . .. ... . .
MISCELLANEOUS DESCRIPTtON Batt eryFlourescentUghtDri ver A
DYNAMIC NOISE REDUCTION UNIT SM-666 & Complete kit $26.00 '. Assembled & tested $34.00
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to reduce noi seduring pla yback fromcaset etapes, LPrecords and compact discs. aswell asFM
G~The SM-666 Dynamic Noise V Re<lJcl lon Unit is designed
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$82.50
thegre at advantage that rt canbe used with all musical formats on playback whereasexisti"l no isered uctionsystems such asDoibyB and C operate with magnetic tapes only . The output of theunit is connected directly to the systemamplifier input as shown ill the schematic. Theunit can be switchedou t or bypassed if desiredin yinganoise ord erto comparethenoisereduction advantagewhenpla
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25.00 ' Input signal leval: 3.5 V RMS MAX. 35.00 20 K ohm . TlONS Noi se redu ction : 10dS Power supply: 9 to 12V recomm end ed. Ope ratinQ current: 2 7mA MAX .... 46.20 138.80 150 .00 83.00 34.00
~Wic';IFICA
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$59.6 9
This well desig ned and stable amplifier features DCcoup ling through out and a fully complemenlarysymme try rates Inclass A at lowandmedium circuit topoiogy. It ope levels ana gradually shifts to class AS operationat high levers. A pair of these amplifiers provide 200 watts of super highfidelity sound reproduction. SPEC IFICATIO NS: Power ou tput : 100 watt s into 8 ohms. 125 wa tts Into 4 ohms Frequ ency respo n se:lOhz lo 100khz _ Total harm oni c di stortion : L es s than 0.00 8% SIgn a Ito noi se rat io: Bett er thanBOdB. Sen siti vity : 1V . Pow errequirem ents : 35 to 45 VDC @ 3amp _ Sugge sted rack mount cabinet : Mark V LG1924 or LG1925
MODEL TR-100A TR-3S5A TR-3SSB TR-S03
POWER SUPPLIES DESCRIPTION pp ly 0-15V 2A Regulated DC Power Su 0-15V 5A Regulated DC Power Su pply 0-30V 3A Regulated DC Power Supply 0-50V 3A Regulated DC Power Su pp ly INSTRUMENTS
KIT 59.50 12.92 ' .. . . . 12.92 -. , . 14.76
69.50
MODEL SM-43 SM-48 SM-48A SM-100 FC10QDA
DESCRIPTION 31'z M u lt~Functlonal Led D.P.M. ' 41'z Hi-PreclskmD.P .M , 41'z Hi-PrecisionD.P.M. wi stndrd case 150MC Digital Fr equency Counter . . . , 1 GHz Frequen cy Counter . . ... .. . .
KIT 34.50 38.00 41.20 . 192.00
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...- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 MODEL LG-1273

DIGITAL VOICE MEMO TA-28 MK II &&
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LG-1983 MODEL " 001 " " " " " " 002 003 004 005 006 007
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METAL CABINETS DESCRIPTION MATCH ING EASET 3" x 12" x 7" TA-2800, TA-377A $20.16 4" x 16" x 8" TA-322i,TA-323A,TA -377A 24.64 4" x 19" x 11.5TA-802, TA-820A, TA -1500, TA -120 , TA800 TA1000A 30.00 5" x 19" x 11.5" -, .. .. .. .. .. . .. TA477, TA-BOO, T.... 15OO, TA -1OCOA 33.00 214" x 19" x 8TA-377 A,TA-2800, TA-2200, TA-120MK II TRANSFORM ERS
DESCRIPTION 56VCTt0 60V CT 6A 72VCT3A 80VCT 6A 48VCT6A 52VCT 3A 36V CT SA 112VCT 8A MATCHING TA800, TA-802, TA-8 20A, TA-tOOOA, TA-1500 , TR -503,TA322i, T 323A,TA-400 TA-477 ,. , ... . .. .. ..... TA-120 TR-35 58 TR-355 A , ,., TA -3600 PIECE $25.00 19.00 24.00 19.00 12.00 13.60 38.00
300W HI-FI POWER AMPLIFIER (MONO) TA-3600 & && Assembled & tested $110.00 Complete Kit $86.0 0 Transformer $38.00 10,000 UF80V E. Cap $20 .00
The TA-3600 is an extremely Iigh pow er amplifier specifica lly des igned to reproduce the high dynamic range available on compac t discs. It has lownoise. high stability, low distortion. extended frequency rang e and high efficiency in a com pact packa ge. Two of these unit s with appropriate power suppl y and pre- amplifier are required tor stereorepro auction . SPECI FICA TlONS : Power output : 300 watts sine wave 540 watts musi c pow er . Frequ en cy response : Total harmo nic distortion : Less than 0.05% Sensitivity : 1 Vms at 4 7K Po wer requireme nts : 60 to 75 VDC at 8a mp ,
$3 0/ 40
FEATURES : So ita Stat e Record / Piay Back . Po wer/ Record LED Indicator 4 Bit ADPCM Algorithm. 8 Bit AD / DA Co nvert er . 256 K M e mory Capacito r. 8 SEC or 16 SEC Recor d Tim e - Sampli ng Frequ enc y BKHz or 4 KHz . In cluded Co ndensor Mi c & Speak er . Buiit in Lo w Pass Fill er - LoW Pow er Consump tio n Supp ly Voltage : 5 - 6 DC . Dim ension s: 3 """ x 2 '!rJ" x I "
- WE ACCEPT MAJO R C RED IT CARDS, MO NEY ORDERS AND CH ECKS - BUSINE SS & SHOWRO OM HOURS : (PACIFI C TIME) MON.- FRI.: 9:30 A.M.- 5:00 P.M., SAT.: 10:00 A.M.-5:00 P.M.TERMS : 5 10.00 MIN . O RDER 52 0 MIN. CHARGE CARD ORDER WE SH IP UPS.GROUND ADD 10% OF TOTALO RDER (M IN. 53 .00) FOR SHIPPI NG OUTSIDE USA, ADD 20 % (MIN. 5 5.0 0) TRANSIT INSUR ANCE: ADD 5% OF TOTAL (OU TStDE USA ON LY). CA RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX AL L MER CHAND ISE SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE PRICE S ARE SUBJ ECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTI CE WE ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS.
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CATALOG OR INFORMATION : 213-888-8988 PHONE ORDER : 1-800-423 -3483.IIN CALIF.} 1-800-521-MARK FAX : 213-888-6868
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MARK V ELECTRONIC, INC. -
8019 E. Slauson Ave., Montebello, CA 90640
3t CD
101
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PARTI 4164-150 4164-12ll 4164-100 TM54464 12 41256-150 41256-12ll 41256-100 4125lHlO 41256-6() 414256-100 414256-81) 1 MB l 2ll 1 MB1oo 1 MB-BO SIZE 65536xl 65536xl 65536xl
6553 6x4
SPEED
150n5 120n5
lOOns
120n5 150 n5 120n5
262 144 xl 262 144 xl 262 144xl 262 144 xl 262 144x l
262 144 x4 262144x4
lOOns
80 ns 60n s
l OOns
80n s
1048576,1 1048576,1 1048576,1
120n5 l OOns
80n s
PRICE 2.49 2.89 3.39 9.95 3.99 4.49 4.99 5.49 7.99 14.95 16.95 13.95 14.95 15.95
HIGH -TECH SPOTLIGHT

What can you expec t from addi ng a math co-processor ? If you run programs th at specifically state suppo rt from a co-processor, you will realiz e significant increa ses in speed from its addition. However, if the program doe sn't suppo rt a co- proc essor, then no matter what , the program won 't run any faster . Some programs benefit more than others, in particular, tho se th at make heavy use of Floating Point , Trigonometric , Logarithmic and Expon ential calculations show the most Improvement . CAD, spreadsheets, so me datab ases, and Mandl ebrot programs are f ~eq uen tl y wrttten to use a coprocessor If It's availab le. How much your applica tion will speed up depends on th e ratio of tim e spent on math calc ulations versu s oth er operations. A 3 to 10 time s Improvement Is not uncommon certain oper ation s are even faster. The co-processor you need is specific to the type and speed of proce ssor. For 8088186 and 80386 based machines, th e general rule is to use an 8087 or 80387 of the same speed as the processor, i.e. an 80386-25 requires an 80387-25. 80286 based machines frequently use a co-processor running at 213rds the processor speed , i.e. an 80286-12 require s an 80287-8 . Derick Moore , Director of Engineering
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JDRPRl JDR-PR2 JDRPR2-PK JDRPR10 JDR-PR1O-PK JORPR32 JDRPR16 JORPRl6-PK JDR-PR16V
WITH . 5V AND GROUND PLANE 27.95 ABOVE WITH I/O DECODING LAYOUT .._29.95 PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PR2 ABOVE ....... 8.95
FOR AT
BIT WITH IJODECODING LAYOUT __ .. 34.95 PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PR10 ABOVE ........ 12.95
SIMM/SIP MODULES
PARTI 41256A9B12 41256A9B-BO 421OOOA8Bl0 421OOOA9B1 0 421000A9B-BO 256KX9SIP-BO 256KX9SIP-60 1MBX9SIP-BO SIZE 256K x 9 256K x 9 1MB ' 8 1MB' 9 1MB '9 256K x 9 256K x 9 1MB x 9 SPEED 120ns
sons
100ns 100ns 80ns 80ns
sons
80ns
TYPE PRICE 5 IMM/PC 49.95 SIMMJP C 59.95 SIMMJMAC 159.95 SIMMJP C 159.95 SIMMJP C 169.95 SIP/PC 69.95 SIP/PC 79.95 SIP/PC 179.95
FOR PS/2
32 BIT PROTOTYPE CARD ....... 10 DECODING LAYOUT 16 BIT WITH 1 PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PR16 ABOVE 16 BIT FOR VIDEO APPLICATIONS 69.95 49.95 15.95 39.95
EXTENDER CARDS
SIMPLIFY PR0707YPING AND TESTING
STATIC RAMS
PARTI HM6116LP2 HM6264Lp15 HM6264Lp12 KM43256Lp12 HM43256LP-10 SIZE 2048, 8
8 192x8 8 192x8 32768xB 32768x8
SPEED
120n5 150n 5 120 n5
120 n5 lOOns
PINS 24 28 28 28 28
PRICE 4.99 8.95 9.95 21.95 24.95
EXT-8088 EXT-B0286 EXT16 EXT32
8-BIT FOR 8088 MOTHERBOARDS ......... 29.95 16-BIT FOR 2861386MOTHERBOARDS . 39.95 MICROCHANNEL 16-BIT 69.95 MICROCHANNEL32-BIT 99.95
EPROMS
PARTI 2708 2716 2716-1 2732A 2764 2764 250 2764-2llO 27C64 27128 27128A-2llO 27256 27256-200 27C256 27512 27C512 27Cl01 -2ll SIZE
1024x8
PC
PINS 24 24 24 24 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 32
BREADBOARD-ONA~ARD
62 BUS LINES USE UP TO 24 14-PIN ICS 1940 TIE POINTS DB25 D-SUB CONNECT.
SPEED
450ns 450ns 350ns 250ns 450n5 250 ns 200 ns 250 ns 250 n5 200ns 250 ns 200 n5 250n5 25On5 25On5
MATH COPROCESSORS
B-BIT COPROCESSORS
8087 8087-2 8087 1 80287 80287-8 8028710 8OC287 8038716 803875X 803872ll 80387 25 8038733 5 MHz 89.95 8 MHz 129.95 10 MHz 169.95 6 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 25 MHz 33MHz 139.95 2ll9.95 239.95 299.95 359.95 319.95 399.95 499.95 649.95
Intel'
2048,8 2048, 8
4096x8
5 YEAR WARRANTY
1B-B1T COPROCESSORS
8192,8 8192,8 8192, 8 8192,8

16384x8 16384x8
32-81T COPROCESSORS
32768,8 32768,8 32768,8 65536,8 65536, 8

1310 72x8
zoons
Vpp 25V 25V 25V 21V 12.5V 12,5V 12.5V 12.5V 12.5V 12.5V 12.5V 12.5V 12.5V 12,5V 12_ 5V 12.5V
PDS-604 .......... $49.95
SOLDER STATION
UL APPROVED ADJUSTABLE HEAT SETIING TIP TEMPERATURE READOUT REPLACEMENT TIPS @ $2.95
168-3C
$59.95
IC SOCKETS/DIP CONNECTORS
SOLDERTAIL WlREWRAP
8 PIN WW 14 PIN WW 16 PIN WW 18 PIN WW zo PIN WW .59 .69 .69 .99 1.09 1.69 1.99
Z/F SOCKETS
ZIF14 ZIF16 ZIF2ll ZIF-24 ZIF28 N4 5.95 5.95 6.95 7.95 7.95
1~
74 SERIES LOGIC
7400 74LSOO 74L50 2 7404 74L504 74504 7406 7408 74L508 7432 .19 .16 .17 .19 .16 .29 .29 .24 .18 .29 74L532 74L573 7474 74L574 7457 4 74LS138 74L5155 74L516 3 74L52 40 74L52 44 .18 .29 .33 .24 .49 .39 .59 .39 .69 .69 74L52 45 74L5 273 7452 88 74L5322 74L5367 74L53 73 74LS374 74L5393 74L568 2 74L5688
DATARASE" '39.95
SHIRT POCKET SIZE! ALL SIZES UP TO 4 AT A TIME ERASES MOST EPROMS IN 3 MINUTES
8 PIN 5T 14 PIN 5T 16 PIN 5T 18 PIN 5T zo PIN 5T
.11 .11 .12 .15 .18

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DATARASE II
SPECTRONICS CORPORATION
Mod el Timer
II of Chi s
~~~
~~WW1M
28 PIN ST 40 PIN ST
.22 .30
28 PIN WW 40 PIN WW
9 9
12
SOLDER-cUP D-SUBS
FEMALE
.45 .59 1.49 .69 .69 1.35 1.85 DB095 DB155 HOB155 DB195 OB255 DB37S DB505 .49 .69 1.59 .75 .75 1.39 2.29
IDC'S
IDE2ll IDE34 1D52ll 10S34 IDB09P IDB095 IDB25P IDB255 .55 .89 .65 .75 1.39 1.45 2.25 2.35
30
C.P.U.'S
8000
8052AH BASIC
MISC
3.29 DACOBOO 1793 9.95 COM8116 8.95 MC146818 5.95 MM58167 9.95 IN582 50 6.95 N5 16450 10.95 LM317T .69 .29 NE555 LM741 .29 .49 7805T .49 7812T 75150 1.95 1.95 75154 14411 9.95
PALS
16L8 16R4 16R6 16R8 2llL8 2llR 4 2llR6 2llR8 2llX8 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95
8088
8250 8251A 8253-5 8254 8255-5 8741 8748 8749 8755
34.95 5.99 6.95 1.69 1.95 9.95 2.49 9.95 7.95 9.95 14.95
POWER SUPPLIES
135 WATT POWER SUPPLY
--;' UL APPROVED 5V @15A12V @ 4.2A, -5V@ .5A. -12V@ .5A
CABLES AND GENDER CHANGERS

$59.95 $69.95
MOLDED; GOLD-PL A?ED CONTACTS; 100% SHIELDED CBLPRNTER 6 FT. PC PRINTER CABLE _ _ 9.95 CBLPRNTR 25 25 FT. PC PRINTER CABLE . .. 15.95 CBLPRNTRRA RIGHT ANGLE PRINTER CABLE .._ 15.95 CBL-DB 25-MM DB25 MALE-DB25 MALE 6 FT. .. 9.95 9.95 CBLDB25- MF DB25 MALE-DB25 FEMALE 6 FT CBL9-5ERIAL DB9 FEMALE-DB25 MALE 6 FT. __ 6.95 CBL KB D-EXT 5 FT. KEYBOARD EXTENSION 7.95 CBLCNTMM 36-PIN CENTRONICS -MJ M .. .. 14.95 CBLFOGEXT 37-PIN EXT. FLOPPY CABLE 9.95 CBL-MNT9 9-PIN MONITOR EXTENSION _ .. 6.95 CBL MNT15 15-PIN MONITOR EXTENSION CABLE 9.95 CBLMODEM MODEM -DB25-DB25 FEMALE 6.95 GENOERVGA DB9-DB15 ADAPTOR .. . 4.95 GENDER-9-25 DB9DB25 SERIAL ADAPTOR 4.95
PAL KIT
AN ENTRY-LEVEL COMPLETE PAL DEVELOPMENT KIT FROM CUPL. FULL SUPPORT FOR 16L8. 16R4. 16R6, 16R8. 20L8. 20R4. 20R6. 20R8, AND 20X8. MOD-MPL-SOFT $99.95
P5-135 P5-150
150W SUPPLY
200 WATT POWER SUPPLY

UL APPROVED +5V@20A, +12V@7A. -5V @.5A. -12V @. 5A
en
~
6500
65C02' 6522 7.95 2.95
V20
CRYSTAL OSCIllA TORS

1.0MHz
~- PS200
APPLE TYPE SUPPL Y
$89.95
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1.8432
zc.o
24.0
5.95 5.95 4.95 4.95
WITH APPLE CONNECTOR +5V@ 6A. +12V @ 3A, -5V@ 1A. -12V @ 1A
P5-A
$59.95
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4800/2400 BAUD FAX/DATA MODEM
VGA COMPATIBLE PACKAGE
HARD DISKS
$119
FAX TR ANSMISSION ONLY 4Boo BAUD FAXCAPABILITY TO ANY GROUP III FAX 2400 BAUD V 22BIX DATA MODEM XT/AT CO MPATIBLE HALF CARD MENU DRIVEN SOFTWARE MULTIPLE FAX TRANSMISSIONS TO GROUPED ADDRESSES MCT-FAXM
$499
720 X 540 MAX RESOLUTION, 640 X 480 IN 16 COLORS, 528 X 480 RESOLUTION IN 256 COLORS IBM STYLE MONITOR VGA, EGA, CGA, AND MGA COMPATIBLE VGA-PKG (INCUJDES VGA CARD AND MONITOR)
VGA MONITOR
$359
2 0 MS $1 9 9 30 MS $219 40MS$339 60 MS$3 8 BOMS$569

SIZE
14" ANALOG VGA GLARE RESISTANT SCREEN 720 X 4BO TILTISWIVEL BASE FRONT MOUNTED POWER SWITCH VGA-MONITOR
RELISYS MULTISYNCH
$4 29
MOOEL
FULL FEATURED MULTISCAN MONITOR WITH UNLIMITED COLORS ' 1024 X 768 RESOLUTION, 14" NON-GLARE DISPLAY AUTO SWITCHING TTUANALOG VIDEO INPUT JDR-MULTI
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5 -1f4"
XT
ATF/H
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$249 $279 $389 $449 $759 $299 $339
Krr
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$373 $429
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EGAMONITOR 14" RGB MONITOR ......... .. $ 3 3 9. 00 NEC-MULTI-3D DIGITAL 1024X768 RESOLUTION $ 6 49 .9 5 JDRMONO 12" TTL MONOCHROME- GREEN $ 6 9 .9 5 JDRAMBER 12" TTL MONOCHROMEAMBER $ 6 9. 9 5
20MB 30MB RLL 40MB 60MB RLL 80MB 120MBRLL 20MB 30MB RLL
ST225 65MS ST238 65MS ST2511 28MS ST 2n 1 28MS ST-4096 28MS ST-4144R 28MS STl25 STl 38 40MS 40MS
5-1/4' 5-1/4' 5-1/4' 5-1/4' 5-1/4"

3 -112" 3 112"
$199 $219 $339 $389 $569 $699 $259 $2B9
MINI UPRIGHT CASE

SMALL FOOTPRINT MINI-UPRIGHT FOR BOOB OR MINI 2B6/386 MOTHERBOARDS ROOM FOR 6 EXPANSION CARDS HOLDS 3 51/4 & 1 3-112 DRIVES ( 112 HT) 200 WATT POWER SUPPLY 2-DIGITL ED SPEED DISPLAY 12"H X1 6"L X B" W CASE-120
ENHANCED KEYBOARDS:
BTC-5339 AUTOSENSE FOR XT/ AT, AUTOREPEAT K103-A AUDIBLE "CLICK" STYLE .. MAX-5339 MAXI-SWITCH WITACTILE FEEDBACK .. ULTRA HIGH DENSITY READM'R ITE 720K DISKS, TOO FDD-1 .4 4X BLACK FACEPLATE FDD-1 .44A BEIGE FACEPLATE FDD,1 .44 SOFT SOFTWARE DRIVER $ 19 .9 5 1/2 HEIGHT FLOPPY DISK DRIVES: FD55B 5-11 4" TEAC DS/DD 360K FD -55G 5-1/4" TEAC DSIHD 1.21.1 FDD-360 5-1/4" DSJD D 360K FDD-1 .2 5-1/4" DSiHD 1.21.1 .. . $ 9 9.9 5 $ 12 9. 9 5 $ 6 9 .9 5 ..__ . $9 5 .9 5
UPRIGHT CASE
5 __ $2999...-
SPACE SAVING DESIGN HOLDS ALL SIZES OF MOTHERBOARDS AND INCLUDES, 250W POWER SUPPLY MOUNTS FOR 3 FLDPPY & 4 HARD DRIVES TURBO & RESET SWITCH LED S PEED DISPLA Y' POWER & DISK LED'S ALL HARDWARE, FACEPLATES & SPEAKER CASE-100 CASE-FLIP FOR BOOB MB'S .. .. $39.95 CASE-SLIDE FOR BOOB MB'S .._ $ 3 9 .9 5 CASE-70 FOR 2B6 MB'S $89.95 CASE-50 FOR MINI 286 MB'S $5 9 .9 5 CASE-JR MINI286 W/150W PS $149 .9 5
-;:- MODULAR CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY

DRIVE CONTROLLERS:
MCT-FDC MCT-FDC-HD MCT-HDC MCT-RLL MCT-FH MCTAFH MCTAFHRLL MCTMGP MCTCG MCTEGA MCT-VGA-8 MCT-VGA-16 MCT-MGMIO MCT-MGA IO MCTMIO MCT-IO MCTAMF MCTAIO MCT-RAM MCT-EMS MCT-AEMS FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 1.44MB FLOPPY CONTROLLER HARD DISK CONTROLLER , RLL CONTROLLER .... .. FLOPPY/HARD CONTROLLER 286I3B6 FLOPPYIHARD 286/386 RLL CONTROLLER $ 29 .9 5 $4 9 .9 5 $7 9. 9 5 _ $8 9. 9 5 $1 39. 9 5 $ 149. 95 $ 199 .9 5
..
DISPLA Y ADAPTOR CARDS:

MONOCHROME GRAPHICS _ $ 5 9. 9 5 COLOR GRAPHICS ADAPTOR .. _ _ $4 9. 9 5 ENHANCED GRAPHICS ADAPTOR .. $ 149. 9 5 8-BIT VGA, ANALOG OUTPUT .......... $16 9 .9 5 16-BIT VGA, ANALOG OUTPUT $ 2 49 .9 5 MONOGRAPHICS MULTI I/O $ 1 19.7 5 2861386 MONOGRAPHICS 1 10 $ 99. 9 5 MULTI I/O FLOPPY CONTROLLER .. $ 7 9 .9 5 MULT I I/O CARD .. . $ 59 .9 5 286/386 MULTIFUNCTION $ 13 9 .9 5 2B61386 MULTI I/O CARD .. .._$ 59 .9 5 576K RAM CARD. EXPANDED MEMORY CARD . 2861386EMS CARD ..__ . $ 59 .9 5 . $ 129 .9 5 . $ 13 9 .9 5
M OTHERBOARDS
20MHZ 386
16120 MHZ
$699
,
lO U mC H: ~~OR~:~ ~~~~L~~~~IBLE.
LOGC9 SERIAL MOUSE $ 98 .9 5 LOGC9C SERIAL MOUSE $7 9.9 5 LOGC9-P SERIAL MOUSE W ITH PAINTSHOW $ 109 .95 L O G C 9 PC SERIAL MOUSE W ITH PAINT/CAD $154 .9 5 LOGB9 BUS MOUSE __ $89.95 LOGB9-P BUS MOUSE WITH PAINTSHOW $10 4. 9 5 LOGB9PC BUS MOUSE WITH PAINT/CAD .. $149. 9 5 'N OT PS/2 COMPATIBLE
'@: ~,
THREE-BUTTON SERIES 9
MULTlFlJNCTlON CARDS:
MEMORY CARDS:
16M B RAM CAPACITY - 8MB ON-BOARD(0K) , 8 MB RAM CAR , . USES 256K OR 1MB SIP RAMS I r " I ' . ,II:!') B SLOTS: 1X32-BIT RAM 2X 8 BIT & 5X 16BIT MEMORY INTERLEAVING AMI BIOS , XT-SIZE BOARD MCTM386-20 MCTC386-25 25MHZ MINI 386 W/CACHE .. $ 1499 .00 MCT M386 M 8MB RAM CARD (OK) $ 149.9 5 10120MHZ 386 .. $7 9 9.00 MCT386MB20 10/25MHZ 386 . $ 9 99. 0 0 MCT386MB25 8MB RAM CARD (0K) $149. 9 5 MCT386M
--
MODULAR PROGRAMMING SYSTEM

INTEGRA TED MODULAR SYSTEM EASIL Y EXPANDS I ALL MODULES USE A COMMON HOST ADAPTOR CARD--USE JUST ONE SLOT TO PROGRAM EPROMS, PROMS, PALS & MORE
EPROM MODULE
$119.95
10MHZ MINI-286
$19SSS
HOST ADAPTOR CARD $29.95

UNIVERSAL INTERFACE FOR ALL THE PRDGRAMMING MODULES! S ELECTABLE ADDRESSES PRE VENT S CONFLICTS MOLDEDCABLE MODMAC
PROGRAMS 24-32 PIN EPROMS, CMOS EPROMS & EEPROMS FROM 16K TO 1024K HEX TO OBJ CONVERTER AUTO, BLANK CHECK/PROGRAM/ VERIFY VPP 5, 12_ 5, 12.75, 13, 21 & 25 VOLTS NORMAL, INTELLIGENT, INTERACTIVE & QUICK PULSE PROGRAMMING ALGORITHMS MOD-MEP MOD-MEP-4 4-EPROM PROGRAMMER --. H 6 9 .9 5 MOD-MEP-8 8-EPROM PROGRAMMER .._ 259.95 MOD-MEP-161 6-EPROM PROGRAMMER . 99.95
AT COMPATIBLE KEYBOARD SELECTABLE 6/10MHZ EXPANDABLE TO 4MB ON-BOARD WITH 1MB DRAMS (OK) SIX 16: BIT & TWO 8BIT SLOTS AMI BIOS LED SUPPORT MCT-M286 MCT-M 28 6-12 MCT-M286-16 MCT-M286-20 MCTXMB MCT-TURBO M C T T U R B O1 0 81 12MHZ MINI-286 _ __ _ $ 24 9.9 5 8/16MHZ 286 $ 3 69 .9 5 10/20MHZ 286 $ 429 .9 5 STANDARD 4.77MHZ 8088 $8 7 .9 5 4.77I8MHZ 8088 $ 9 5.9 5 4.771 10MHZ SINGLE CHIP 8088 $ 99. 00
DIGITAL IC MODULE
$129.95
UNIVERSAL MODULE $499.95

PR OGRAMS EPROMS, EEPROMS, PAL S, BI-POLAR PROMS, 8748 & 875 1 SER IESDEVICES; 16V8 AND 20V8 GALS (G ENERICARRAY LOGIC) FROM LATTICE, NS , SGS TESTS TTL, CMOS, DYNAMIC & STATICRAMS , LOAD DISK, SAVE DISK, EDIT, BLANK CHECK, PROGRAM, AUTO, READ MAS TER, VERIFY AND COMPARE TE XTDCL SOCKET FOR .3" TO .6W, IC'S ( B-40 PINS) MOD-MUP
.~ ..::::-
TESTS TTL, CMOS, DYNAMIC & STATIC RAM AUTO SEARCH FOR UNKNOWN PART NUMBERS USER-PROGRAMMABLE TEST PROCEDURES MODMIC
EPROM PROGRAMMER $1 29 95
PROGRAMS 27XX AND 27XXX EPROMS UPT O 27512 SUPPORTS VARIOUS PROGRAMMING FORMATS & VOLTAGES SPLIT OR COMBINE CONTENTS 0 SEVERAL EPROMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES READ, WRITE, COPY, BLANK CHECK & VERIFY SOFTWARE FOR HEX AND INTEL HEX FORMATS M O D- E P ROM
PAL MODULE
$249.95
PROGRAMS 1.11.11 , NS, TI 20 & TI 24 PIN DEVICES BLANK CHECK, PROGRAM, AUTO, READMASTER, VERIFY & SECURITY FUSE BLOW MODMPL CUPL SOFTWARE- ENTRYLEVEL PAL DEV_KIT_ MOD'MPL-SO ~ $99.95
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VALUE-PRICED TEST EQUIPMENT A LL WITH A 2 YEAR WARRANTY!
ADVERTISING INDEX
RADIO-ELECTRONICS does not assume any responsibility for errors that may appear in the index below . Free Information Number
106 152 75 AM C Sa les Ace Co mmunicat ions Ace Products All Electronics Amazing Concepts 106 Ame r ica n Design Components Banner Technical Books B& K C & S Sa les CEI ,
Page
85 73 75 98 90 99
157 78 156 159
Pri nt Products Int ' l Radi o Sha ck SCO Electronics Salen Enter pr ises
32 15 79 79 16. CV3 93 32 69 18 27 27
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35 MHZ DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE

WIDE BAND W IDTH VARIA BLE HOLDOFF
107
149,151 Sencore 74 Solid Sta te Sa les Sta r Cir cuits 83 Syne rge tics Tektronix 123 Test Probes
MODEL-3500 (SHOWN)
20 MHZ DUAL TRACEOSCILLOSCOPE
' 389. 95
TV SYNC FILT ER COMPONENTS TEST ER
67 77 109 70
72
7 36 95
MODEL 2000
THEULTIMATE 3.5DIO"DMM
79 95
BASIC DC ACCURACY 0.25% 34 RANGES TEMP , TRANS IST OR & RESISTA NCE _ F EATURES .
250-254 Test Pr obes Video -L ink Viejo Publicati ons WPT Publications
DMM-300 (SHOW N)
3.5D10" FIILL FIINCTION DMM
BAS IC DC ACCUR ACY 0.25% 22 RANGES
- 60 - -- CIE-.- . . . . :-: :-.-.:-. .-. . O :- . -:-~ 11-;23 - - 64 147 153 Chase Int ernational Che nes ko Command Productions 141 55 58 69 136 Communications Specialist Contact Eas t Cook 's In stitute Crys tek Dat ak Cor p Deco Industries Digi-Key Electronic Goldmine Electro nic Tech Today 121 Fluke Ma nufactur ing Fordha m 155 Global Specialties Grantham Colle ge 148 86 138 Heath In struments He athkit '
92 26 35
72
75 88 35 33 24 24 33 75 100 90 87 CV2 CY4 13 17 3 26
139 140
DMM-200 $49.95
15D10"POCKn~UDMM
BASIC DC ACC URACY 0.5% '4 RANGES
DMM-100
3.5 DlO" PROBE TYPE DMM
AUTO RANGING
ACIDC 2V 500V ,
RESISTANCE: 2K2M DPM-1000 (SHOWN)
HIOH/LOWLOGICPROBE
' 1 7. 95
DETECTS TTUCMOS LOGIC STATES MEMO RY FUNCT ION FREEZES DATA FO R LATE R USE
127 82 135
LP-2800
PULSER PROBE FOR QUICK DEBuaalNO ' 1 9. 95
INJECTS PULS E INTO TEST CI RCUITVA RIABLE WIDTH TTL. DTL, TAL , HT L, HINIL, MOS, & CMOS COMPATIBLE
Gernsback Publications. Inc. 500-B Bi -County Blvd. Farmingdale. NY 11735 1-516-293-3000 Fax 1-516-293-3115 President: Larry Steckler Vice President: Cathy Steckler For Advertising ONLY 1-516-293-3000 Fax 1-516-293-3115 Larry Steckler pub lisher Arline Fishman advert ising director Lisa Strassman credit manager Christina Estrada adverti sing assista nt SALES OFFICES EASTISOUTHEAST Stanley Levitan Eastern Sales Manager Radio-Electronics 259-23 57th Avenue Little Neck, NY 11362 1-718-428-6037, 1-516-293-3000 MIDWESTITe xasl Arkan sasl Okla. Ralph B ergen Midwest Sales Man ager Radio-Elec tronics 540 Frontage Road-Suite 339 Northfield. IL 60093 1-312-44 6-1444 Fax 1-312-446 -8451 PACIFIC COASTI Mountain States Marvin Green Pacific Sales Manager Radio -Electronics 5430 Van Nuys Blvd . Suite 316 Van Nuys . CA 91401 1-818-986-2001 Fax 1-818-986 -2009
LP-540
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TH IS FAX BOARD WON'T TIE UP YOUR COMPUTER! ITS MEMORY RESID ENT SOFTWA RE WAITS IN THE BACKGROUND TO SEND O R RECEIVE FAXES.. LETS YOU US E YOUR COMPUT ER UNTIL A FAX IS ACTUALLY SENT O R RECEIVE D. COM PATIBLE WITH SEVERAL PAG E SCANN ERS ,V ERY USEFUL WH EN SENDING SCANN ED INPUT SUCH AS LOG OS OR SIGNATURES. 4800 BPS COMMUNICATI ONS RATE RAM RESIDEN T SOFTWA RE CO MPATIBLE WIT H PClX T/AT USES FAX, ASCII OR PC PAINT FILES HALF CARD SIZE MEN UDRI VEN SOFTW ARE EXPIRES 11/3 1/89
International Com pone nts Cor p. . 95 102, 103 104 96 73 94 22 89 101 83 34 5, 3 1 25 91 94 12
113,170 JDR Microdevices 113,170 JDR Microdevices 114 104 137 Jameco Jan C rystals Jinco Co mputers Ki ng Wholesalers 53 93 61 MD Electronics Mark V. Electro nics M icro processors Unltd M ovietime NRI Schools 158 Optoelectronics Paci fic Ca ble 56 101 Parts Ex press Pom ona Electronics
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The PASlls Truly The IIMissing Unk In Audio Servicing

Introducing the " Missing Link In Audio Servicing," with the NEW PA81 Stereo Power Amplifier Analy zsr'" from Sencore Electronics. The PA81 provi des everything you need for poweramplifier analyzing integrated into onecomplete package , with: Twin Frequency Compen sated AutorangedWattmeters: 250wattsper channel (500 walls if paralleled). and listento audio clarity with buill-in volumecontrol. Built-in IHF/EIA TestingComponents At You r Fingertips: 2.4,8,16, and32 ohm-zero reactance loads, and all specified bandpass audio filters. Measure RMS Volts And dBAsYou TraceThrough Circuits: Plus, prog rammable dBto measure stage gain. Test Intermittents ToPreventAmplifier Damage : Built-in DCbalance test, automatically opensloads. Test AudioLine Levels ToMakeSure The D river Input Signal Is Correct: Check turntables, AM tuners, FM tuners , TV stereodemodulator outputs, CDplayers, etc. for standard line levels. Monitor Stereo Separation To 126 dB: Monitor, troubleshoot, or align AM-FM or TV Stereoseparation circuits.
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Re - 1989-12

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FL UK E

Put atest lab in yourtool pouch.

FROM THE WORLDLEADER IN DIGITAL MUL TIMETERS.

CIRCLE 121 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

ecember 19891 1.1

EDITOR'S WORK . BENett

Robert lannini 42 VIDEO SCENE SWITCHER

51 HOLIDAY GIFT GUIDE

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Don Lancaster 77 DRAWING BOARD

David Lachenbruch 22 EQUIPMENT REPORTS

Robert Grossblatt 81 EDITOR'S WORKBENCI-I

Daniel Goodman, technica l editor

THE JANUARY ISSUE GOES O N SALE DECEM B ER 5.

BUILD A PHONEACTIVATED A U D IOM UT IN G CIRCUIT

BUILD A SIMPLE LOGIC ANALYZ ER

A REVIEW OF THE BERLIN A UDIO FAIR

The Audit Bureau of Circulation

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