Re - 1987-12

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-II- X-MAS BUILD A HI-TECH TREE

IDE - 5 E
iTE C H N O L O G Y -
BUILD A DIGITAL IC TESTER
COMPUTERIZED TESTER WORKS IN OR OUT OF CIRCUIT
THE EARLY DAYS OF RADIO
A NOSTALGIC LOOK AT IMPROVEMENTS IN AUDIO
ANALYZING WAVEFORMS
THE RIGHT WAY TO USE AN OSCILLOSCOPE
STRAIN-GAGE TRANSDUCERS
THE THEORY YOU NEED TO PUT THEM TO WORK
CoMPUiEili:I,GESi
FLOPPY-DISK DATA STORAGE BUILD A 68000-BASfD COMPUTER
GERNSB A C K
PUBLICAT ION
NEWFROMTEK
ATJUST $995!
One-button beam finder locates offscree n sig nals, even whe n intensity is turned down . Light weight makes the 2225 easy to ca rry even to remote servicing sites. Fully segmented graticule lines ease the way for quick, accurate voltage and time measurements. Bright , full-size CRT with minima l geometric distortion and crisp, small spot size del ivers sharp trace d efinition. Proven design and rugged construction offer reliability at its best. And the Tek reputation for meeting rigi d enviro nmenta l requirements means confi dence in your measurements- and in knowing that his scope is built to last. Sweep speeds to 5 ns/div are fast enoug h for making accurate purse and timing meas uremments on most digital logic families, with good resolution .
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New low-cost probes (with nearly unb reakab le tips) co mp lement the rugged scope design . Compensation adjustments in the p robe body itself eliminate the bulky co mpensation box at the front panel. Scope and probes are a perfec t matc h! Fast, accurate alternate horizontal magnification lets you choose any of three exp ansion levels to magnif y any part of the norm al waveform display -including the trigger poi nt and end of sweep . Now for the first time! Two vertioal -ohannel inputs and an external Z-axis input all on the front panel. An exce llent comb ination for manufacturing test stations and rackmount appl icat ions. And at the simple flip of a switch you can trigger on the Z-axis signa l.
channels with 50 MHz bandwidth and ind epe nde nt bandwi dth limiting on eac h channel to 5 MHz, 500 fLV/di v sensitivity for low-level sig nal measurement s and differential appl icatio ns.
Versatile , easy-to-use triggering functions solidly trigger the sweep on either channel. Includ ed are async hronous trigge ring capability; flexib le cou pli ng via DC, AC, HF and LF reject filtering ; hand s-free trigg ering from virtually any sig nal; plus independent selec tion of either TV line or TV field trig ge ring reg ardle ss of time-base setting .
Now, the professional quality and performance youexpect from Tektronix ... at an unexpected price: $995for scope, probes, 3-year warranty and 3Q-day free trialon approved credit. No portable in its class can match the Tek 2225 for features , versatility, convenience and value. It's the easy, economical answer to scope needs at bench and field sites, on the manufacturing floor and in the classroom. Call Tek to order, for application assistanceor to get the name of your nearestTek representative or distributor.
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CallTekdirect: 1-800-426-2200
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COM MITTED TO EXCELLENCE
Copyrig ht c e, 1987, Tektronix, Inc . All rig hts reserved , TTA-798-1
CIRCLE 92 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
December 1987 EI" al

BUILD THIS
47 ELECTRONIC CHRISTMAS TREE
Blinking LED's make this a un ique holiday decoration.
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Vol. 58 No . 12
Thomas L. Jozwiak 49 MACROVISION STABILIZER

C lea n up your VC R's picture.
D. Dupre 55 INCIRCUIT DIGITAL-IC TESTER

Part 2. Bui ld the tester and put it to work.
Bill Green 67 R-E ROBOT

Part 12. An ele ctron ic eye .
PAGE 86
Steven E. Sarns 69 PC SERVICE

Foil patterns for Macro-Scrubber, Christmas Tree, and IC Tester.
TECHNOLOGY
59 HOW TO ANALYZE WAVEFORMS
D igital readouts make waveform ana lysis a snap.
Gregory D. Carey, CET
61 STRAIN-GAGE TRANSDUCERS
A look at how they work and how you can use them.
PAGE 47
Clinton M. Wood
64 THE EARLY DAYS OF RADIO

Part 5. More nostalgia.
Martin Clifford
126 Advertising and Sales Offices 126 Advertising Index 101 Annual Index 42 STATE OF SOLID STATE
An electron ic potentiometer.
DEPARTMENTS
12 VIDEO NEWS
What's new in video.
15 Ask R-E 4 Editorial 127 Free Information Card 24 Letters 105 Market Center 32 New Products 6 What's News
0
David Lachenbruch 35 EQUIPMENT REPORTS

Mark V Professional Color Light Controller.
Robert F. Scott 74 SATELLITE IV

What's next?
Bob Cooper, Jr. 77 DRAWING BOARD

Designer RAM
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40 AUDIO UPDATE
Can you bel ieve your ears?
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Larry Klein
Robert Grossblatt
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Copy protection is commonplace in today's movie industry. The Macrovision encoding process is used on many new video tape releases, and some cable companies have expressed interest in it as well. Its advocates claim that Macrovision affords un impaired viewing of the original tape while making it impossible to copy it. However, many sets are unable to process the encoded signal correctly-resulting in a clouded picture t hat might also roll or flash. If your
TY _ i s_o n e_ofJh o s e_t h aLca n ~t _h a n d l e _
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Hugo Gemsback ('884-'967l founder M, Harvey Gernsback, editor-in-ch ief. emeritus La rry Steckle r . EHF,CET, editor-in-chief and publisher
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the encoded picture , ou r MacroScrubber can help. It elim inates only the Macrovision encoding , with no effect on normal video signals . For a clean picture all the time, build the Macro-Scrubber. The story begins on page 49.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT A rt Kleiman . editorial director Bri a n C . Fenton. managing editor Carl laron, WB2SLR. associate editor J eH rey K. Holtzman, assistant technical editor Ma rc Spiw ak. associate editor Robert A. Young. assistant editor Julian S . Martin. editorial associate Byron G. Wel s . editorial associate M. Harvey Gernsback, contributing editor Jack Da rr. CET. service editor Robert F. Scott, semiconductoreditor Herb Friedman, communications editor Bob Cooper. Jr. satellite-"TV editor Robert Grossblatt. circuits editor La rry Klein. audio editor David Lachenbruch. contributing editor Richard D. Fit c h , contributing editor Teri Scaduto. editorial as sistant PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Ruby M. Ye e . production direc tor Robert A. W. Lowndes. editorial prod uction Andre Duzant. tech nical illustrator Ronald Dee. assistant technical illustrator Karen Tucker. advertisin g production Marcella Amoroso. production traffic CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT J a cqueline P. Chees eboro. circulation director Wendy Alanko. circulation analyst Theresa Lo mbardo. circu lation assistant Typograph y by Mates Graphics Cover photos by Nick Koudis Radio E lect ronics is indexed in Applie d S cience & Technology Index and Readers Guide to Periodical Utero ature. Microfilm & Microfiche editions are available. Contact circulation department for details , Advertis ing S al es Office s lis ted on page 126.
THE JANUARY ISSUE

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SEMICONDUCTOR TESTING
How to test TTL devices.
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Get you r PT-68K up and running.
As a ~e rvice to re ~d e r~ : RADIO-ELECTRONICS publish es availa ble plans or info rmati on relat ing to newsworth y pro ducts, tec hniques and scientific and technol og ical developme nts . Because of poss ible variances in the qu ality and cond ition of materi als and workmansh ip used by readers. RAD IO -ELECTRONICS discla ims any respo ns ibi lity for t he safe and proper funct ionin g of reader-bui lt pro jects based upon or from plans or information publ is hed in th is magazine.
Si nc e so me of the equip ment and circuitry described in RADIO-E LECTRONICS may relat e to or be covered by U.S. patents. RADIO -ELECTRONI CS disc laims any liabil ity fo r the infringement of such patents by the making , using. or sel ling of any such equipment or circuitry. and suggests that anyone interested in such projects consu lt a patent attorney. RADIOELECTRONICS,lISSN 0033-7 8621 D ecember 19 8 7. Published monthly by Gemsback Pub lications, Inc., 500B Bi-County Boul evard . Farmingdale. NY 11735 Sec ond-Class Postage paid at Farmingdale. NY and additional mailing offices. Second-Cl ass mail reg istration No . 9242 authorized at Toronto, Canada. One-year subscription rate U .S.A . and possessions $16.97. Canada $22 .97. all othe r countries $25 .97. All subscription orders payable in U.S.A. funds only. via international postal money order or check drawn on a U.S.A. bank . Si ng le copies $1.95 . 1987 by Gernsback Publicat ion s. Inc . All rights reserved . Prin t ed in U.S.A. POSTMASTE R : Please send address changes to RAD IO-E LECTRONICS, Subscription Dept. , Box 55115, Bou lder , CO 8032 15115. A sta mped self-add ressed enve lope must accompany all submitted manusc ripts and/or artwork or photo graphs if t heir retu rn is desir ed should they be rejected. W e discl aim any respon sibi lity f or t he loss or damage of man uscripts and/or artwork or photo gra phs whi le in our possession or otherwise .
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a: ce HANDHELD DIGITAL IC COMPARATOR/
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LOGIC MONITOR
~ B&K-PRECISION's Model 550 and 552 IC
Comparator Tester/L ogic Monitors test Ie's one simple operation. As logic monitors, they simultaneously indicate the logic states of up to 20 IC pins. They test most 14t020pin , 54 and 74 Series T T L (Model 550) or 4000 and 74C Seri es CM OS (M od el 552 ) devices. Both model s ar e ava ilab le from di stributor s at $3 95. Co nta ct yo ur local d istr ibutor or : B&K -PRECISION , Dynascan Corp ., 6460 W. Cortland St. , Chicago , IL 60635. (3 12) 889 -908 7.
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LOGIC/PULSE R PROB ES HEL P L OCAT E DI GIT AL FAULTS IN LAB OR IN FIELD SERVICE B&K -PRECI SION now olTers logic and pulser pr obes to fill the needs of eng ineers and technicians. The DP- 21 is a 20 MH z probe that also displays pulse presence and logic status. Both LED and aud ible logic state indi cators are featured. The DP- 31 pulser probe can be used alone or with a logic probe or scope. It produ ces a lOlLS pu lse at 0.5 or 400 PP S rates a nd featur es a n exte rn al sq ua re wave and sy nch ronizing terminal. Both probes ar e mu lti-fami ly com patible. The DP -21 is $32. The DP- 3 1 is $33. Cont act vour local distr ibutor or: B&K -PRECISION, Dynascan Corp., 6460 W. Cort land St ., Chicago, IL 60635. (312) 889-9087 . CIRCLE 77 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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NEW COMPARATOR ADDS IC/COMPONENT TESTING TO SCOPE Test virtually any type of passive or active component ~ or module with B&K -PRECISION's new 54 1 ComW ponent Com parator . The 54 1 is design ed for use with ~ th e 54 0 com po ne n t t este r or vir t ually an y x-y LL oscilloscope-..IUUl'ell suited for both in-circuit and out-of-circuit tests. It's fast and easv to use. Unlik e single function testin g, the 54 1 can be used on series, ~ parallel or series/parallel circuits. $395. Contact your ~ local distributor or: B&K-PRECISIO N, Dynascan tJ Corp ., 6460 W. C ortland St., Chicago, IL 60635 . ~ (312) 889 -9087 .
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NEW COMPONENT TESTER LOCATES FAULTS ON UNPOWERED BOARDS IN FIELD OR PLANT The new Model 540 component tester is an extremely cost effective, highly flexible trou ble-shooting aid that can assist in rapidly locating faults on unp owered board s. Fau lts can be traced to the component level with out specific circuit knowledge. Indi vidual components can also be tested. Test results are displayed as a curve on a built-in CRT display. Cur ve tracing allows matching of components. T wo channels allow production testing against know n good boards. Ideal for field service or production testin g. $995. Contact your local distributor or: B&K -PREC ISION, Dynascan Corp ., 6460 W. Cortland St ., Chicago, IL 606 35. (3 12) 8899087.
~ PROGRAMMABLE IC TESTER TESTS TTL,
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CMOS , RAM AND ROM IC'S, IN OR OUTOF CIRCUIT Called the "first cost-elTective wav to test Ie's both in an d out -of-circ uit ," th e new B&K-PRECIS IO N Model 560 fills the void between basic component testers and costly AT E systems. Over 1500 different 14 to 24 pin devices can be tested , includin g TTL and CMO S digital IC's, RAM s and ROM s. The 560 speeds testing, simplifies diagnostics and doesn't req uire prior test skills. Plain-English user prompts guide every step of operation. Test results are displayed as positive "pass" or "fail." Test result s can be fed to a p rinter. App licatio ns include incoming i n s p ec t io n , QC , pr odu cti on li ne t estin g and tr oub leshooting fau lty pr oducts. $3 ,500. Contact your local distri butor or: B&K -PREC ISION, Dynascan Corp. , 6460 W. Cort land St ., Ch icago, IL 60635. (3 12) 889-9087 .
ponent TeSter locates fau ltson uopowerea nt level. Curve-tracing method also allows fast CO ~rlents or D6ards. el 541 Component Co mparator isa companion instrument or use with your scope or the 540. It tests ICs.semiconductors. capacitors. inductors. transformers and more. The Models 550 and 552 IC Co mparato r Tester/l ogi c Monitors ore hand-held portables for ill and CMOS applications. In-circuit dynamic tests c ompare a known-good IC to an on-board Ie. A 20-channellogic monitor is built-in. The B&K-PRECISION digital test line-up is rounded out by convenient and economical pulser and logic probes. For immediate delivery or complete speci fica tions and applications N. info rma tion. call your loc al distributor or B&K-PRECISIO
DVNA.CAN C O R P O R A T IO N
8KPRECL ~ 1
6460 WestCortland St. Chicago. IL 60635 3128899087
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International Sales, 6460 W Cortland St..Chicago. IL60635 CanadianSale s, AtlasElectronics. Ontario So uth and Central American Sales, Empire Exp orters, Plainview, NY11803
EDITORIAL
Where is Comp uterDigest going?
It's been alm ost four years since t he fi rst issue of ComputerDigest app eared in sid e Radio-Electroni cs. We have proven wro ng th e thousands of reader s w ho fe lt t hat we wo uld soo n beco me " j ust ano t her _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----' c_ o mp uJec magazine..:.We_hay. e_p m venJ bat.Rad io-Elect ro nics is dedicated to cove ri ng t he ent ire sco pe of electron ics fro m satellite TV t o anti q ue radi o , fro m di gital audio tape to com p uters. We hope yo u' ve noticed th at Computer Di gest has change d durin g th e last year. We've bee n taki ng o ur cove rage of co mp uters mor e seriou sly, and w e'v e been cove ring mo re serio us co m p ute rs. We'v e seen ho w co m p ute rs can be used to d esign p rin ted-circuit bo ard s, and w e'v e seen how gra p hics co p rocess o rs w o rk to mak e CAD p ro gram s faster and more pow erful. We've looked at th e co mputers of tom orrow w it h rep o rts o n IBM 's PS/2. And , alth ou gh we got off to a false start, w e've begun to show yo u how to build a co m p ute r based o n Moto rol a's pow erful 68000 microp rocessor. Our hands-on review s have kept yo u o n to p of t he latest hard war e and softw are. A nd we hope t hat ou r in-depth p roduct co m pariso ns have help ed make you r bu yin g d eci sion s easier by kee ping yo u inform ed. Th e con stru cti on pr oj ects have ranged fr om a clock board for you r PC to a complete, powerful , yet low- co st 68000-based machin e. We have also shown yo u how to install a 3-1/2-inc h disk drive, and how yo u can dramaticall y in cr ease th e perform ance of yo ur Pc. But th at's eno ug h talk abo ut 1987. As we prep are o ur first issue for next year, we wo nde r how we can make ComputerDi gest better. What type of articles do you want to see in 1988? M ore review s? More construction? More industry new s?O nly yo u know how ComputerDigest can serve you better. Please do n't keep it to yourself-we need to know. Write to us at 500-B Bi-County Blvd ., Farmingdale, NY 11 735. Let us know w hat computers you use and how you use them, and share your view s w ith us.. Thanks fo r makin g 1987 a successful year for Radio-Electronics. We hope your hoiiday season is happy, and we wis h you all the bestfo r the new year.
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BRIAN C. FENTON M anagin g Editor
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WHAT'S NEWS
Novel developm ents in a rtificia l intelligence
In sp ite of fa ntastic adva nces, co mp uters re mai n rem ar kabl y stupid abo ut ce rtain t hings. In part ic u l ar, t hei r lan gu ag e lev el is be low t hat of a two-yea r-o ld ch ild . And th ey are notori ou sly poor at - - - f ina i ng tni ngs o n lysligntlyaif--fe rent fro m t hose asked fo r. Anot he r w eakn ess of co m p ute rs is ove rpre cisio n-witho ut t he exact informat io n t he co mp ute r cannot reach a co ncl usio n . (An office r on t he battl efi eld , o n th e ot he r hand , m u st m ak e in stant d e ci si on s based on incomplete-and sometim es co nflict ing- info rmat io n.) Scien t ist s at t he Gen eral Elect ri c Research and Develop ment Cente r re centl y presen t ed eig ht papers aime d at t hose pr ob lem s at t he Ten th In t ern ati on al Co n fere nce o n A rtific ial Inte ll ige nce , held in M ilan, Italy. Possibl y t he is also eq ui p ped w it h a set of mathmost to pical we re tw o papers by . emat ical instructio ns t hat te ll t he co mp ute r how to wo rk w ith t he D r. Uri k Zernik of t he Ce nte r. Bot h of th em were based o n atte m pts to lexic on and how to use it to gain answe r tw o q uestio ns : H ow do new kn ow led ge. hum an bein gs learn lan gu age ?" As an ~xa m ~ l e , t he co m~te r -=a-=na-" R ow ca n tlie pro c ess oe- was give n t he state me nt: " Israel and Egypt b u rie d the hatch et. " The taug ht to co m p ute rs?" Past co m p ute r- la ng uage proco m puter inte rp rete d t hat as "T he g ra ms have fo llowed aca de m ic nat ion s b u rie d a knife", b ut it remod els-th e com p ute r is " taught" jected t he ph rase; in its expe ria voca b ulary (or fitted wit h a " d icence, nation s do not bury ph ysical tio nary") and give n a set of gramobjec ts. Th e user help ed o ut: " Ismati cal rul es. But hum an s d on 't rael and Egyp t w ere in a lon g co nlearn a lan gu age that way, says Dr. fli ct , th ey sig ned a peace agreeZerni k. They learn with eve ryday ment. " Th e co m p ute r, correct ly ex pe rie nce with n ew w ord s, dedu cin g th e meanin g of t he id ip h rases, and idiom s. o m , t he n repl ied: " They b u rie d His solution is to eq ui p hi s p rot he hatch et ; th ey ter m in ated the gra m (called RINA) w it h a " dynamco nflict." Later, give n t he id io m in ic l exi c on " co n tai ni ng e nt i re a tota lly di ff er en t co ntext , it rephr ases (incl udi ng idi om s). RINA spo nded co r rect ly by ap p lyi ng w hat it had learn ed . A system th at is design ed to enab le a compu ter to make d ecision s based on inco mp lete in formati on w as d e sc rib ed b y Dr. Pi er o Boni ssone , in a pap er d etailin g RUM (Reasoni ng w it h Un certainty Mo d u le) . Th e syste m help s t he co m p uter to make sense o ut of fu zzy t erm s, li k e " al m o st" o r " p ro bab ly" and to we igh t he similarit ies and differences of th e current situatio n against a p revi ou s o ne . An oth er pap er, by GE scie nt ist Van-Due N gu yen , d escr ib es ad vances in im age understand in g-a co m p uter's abi li ty t o reco gni z e objects shown by t he li nes and angles of t hei r o ut li nes. (See "What's News" Radi o- El ect ro nics, April 1987). That p ro cess of " Iine labelin g" , o r id enti fi cation , is imp roved by addi ng in form ati on showing all lin es as eit he r co ncave , co nvex, or DR. URI ZERNIK, General Elec tric scie ntist, with a few of the idio ms th at his lan gua ge, RINA, oc cl ud ing . R-E help s the computer to figure o ut .
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NEW!
NEWl Scanner Frequency Listings

The new Fox scanner frequency direct ories will help you find all the act ion your sca nner can listen to. These new listin gs inc lude poli ce, fire, ambula nces & resc ue squads, loc al govern ment, private police agencies, hospitals, emerge ncy medical channel s, news medi a, forest ry radio servi ce, railroads, we ath er stations , radio co mmon carriers, AT&T mobile telephone, utility co mpani es, general mobil e radio service, marin e radio service, ta xi cab companies, tow tru ck companies, tru cking companies, business repeate rs, business radio (simplex) fede ral government, fun eral dir ectors, vet eri narians, bus es, aircraft, space sate llites, amateur rad io, broa dcasters and more. Fox frequency list ings featur e call lellercross refe rence aswell as alphabet ical listi ng by lice nsee name, police code s and signals. All Fox direct ories are $ 14.95 each plu s $3 .00 shipping . State of Alaska-RLD191 ; Baltimo re, MD/W ashin gt on, DG-RLD24-1 ; Chicago, IL-RLD14-1 ; Cleveland, 0 1+RLD171; Columbus, 0I+-RL..OO32; Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX-RLD13'1 ; Denver/Colorad o Spring s, Co-RLD271 ; Detroit, Mil Windsor, 0N-RLD082 ; Fort Wayne, IN / L lrna, OH- RLOO1-1 ; Houston , TX-RLD23-1 ; Indi an apoli s, IN- RLD22-1; Kansas City, MO/ K&- RLD1 1-2; Los Angeles, CA-RLD161 ; Loui sville/L exington, KYRLD071 ; Milwaukee, WI/W au kega n, IL-RLD21-1 ; Minneapol is/S t. Paul, MN-RLD1o-2; Nevada/E. Central CA-RLD28-1; Oklahoma City/Law1on, OK-RL..OO5-2; Pillsburgh, PNWh eeling, WV-RLD29'1 ; Roch ester/ Syracu se, NY-RLD20-1 ; Tampa/S I. Pet ersburg, FLRLD042; Toledo, OH-RL..OO2-3. A regional directo ry whi ch covers poli ce, fire ambulance & rescu e squ ads, local governm ent, forestry, marine radio, mobil e phone, aircraft and NOAA weath er is available for$ 19.95 each . RDOO1-1 covers AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, PR, SC,TN & VI. For !i n a r~a not shown above call Fox at 80 0-543 ' 7892 or ," Ohio 800 -62 1-25 13. Regenc~-I Frequency c o verage: 35-54, 136-1 74 40 6-5 12 MHz. Th e new Reg ency Informant sca nn e rs cov e r vi rt ually all t h e standard po li c e, fire , e me rg e ncy and weath er frequenc ies . Th es e sp ec ial scanners ar e pre programmed by state in the units mem ory . Just pick a state and a category. The Informant does th e rest. All Informant radios have feature called Turbo Scan" to scan up to ao chann els per second. The INF1-RA is idea l for truckers and is only $ 2 49 .9 5 . The new INF2RA is a delu xe mod el a nd has ham rad io , a weath er alert and other excit ing fe at u res bu ilt in fo r on ly $324. 9 5 . For base station use , th e INF5-RA is onl y $ 19 9 .9 5 and for those wh o ca n afford t he best, t he INF3-RA a t $249.95, is a state-of-the-art, rec eiver t hat spells out what service yo u' re lis tin ing to such as Military, Airphon e, Paging, State Police, Co as t Guard or Press.
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Scanners
Communications Electronics: the world's largest distributor of radioscanners, introduces new models of CB & marine radios and scanners.
OTHER RADIOS AND ACCESSORIES

Panaaonlc RF2600RA Shortwave receiver $179.95 RD55RA Uniden Visor mount Radar Detector $98.95 RD9RAUniden" Passport" size Radar Detector $169.95 NEWt BC70 XLTRABearcat 20 channelscanner $168.95 BC 14o- RA Bearcat 10 channel scanner $92.95 BC 145XLRA 8earcat 16 channel scanner. $98.95 BC 175XLRA Bearcat 16 channel scanner $156.95 BC 21OXLTRA Bearcat 40 channel scanner. $196.95 BCWARA 8 earcal Weather Alert$35.95 $118.95 Rl OBORA Regency 30 channel scanner R1 090RA Regency 45 channel scanner 5148.95 UC102RARegencyVHF 2 ch. 1 Watt transceiver $117.95 P1412-RA Regency 12 amp reg. power supply $189.95 MA549-RADrop-incharger/or HX1 200& HX1500 $84.95 MA518RA Wall charger for HX1500 scanner $14.95 MA553RA Carrying case for HX1500 scanner $19.95 MA257RA Cigarette lightercordfor HX12/1500 $19.95 MA917'RAN i-Cad battery packforHX1000/ 1200 $34.95 SMMX700D-RASvc. man.forM X7000& MX5000 $19.95 B-4RA 1.2 V AAA Ni-Cad batteries (set of tour) $9.95 B-B-RA1.2 V AA Ni-Cad batteries (set of eight) $17.95 FB-ERAFrequency Directoryfor EasternU.S.A $14.95 FB-WRAFrequency DirectoryforWestern U.S.A $14.95 ASD-RAAir Scan Directory $14.95 SRF-RA Survival Radio Frequency Directory $14.95 TSG-RA"Top Secret" Registryof U.S.GoV!. Freq $14.95 TICRA Techniques for Intercepting Comm .~$14 .95 RRF -RA Railroad frequency directory $14.95 EECRAEmbassy&EspionageCommunications $14.95 CIERACovert Intelligenct. Elect. Eavesdropping $14.95 MFFRA Midwest Federal Frequency directory $14.95 A60RA Magnet mount mobile scanner antenna $35.95 A70-RA Base station scanner antenna $35.95 MA548RA Mirror mount Informant antenna $39.95 USAMM'RA Mag mount VHF ant. w/ 12' cable $39.95 USAK'RA >,4 " hole mount VHF ant. w/1T cable $35.95
Add $3 .00 shipping for all accessories ordered at the same time .
TS2-RA NEW.' Regenc.A> :J T

Allow 3 0 -9 0 days for d elivery after receip t of order du e to th e h igh d emand for th is product. List price $ 4 9 9. 9 5/C E price $339.95
12-Band. 75 Channel. Crysta"ess. AC/DC Frequencyrange: 29-54, 118- 175, 406-512,8 06-9 50 MHz. The Reg ency TS2 sc anner lets yo u monito r Military, Space Satellites, Go vernmen t, Railroad, Justic e Department, State Department, Fish & Gam e, Imm igration, Marine, Po lice and Fire Departments, Aeron autical AM band, Paramedics, Amate u r Radio, plus thousands of other radio frequencies mos t scanners can't pic k up. The Regen cy TS2 feat u re s new 40 channel per second Turb o Seen" so you wont miss an y of the action. Model TS1 ~RA is-a 35 c ha nnel version of thi s radio witho ut the 800 MH z. band and c ost s o n ly $2 3 9 ,9 5.
nformant'.!..Scanners-
Regency@Z60-RA
Lis t price $ 2 9 9. 9 5/C E price $148.95/SPECIAL 8-Band, tJO Channel Ncrcrystal scanner Bands: 30- 50, 8 8'108, 1 18 -136, 144-174 , 440' 51 2 MHz. The Regency Z60 covers all t he publ ic service bands plus aircraft and FM music for a total of e ight bands. The Z60 also features an alarm cloc k and priority con trol as well as AC/DC operation. Order today.
Regency@Z45-RA
List pric e $2 59 .9 5/C E price $139 .95/SPECIAL 7-Band. 45 Channel Ncrcrystal scanner Bands: 30-50,118 - 136, 144-174,440-5 12 MH z. Th e Regenc y l45 is very sim ilar to th e l 60 model listed above however it does not have the c o m me rcia l FM broadcast band. The l45, now at a spe c ial pr ice from Communications Ele ctronics .
Add $12.00 shipping per shortwave receiver. Add $7.00 shipping per radio and $3.00 per antenna.
BUY WITH CONFIDENCE

To get the fa.t.st d.""ery from CE of any scanner , send or pho ne your order directly to our Scanner Distr ibu tion Cent e r" Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax or sup ply your tax 1.0. number. Written purchase orders are accept ed from approved governm ent agenci es and most well rated firms at a 10% surcharge for net 10 bill ing. All sales are subjec t to availabili ty, acc epta nce and verificatio n. All sales on acc essories are final. Prices, term s and specifications are subject to ch ange with out not ice. All prices are in U.S. doll ars. Out of stock itemswill be placed on backorder automat ically unles s CE is inst ructed diff erently. A $5 .00 additional handli ng fee will be charged for all orders with a merchandise tot al und er $50.0 0. Shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michig an. No COD's. Most products that we sell have a manufacturer' s warranty. Free copies of warr ant ies on these products are available prior to purch ase by writing to CEo Non-certif ied checks requi re bank clearance. Not responsible for typographical errors. Mail orders to: Communic ati ons El e ctronlcs" Box 1045, Ann Arb o r, Mi chigan 4 8 10 6 U.S.A. Add $ 7 .0 0 p er scann e r for R.P .S ./U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in t he continen ta l U.S .A. For Can ada, Pu e rto Ric o, H awaii, Al as k a, or APO/FPO d e livery, sh ipp ing c ha rges are thre e t i m e s contin ental U.S . ra te s. If you have a D iscover, Visa o r M as t er Card, you may call a n d place a credit c ard o rd e r. Ord e r toll-free in th e U.S. D ia I800-USA-SCAN. In C anada, ord er t ollfree by c a lli ng 8 0 0- 2 2 1 -3 4 7 5 . FTCC Tele x anytime, di al 825333. If y o u a re outside th e U.S. or i n Mi ch ig a n d iaI31 3 -97 3- 8 8 8 8 . O rde r tod ay . Scanner Distribution Center" and CE logos are trademarks of Com munications Electronics Inc.
Regency@HX1500-RA
List price $369 .95/CE price $218.95 11-Band, 55 Channel. Handheld/Porlllble Search Lockout Priority Bank Select Sidelit liquid crystal display. EAROM Memory Direct Channel Access Feature. sean delay Bands: 29-54, 118-136, 144'174,406-420,440-512 MHz. The new handheld Regen c y H X1500 scanner is fully key boa rd programmabl e for the ult imate in versatility. Yo u can scan up to 55 c ha nnels at th e same time inc ludi ng the AM aircraft band. The LCD display is even side lit for night use. Includes belt clip, fle x ible antenna and earphone. Operates on 8 1.2 Volt rechargeable Ni-cad batteries(not included). Be sure t o o rd er batter ies and battery charger fr om th e ac cessory list in t his ad . List price $349.95/C E price $178.95/SPECIAL Sl-Sand. 1t1 Channel. Priority. Scan Delay Search Limit Hold. Lockout AC/DC Frequ en cy ra nge : 30-50, 118-174 ,406' 512 MHz. Includ ed in our low CE price is a stur dy carrying case, earphone, ballery c harger/AC adapter, six AA ni-cad batt e ries and flexibl e ante nna. Order your scann er now. The Unid en line of Citize ns Band Radio transceivers is styled to com pliment other mobile audio equipment. Uniden CB radios are so relia ble t hat they have a two yea r limited warranty. From the feature packed PRO 540e to the 31 Oe handheld, t here is no better Citizens Band radio of the market today . PR031OERAUniden 40 Ch. Portable/ Mobile CB. .. 585.95 NINJA-RAPR0 31OEwith rechargeable batterypack.$99 .95 B10-RA1.2VAANi-cad batt. for Ninja(set of 10) 520.95 PR0520ERA Uniden 40 channel CB Mobile 559.95 PR0540ERA Uniden 40 channel CB Mobile 5119.95 PR0710ERA Uniden40 channel CB Base S119.95 PC22RA Uniden remote mount CB Mobile $99.95 PC55RA Unidenmobile mount CB transceiver $59.95
Regency@RH256B-RA
Li st price,$ 799 .95 /CE price $329.95/SPECIAL 16 Channel. 25 Walt Transcei"er Priority Th e Reg en c y RH256 B is a sixteen-c hanne l VH F la nd mobile transceive r designed t o c over any frequency between 150 to 162 MH z. Since th is radi o is synthesized , no ex pe nsi ve cry st als are needed to store up to 16 frequenc ies without battery backup. All radios come with CTCSS tone and scanning ca p a bil it ie s. A mon itor and night/day switch is also standard . This transcei ver even has a pr io rity fun ction. The RH256 ma kes an idea l radioforanypoli c e or f ir e department volu nt ee r be cause of its low c ost and hig h perfo rm ance. A 60 Watt VHF 150-162 M Hz . version called t he RH606BRA is ava ilabl e fo r $459 .9 5 . A UHF 15 w att, 10 c ha n nel ver sio n of th is radio c all ed the RU150BRA is also availabl e a nd c ove rs 450-48 2 MHz. but t he c ost is $ 4 3 9 .9 5 .
Bearcat" 100XL-RA
Bearcat" 50XL-RA
List price $ 19 9 .9 5/C E price $114.95/SPECIAL 1~Band. 10 Channel. Handheld scanner Bands: 29.7,54, 136-1 74, 406 -51 2 MHz. Th e Un id en B ea rcat 50XL is an eco no mic al, hand' held sc a n ne r wi t h 10 ch a nnels c overing ten frequ en cy ba nd s. It features a key board lock switch to pr event accide nt al e ntry a nd mor e. Also or der t he new do ub le- lo ng lif e recha rge able batt e ry pa c k part # BP55 fo r$2 9 .9 5 , a pl ug-i n wall c ha rger, pa rt # AD1 00 for $ 14 .95, a carryi ng ca se part # VC001 for $14.9 5 and al so o rd e r optional cigarette ligh ter ca b le part # PS001 for $ 14.9 5.
*** Uniden CB Radios ***
Bear cat is a registered tradema rk of Un iden Corporation.
t Regency and Turbo Scan are registered trademarks of Regency Electronics Inc. AD #080187RA Copyright Q 198 7 Communicat ion s Electronics Inc .
For credit card orders call
1-800-USA-SCAN
"ELECTRONICS INC.
***Uniden Abrine Radios***
Now the finest mari ne electronics are availab le through CEI. The Unimetrics SH66-RA has 50 transmit and 60 receive frequenc ies with 25 or 1 wall power output. Only $169.95 . The Un imettics SH 88-RA is ade luxe full functio n marin e radiotelephone fea tur ing 55 trans mit and 90 receive chan nels and scan ning capabilit y fo r only $2 59 .9 5. The Unim etrics SH3000RA is an exce llent digi tal depth sounder, goo d fo r 300 feet. It has an LCD co nt inuously back lit wit h red light displ ay and a 5 fl. or 10 ft. ala rm. Only $ 189 .95 . Order today. CIRCLE 79 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
C~OMMUNICATIONS
Consumer Products Division
P.O. Box 1045 o Ann Arbor, Michigan48106-1045 U.S.A. Call8OD-USA-SCAN o r outside U.S.A. 3139738888
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"If you're going to learn - electIQ I-lics, you might as well learn it right! "
"Don't settle for less. Especially when it comes to career training...because everything else in your life may depend on it. That's why you ought to pick ClEf"
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Stephen J. Simcic Vice President, Academic Affairs
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~u've probably seen adverI ~sements from other electronic schools. M aybe you think
they're all the same. They're not! CIE is the largest independent home study school in the world that specializes exclusively in electronics.
Pick the pace that's right for you.

C IE und erstan ds peopl e need to learn at their ow n pace . Th ere' s no pressure to keep up . . . no slow learners hold you ba ck. If you' re a beginner , you start with the basics. If you already know so me electronics, you move ahead to your ow n level.
crn
offers you an Associate Degree.

One of th e best credentials you can have in electro nics - or any other career field - is a college degree. Tha t's why CI E gives you the o ppo rtunity to earn an Assoc iate in Ap plied Science in Electronics Engineering Techno logy. An y C IE career course can offer you credit toward the degree mor e tha n half of th e number needed in some cases . "Cleveland Institute of Electronics is
Meet the Electronics Specialists.

Wh en you pick an electro nics schoo l, yo u're getting read y to invest some time a nd mon ey. A nd your who le future de pends o n the educa tion you get in return . T ha t's why. it ma kes so much sense to go with number one .. . with th e specialists . . . with C IE!
Enjoy the promptness of CIE's "same day" grading cycle.

Wh en we receive your lesson before noon Mo nday thro ugh Sa turday, we grade it an d mail it ba ck th e same day. You find out qu ickly how well you're doin g!
the onlv accredited institution of higher learning offering an Associate Degree program with tuition based on actual study time used. The faster you complete yo ur degree assignments, the less Steve Simci c yo ur overall tuition. "
Vice -President Academic Affairs
There's no such thing as bargain education.

If you tal k with some of our gra dua tes , chances are you'd find a 1 0 to nhem- shoppecl-aro uITd- for- th-eir- trainin g. No t for the lowest priced but for the best. T hey prett y mu ch knew wha t was available when they picked C IE as number on e. We don ' t promise you the m oon . W e do promise you a pro ven way to build valua ble caree r skills. The C IE facult y a nd staff are dedic at ed to that. Wh en you gra dua te, your diploma shows em ployers you kn ow what you' re a bout. Today, it' s prett y ha rd to put a price on th at.
Which CIE Training fits you?

Beginner? Int ermediat e? Advanced? CIE hom e study courses are designed for ---am15itious peopleatall entry levels. Peopl e who may have: I. No previous electro nics knowledge, but do have an interest in it; 2. Some basic know ledge or exper ience in electro nics; 3. In-depth work ing experience or prior training in electro nics. You can start where you fit and fit where you start , th en go on from ther e to your Diplom a , Associate Degree, a nd career .
Microprocessor Train er
Because we're specialists we have to stay ahead.

At CIE, we've got a po sition of leade rship to ma intain . H ere are some of the ways we han g onto it . ..
State-of-the-art Laboratory Equipment

Som e courses feature th e C IE Micro processor Training Laboratory . An int egral part of com puters, microprocessor technology is used in man y ph ases of bu siness, including service and manufacturing indu stries. Th e MT L gives you th e oppo rt unity to prog ram it and inter face it with LED displays, memory devices, and switches . Yo u' ll gain all the practical experience needed to work with state-of-the-art equipme nt of tod ay and to morrow.
Today is the day. Send now.

Fill in and return th e postage-free card attac hed . If some ambitious perso n ha s rem oved it, cut out an d ma il the cou po n . You ' ll get a FREE scho ol cata log plus complete info rma tion on independ ent hom e study . For your convenience, we' ll try to have a C IE repr esent ati ve contac t you to answer any questions you ma y have. Ma il in the coupo n below or , if you prefer , call toll-free 1-800-321-2155 (in Ohio, 1-800-523-9109).
Programmed Learning
That' s exactly wha t happens with CIE's A uto -Programmed Lessons. Eac h lesson uses fam ou s " prog ra mmed learning" methods to teach you imp ortant principles. You explore them , master th em completely, befor e you sta rt to a pply them . You thorou ghly und erstand ea ch step before you go on to the next. You learn at your own pace. And , beyond theory, some courses come fully eq uipped with electronics gear (the things you see in techn ical m agazines) to actu ally let you perform hundreds of " ha nds -on" experiments .
Experienced specialists work closely with you.

Even though you study at hom e, you a re not alone! Eac h time you return a completed lesson , you can be sure it will be reviewed , graded , and returned with appro priate instruc tio na l help . W hen you need additiona l ind ividu al help, you get it fast a nd in writing from th e faculty techni cal specia list best qu alified to a nswe r your questio n in term s you can und erstand.
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Cleveland Institute of Elect r onics, Inc.
1776 East 17th Street, Cleveland, Ohio 4 4114
Accredited Member Nation al Hom e Stud y Council
ARE-74
YES.. .I want to learn from the specialists in electronics - CIE. Send me my FREE C IE school cata log.. .including details abo ut the Associate Degree program... plus my FREE package of home study information . Print Name Address - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - Apt. City Age State Area Code/Phone No. / Zip _ _
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Check box for G.!. Bill bulletin on Educational Benefits: D Veteran D Active Duty
MAIL TODAY!
11
VIDEO
NEWS
DAVID LACHENBRUCH, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

Capehart, Emerson, Symphonic, and DuMont; all of those are still around, but the equipment is being manufactured by companies that have no connection to the brand's originator.
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What's in a name? Not much, eviden tly. Take RCA, for example: In 1986, it was sold to General Electric, which was one of the original founders of RCA. General Electric then sold off RCA Recordsto-German publisher Bertelsmann, which not only continues to use the RCA name but has restored the old RCA "m eatb all" trademark-R, C, and A in a circle, with a lightning bolt at the bottom of the A. Then GE proceeded to sell both GE and RCA consumer electronics to France's giant Thomson combine. Now the RCA initials will b e used on records by a German company and on TV's by a French one. The David Sarnoff Research Center ( on ce called RCA Laboratories ) was donated to SRI International, which still calls it by the name of RCA's guiding genius. Or take Philips, the worldwide tradename of the Dutch electronics giant. In the early days of electronics, the company reached an agreement to keep the Philips name out of the United States because it might be confused with Philco, which was here first. Philco was sold to Ford, Ford sold it to GTE, and GTE sold it to North American Philips, which in turn was absorbed by Dutch Philips. So Philips ended up owning Philco, which, not surprisingly, no longer had any objection to the use of the Philips name. Thus, the Philips name finally has come to America on lightbulbs and appliances , and soon on electronics, including TV s ets. Good old names never seem to die ; but sometimes t h ey go to sleep for a while. That's what's now happening to Pilot, a historic name. It was Pilot Radio that introduced the first bigselling component FM tuner, the Pilotuner. Then in 1948 Pilot brought out the first portable TV ( it was in a large suitcase and had a 3 -inch picture ) ; that was also the first TV set with a list price under $10 0 . Pilot went through a number of permutations, and eventually when audio marketer Morse sold out to Curtis Mathes, Pilot was one of the names that went with it. Curtis Mathes tried selling Pilot audio equipment for a while, but phased out the line this year. So Pilot is now in limbo, but the brand will probably make a comeback sometime soon, like oldtimers such as
Zenith goes digital. Apparently encouraged by the success of its original digital offerings last year, Zenith has introduced 15 new TV sets with all-digital signal processing, in 20- and 27-inch sizes, all with built-in TV stereo and teletext reception. That's far more digital models than any other TV manufacturer will be selling in the UB. In other introductions, Zenith became the first American manufacturer to offer a TV set with a 35-inch tube ( th e tube is Japanese ). Also, Zenith has introduced a new vertical VCR about sixinches wide by 12-inches tall, designed for bookshelves and other tight places. One 27-inch TV set has a removable panel that conceals a compartment just the right shape to hold Zenith's vertical VCR-and nobody else's. For its lower-priced sets, Zenith has introduced the new highly automated Duratech chassis, which contains 46% surface-mount parts, 80% machine-inserted components, 20% fewer connectors, and is 100% computer tested and aligned. Compact disc-video postponed. If you've been looking for those Compact Disc- Video ( CDV ) records and players ( Radio-El e ct r onic s, August 1987), you'll have to wait a little longer. Although they were formally "int r odu ced" last summer, nothing has come on the market, and they're now scheduled for a new launch early in 1988. The CD-V format is an overall name given to the old Laserviston videodisc, as well as the new five-inch discs that play five minutes of analog video and 20 minutes of digital audio. Pioneer has introduced combination players that will play the 5 -inch discs a s w ell a s 8 - and 12inch ones, and others are due soon. CD-V's sponsors want to go through the hoopla of a launch after they have about 200 music-video titles in the 5-inch size. At press time, fewer than 100 selections had been committed to the short audio-video singles. R-E
MODEL 2000
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$349.95 DPM-1000
3.5 DIGIT PROBE TYPE DMM
Autoranging. pen style design for th e ult imate in portability and ease of use. Custom BO pin LSI chip increases reliability. Audible continuity tester and data hold feature for added convenience.
20 MHz DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE

Model combines useful features end measu exacting quality.2000 Frequency calculation and phase rement are quick and easy in the XY Mode. Service technicians will appreciate the TV Sync circuitry for viewing TV -V and lVH as wells5 accurate synchronization of th e Video Signal. Blanking Pedestals. VITS and Vert icle/Horizontal sync pulses . Lab quality compensated 10X probes includ ed
* Buittin component tester 110/220 Volt operation

X.Y operation Bright 5 " CRT TV Sync filter
Case. test leads and batteries included . Basic DC accuracy: plus or minus 1 % DC voltag e: 2v - 500v. autoranging AC voltag e: 2v - 500v. autoranging Resistance: 2k ohms - 2M ohms. auto rang ing Fully over -load protected Input impedance: 11 M ohm 162 x 2B x 17mm. w eighs 75 gram s
MODEL 3500
$499.95
35 MHz DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE

Wide bandwidth and exceptional 1 mV I D IV sensitivity make the Model 3500 a powerful diagnostic tool for engineers or technicians . Delayed triggering allows any
port ion of a w aveform to be isolated and expanded for
2 YEAR
closer inspection. Variable Holdoff mak es possible th e
stable view ing of complex w avefonns.

Lab quality compensated 10X probas includ ed Delayed and single sweep modes * Z Axis intensity modulation X.Yoperation Bright 5 " CRT TV Sync filt er
WARRANTY ON ALL MODELS
+ J~J~~r~s~~~~!~ 8005385000
(408) 866-6200 FAX (408) 378-8927 Telex 171-110
COPYRIGHT 1986 JDR MICRODEVICES THE JDR INSTRUMENTS LOGO IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF JDR MICRODEVICES. JDR INSTRUMENTS IS A TRADEMARK OF JDR MICRODEVICES.
ORDER TOLL FREE

OR VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 1256 SOUTH BASCOM AVE. SAN JOSE, CA. (408) 947-8881
IF YOU VVANTA BETTER COMPUTER BUILD 11= QURSELF.

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Heath makes building the powerful 386 - (;omputerquiek-=-,~'---.. fun,easy... and a great value.
Now you can own the fastest, most powerful home computer available today- at an affordable cost. Just by building it yourself. Introducing the Heathkit H-386 Desktop Computer. With its powerful 32-bit processor, 16MHz computing speed and "zero wait" technology,
the H-386 can breeze through complex calculations in seconds. Every INTEL 80386 microprocessor used in our H-386is100% tested for all functions. And you get superb graphics because one video port provides dazzling 640by-480 color on Zenith's new flat
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screen monitor and another port drives EGA , CGA and TTL monochrome monitors. Both ports automatically emulate common video formats for easy system configuration. Designed for people using large spreadsheets, CAD /CAM or other computation-intensive applications, or anyone who simply wants to own the newest, most powerful hardware on the market, the Heathkit H-386 can be assembled easily and quickly. One or two evenings is all it takes, and no special tool s or equipment are required. In the bargain, you get the satisfaction of having built a powerful computer system all by yourself, and the confidence that this exciting product willdeliver all
the performance and dependability you expect. At a significant savings over comparable offthe-shelf brands. What's more, all Heathkit products are backed by a newly extended, limited one-year warranty, highly respected manuals and technical consultation service. So if you want a better computer, build it yourself. Impress your friends. And save money at the same time.
To order the new Heathkit H-386 Desktop Computer, simply call toll-free 1-800-253-0570. Ask for operator 3U. Use your Visa, MasterCard or Heath Revolving Charge. Or call 616-982-3614 for the Heath/Zenith Computers and Electronics store location nearest you. For more information on all our quality kits, send now for your free four-color Heathkit catalog. Write Heath Company, Dept. 020-604, Benton Harbor, MI 49022.
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Prices, product availabilityandspecifications are subject tochange without notice.
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. Heath Company
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H eathkit IS aregi stered trademark of H eatt\ C ompany. asubSidiary of ZenrthElectronics Corporation

101987, H eath Company. CIRCLE 86 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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TALK IS
WRITE TO: ASK R-E
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Radi o-Electron ics 500-B Bi-County Blvd . Farmi ng dale, NY 11735
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Have you heard? For less than $90 your AT or XT-compatib le computer can talk ! All it needs is the HV-2000 Computer Voice Kit from Heathkit. Reading letters, transcriptions and computerized instruction can be easier and quicker than you ever thought possible. Computer games gain a new dimension. Your computer can even entertain children with stories _ _ and songs.
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FIG. 1
S-METER AND HEADPHONE JACK

Please show the circuit of a signalstrength meter for an AM radio. Also describe how I can add a headphone jack that will automatically silence the speaker when the phones are plugged in.-J.D., Turnersville, NJ. I don 't know anything about the radio you'r e modifying , so th e be st bet for a signal-st re ng t h indicator is an FET DC voltm eter (Fig. 1) conn ected to the set's AGC bu s. As shown, the meter re ads upward when conn e cted to a positive-go ing AGe. If th e radio use s tube s o r has a negative- goin g AGC, completel y isolat e t h e vo lt m e te r's po sitive a nd ne gativ e leads from
th e receiver and th en reverse th e met er mov em ent's connection s so it responds to a ne gativ e volt age input. Or, do as was ofte n don e o n co m m u n icati o ns rece ive rs : Turn th e meter up sid e down so a declining volt age input will cau se the meter to appear to read up- scale . Fi gure 2 s hows how low-impedan ce headphone s c a n be co nnect ed int o t h e audi o output circ u it of th e rad io. Inserting th e ph on e plu g co n nects th e ph on es across th e aud io output w hile di sco n necting t he spea ke r.
PRECEDENCE DETECTOR
We are planning to update the indicator system used in our "Scholastic Bowl" events. The pre sent system uses relays and we want to use solidstate circuitry. The moderator or quiz-master asks a question and the first contestant to believe that he has the answer presses a pu shbutton sw itc h that causes his indicator lamp to light, and, at the same time, locks out the indicators of the other contestants. The judge determines the winner and then resets the system.J.R., Cuba, Il.
If you have a modem, the HV-2000 Co mputer Voice will allow your co mputer to recite reference and research information from timesharing services. Or, speak radio transmi tted ASC II information. The HV-2000 Com puter Voice Card, containing speech synthesizer and audio amplifier, plugs into any AT or XT-co mpatible computer's expansion slot. An externa l speake r is also included. Versatile, Heathdeveloped software gives you a . wide var iety of voices and easy interface to high and low level languages. The HV-2000 Com puter Voice. At less than $90, talk IS cheap . To order, call toll-free 1-800-253-0570. Ask for op erator 312. Use your Visa, MasterCard or Heath Revolving Charge card. Or call 616-982-3614 for the nearest store location.
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HITACHI SCOPES AT DISCOUNT PRICES!

100MHZ
kModel V212
20MHZ
$475
Model V1060
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O u r files co ntai n a number of pr eced en ce-d etector circu it s that indi cate wh ich of two pu shbutton s is pr essed f irst. On e circui t, w hic h uses in cand escen t lamp s fo r hi gh vi sibility, is sho w n in Fig. 3. Th e c i r cuit , whi ch w as d escribe d by M. Jennin gs in th e English magazin e Radio & Electron ics Co ns truc tor, is d esign ed for SCR sw itc h ing . Th e SCR's, of w h ic h th ere is o ne per " player," rem ain off until o ne of th em is turn ed o n wh en a pla yer mom entarily clo ses his pu shbutton sw itc h. The switch
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closur e produ ces a po sit ive tri gger pul se o n th e gate of th e co rrespo nd ing SCR, t u rn ing it on. As soo n as o ne SCR turn s on, it s co rrespond ing indicator lamp lights and th e oth er SCR is lo cked out so th at it cannot fi re. Any number of sw it ch ing ci rcuits can be add ed to the det ector by dupl icatin g th e circuit ry to t he rig ht of point "X. The SCR's are low-pow er typ es such as th e Radi o Shack 276-1020 and t he di od es are si li c on re ctifi er s su c h as th e 1N400 2. Switc hes 51 and 52 are n orm all y- op en pu shbutt on s . Sw itc h 53 is used by th e judge or refer ee to appl y pow er and to reset th e pr ec ed en ce d etector. Th at sw itc h may be a sing le-po le pu sho n/p ush-off typ e. Th e preced en ce detecto r wo rks th is w ay: Even w ith 53 closed to ene rg ize th e det ector, th e SCR's do n ot co n d uct because t h eir gates are isol ated fro m a po siti ve vo ltage so urce. Assum e that two (o r more) pl ayer s hit th eir pu shbutton s at almos t th e same instant , but co ntestant No.1 clo ses hi s swi tc h (51 ) a fr act ion of a sec-
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ond bef ore any of th e oth er s. At th e in stant S1 cl o ses, gat e c u rre nt fl ows throu gh R1 , S'I, and diod es 02 and 0 3, so SCR1 condu ct s. It s an o de cu rre nt fl ows through indi cator lamp LMP1, and th e anod e vo lta ge fall s to around 0.6 voltth e anod e- cathod e volta ge drop across SCR1. That cau ses 01 to be forward -bi ased , so it also co n du cts , dropping point X to 1.2 volts-th e su m of th e diode-voltage drops acro ss SCR1 and 01 . With point X at 1.2 volts, all the
o t he r c irc u its are lo ck ed o ut, b ecause wh en any oth er pushbutton is pre ssed, th e two seri es-conn ect ed si l ico n di od es (05, 06, etc.) are not su ffic ie nt ly forw ard bia sed t o p ass th e gate c u rre n t need ed to fi re th e assoc iate d SCR. After d et erminin g th e winnin g co nt est ant , th e umpire reset s th e board by pu shin g S3 on ce to turn off th e co nd ucting SCR, and again to re store power. Th e indi cator lamps should b e low- curr ent typ e s-drawin g a p -
pro xim at el y 60 m A o r so . If yo u use hi gh er c u rren t typ es m ak e su re th at th ei I' co ld resistan ce (as m easu red with an o h m me te r) is hi gh e no ug h to limit th e ini ti al inru sh of lamp cu rre nt t o t he m aximum su rge -c u rrent rati ng o f t he SCR. If yo u need so me t h ing m ore e la bo rate , co ns i de r buildin g th e "El ect roni c Umpire" d escrib ed in th e Oecemb er 1970 issu e of RadioElectronics. It handl es two team s of thre e pl ayer s each, and indi cates th e ord er of resp on se for th e fir st fou I' co nte sta nts .
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is " varisto r"-mean ing a tw o -t ermin al vo ltage-se ns it ive se m ico ndu ct or wh o se r e si st an c e de creases r apid ly as th e ap p lied vo ltage is in creased . A th yr isto r is a stab le (two-state) se m ico n d uc to r d evi c e h av ing th ree or m ore jun ct io ns. It can be rap id ly sw it c h ed b etwe e n it s off and on states. Th e term " t hy risto r" is ofte n used to incl ud e seR's and gate -co nt ro lle d sw itc hes .
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LETTERS
ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE I read yo u r arti cle, "Artificial In te lligence ," in th e M ay 1987 issue of Radio-Electronic s, and I w as am aze d th at nothin g was m ent io ned abo ut t he fo llowi ng'.-: Dem o cratic elect ro n ic circ u its o r syste ms wo uld co nsist of not o nly series/se rial ci rcuits, but paralle l as we ll. Th at type of syste m wo uld also in clud e analog ch ips an d circuit s, w h ic h co nvey data based on th e d egr ee th at a ci rc ui t is o n- in short, waveform s- and no t just b ased on e lec t ro n i c sw itc hing chips o r circu its . Tho se analog ch ips w ould sim ulate how t he neuron s w ork in th e brain . Th ey would probably be calle d elmost and n almo st c h i ps, o r
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o ne as t he entire co m p ute r has sto red in it s mem or y bank ove rall. Tho se would make it pos sibl e fo r th e co m p u te r t o hav e a ho logram ic mem or y bank , ju st as t he b rain has. _ A ci rcu it th at perform s like an electro nic m irror, co mpose d of a sim ulate d data-constru cted m odel of reali ty, wo uld enab le a co mp uter to co m pare incoming data with th at data mod el fo r analysis and interpret ation . Within th at ind ex mem or y bank sho uld be a form of se l f-co ns c io us ness, so th at th e
.un a_yb_e _ o n a..n..d.-n...ot m ay.be_ on_

chips. Chips and circuits such as those would make it po ssibl e fo r a co m puter to learn , mem ori ze, and und er st and , an d to r el at e o r thi nk- to kn ow. Interface data bridges would allow t he th ou sand s of neuroni c micro p rocesso rs in th e co m pute r to have th e same data sto red in each
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co m p ute r can kn ow it sel f bette r and have an id entitv. Th at wo uld allow it to rel ate itse (f better to th e o uts ide wo rld. Circ uits suc h as th o se wo uld enab le a co m p u te r t o m imi c t he brain reali sti call y. Th ey wou ld be ab le t o m odify an d re-pro gr am th em selves relati ve to o uts ide ci rcumsta nces and basic bu ilt-in pr ogrammin g, f or su rvi va l an d th e ex pa ns io n o r evo l ut io n of co n scio usne ss. Th e ci rc uits w ould be fl exibl e and t he refo re capab le of change and grow t h. Tod ay's co m p ute rs are nothin g m or e than in ert sla ve m e ch anism s-like elec tronic slide rul es, card catalogs , or books. We need co m p uters that have more feedback in th em . HERBERT D. STAFFI ERI Bridgeport, CT
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For more info rmation or the name of your local distributo r, call or write NTE.
NTE ELECTRONICS, INC.

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',..,..,..,.,I""'~ The Encyclopedia of Electronic Circuits Pub. Price $50.00 C lubPrice$39.95 B ook#7014 COUNT SAS2 SELECTIONS
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Elementary Electricity andElectronics Pub. Pri ce 823.95 C lubM ce$19.15 Book #7285
Handbook of Computers and Computing Pub. PriceS77.50 C lubPri ce$62.35 Book #7072 COUNTS AS2 SE LECTIONS
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EBS is t he professional se rvice design ed specifically to keep you on to p of eve rything new in electronic t he ory and application. Every book is reviewed and approved by our Technical Advisory Board. And eve r y month we bring you the kind of information you want - and need - to know in the field of advanced elec t ronics ... access to new t houghts on systems design, op amps, TTL, bit-sli ce microprocessors, circuits, LSI/VLSI , optoelectronics, satellite communications, LANs, linear contro l, feedba ck , in strumentati on , AID crossovers and more. Everyt h ing it takes to keep you going and succesful t h roughout you r career! never bu y books you don 't wa nt. If you ever receive a book that do es not live up to your ex pectations, return it for full cred it.
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m e m or y- ch ann el l o ck - o u t f e atu res. T h e m od e l TW -4100 A i s 5.9 x 1.97 x 7.87" and w ei gh s less t ha n f our po u n d s. Fr equ en cy co ve rage is 142-149 M Hz (al low s o pe rat io n o n ce rta in MARS an d CA P freq uencies), and 440-44 9.995 MHz. The suggested price is $649.95. - Kenwood , 2201 E. D omin g u e z St reet, l on g Beach , CA 90810. t h e u se r to m an uall y fr eeze t h e di sp lay so that it can be read wit ho ut rushin g, o r under b etter lightin g co nd it io ns. The unit featu res a 90-ho u r batt er y li fe. Th e m od e l OM71 h as a su gges te d ret ai l p ri ce of $49.94 .Bec kma n Indu st ri al Co r po ra t ion, 3883 Ruffin Road , San D iego , CA 92123-1898. SW ITCH MODULE. Th e Tee SNA PTEC is a new app roac h to mou ntin g d at a-entry sw itc hes d ir ect ly o nto a pri nt ed-circuit bo ard w it ho ut the need for so ldering . Des ig ne d fo r low - to med iumspee d sw itching app licat io ns, th e SNA P-TEC u ses a st ai n less-st eel snap-do me moun ted in a p lasti c hou sin g alo ng w it h a p lastic keycap/act ua to r. Th e sw itc h m odu le snap s in to two hol es in a .062-i nch
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Mark V SM-328
Professional Color Light Controller
Control your lights fo r excitemen t
th an 800 5-watt b ulbs ! But w hateve r li ghtin g array yo u c hoose, th ere are th ree main w ays th at t he SM -328 can co nt ro l it : It can run it s own chaser pr ograms, it can co ntrol th e li gh ts based on an exte rna l audi o sig nal, o r it can use a co mbin ati on of th e input sig nal and th e chaser pr ogr am .
Chase r program s
IF YO U ARE A PRO FESSIONAL OJ-OR I F
yo u ju st want to pret end yo u areyo u' ll be inter ested in th e SM-328 profession al li ght cont ro lle r fro m Ma r k V Electroni cs, In c. (248 E. M ain Street, Suite 100, Alh ambra, CA 91801). The SM -328 can be used fo r d an ce-h all li ghtin g, to ad d chasi ng light s to adve rt ising di s-
pl ays, o r just to add a new dim ensio n to yo u r parties. Th e 4-channe l co nt ro lle r is a di st ant relative of th e co lo r o rga ns yo u mi ght re me m ber f ro m th e 1960's. It has a pow er o utp ut of bette r th an 1000 watts pe r channe l, so it can be used to co ntro l mo re t han fo rty 100-watt spo t lig hts o r mor e
The SM -328 can run four chaser progr ams, wh ich can be used for dramati c di spl ays of chasi ng li ghts. The f irst program li ghts each channel in seque nce, w it h o ne chan ne l act ive at a tim e. The seco nd pr ogra m d o e s th e o p p os i te . I t dark en s eac h c ha n ne l in se qu en c e, w hi le t he ot he r three channe ls appea r li ghted. The t hi rd
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Test VCR Mechanics Fast and Easy!

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Tape Tension Gauge: The Tentelo meter is the world's mos t uni versa l method of measuring hold back tension. Ca libratio n can easil y be ch eck ed in t he "field". Merely slide t he probes over tape to meas ure tape tension direc t ly in grams. Illustrated instructio n manu al inclu d ed. Th is is th e back ......III"'I!II:I tensio n gauge refe re nced by ,..... - ---..... many of th e VC R service manual s, and it wi ll wor k on all VCR s. T2-H7-UM $295 Vid eo He ad Protrusion Gauge: Universal , fast , safe method of measuring the amount of video head tip wear. Measures in microns and tenthousandths of an inch . Allows accu rate predic t ions of remain in g head life. Head wear provides use fu l info rmat io n reg ardin g VCR condition and wea r on other co mpon ents . Stop guess ing abo ut head wea r. Accessory "S1" sta nd allo ws use on any VC R . HPG-1 $479 S1 $95
p rogram li gh ts two channels at a t im e and alt ernates back and fort h between them. Finally, t he fo ur t h program also lights two channels at a ti me, b ut in a seq uence of1 -2, 2-3, 3-4,4-1 . The speed of t he chasing is co nt ro lle d by a ligh ted slide potentiom et er. The chaser pr ogram and its operat ing modes are selected via a 9b utton keypad . For examp le, an A U TO co nt ro l m o d e can b e select ed to automatica l ly vary t he ti me t hat eac h chan nel rem ain s li gh ted ; or, a sli de potent io mete r can be used to manu all y co nt ro l t he o n-off tim ing . The directi on of t he chase is also co nt ro lled f ro m t he key pad .
-- Music contro l
By co n nect i ng t he SM-328 in parall el wi t h o ne of yo u r lou dspeake rs, yo u can use th e aud io sig nal fed to t he speake r as t he contro ll ing sou rce for th e ligh t s. The actual aud io level is unim portant beca use t he SM-328 w ill acce pt signa ls ra ngi ng f rom 100 milli vol ts to 28 vo lts (o r a maximum of 100 watts of aud io pow er ). Since t he SM-328 has a high impedance (b ridgi ng) in pu t it has no affect o n eithe r the speake r o r it s associate d amp lifier. A MASTER LEVEL co nt ro l allows t he user to ad just t he ove rall bri gh tness of th e lamps in prop orti on to th e volum e of t he mu sic inpu t. Alt ern ately, t he user can create unu su al o r c usto m ize d l i gh tin g effects, eve n " rid e gain" o n t he effects , beca use each channe l has it s ow n level co nt ro l-a li gh t ed sli de co ntro l. Th e o utpu t of eac h cha n ne l's level co nt ro l feeds an o p-amp filter t hat d etermin es t he channe l's frequ ency respon se. O ne channe l respo nds to t reb le freq ue ncies , o ne to mid range freq uencies, and two channe ls respo nd eq ually to bass frequ encies . The op-amps, in t urn, co nt ro l optically-coup led Triacs. In additio n to a level co ntro l, each channel feat u res a t hree-posit ion slid e sw itc h t hat can be used to in stantaneou sly di m o r cut t he ligh t. Some of t he m o st in t er estin g and eye-catc h ing ligh tin g di spl ays can be obtaine d by usin g a mu sic sig nal t o co ntro l th e exec ut io n of t he ligh t -ch aser p ro gr am s.
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etc.) . Th e fr ont pan el is spec i f ic al ly Fortunately, th er e is a sim p le soesig ned t o be used in dim li ghtlu t io n t o t h e w ide -b an d w id t h 1 9-even in virt ual darkness. For noi se prob le m in advanced SCA xam p le , o n ly th o se pot enti om ereceiv er s: red uce the lock range -rs t hat can be used in a given by co nnec t ing a 25K pot enti om erod e are lighted in t hat mod e. terb etweenpin s 6 and 7 0fth e 565. Whil e so me peopl e w ill enjoy havIso , th e bri ghtn ess of th e levela nt ra l pot enti om et er s cha nges in g direct co nt ro l of th e bandlit h t he mu sic sig nal in it s chanw idth fr om th e "fro nt p an el ," it el. But whil e th e LED's that illum iturn s o ut th at sim ply sho rt ing pin s 6 and 7 (m i n i m u m lo ck ran ge) ate th e pot entiom et er s can b e se d fo r qui ck set-up adjustgives acceptabl e results. rents , th ey are n ' t ade q uate for I have o ne m ore sugges t io n : se as an overall li ghting gu ide; subst it ut ing a 470-pF capacito r for or pre cise li ghtin g co nt ro l it 's sti ll C43 and a 4.7K resisto r for R55 will ecessary to vi ew th e actual li ghts. give th e 10K potentiom et er (R72) We found th e keypad swi tc hes suff ic ient rang e to tun e both th e iffi cult to use. Their tactil e feed92-kH z and th e 67-kHz SCA sub.ack w as ver y poor, and th e keys carrie rs. lid not-always-d o -wh at-th ey-wer e- - -Th e-above-d isGu ssion -n otwith-_ upposed to. However, w e w er e stand i ng, d esignin g an SCA rebl e to cl ear up th e probl em by ce ive r with th e Signe t ics 565 is lisassembling the case and c1 eanmu ch more strai ghtforward than with Exar's XR2211. But I did find ng th e swi tc h co n t act s. Oth er han th e keypad , the SM -238 is solth e reward-a portabl e receiver :Jly con structed, and it s so lid mettha t works from a single sup ply of I 14-in ch rack-mount case can 4.7-6 Volts-to be worth th e effo rt of using Exar's model. ake a good amount of ab use. Th e ontroll er carri es a suggest ed list GIL ROBERTS iri ce of $150. R-E Du arte, CA
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LETTERS continued from page 26
seA RECEIVER I'm glad to see that Radio-Electronics is show ing an in ter est in FM subc arrie rs, with " Bu ild Thi s SCA Receiver" in the Augu st1987 issue. The authors mention that SCA is inherentl y " no isy." However, with th e Sig ne tics' 565 PLL(w hose basic design t he authors follow) most of th e noi se is du e to th e unn ecessarily wid e bandwidth inherent in th e SCA receiv er design publi shed in th e Sig net ics' ap p licat ion not es. Ironi call y, that wid e-bandwidth noise sho w s up mo stly in more advanced SCA receivers, such as th e o ne feat u red in Radio-Electronics, that amplify th e sig nal bef o re input to th e PLL. Below 100 mV, th e l o ck r an g e (t h us, th e ca p t u re range as w ell ) decreases wi th decreasing input vol tage. Ther efore, a sim ple receiv er acceptin g a w eak SCA sig nal of10- 20 mV has build-in ba ndwid t h limitin g. In ge ne ra l, however, in creased input voltage will improve th e 565's d em odulati on characte rist ics (AM reception ,
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AUDIO
UPDATE
Can you believe your ears?
THE TERM "PSYC HOACOUST ICS" HAS
LARRY KLEIN,
AUDIO EDITOR
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recently becom e a p romin en t part of-t he-aud io- vo cab ulary.-But- despite th e fact t hat its use seems mo stl y reserv ed fo r t hose d evices th at are design ed , electrica lly or acoustica l ly, t o en hance stereo imagi ng, as we 've di scu ssed i n pr eviou s co lum ns, th e term cove rs mu ch mo re t han th at. The study of psyc hoaco ustics specifica l ly in vo lves t he r el ati on ship of t he s ub jective se nsa t io ns of t he hum an ea r/bra in m ech an ism to objective acoustical eve nts. The sig nificant diff er en ces betwee n the sub jecti ve and objective wo rl ds of so und are illustr ated nicely by t he inco ns iste nt ways in w h ic h t he ea r respond s t o f requ en cy and intensity-o r in psyc hoaco ust ic t erm s, p it ch and lo u dn ess. Three ex am p les: (1) M ore t han fift y years ago Harvey Flet ch er d em on strat ed t hat t he subjective judgm en t of th e pitch of a pure to ne can be shifted as m uc h as 10% by simp ly varyin g the intensity of th e sou nd . (2) Asi de fro m t he pitch shift, as shown in Fig. 1, t he hu man ear's sensitivity to low and high -frequ en cy ranges d im inis hes d isp ropo rtio nate ly as the vo lu me (inte nsity) of t he sou nd is redu ced . The lou dn ess contro ls fo u nd o n most am plifie rs and receive rs are mea nt to co mpensate fo r t hat fact. (3) Most of us are awa re t hat t he ea r does not respo nd lin early to increases in the in t en sity of t he stim ulus. For examp le, t he m easu red aco ustic pow er of a sound has to be raised abo ut ten times bef or e th e average per so n hears it as merely twice as loud .
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Tho se are o n ly t h ree of t he psyc hoaco ust ic pe cu l i a r i t i e s o f human hearin g, and I' m su re that most of yo u have read di scu ssion s of suc h matt ers before . But w hat is not ge ne rally appreciated is t hat t he stereo- reprod uct ion process itse lf is a tota lly artif icia l ph eno m en a d ed icat ed to dece iv i ng the ear's psyc hoaco ustic so un d-lo calizatio n process . Think abo ut it-whe re i n natu re do yo u enco u nte r two wi de ly spaced, discrete sou nd sources each p rod ucin g a po rt ion of t he sound t hat is heard as co mi ng fro m between the m?
Localization
Two main d iff er en ces betwee n the sounds reach in g each ear are
used fo r lo calizati on : ti me- of-arrival d iff er en ces, and sound-pressu re - leve l (SPL) d iff e ren ces. In ge ne ra l, d iffere nces i n arriva l t i mes are used to lo cali z e t he low er- f req uency sou nd so urces, SPL diffe rences are used for t he higher freq ue nc ies; t he crossover poi nt betwee n t he two is about 1,200 Hz. There's a good reason w hy t he ear/brain uses (actually, need s) at least two different sound cues for lo cali zation . For high- to mid -frequ en cy aud io wave le ngt hs, yo u r head is an aco ustic barrie r t hat part ial ly b locks th e so u nd reach in g th e ea r m o st di stan t f ro m t he sound sou rce . The measured di fferen ce at th e ears is some t h ing li ke 16 dB at. 5,000 Hz, fall ing to
about 7 dB at 1,000 Hz . Wh en the f requ en cy i s low e no ug h (th e wav el en gth s lon g eno ug h), th e head is no longer an adeq uate baffl e and ap p rox ima te ly t he same signal level is heard by bo t h ears. H owever, yo u r b rain is still sensit ive to th e relati ve timing of th e si gnal s reachin g eac h ear, even thou gh th ere's o nly abo ut a 0.6milli second differen ce wh en th e so urce is lo cated f u ll y on o ne side of yo u r head . That fraction of a milli second differ ence provid es th e brain with the data needed for localization. Wh en th e audi o wavelen gth s get very lon g-below 200 Hz or so- arrival tim e differences " also di sapp ear and lo calization i" s " completely lost. That, by th e way, explain s why sol5wo-of er s- oper at=ing below 200 Hz can be installed almo st anywhere in th e room with out confu sin g the directional information .
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Sonic masking
Most n oise - reduction tech niques rely on p sychoacoustic masking to h elp achieve th eir end s. Maskin g describes t he ear's lo ss in sensit ivity to so und s in one frequency area when th er e ar e louder so unds within the same, or adjac en t octa ves. His s is not heard wh en th er e is a lot of mus ic goin g on in th e octa ves at o r adjac ent to th e his s fr equenci es. Only when th e mu sical frequ enci es are low (a d rum or cell o solo), intermittent (a solo pi ano or gui tar), or absent , does hi ss becom e obtru sive. Obviou sly, t he task of a noi se-reduction circ u it is eased if it has to cope with hi ss only in th e absence of maskin g musical so u nds. Ma skin g can b e a severe pr oblem in a car becau se th e mu sic get s ob scured by wid eband wind and tire noi ses, rath er th an vice ver sa. Th e sof t passages in a wid e-d ynamic-range co m pact di sc will inevitab ly be masked unl ess player volume is turn ed up hi gh eno ug h to ov errid e th e ro ad noi se. But with the vo l u me turned up that hi gh, t he loud er passages are li kely to be unbearabl y loud! I'v e not seen any ind icati on that th e manufacturers of CD car units recogni ze th e probl em and are about to in stall sw itc hab le d yn am ic- ran ge attenu ator (compression) circuits
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STATEOF SOLIDSTATE
An electronic potentiometer
UPON H EA R I N G OR READIN G THE
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ROB ERT F. SCOTT, SEMICO NDUCTOR EDITOR
wo rds pot ent iom eter or po t, we - -im mediately-t hink-oLa.variab le-resisto r havin g a rota ry co ntro l shaft. But t his is th e age of electro nics, and a potenti om et er need no lo nger b e a mech an ical device ad justed by t u rn ing a shaft ; it can be an e lec t ro nic d ev ice t hat u ses small voltages to em ulate a poten ti om eter. O ne kind of device th at can do th at is Xicor's P POT Di gita l ly Co ntro l le d Pot en ti om eter, w hic h is availab le in several di ffe rent ve rsio ns as th e X9M M E 8pin m in iDIP ser ies of so lid -state n on-v ol atil e p ot enti om et er s. Basically, th e devi ce fun ct ion s as a di gi t all y- contr oll ed t ri m me r resisto r. A d igit al ly-con troll ed pote nti ome ter can be adapte d to many ap p l ications whe re m ech an ical pot enti om et er s o r di git al-t o -an alo g c i rc u its can not be used , o r wo uld be inco nve nie nt to use. For exam p le : It p rovid es for automat ic poten tio meter calib rat io n or adj ust me nt on an assemb ly li ne. It elim inates t he need for manual adj ust me nts of mech an ical pote nt io me te rs. It makes po ssib le remote co nt rol via a keyboa rd of var iab le adj ust me nts, suc h as vo l ume and b rig htness . It sim p lifies ad j ustmen t o r co n(j) o t rol of a rem ote d evice via a radi o , z LAN, or mo d em lin k . o cc r- 99 resistors
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The device is essent ially an array com posed of 99 resistive ele me nts w it h 100 tap poin ts tha t are accessibl e to t he "wipe r" ele me nt. (100
poi nt s because t he ta ps are lo cated betw een ad jacent resisto r eleme nts and at eac h en d of t he resisto r st ri ng .) Th e X9M M E's f unc t io na l d ia g ram an d p in ou t are shown in Fig. 1. Th e w ipe r's pos itio n is di gitall y co nt ro lle d by TTLLevel vo ltages o n t he cs, ulis , and
IN C inputs. Tabl e 1 shows th e mod e se lect io n . Th e p o sit ion data is stored in a non -vol at il e mem ory and is auto mat ica lly recall ed o n power-u p. The mem or y is capab le of ret ainin g t he w i per posi t io n data for 100 years. Th e X9MME P POT is availab le in three ver sion s, eac h havin g d iffe rent valu e ranges . The X9103P is 10K, the X9503P is 50K, and t he X9104P is 100K. Th e reso lu t iont he valu e bet w een tap po i nts eq uals t he maximum .end-to -end, resistance divi de d by 99, or 101 , 505, and 101 0 o hms fo r t he X9103P, X9503P, and X9104P, respective ly. O t he r PPOTs feat ures incl ude : Single-c hi p MaS i mp le me ntat io n Th ree-w ire TTL co ntro l
42
O pe ratio n fro m a 5-volt supp ly Analog vo ltage range of 5 volts Temp erature co mpe nsation for 20% of end -to -e n d resistan ce range Wip er c u r re nt of 1-mA m aximum Typical wip er resi st an c e 40 o hms at 1 mA Resoluti on 1% of resistan ce For informati on on pri cin g ar.d availability of th e F POTS's, write to X I C O R IN C. , 851 Buck e y e Court, Milpitas, CA 95035.
Call 1-800-843-3338 today to start thoroughly analyzing and pinpointing any trouble in any TV-RF distribution system, automatically to FCC specifications
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TV CH" lil nrtl O o DltM
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New 8-bit D f A converter

Th e ZN438 is a new low- co st monolithic D/A co nverte r that requires only tw o external passive compon ent s f or full 8-b it co n versi on ~Feature s -in Elud e -a -t rim -MOOUf'1T4
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mabie 2.5-volt bandgap ref eren ce, whi ch is also availabl e exte rn all y for use as a system ref eren ce. A t rim pin can b e left fl o at in g to provide th e nominal 2.5 volts, o r it can be conn ected to a 10K pot entiom et er to provid e a 5% tr im range . Th e ZN438 has a settling t ime to 0.5 LSB of1 .25 usee . The ZN 348E d evice is available f or comm er cial appli cati ons in a 16-lead pla sti c DIP package, and is pri ced at $5.44, in 1000-piece lots. The ZN 348J is ce ram ic packaged and operates in th e military temp erature ran ge . Pric e i s $10.37 each , in 1000-piece lots. For add itional inf ormation , co n t ac t Ferranti Semiconductors, 87 Modular Avenu e, Commack, NY 11725 .
.................. ..................
. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : " lIIFlWoIOI
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with the All New IEEE - 48{> FS74 CHANNELIZER SR.TM TV-RF Signal Analyzer Patents Pending $3495
Does your success in servicing RF distribution systems depend on locating problems quickly and accurately? If so. here's why your all new Sencore FS74 CHANNELIZER SR. will mean success for you ... Quickly tune in all TV IF M channels from 5 MHz to 890 MHz. Exclus ive all channel. microprocessor-controlled digital tuner checks every standard and cable channel with better than FCC accuracy to fully analyze any sy stem, Exclusive 5 microvolt sensitivity to bring in even weak signa ls. Aut oranged attenuator automatically selects the best sensitivity for simplifying your VHF. UHF. or FM signal measurements like never before possible. Automatic hassle-free SIN ratio, A/V ratio, and hum level tests. Exclusive onchannel signal-to-noise ratio test eliminates time-consuming signal comparison and chart reading. Exclusive audio-to-video ratio t est measures directly in dB for easy comparison to specifications. Exclusive checks for ghosts, co-channel interference, line reflections. and other signal quality checks. Portable 4 MHz wideband battery-oper ated monitor let s y ou finally check t he quality of your cable or MATV syste m and stop annoying callbacks, Built-in autoranging ACIDC volt/ohmmeter makes troubleshooting a snap. Exclusive all-weather design holds tighter than FCC specifications from -4 of to + 104 of. Truly portable. field -tested tough for dependable ease of use. Begin successfully locating TV-RF signal problems more quickly and accurately than ever before possible. with the new FS74 CHANNELIZER SR, Call W ATS Free 1-800-843-3338 today for a free Product Guide or an industry exclusive "Try before you bu y" 15 Da y Self Demo.
"CHANNELIZE R SR ." is a tr ademark of Sencore , In c.
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CMOS megabit memory

In the M ega-Proj ect , in co nj uncti on with Philips , Si em en s is producin g th e first laboratory sampl es of a CMOS memory chip w it h more than 4-million bits of sto rage capac it y. Th e proj ect 's 1-Megab it DRAM will be mass-produ ced at Siemens' Regen sburg facility t his year; followed by th e 4-M egabit DRAM in 1989. The 4-Megabit chip sto res 4,194,304 bits on a su rface of 91 rnrn? (6.5 mm x 14 mm ). It feature the no vel "t re nc h ce ll"- a tren ch not wid er t han 1 urn (111 000 mm ) etc hed 4 u rn deep in to th e silic o n.
WATS Free 1-800-843-3338 In Canada WATS Free 1-800-851-8866
1987 data book

The 320-page 1987 Data Converters and Voltag e References data book features info rmation on 27 N
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3200 Sencore Drive, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107 Call Collect 605-339-0100 In SO & AK
43
Crystek crystals
QUARTZ CRYSTALS
FOR OPTIMUM STABILITY AND RELIABILITY IN FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT
FOR Industrial Equipment/Instrumentation Micro-processor contrOI~ Computers/Modems .r TesVMeasurement Medical
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Crystek Crystals offers their new 16 page FREE catalog of crystals an oscillators. Offering state of the art crystal components manufactuered by the latest automated technology. Custom designed or -'''O ff the shelf :~Crystek meets theneed,-worldwide.Write or call today!
D converters (including16 new devices), 20 new D/A converters, and 11 voltage references from Maxim Integrated Products. A complete product listing, converter selector guides, and package information selector guides, and package information sections are also included. For a free copy of the 1987 Data Converters and Voltage References data book, contact a Maxim sales representative or distributor, or call Customer Service direct at 408/737-7600. Maxim Integrated Products 510 N . Pastoria Avenue, Sunnydale, CA 94086.
New Hall-effect switches

-
A mateurs/2 - Meter/G eneral Coverage _ _CB/HobblestlExperlmenter
CRYSTEK CORPORATION
DIVISION OF WHITEHALL CORPORATION
2351/2371 Crystal Drive eFt. Myers, FL 33907 P.O. Box 06135 eFt. Myers, FL 33906-6135
TOLL FREE 1-800-237-3061

PH 813-936-2109/TWX 510-951-7448/FAX 813-939-4226 TOLL FREE IN THE U.S.A. EXCEPT FLORIDA, ALASKA, HAWAII
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Sprague has developed a new sensor chip that-makes-possible the new UGN/UGS -3119, UGN/ UGS-3120, and UGN/UGS-3140 monolithic Hall-effect switches that are less susceptible to mechanical stress and have better stability over their operating temperature ranges than earlier Halleffect devices. The 3119 is recommended for applications that provide steep magnetic slopes and low residual levels of magnetic flux density. The 3120 is for applications that require precise switch points. The 3140 is for use with small inexpensive magnets or for applications where there are relatively large distances between the magnet and the Hall cell. The UGN types are rated for operation over the - 20C to + 85C temperature range. The UGS series has an operating range of -40C to + 125C. All types are offered in two 3-pin plastic SIPS-a 60-mil thick (1.54mm) "U" package and a 80-mil-thick (2.03 mm) "T" package. They also come in SOT 89 (TO-24AA) packages and in hermetically sealed 3-pin ceramic packages. The UGN-3119, -3120, and -3140 are priced at $0.47, $0.50, and $0.81, respectively in lots of 100. The UGS-3119; -3120, and -3140 are priced at $0.79, $0.90, $1 .20 each, respectively. For detailed technical information,. request Data Sheets 26621, 27622, and 27627 from Technical Literature Service, Sprague Electric Co., P.O. Box 9120, Mansfield, MA 02048-9120. R-E
AUDIO UPDATE
continued from page 41
in their players; but it seems to me that they are a necessity. The compression circuit could even be controlled by the brake system and arranged so that compression would be off when the car is stopped and on when it is movi ng. Or better yet, let's stay with cassettes-which to my mind are far more sensible for car use. At least one manufacturer (NAD) is producing a cassette deck with a novel car-tape recording feature. When the circuit is switched in, cassettes are recorded with both compression and equalization to com pen- - sat e-fo r- bot h-t he-no ise-and-t hespecial acoustics of the automotive environment. As might be surmised, I'm all for psychoacoustic manipulation of the stereo signal if greater realism can be achieved. I've long since given up any hope of being able to provide facsimile reproduction in my home of an original acoustical event. I would be content with a reproduced musical performance that sounded plausible In other words, it might have been heard that way live in some other acoustic space and time . Plausible reproduction, in my use of the term, is not easy to achieve. Perhaps half a dozen times in my 30 years of audio involvement have I experienced the acoustic illusion "I am there" or "they are here." And in almost every case, for it to succeed, the illusion required multiple channels or binaural headphone reproduction. I hope this brief guided tour through some of the mysteries of psychoacoustics has been interesting, instructive, and has provoked some appreciation of what it takes to delude your ears into bel ievi ng that they arc heari ng music freshly produce d without artificial preservatives. Psychoacousticians are well aware that they do not as yet have all the answers as to how to hear. However, I'm convinced that there's an R&D Twilight Zone inhabited by a few special psychoacoustically-oriented equipment designers from whose joint efforts the audio millennium will one day emerge. R-E
Analyze defective waveforms faster, more accurately, and more confidently - every time or your money back
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End frustrating fiddling with confusing controls. Exclusive ultra solid ECL balanced noise cancelling sync amplifiers, simplified controls, and bright blue dual trace CRT help you measure signals to 100 MHz easier than ever. Accurately and confidently measure waveforms from a tiny 5 m V all the way to a whopping 3,000 V without hesitation with patented 3,000 VPP input protection - eliminates expensive "front end" repairs and costly equipment downtime. Make only one circuit connection and push one button for each circuit parameter test: You can instantly read out DC volts, peak-to-peak volts and frequency 100% automatically with digital speed and accuracy. It's a real troubleshooting confidence builder. Confidently analyze complex waveforms fast and easily. Exclusive Delta measurements let you intensify any waveform' portion. Analyze glitches, interference signals, rise or fall times or voltage equivalents between levels; direct in frequency or microseconds. Speed your digital logic circuit testing. Analyzing troublesome divide and multiply stages is quicker and error free - no time-consuming graticule counting or calculations. Simply connect one test lead to any test point, push a button, for test of your choice, for ERROR FREE results. To see what the SC61 can do for your troubleshooting personal productivity and analyzing confidence, CALL TODAY, WATS FREE, 1-800-843-3338, for a FREE 15 day Self Demo. Call Today Wats Free 1-800-843-3338
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3200 Sencore Drive Sioux Falls, SD 57107 605-339-0100 In SD Only
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innovatively designed with your time in mind.

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Informant Information Radio uses a revolutionary new technology that allows you to constantly monitor your police, fire and
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Just turn it on . As easy to use as your AM/FM radio . Instantly, you're tuned into real life adventures. One touch control lets you emergency frequencies, select and hold police, fire and as well as NOAA weather in- emergency broadcasts so you don't formation channels in all 50 miss a single minute of the action. states. All pre-programmed. This Hear the amazing Information new Information Radio utilizes a Radio today. Takeit home and be principle similar to the seek ~ . a part of the action tonight!! and scan feature found on expensive AM/FM radios. Your information radio THE scans the public service D~ channels in the area, locates BY REGENCY the active signals, locks in and Information Radio broadcasts all the information right to you. With revolutionary for Real Life TURBO-SCAN speed! Adventure
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How it works As shown in Fig . I, three ind ividual flashin g circuits that use an LM 390 9 LED flasher/osci llator IC crea te the appeara nce of a pseud o-rand om firin g order. Th e combination ofC I/R4 , C2/R S, and C3/ R6 control the blin k rate. which is between .3 and .8 seco nd , while the inherent wide
to ler ance ran ge (- 20 % to + 80 %) of standard electrolytic capaci tors add to the irregularity of the blink cycles . The co ntinu o us current drain is abo ut 10 m A; however, if you decrease the values of R4-6 or C I-3 in orde r to to increase the blin k rate , the current wi ll then increase prop ortion ately.
PARTS LIST
All resistors are %-watt , 5%. R1-R3-200 ohms R4-3000 ohms R~2200 ohms R6-2700 ohms R7-R18-39 ohms Capacitors 1-C3-500 f.LF, 6 volts, electrolytic Semiconductors IC1-IC3-LM3909, LED flasher LE01, LE04 . LE0 7. LE013, LED 16, LED 19-Red, diffused 5-0101 LED LE02 , LE05 , LE0 6, LE011 , LE0 14 , LE017-Yellow, diffused 5-0101 LED LE03, LE06 . LE09, LE012 , LE015 , LE018-Green, diffused 5-0101 LED LE01D-Red flasher LED (Radio Shack 270401 or equivalent) Other Components B1 , B2-1 .5-volt AA alkaline battery Mi sc ellaneo u s : battery holders , PC board, wire, solder, etc. Note: An etched and drilled PC board is available for $10 postpaid from Fen-Tek P.O . Box 5012, Babylon, NY 11707-00 12. NY residents must add appropriate sales tax .
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Note in partcul ar that external currentlimitin g resis tors aren 't needed for LED 13 throu gh LED 18; the resistor s are bui lt into the IC 's . LEDIO , which serves as the tree 's " star," is a spec ial kind of flashin g LED that blin ks continuously at a fixed rate. Power can be turn ed off by simply removing e ither battery, or by slipping a sma ll piece of paper between any battery and either of its battery-hold er terminals. Of course, a switch can also be added . continued on page 82
48
Are copy-protected video tapes also mucking-up normal viewing on your TV? Then use a Macro-Scrubber to make the picture squeaky-clean.
D.DUPRE
YOU ARE PROBABLY ALREADY AW ARE
that the movie indu stry has launch ed a new front aga inst video tape co pying with a new " encoding" sche me ca lled Ma crovision , Altho ug h man y new releases fro m Em bassy, CBS/ Fox, MGM / UA , HBO/C ann on , MC A , and Di sney have been protected with it, its use is ge nerally not adverti sed on the label. However, you ca n eas ily ide ntify a Macrovision-ixccessed tape by turning the vertical hold co ntrol on your TV (if your set has one) so that the black bar across the top of the picture bec om es visible . If the signal con tains Macrovision encoding, you will see fi ve o r six g ray or w h ite pul satin g " boxes" on the left side of the black bar.
Accord ing to a top Ma crovision execu tive, plans are already in the works to tra nsmit Macrovisioll -e ncode d sig na ls through cab le syste ms. The basic idea behind the Macrovision process is to rend er the program material uncopyable to a VCR while allowing the unimp aired viewin g of the original tape (a goa l n ot ac hieved by th e o r ig i na l Co pyG uar d sys te m, w h ic h has since passed away). Altho ugh so me proponent s of the Ma crovision process claim that the sys tem meets tho se goa ls, num erou s consume rs wh o have eithe r pur chased or rent ed a number of Macrovisioll-en coded tapes can attest to the co ntrary. That is evidence d by the large influ x of letters to
SOLID PULSES
magazines predo minant in the video field , and by co nti nuous co mplaints to video rent al and retai l sto res. Both the users and develop ers of the Ma crovisi on process ad mit th at so me T V's and VC R's are adverse ly affected in the PL AY mode , but that that percent age is very small. So , if you are one of the "small percentage" you probabl y have a significant sum of money invested in the best features that state-of-the-art video has to offer; yet with it you wind up watchin g a dark, murky picture that may be flashin g , rollin g or strea king as well. If you're amo ng the user s who have discovered that your VCR or TV equipment simply ca n' t handle the so-ca lled
TYPICAL CLAMPED + 2:0V - INPUT VIDEO WITH MACROVISION r~ ENCODING +O .2V--
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FIG. 1-MACROVISION DELIBERATELY injects interference during the vertical-blanking interval (a). The Macro-Scrubber restores the signal to standard NTSC (b).
49
WARNING
MACRO VIDEO
IN
Duplication of copyright material is prohibited by law. The Macro-Scrubber is recommended for use only between a VCR and its TV or monitor as a solution to viewing problems that a regenerated within the TV or the monitor by Macrovision encoding.
NTSC
CLAMPED MACRO VI DEO
VIDEO
OUT
FIG. 2-AN ELECTRONIC DPDT SWITCH is used to restore the video signal to the conventi onal NTSC format.
" invisible" Macrovision encodi ng, then ing to copy the tape. Unfortunately, the you need the Macro-Scrubb er, a device encoding also affects so me TV 's. By simthat simply eliminates the encoding. Plug ply e liminatin g the d isturbance and re- the device-between-your-VGR-and-its-TV --turn ing- the- offe nd ing-signal- to- normalor monitor and you won' t know that MacNTSC standards you ca n view a co mrovision even exists. plete ly normal picture while playin g a Macrovision-processed tape . As shown in Fig. I, the Macro vision Macrovision encoding process merel y injec ts noise bursts and Macrovision is not an encoding process solid pulses into the signal dur ing selected at all. If it were , then an appropriate deline times within the vertical blanking incode r would have to be made available to terval. One possibl e form of M acro vis ion the co nsumer ju st so he co uld view a Ma cencoding is show n in Fig. I-a ; the same rovision-encoded tape . In fact , the video sig na l in conventio na l NTSC form is in fo rm at ion re ma ins in tact a nd unshown in Fig. I-b. The peak level of the mod ified in the signal, as does the audio . bursts is rand oml y varied from black to The encoding is really a disturbance in the white. Sometimes the bursts are pump ed T V signal's vertica l-blanking inter val that between two or three different levels; at is suppose d to affec t onl y a VCR attempt-
other times the burst level is ramped slowly up and down . The location of the injected noise is also random ly alternated between the available line times; however, the location and level of solid pulses usually rem ains co nstant for the duration of a particular title- thus all copies of a particular title have the same encoding . The Macro vision irregularities created durin g the vertical retrac e time are intended to upset a VCR 's RECOR D-mode AGC circuit so that it reco rds an unviewable picture -S ince a VCR-is designed to record only the NTSC video signal-which contains no noise transitions during the vertica l blank ing interval-any fast irregularities in the vertical blanking interval ca nnot be tracked by the AGe. The effectiveness of the Macrovision anti-co pying system varies with the type of VC R used , but in ge ne ra l, sy nchronization is lost, leaving an unviewable picture on the attempted copy. At best, the resultin g dubb ed co py will exhibit erratic brightn ess changes. Sometimes the picture wi ll roll vertically due to a noise burst injected j ust before vertical sync.
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50
COMPLEX IS REALLY BETTER
The majority of devices sold with a purposesimilarto that of the Macro-Scrubber either blank or clip the entire verticalblankinginterval, which also removes any other VBI data (color correction signals, a DC voltage that is equivalent to the verclosed captions, teletext, etc.). They then tical blanking level at those time s, we can attempt to economically reconstruct the essenti ally recreate the NTSC versi on of entire vertical-blanking interval, including the waveform . When no encodin g signals horizontal sync, equalization, and serra are present, we connect the output to the tion pulses. From a technical viewpoint, clamped video input. that is often not very successful because Figure 2 shows a block-diagram of how the characteristics of the reconstructed the encoding can be removed. Fir st, the pulses are usually set to some form of inc oming video signal i s clamped to hold "standard" value, and as such do not really match the actual input signal. Since the negative sync tip s at the same level, thereby removin g any AC hum or other those units do not actually detect and setime-varying offset from the signal; that lectively remove the Macro vision noise, they also strip the vertical-blanking interstep i s critical for detectin g signal transitions against a fixed reference level. The val of a normal TV signal if not bypassed or removed from the system. clamped vi deo is then sent to a filtering ~an~ models also requir. e ~actory-typ~ circuit to accurately locate th e noise calibrations ~f numerou~_llmlng 'pol~ntl---bursts' and.the-solid-pul ses-from which-the -ometers. Their n~w blanking level IS either swi tch-timing and the control signal are preset to some kind of standard value or . . an external adjustment is provided to creat~d .. (A c:y stal oscillat~r IS used so that nrnmg adj ustments aren t necessary.) compensatefor signals from different video tapes or sources. The sample-and~ho ld circuit continuWhat makes the Macro-Scrubber ously samples the Video waveform to genunique, when compared to the restoration erate a DC vol tage equivalent to the devices, is that there are there are no prevertical bl anking level of the incoming cision adjustme~t~; digital filters remove signal. That assures that the sw itched-i n 0~1~ the Ma~roVlslOn pUI~es and pass the blanking level is alw ays correct for the oriqinal vertlcal-b.lanklng Interval data a~d actual input sig nal applied and eliminates sync pulses, while sample-and-hold cir. . cuits reproducethe correct vertical-blankthe need for any l? anual adJustme~t. Fiing level, which is switched into the output nally, an ~Iectromc . double-pole, singlethr.ow sWl t. ch t~at IS controlle~ by the signal in place of Macrovision pulses. Also, the use of a crystal oscillator eliminoise-locating Signal connect s either the nates the need for timing adjustments. clamped input video or the reproduced And since the Macro-Scrubber has no bl ankin g level to the output buffer ampl ieffect on n~rmal video signals, there is no fier. In so doing , Ma crovision noise i s need to SWitch the Macro-Scrubberout of eliminated and the signal is restored to the system for normal viewing. normal NTSC video . Unfortunately, simi l ar symptoms sometimes are exper ienced when merely playing the original tapes on some VCRlTV combinations.
see that a norm al NTSC video waveform is held at the vertical blanking level during time s when inj ected noise exists in the Ma crovisioll-encoded waveform . By 1 0eatin g the individual noi se bur sts and solid pulses, and by connectin g the output to
PARTS LIST
All resistors are Y4-watt , 5% unless otherwise noted. R1-470,OOO ohms R2, R23-680 ohms R3-3,570 ohms, 1% R4-12,100ohms, 1% R5-R7, R1Q-R13, R15-10,000 ohms RB-10,000 ohms, 1% R9-22,100 ohms, 1% R14-1 Megohm R16-267,000 ohms, 1% R17, R1B-1 ,000 ohms R19-220 ohms R2G-75 ohms R21-470 ohms R22-47,500 ohms, 1% R24-20,000 ohms, trimmer potentiometer Capacitors C1 , C2, C14, C22-22 fLF, 16 volts, electrolytic . C3-1 fLF, 35 volts, electrolytic C4, C5, C9-C11 ,. C1~, C15, C19, C230.01 fLF, ceramic disk C6-330 pF, NPO C7 C8 C16-390 pF silver mica C12-470 pF, pOlypr~pylene C16, C17-20 pF, NPO C20, C21-470 uF, 25 volts, electrolytic Semiconductors IC1 , IC5-LM311 ??mparator IC2-4047B mUltlvlb~ator IC3-4013B dual D flip-flop IC4-4526B binary counter IC6-4069B hex inverter IC7-401 1B quad NAND gate IC8-4016B quad analog switch IC9-LF353 dual JFET op-amp IC1G-7812, 12-volt regulator Q1-2N5640, JFET transistor Q2-2N3906, PNP transistor Q3-2N3904, NPN transistor D1-D4-~N914, ~~itch i,ng diode LED1-Llght-emlttlng diode Other components XTAL 1-4-MHz crystal, AT cut (parallel), HC-18 package J1, J2-RCA-type phono jacks Miscellaneous: PC board materia ls, 16-18-volt,200-mA AC adapter, etc. Note: A complete Macro-Scrubber kit, model MAK-1, which includes the PC board, cabinet, all components, and an AC adapter, is available for $52.95 plus $3.00 shipping and handling from: The Hobby Helper, P.O.' Box 308, Bridgewater, MA. 02324. (617) 339-1026. Massachusetts residents must add appropriate sales tax.
Circuit description Figure 3 shows Macro-Scrubber's circuit. The Macrovision-encoded video sig nal i s applied to jack Jl and is fed through
back-to-back capaci tors CI and C2 to a resistor/diode network that cl amps the negative sync tips close to ground poten-
A logical solution
In comparing Figs . I-a and I-b, you can
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BURST-LOCATING PULSES
FIG. 4-THE MACRO-SCRUBBER GENERATES noise pulses which are used to locate and suppress the Macrovision noise-burst interference.
ti al (approx imately 0 .2 volt) . The clamped vi deo input applied to ICI 's inverting input (pin 3) resembl es the waveform shown in Fig . l-zz. A DC reference volt age deri ved from di ode 02 is fed to ICI 's noninvertin g input (pin 2). Since the DC reference is slightly higher than the cl amped voltage , ICI's output goes positive whenever the input signal is lower than the reference signal. As shown in Fig. 4 -a , ICI outputs a waveform that i s norm ally low (0 volt s) with hi gh-going pul ses con-
s:
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current with negative-going pulses below The signal from ICI pin 7 (Fig . 4-a), the vertica l-blanking level (i.e . horizonwhic h con tains pulses that correspond to tal-sync pulses, equalization pulses , verthe sync a nd the M acrovision noise tica l-serration pulses, and Ma crovision pulses , is fed to IC2 pins 8 and 12. IC2 is a noise bursts). multi vibra tor that is configured as a dig iThe clamped video signa l is also delivtal low-pass filter. The time constant deterered to the input of a sample-and-hold mined by R8 and C7 causes frequencies circuit, which cons ists primarily of anagreater than twice the horizontal frequenlog switch IC8-a, hold capac itor C12, and cy to be filtered out. IC2's output at pin 11 op-arnp IC9 . The switc h is driven in such looks like a squared -up and inverted vera way that it samp les the level of the video sion of its input , excep t that the highsigna l only during vertical-sync time at freq ue ncy pulses correspo nding to the Macrovision noise bursts have been filthe peaks of the vertica l-serration pulses . The output of IC9 is a DC voltage equal to tered out, leaving a low level for eac h the vertical-blank ing level , which will be burst dura tion. (See Fig. 4-b). swi tched into the output waveform in The filtered signa l is fed to pin 3 (EN place of the Macrovision noise bursts and ABLE) of binary counter rC4. A 4-MH z solid pulses. crys tal-osci llator circuit feeds dual flipCla mped input video is fed to the input flop IC3, which divides the crystal freof analog switch IC8-b, and the DC outquency by four, yieldin g a I-MH z clock put voltage from IC9 is fed to the input of input to IC4 pin 6. When the input at IC4 analog switch rC8-c . Notice that the outp in 3 goes hi gh , th at co u nte r i s - --= pu ==" s -= o f ana log sWlfCnes IC8: 15 ancrIC8""""c' ---;'a""'s" y 'n =cnronously presen o th e binaryvalue are connected together, and that beca use determined by preset lines P3, P2, PI , and of inverter IC6-e , their co ntrol inputs at PO (pins 2, 14 , 11 , and 5 respecti tvely). With the connectio ns shown in Fig. 3, the pins 5 and 6 respectively are driven 180 0 out of phase . That arrangeme nt creates the preset count is 14 decimal (1110 binary). electric equivalent of a sing le-pole, dou Whenever the count is not zero, the counble-throw switch, with either the cla mped ter output at pin 12 is low. The counter input video or a DC voltage that is equal to decrements once for each clock pulse it the vertica l-blanking level being fed to sees on pin 6 while pin 3 remai ns low. Thus, 14 us after. the leading, negativebuffer amplifier Q I at anyone time. It is through control of the electronic going edge of thei nput signa l on pin 3 DPDT swi tch shown in Fig. 2 that the goes low, the count reaches 0 and the encoded video is res tored to a normal counter's output switc hes high . The high NTSC signal. All that is needed is a propoutput is fed back to pin 4, the IN HIB IT er signal to pin 6 of IC8. line , whic h prevents any further counting.
+ 12V
When the input signa l at pin 3 returns high , the counter is again preset to a 14 count and the output returns to its low preset state . low input pulses having a duration less than 14 usee are ignored because the counter is preset before the count ever reaches zero. The resulting output signal at IC4 pin 12 is normally low, wit h hi gh- go ing pulses that start 14 u s after the beginning of each horizontal-sync pulse that precedes a Mac rovision noise burst. The 14 u see de lay forces the hori zont al sync pulses (and color-bursts) to be switched into the output waveform. Each of the noise-burst locating pulses return s to a low at the end of the corresponding Mac rovisio n burst. Those pulses, as shown in Fig . 4-c , define the points in time when the bur sts occur, with one excepti on . Con current with the vertica l-serra tio n pulses, there are a string of pulses that must De removed in order to create a signal that will totally isolate the Macrovisio n noise . In order to rem ove th ose pulses we must create a gating signal with a single pulse that lasts only for the duration of the vertica l sync pulse in eac h frame . To do that , sync and noise pulses from ICI pin 7 (Fig . 4-a) are fed to a lowpass filter consisting of R9 and C6 . Narrow, positive-going pulses are attenu ated because C6 never gets a chance . to charge to a logic-high level unless the pulses are long co mpared to the time constant determined by R9 and C6. The only pulses wide enough to allow C6 to charge
IC6-c PINS
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IC6-c PIN6
b
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IC6-d PIN9
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FIG. 5-VERTICAL SYNC AND BLANKING level sampli ng pulses are derived from the Macrovisioninduced noise bursts .
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52
and is then fed to NAND gate IC7-b to gate the burst-loca ting signal from IC4 pin 12 (Fig. 4- c). The outp ut signal at IC7-b pin 4 a (Fig. 6-a ), is nor mally high , with logic low pulses that last for the duration of the IC7 -a PIN3 correspo nd ing Ma crov isio n noise bur st. ENCOD ING + 12V- Noti ce , from Fig . I-a , that so me Ma cWINOOWS OV- 1 _ rovisio n bur sts are followed by a so lid b pul se that doesn 't have a negative tran sition . Since the Ma crovision noise-locating pulses shown in Fig . 6-a were created by de tecting high -frequ ency bursts below the blanki ng level , they do not locate the so lid pu lses . In order to remove the solid pu lses witho ut affec ti ng any non- Macrovision pul ses we mu st: I) detect positive tran siti on s above the vertica l bl ankin g level that occur during the Ma crovisionIC7 -c PIN10 (ON) enco ded areas of vertic al blanking , and 2) tC8-c PING + 1 2V - combine the new signa l that loc ates the ANAL OG SWITCH Ma crovi sion solid pul ses with the signal CONTROL (OFF) O V that locates the Mac rovision noise bur sts ~~=~~~~~~~:-~~~~~-~~-~~~-:--.--.-c------ at IC7-b pin 4. FIG. 6-WINDOWS DERIVED FROM the bu rst -location pulses provide the switch control signals that eliminate the Macrovision interference from the output signal. Macrovision-encoded areas of the sigIC7-b PIN4 + 12VBURSHOCATING PULSES
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that pin 9 charges to a logic-high level at a rate determi ned by R22 and C8 . (See Fig. 5- c .) Agai n , narrow pul ses are ignored and, as show n in Fig. 5-d, the inverter 's o utp ut (IC6-d pin 8) is norm all y low w ith logic-hi gh sy nc pul ses . TIle inverter 's output signa l turn s on samp ling -sw itch IC 8-a durin g the vertical-serration time , and C l2 charges to the vertica l blanking level. The high input impedance of op-amp IC9 , and IC8-a in its O FF state, preven t the charged voltage on Cl2 from leaki ng off between samples. Unity-gain amp lifier IC9 feed s C 12's DC vo lta ge level to ana log sw itch IC 8-c , where it will be sw itched into the out put wavefo rm in place of the Ma crovision noise. As shown in Fig . 5-e, the vertica l-sy nc sig na l at IC6-d pin 8 is inverted by IC6-f, nal are defined by feeding the sig na l at 1C7-b pin 4 (Fig . 6-a) to a low-pass filter consisti ng of D3 , R16 , C18, and IC7- a . The resulti ng waveform at IC7 -a pin 3 contains wide pul ses , or windows, that define the time period s in which the Ma crovision enco ding is present. That signal is show n in Fig . 6-b. The DC output voltage from the sample-and-h old circuit is fed to the inverting input of comparator IC5 , while the clamped video input signal is fed to IC5 's non inve rting input. A train of high- goi ng pulses appears at IC5 pin 7 that corresponds to all transitions above the blanking level ; inc ludi ng video , ve rtic alblanki ng interval da ta and Ma cro vision pulses . See Fig. 6-c. TIle signal from IC5 pin 7 (Fig. 6-c) is gated by the window pul ses from IC7-a
FIG. 7-THE NTSC SIGNAL IS CREATED by selectively switching the encoded input and the sampled vertical-blanking level into the output.
to a logic- high value are those corresponding to the vertical serration pulses . Therefore , as shown in Fig . 5-a, at IC6c pin 5 we have a signal that has + 5-volt pul ses co rres po ndi ng to the horizontal sy nc pul ses, and + l2- voll pulses co ncurrent w ith the se rration pu lses durin g vertica l-sy nc tim e . Inverter IC6 -c discriminates fart her , since input pu lses lower.than a logic high (approximately + 7V for a + 12V supply) will not trigger output pu lses . Therefore , as shown in Fig . 5-b , at inverter IC6-c pin 6 we have a normally high signal with lowgoing pulses oc curri ng on ly duri ng the vertical sy nc period . Whe n that signal goes low, diode D4 becomes forward -biased and inverter IC6-d pin 9 is imm ediately pull ed low as well. When IC6-c p in 6 goe s high , D4 is rever se-bi ased , so
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the component values shown in the schematic is essential. The PC boa rd's spacing for c rys tal XTALl is for an HC-l S package . Values specified in the Parts List for resis tors R14 and R lS , and ca pacitors C l6 and CI7, must be used in order to insure proper operation of the osc illator. Mount the transi stors and voltage regulator ICI O next. Transistor Q I is an FET and should be handled with proper regard for static charge s . A heatsin k should be moun ted on the voltage reg ulator, especia lly if the c ircui t is housed in a case that has limited venti lation . Potenti ometer R24 , which is indica ted by dashed lines in the sche matic, is not norm ally used , so its holes in the PC board will remain empty. (We' ll explain R24 later.) Finally, mount the Ie's , using proper precaut ions for static electric ity beca use most of them are CMOS. Sockets aren' t - - -necessary, but using them wou ld make any troub leshooting or repai r easier. The project will fit nice ly into a PAC-T EC CM5- /25 case .
o
FIG. 8-RESISTOR R24, SHOWN BY THE DOTTED LINES, isn 't usua lly use d. If it is need ed, you must remove resistors R3 and R4.
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54
pin 3 (Fig. 6-b) at NAND gate IC7-d , yielding the waveform shown in Fig. 6-d at IC7- d pin II . Th at signal is co mbined with the burst-locat ing sig nal from IC7 pin 4 (Fig. 6-a) by N AND ga te IC7- c . The final Macrovision-Iocating sig nal appears at IC8-c pin 6 and looks very similar to an inverted version of the original bur st-lo catin g signal (Fig. 6-a), hut the puls es have been stretched to include both the bur sts and the solid pul ses . (See Fig. 6-e.) Not ice that no locatin g pul se exists to remove the single so lid pul se occurring at the start of the vertica l blanking shown in the sample input wavefor m (Fig. I- a). That is because there is no preceding negative noise bur st that can be used to locate the so lid pulse . As a result, that pul se will remain in the output waveform (Fig . 7- c), but it doesn 't cause a probl em because it is narrow and is not pum ped. The signal shown in Fig. 6-e directl y feeds the co ntro l input , IC8-c pin 6 , and an inverte d for m of the signal (Fig . 7 -a ) feeds ana log switch IC8-b via inverter IC6-e . The remova l of the M acrovision encod ing sig nal work s as follows: During video time , horizont al- sync time , vertica l-se rration time, and all non- Macrovision- enco de d ver t ica l- line tim es , the co ntro l input of analog sw itch IC8-c is low- the switch is open . At the same time , the co ntro l input of analog switch IC8-b is
high- it is closed, co nnec ting the cla mped-v ideo video (Fig . 7-b) to QI 's gate. Dur ing Ma crovision noise times , the situation is reversed. Switch IC8-b is open and swi tch IC8-c is closed , thereby co nnect ing the DC bla nki ng . voltage fro m sample-and-hold amplifier IC9 to Q I. A n im pe da nce -matc hi ng amplifie r stage, co nsisting of Q I, Q2, and Q3 , provides a match for the 7S-ohm video output. Thu s, as show n in Fig . 'l-c , a " nor mal" NTS Cco mpa tible video sig nal is reconstru cted at the output, elim inating only the Macrovision noise.
Co nstructi on The circ uit is assembled on a printedcirc uit bo ard. The foi l patte rn for tha t board is provid ed in PC Ser vice . Th e parts-p lacement di agram for th at PC board is shown in Fig. 8. Begin stuffing the printed -circuit board by first installing all resisitors , diodes, and ca paci tors . Make sure that all of the electrolytic ca pac itors and the diodes are installed with the proper polarity. Save the clip ped co mpo nent leads for use as j um pers . Capacitor C I2 m ust be a " po lypropy lene " type because the extremely low-leakage charac teristic of the ma terial prevents the vertica l-blanking hold voltage from sagg ing between samples. As co rrect R-C time co nstants are critica l to the pro per ope ratio n of the circuit, use of
Checkout and hookup Apply power and check that the AC adapter 's o utp ut vo ltage is bet we en 14-24- vo lts DC whe n it is powering the circuit, and that ICI O's output volta ge is + 12-volts DC , O.6 volt. Co nnec t an input signal and monit or or a TV to the Macro -sc rubber. Co nnect the VCR's video output to 11. If you have a video mo nitor or a T V having a video input , co nnec t the Macro-scrubber's output, 12, direct ly to that piece of eq uipmen t' s video inp ut. If your equipme nt lacks a video input, you' ll need an RF modul ator for the channel you norm all y use when watching your VCR (cha nnel 2, 3 , or 4). Co nnec t the video output to the modu lator's video input. Co nnec t the VCR 's audio outp ut to the RF modul ator's audio input. Co nnect the mod ulator 's RF output to the TV 's antenna-inp ut jack or termi nals. Playa video tape that you have alread y identi fied as containing Ma crovision pulses . The picture you see should now be free of interfere nce . If the Ma crovision- rela te d viewi ng problems still exist, or if part of the picture is blanked out, the inpu t-sign al level from your VCR may be excessively high or low. In that case , a pattern of holes has been provided in the PC pattern so that fixed resistors R3 and R4 ca n be replaced wit h a 20 ,OOO-ohm poten tiometer. The poten tiometer is shown in the sche matic by dashed lines, and is identified in the schematic and on the PC placem ent diagram as R24 . (Re member, if you install R24 you must rem ove R3 and R4 .) To adj ust R24 , play a Macr ovision tape , and while observing the T V picture, adjust R24 unti l the pictu re appears to be R-E norm al- interference-free .
the te st e r a nd d is cussed basic test meth odology. Now we' ll go o n and provide specific examples showing how to set up your own test routines on paper and by co mputer, and how to send those files to and from your desktop co mputer. Before we get started, lets correct a few errors from last month . The schematic of the driver board incorrectly identified P2 and P4. Also, the ordering information should have noted that ICI 6 and ICI7 are not included in the partial kit.
7404 test data Here is how to generate test data . This procedure applies whether data is entered via external comp uter using the data-entry routine discussed later, or is entered via the tester 's keyboard . Our first example illustra tes the process for a 7404 hex inverter. First , obtain the pin numb ers for input s, outputs, Ve e' and
Part 2
LAST MONTH WE
BU~LT
gro und, and the functional description (or truth table ) from the device 's data sheet. To ease the process of generating the test data, make a copy of the template shown in Fig. 7; then fill in the blanks for the part numb er, number of pin s, and gro up number. You must make a tem plate for eac h test group if you need more than o ne. You may also ske tch the part 's logic diagram in the box on the templat e . Next fill in the data blank s, leaving room to write eight binary digits at each pin that must be tested . If we put a I into an inverter, we should get a 0 out of it. So put a I in the blank for pin I, and a 0 by pin 2 . Repeat the procedure with the remai ning five inverters. Then put an X at pins 7 and 14 to indicate that they will be ignored . Now we have all data for the first test cycle . There is a total of eig ht test cycles, so now place a 0 at eac h input and a I at each output. (The X's should remain by pins 7 and 14.) That accounts for two of the eight
bits in this test group 's byte, so dupli cate the bit pairs four times. Then convert the eight-bit data, four bits at a time, to two hexadecim al digits using the binary/hexadeci mal chart at the bottom of the template. The completed test form is shown in Fig. 8. The test inform ation , along with the part numb er and the number of pins, is then stored in the tester 's memory using the procedure outlin ed last time . There is no need for more than one test group to test a 7404 completely.
In-circuit example The data for an in-circuit IC depend s on how the IC is conn ected. For examp le, inpu t pi ns may be tied to Ve e or to grou nd, so we tell the tester to ignore those pins. Or, if the Ie's input is connected to one of its outputs, ignore the input, beca use its data will be supplied by the output it's connected to . A sample chart is shown in Fig . 9.
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TEST ROUTINE TEMPLATE PART NUMBER (8 Alphanumeric Digits Maximum: NUMBER OF PINS (2 Digits Maximum, Eve n Numbers 4 to 24): _ GROUP NUMBER (1 to 5): REMAR KS : Bina ry Data Hex Funct Pin# Pin# Bina ry Data _ _ _ Hex Funct
Multiple test groups

Ie's with pins that can function as both inputs and outputs can be tested as follow s . We 'll use a 74LS245 octal bu s tran scei ver for illustratio n . Th at IC is co mmo nIy used to buffer data into and out of a microprocessor ; directi on of data flow is controll ed by a sing le DIR input (pin I). The data for testing the IC in se nd mod e is shown in Fig 10; the data for testin g it in receive mod e is shown in Fig . I I. Noti ce that the dat a in both cases is identi cal except for the setting of the dire cti on line . Th e en abl e line of a regi stered (latched) IC m ust be toggled to en sure that the IC responds when it is enabled , and doe s not respond whe n it is not enabled . Fig . 12 shows the test pattern for a 74LS373 octal da ta latch. The outp uts sho uld follow the inp uts when the enable line (p in II) is high , and shou ldn't cha nge otherwise.
Clocked logic
A clock ed -IC that -has-no-mean s of sett ing or clearing its outp uts will have an indeterminate state before it is clocked . Therefore, all o utputs mus t be listed as indeterminate (D) . The first state of a pin defined as ind eterminate will be cleared to zero . (O nly outputs ca n be inde terrninate .) Th e rem aining 7 states of the group will be pro cessed normally. If more than on e test group is needed , the first state of eac h additional group will not be indeterminate and should be defined as Output. Note in the test data that the clock line goes high in the odd-number cycle s (I , 3, 5 , and 7). Th e outputs wi ll only change on tho se cyc le s , because th e 74LS374 cha nge s state duri ng the leadin g clock edge . Test da ta is shown in Fig . 13.
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION TABLE BINARY HEX BINARY HEX

8
0000
0
2
3
4
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
1000 1001 1010 1011 '1 100 1101 1110 1111
C
D
E
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Multiple-output-state devices
An IC with many inpu ts or outputs may requ ire more than one test gro up. (Remember that there is a maximu m of five tes t gro ups per part num ber) . For examPART NUMB ER (8 Alphanumeric Digils MaXimu m: 1'1 NUMBER OF PtNS (2 Dlg,ls MaXimum. Even Numbers 4 to 24): _---'-'05) : _ _I_ /'''-e/'' T GROUP NUMBER (t 1 REMARKS: . " IJ ( 1.11_ Bmary Dal a Hex Funcl Pin ll Pin # Binary Data
FIG. 7-COPV THIS TEMPLATE to simplify generating your own test routines.
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FIG. 8-TEST DATA FOR A 7404 hex inverter. All states are redundantly checked four times.
FIG. 9-TEST DATA FOR AN INCIRCUIT 7404. Inp ut pins 3, 5, and 13 are marked X, for "ignore." Those pins might be hard -wired to ground, Vee, or elsewhere in an actual circuit.
PART NUMBER (8 Alphanumeric D,glls M aximum : 7'1 l5 2 i NUMBER OF PIN S (2 Ol~l l ts M ax imum, Even Nurntl<Jrs 4 to 24): --2~_. GROUP N UMBER (110 5). RE MARKS . . Bma ry Dat a Hex Funct
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FIG. 10-TEST SETUP FOR A 74LS245 octal bus transceiver in send mode .
FIG. 11-TEST SETUP FOR A 74LS245 octal bus transceiver in receive mode.
pie , the 74154 4-to-16 line decoder has four address inputs (pins 20-23), two active-low gate inputs (pins 18 and .\ 9), and 16 outputs, one of which goes low when both gate inpu ts are low, depend ing on the sta te of the four address inputs. Figures 14, IS, and 16 show the data required to test the IC compl etely.
Advanced commands After generating test data you' ll probably want to store it in your desktop computer. The tester provides storage for as many as 105 test routines, which you may upload to and download from the tester's internal memory. After entering test data, if you wish to store it, press the Store key, and the data will be stored in memory for future use under the part number that is entered with the data. To load a test routine from the tester 's local memory, press Load and then enter
the part number. If a corresponding routine is in memory, CLEA R OR ENTER ? will appear on the display. Press Clr to erase the entry from memory, or press Enter to leave the data in the test buffer for testing or transfer to the external computer. To upload the data, press Send . To download it, press Recv. If you wish to retain a received file, press Store . Use the BASIC programs shown in Listings 1and 2 to send and receive program s.
Remote data generation The BASIC program shown in listing 3 can be used to create test patterns somewhat more convenientl y than on the tester itse lf. It is important to note that when using the program to generate test files , only hex characters (0-9 , A- F) may be used in the part number (T F$) if the file is to be stored in the Tester 's memo ry. The reason for this is that the Tester's keyboard has no other characters to access the test
routine in its mem ory. Therefore yo u would not be able to load or delete the test routine. For example, a part entered as 74LSI 38 would be inaccessible because there is no L or S on the Tester 's keyboard .
Usage hints First a few words of caution. Never connect the test clip to an IC that has power on it unless the tester is on and COMMAND? is scrolling in the display. Conve rse ly, never shut the tester off when the clip is connected to a powered Ie. And always make sure when testing in-circuit IC' s that the tester and the OUT (Device Under Test) share a comm on ground . Connect the black test hook clip to a ground on the board near the IC' s to be tested. The test drivers (IC7- ICI5) are rated at 7 volts maximum , so be careful what you connect the test c lip to. A pow er ed RS-232 driver might have 12 volts, or even more, and voltages at those levels
PAR T NUMBER (8 Alph anum eri c Digits M aXIm um : __ N UMBER OF PIN S (2 Dlgils M aXimum , Even Numbers 4 to 24) : G ROU P N UMBER (1 10 5) : _ _ , _ _ R EMA RKS : ._ ., oq"l l TfllJlI)(lI&cN1 Bir1ary Data Hex Funct PinN P,n #
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FIG.12-TEST SETUP FOR A 74LS373 octal transparent data latch. Whenever the enable line (pin 11) is high, each output follows the corresponding input.
FIG. 13-TEST SETUP FOR A 74LS374 octal D flip-flop. Data on each input is clocked into the corresponding output on the leading edge of each clock pulse. Clock pulses are applied to pin 11.
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FIG. 14-A 74154 dem ultiplexer has six inpu t s and 16 outputs, so it requires three test groups to test all combinations. Grou p 1 is shown here.
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PART NUMBER (8 Alphan umeric Oig'ls MaXimum: 7'1 I J 'f NUMBER OF PINS (2 Digits Mj! x,mum. Even Numbels 4 10 24): ).1( GROUP NUMBER (110 5): _ :::1 _ _ REMARKS: . 4- TO -I_ Lill:- O~COD~f\ B,nary Data Hex Funel If/I /f/ r _ Ff' 0 Pin .. ( 4'0
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PARTS LIST All resistors are Y4-watt, 5% unless otherwise noted . R1 -22.000 ohms R2-330 ohms R3-R6-1000 ohms Capacitors C1. C8-1000 I-l-F, 16 volts, electrolytic C2, C4-C7, C9-C17-Q.1 I-l-F. 10 volts, ceramic disc C3-10 Il-F , 16 volts, electrolytic Semiconducto rs IC1- Z80 microprocessor IC2-0S1230-104 32K nonvolatile RAM IC3-MAX233 RS-232 interface IC4-?5499 custom decoder IC5-75498 custom decoder IC6-75500 custom decoder IC?, IC10. IC13-NE591 open-emitter octal driver ICB, IC1 1, IC14.......NE590 open-collector octal driver IC9, IC12, IC15-74LS373 octal latch IC1&--.-7805 5-volt regUlator IC17-2-Mhz crystal oscillator 01- 1N4001 rectifier OISP1-0L1414 16-segment decoder/driver/display Other components F1-1-amp pigtail fuse J1-9-pin 0 connector P1 , P2- right-angle double-row 20-pin male header strips P3-right-angle double-row 26-pin male header strips S1-minature SPOT toggle switch S2-momentary SPST pushbutton S3-S14-momentary SPST keyboard switches T1-Transformer, 9.5-12-volts, 1-amp, wall-mount Miscellaneous: One to-pln, two 20-pin and one 26-pin doublerow female IOC header connectors . Two 12-pin single -row female 1 0 C header connectors. Flat ribbon cable and test clips. Note: The following are available from: ALPHA Electronics Corporation , P.O. Box 1005 , Merritt Island, Florida 32952-1005, (305) 453-3534: Kit of parts for $299.00 + $6.00 P&H. Includes all parts , punched and screened panel , case, and labeled keys. Test cab le and clips not included. Completely assembled tester for $399.00 + $6.00 P&H. Includes test cable with 16-, 20-, and 24-pin IC test clips. Partial kit , including alllC's (except 1C16 and IC17) , display, and PC boards for $199.00 + $5.00 P&H. Three custom IC's (75498, 75499 and 75500) for $60.00 + $4.00 P&H. Florida customers please add 5% State sa les tax. Canadian customers please add $3.00 additional postage to all orders. All fore ign orde rs add app ropr iate postage for Air shipping and insurance.
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INSIDE THE Ie TESTER. Last ti me we showed you how to build the project; thi s month we sh ow you how to use it.
a Z o a: Ia ill
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FIG. 16-GROUP THREE OF THE 74154 TEST set is shown he re.
could damage the drivers easi ly. The disp lay will proba bly dim if you inadvertently connect the test clip to an Ie incorrectly, or if a: you have entered test data incorrectly. If the display does become
~
dim , disconnect the test clip and remove power immediately. In addition to testing Ie's both in and out of circuit, the tester can also be used as a simple logic analyzer to test as many as twenty four poin ts in a digital circuit. Simp ly replace the DIP cli p with indivi dual test-hook clips. Some lines would be used as outputs to stimulate the circ uit, and others would be used as R-E inputs to read the results.
58
.An oscilloscope is an indispensable troubleshooting tool. Adding a digital readout makes it ideal.
-How-t o~f--
Analyze Waveforms
GREGORY D. CAREY, CET
AN OS C ILLOSCOPE IS LIKE AN ELECTRON IC
-... .-
--
stethosco pe- it allows you to confirm a circuit's " hea lth" by examin ing the signals flowing through it. Whether you are designin g a circ uit, bu ildin g a project from a magazine , or repairing circuits for a living, the ability to analyze waveforms quickly, accurately, and without mistakes can let you make the most of your technical skills. Unfortun ately, many technic ia ns o n ly u s e their sco pes w he n abso lutely necessary. Becau se of that, they often are unfam iliar with the unit's operation, making waveform interpretation seem difficul t. Co mbining a digital readout with the sco pe's graphic display, eliminates most of the problems of waveform interpretation.
which components are responsible for circuit problem s. Let 's look at how each part of the waveform helps find different co mponent problems.
The seven waveform parameters The seven param eters shown in Fig. I fully define any signal. Four of those parameters app ly to any sig na l, and the other three apply to co mplex signals. We will explain how to interpret eac h parameter and which co mponents are most likely to affect eac h one . (1) Waveshape: The sig na l's waveshape confirm s the general opera tion of a circ uit. Waveform dis tortion is often caused by a probl em in a reactive compo-
nent , such as a co il or a capacitor. Wave. form clippin g (" flat-topping") may be caused by saturation of a stage or a power supply with low output. After discovering a waveshape problem , other param eters can be used to provide additional clues about the circuit's operation. (2) DC level: The DC bias at a test point is such an import ant troub leshoot ing parameter that man y peop le use their voltmet e rs as th e ir main p iece of te st equipment. DC problems may be responsible for problems with any of the other par amete rs , inc ludi ng di st ort ed waveshape, or incorrect amplitude or frequency. DC problems may be caused by powersupply problem s or an ope n or shorted
What is a waveform? Before we go on, let's be certai n that you understand what the waveform on an osc illoscope's C RT screen represents. The CRT grap hically displays the relationship between the voltage and time at the test poi nt you 're measur ing . The vertical movement (deflec tion) indicates the signa l's voltage, with more deflection represen ting large r vo ltages . Si m u ltaneou sly, the beam is moving horizontally at a constant rate , so that eac h horizont al division on the CRT represents a constant time inter val. Ana lyz ing th e sig nal helps ide ntify
8 +0)
I...- ----- - ~--FREQUENC Y----< ~ 5
D. AMPLIT UDE OF ANY
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2
SEC TION
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FIG. 1-TO FULLY ANALYZE A WAVEFORM, the se seven parameters must be measure d or ob served.
59
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,~
'
co mpo nent so mewhe re in the circuit. A DC-coup led scope , es pecia lly one w ith a digi ta l readout. allows you to measure DC bias directly, whi le simulta neo us ly obse rving the signa l's waveshape . The DC and waveform readi ngs also work togeth er whe n a power supply has excess ive ripple . even thou gh its DC output is correct. (3) A m p lit ude: The next test is to co nfirm that the signa l has the correct peakto- peak voltage. Low sig na l am plitude may be caused by low stage gai n or by excessive loading . Poor ga in often result s from d defecti ve tran si stor or IC . low power-supp ly voltage . or a defecti ve em itter-b ypa ss ca paci to r. Excessi ve load ing may be the resu lt of a co mponent that has shorted or has cha nge d value . (4) F re q ue ncy: Some circuits , such as oscillators, ge nerate signals for use by later stages . Other stage s may be referenced to an external source. such as in VCR se rvo c ircuits . pha se-locked loops . - -d igital co unter-stages, OI' television'sweep - circuits. Testing the frequency of those circuits co nfirms whethe r they are working co rrec tly.
FREO
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ATiME
Delta measurements The previou s fou r tests will full y ana lyze a signa l if you are testing a simple waveshape , such as a sinewave or squa rewave. If, on the other hand . you are testing a co mplex sig na l, you may need to know the de ta ils of the secondary parts of the sig nal to co mp lete the ana lysis . Those adde d test s a re c a lle d delt a me asur ement s . There are three types of delt a measure me nts as follows: (5) Delta a m p li t u de : Th e peak-t opeak voltage test cove red earlier measured the tot al a mp lit ude from the sig na l's lowest to its highest poin ts . But man y signals have additional signals bur ied within them . For examp le. an incorrect co lor-bur st level o n a co mpo site video wavefo rm (see Fig . 2) may cause co lor
INT ENSITY
CHAN A CH ANa
A&B
VECTOR
FOCUS
Ate
or
alA
SEAM FINDER
; R,H ' t Il:O :' 1 (; P
MODEL SC61
WAVEFORM
FIG . 3-MAKING A DE LTA-TIME MEASUREMENT shows t hat the difference between a tr acking fix and a head-switch signal to be 352 us : factory spe cifications call for a 400 fJ-S delay.
(f)
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prob lem s . An incorrect sy nc-pulse level on the same compos ite signa l may cause sync instab ility. Ripp les or glitches , rid ing along the top of digital squarewaves may cause later circuits to operate incorrectl y. Those co ndit ions can be detected by using de lta peak-to-peak voltage mea sureme nts, which allow the level of sec ondary signa ls to be measured indep en dentl y of the main signal level. (6) Delt a time: Tim e measu rem ent s fall into two catego ries: those that are part of one signal. and those invo lvin g the time di fference between two sig na ls. A n exa mple of time within one signa l would be the duty cycle of a swi tching power supp ly, where the "on-time" co mpared to the "off-time" de termi nes the power delivered to the load . The time de lay between two signa ls is important in ma ny VC R se rvo adj ustme nts . See Fig . 3 . Either of those applications uses a point on the waveform as a referen ce for a de ltatim e measu rem ent. (7) Reci procal time m ea su r em en ts : You ca n determin e the approx ima te fre quency of a signa l by measuring the tim e for a sing le cycle and then inverting the FIG . 2-PERFORMING A DELTA PEAK-TO-PEAK tim e mea surem ent mathemat ically. You measurement confirms that the color burst of a ca n use that meth od to determine the time compos ite video signal has the correct ampliconstant of circuit s respo nsib le for rin gtude.
ing , or the freque ncy of an interfering signa l to determine its so urce .
Digital measurements You make all seve n of those measurements every tim e you fully ana lyze a signal with an osci llosco pe . Co nventio nal scopes requi re you to mak e every parameter readin g by measurin g beam displacement on the CRT, and multiplyin g that by the se ttings of the vertical or hor izo ntal c ircuit co ntro ls. So me sco pes with mic roprocessor-cont ro lled meas ur ing circu its. such as the Se nco re SC6 1 show n in the ope ning of this article , allow every param eter to be co nverte d to a direct dig ita l readi ng . The C RT is then only used to disp lay the overa ll shape of the signa l. A dig ital reado ut offe rs three adva ntages over usin g the CRT for measuremen ts : S peed . acc uracy, and freedo m from errors. Let' s look at each of those adva ntages in a littl e more deta il. Spee d : You may begi n to apprecia te the tim e that direct di gital readin gs save when you look at the num ber of steps needed to ma ke a sing le meas ureme nt on a co nventional CRT. Those steps are ou tlined in Tab le I. If you use an oscillosc ope often. you perfo rm those steps without even co ntinued O Il page 82
60
Strain-Gage Transducers
CLINTON M. WOOD
ST RA IN - G A GE TR A N SD U CERS, USED IN EV-
eryt hing from automo biles to zinc pla nts , have found their way into our hom es , our superma rkets , our factories, and our hospitals . They're commonly used in nearly every branch of sc ience and technology, including research , space flight , product development, robotics , automa tion, energy produ ction, agr iculture, and co nsume r products . They ca n be used to measure a wide range of force-related physical properties like weig ht, acce leration, pressure , volume , liquid level, flow rate, and velocity. Further, they are acc urate, du rable, inexpe nsive, linear, and inherently simple to use . Since strain -gage tran sducers are linear, it' s eas y to de term ine the value of a forc e-r elated inp ut. All that's required is to divide the output voltage by the transdu cer sensitivity as shown in Fig . I. That' s because the inp ut and output are related by a simple linear equatio n. In this art icle we ' ll see wher e th at equat ion co mes from , and , in the process , learn somethi ng about the underlyin g pri nc iples tha t are co m mon to a ll stra in-g age tra nsducer s . Toward that end , we have d ivide d the strain-gag e tran sd ucer into three co mpon e nts: I) the spring ele ment , 2) the stra in gage, and 3) the br idge c irc uit. We ' ll take a look at eac h of those co mpo-
nent s to see what they contribute to the operation of the transducer. Then we ' ll put them back togeth er to see how the co mplete transducer works.
The spring element The principle of elasticity, that is the tendency of so lids to deform or change dimen sions whe n subjected to an externa l force , is ce ntra l to the operation of the strain-gage transdu cer. It makes no di ffe ren ce w het her the force is from a weight, a fluid pressure , or even mechanical inertia; the result is the same .
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As an exam ple, Fig . 2 shows a steel bar subjected to a force in the form of a wei ght. In Fig. 2-(/ the bar is unloaded and has a length of L. In Fig . 2-b , the bar is anchored at the top, and the weight is attached to the bott om . In that case , the result ing deformat ion will appea r as an increase in length . In Fig. 2-c, the we ight is placed on top of the bar. Th at will result in a decrease in length . Note that no matter how the bar is loaded , it will return to its or igi nal lengt h when the weight is removed, provided that the applied force was not so large as to cause the bar to permane ntly stretch or break. The change in length resulting from an applied force is known as strain. For metallic solids like stee l or aluminum, the maximum allowable strain befo re deformat ion is in the range of a few thousandths of an inch . The property of elasticity is wide ly used in the manufacture of instru ments because there is a linear rel ati on ship between strain and the applied force . Th is relation ship can be expresse d as
S = kF
(1)
400 600 800 1000 INPUT-POUNDS FIG. 1-I N A STRAIN-G AGE TRANSDUC ER the relationship betw een the applied force and the output voltage is linear.
200
where F is the applied force, S is the resulting strain , and k is the spring-e leme nt co nsta nt; the value of k de pends on a number of thi ngs like the geometry and type of materi al, and the direction of the
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L+I
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upper and lower surfaces w ill be equal in magn it ude and op pos ite in d ire ction. Later we wi ll see tha t th ose oppo sing strai ns can help stabi lize the transdu cer aga inst varyi ng env ironme ntal con dit ions that may occ ur. Some commercia l tra nsd ucers use spring eleme nts that are similar to the cantilever configuration, bu t there are a great many other designs tha t are used as well-in fact, too many to discuss here reali stically. Fortunately, a study of the desi gn variations is unnecessary as lon g as you rem ember that a spring elemen t is a structural component designed to provide a linear deforma tion in res ponse to an applied force .
FIG. 5-STRAIN GAGES are made in a number of configurations and designs for different applications.
FIG. 2-IF A STEEL BAR (a) is loaded, its length will change. Depending on the placement of the load, the bar will either expand (b) or contract (c).
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The strain gage The purpose of the strain gage is to con vert the strai n of the spri ng element into an equivalent change in resistance . A
strain.gage.is.just.a.meta llic.conductor
that is bonded to the spring element, stretching and co mpressing in the same way as the spri ng element. We know from basic electricity that the res istance of a condu ctor depends on its length . And , we know that if we place it in ten sion its len gth wi ll incre ase as the stee l bar did in Fig . 2 . Since resis ta nce is proport ion al to length, that stretching wi ll result in an increase in resi stan ce . If we turn th at aro und and put the conductor into compression, its resis tance wi ll decrea se . Figure 4 shows a typical co mmercial strai n gage. It consists of a th in foil co ndu ctor bond ed to a pla stic backin g material. Th e bac kin g, w h ic h serves as a carrier for the metal foil and provid es insulation from the spring elemen t, mu st be flexible enough to foll ow the spr ing element , yet tough enoug h to transfer the strain to the metal foil. The foil co nduc tor is usually made of an alloy having a low temperature coe fficie nt, like co nstantan . To kee p the strai n gage reasonably short, the foil has been laid out in a criss-cross pattern over the sur face of the back ing materi al. At one en d, th e foil expa nds to form two solder tab s which are used to attach lead wires to the stra in gage . A lthou gh the design show n in Fig. 4 is typic al , a numbe r of ot her d e si gn s are available , inclu din g mult iple gages on a sing le backin g and circ ular gages for use w ith d iaphragm-type pre s su re tra ns ducers. A num ber of designs from one su pplier, Trans ducers Inc . (14030 Bolsa
Ln ., Cerritos, CA 907 01), are shown in Fig.5 . TIle strai n gage is usually bonded to the spri ng ele men t with an adhes ive like ep oxy. The qua lity of the bond is critical since the adhesive mu st acc urately tran sfer any spring-eleme nt deformation to the strai n gage . A poor bond will result in "creep ':-a slippage bet ween the strai n gage and the sp ring element. That w ill make it look as if the input is slow ly changi ng whe n, in fact, it is not. The cha nge in stra in-gage resistance is rel ated to strain by the gage factor. that is defined as the ratio of the unit change in res istance to the stra in, or :
G = (r/R)/S (2)
FIG. 3-WHEN FORCE IS APPLIED to the free end of the arm , the upper surface will expand and the bottom surface will con tract.
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applied force . That relation shi p, know n as Hooke's Law, was orig inally applied to co il s prings for u se as a measure of weight. But we have sinc e rec ogn ized that , within limit s , it is esse ntially true for all solids . The spr ing eleme nt is the founda tion of the strain -gage transdu cer. It is an elastic solid (usua lly metallic) design ed to linearly translate an ap plied force into an equiva lent stra in . Its size and shape de pend on the magnitude and type of force that the tra nsd ucer is to sense. A spring eleme nt co uld be as simple as the stee l bar in Fig . 2, but a design of that type provides onl y one directi on of stra in in respon se to an app lied force. If th e applied force can produc e two equa l strai ns th at are opposite in direction , the resulting transducer will be more acc ura te . Th at is often don e by app lying a force to the spring element in a way that will make it be nd . Figure 3 shows one way tha t ca n be done . A rec tangular stee l bar is anchore d at one end in a can tilever co nfigura tio n. The force is applied to the free end of the bar, perpen dicular to the axis , rat her than along the axis as in Fig. 2. As a res ult, the upper surface of the bar wi ll stretch, and the bott om surface will co mpress . The surface strai n will vary along the bar, from a maximu m near the en d that is anc ho red, to zero at the other end . But at any given position alo ng the bar, the stra in of the
whe re G is the gage factor, R is the initial (unstrai ned) resis tance of the gage, S is the strai n , and I' is the change in resistance resulting from a change in length. Most strain gag es have an initial resistance of 120 or 350 ohms . For most metal-foil stra in gages, the gage factor is usuall y between 2 and 3; the precise value depen ds on the co mposition of the alloy used for the foil co nductor. The last eq uatio n can be rewritt en in terms of 1', or:
r =GRS
(3)
That shows that , since both R and G are constants of the strai n gage, the change in resis tance is prop ort ional to the stra in. Mos t strai n-gage transducer s use me tal-foil strain gag es. However, transducer s usi ng se m ico nduc to r strai n gages are ga ining popu lari ty. Instead of a metal alloy, they are built using a se mic onductor mater ial. Func tio nally, they are similar to metal-foi l gages , but they have a high er initia l resistance and a larger gage factor. Since they ca n be made very small, they are often used in miniature transdu cers .
FIG. 4-A TYPICAL strain-gage des ign.
The bridge circ uit So far, we've seen that the change in strain-gage resis tance is proportio na l to the 'change in the length of the spri ng elemen t. And we've see n that the change in the length of the sp ring eleme nt is propo rtional to the ap plied force. Since both of those relationships are linear, we can
62
say that the change in resistance is proportional to the app lied force . But a resista nce c ha nge itse lf is not a lways a co nvenient parameter to measure because da ta loggers , co mputers , a nd pr ocess co ntrollers usuall y requ ire a voltage or c urrent sig nal. We could conv ert the resistance change into a voltage change by co nnecting a resistor in series with the strain gage and applying a DC voltage across the pair. If we used a series resistor of the same value as the strain gage and app lied 5-volts DC , the voltage at the j uncti on of the strain gage and the resis tor would be 2.5 volts. A change made in the strain-gage resistance would then produce a change in that voltage. Notice that it is the change in voltage that we want, because it is the change in voltage that is proportional to the change in resistance . But the change will be very small.compared t9 the initial value of 2.5 volts. It's as if the desired signal voltage has been summed with a large , unwanted DC bias voltage . We can 't amplify the small change until we eliminate the initial 2 .5 volts. In tran sistor amplifiers , DC bias is often rem oved with a coupling capac itor, but we can' t use that techn ique here because we want the steady-state voltage change as well as the dynam ic change. What we need is some way to null out the initial voltage level. One approach would be to configure the strain gage in a resistance bridge , as shown in Fig. 6 . If the three resistors and the strain gage were all of the same resistance , the voltage at the j unction of each pair wo u ld be th e sa me . As a co nsequence, the voltage differe nce from one j unctio n to the other wou ld be zero. If we consider that voltage difference to be the output, (eo) then we have effectively nulled out the initial voltage but preserved the DC response of the strain gage . We have also re-invented the Whe atstone bridge . Unlike the Whe atstone bridge , though , balancing serves only to null out the initial voltage level . To make a measureme nt with that type of circuit, the bridge must
+ 5V
be unbalanced by a change in the straingage resistance . That will cause a change in voltage differe nce across the bridge . We can use that change as an indication of the change in stra in-gage resistance. In the circuit of Fig . 6, you will find that for very small resistance changes, the output voltage appears to be a linear function of the change in resistance . But, as the change beco mes larger it is no longer linear. We could limit the non-linearity to an acce ptable level by limiting the change in resistance . But there is a better way. Non-linearity ca n be elimi nated entirely by building the bridge from four identical strain gages , instead of ju st one . The resulting circuit, which is known as a fo ur-a rm . fu lly-active bridge, is shown in Fig. 7.
FIG. 8-WHEN FORCE IS APPLIED to the end of the spring arm , the resistance of the strain gages on its upper and lower surfaces chan ge by equal but opposite amounts.
R t R+r e.
eo
R- r R b
eb
and R - r. Note that since the upper and lower strains are equal, r is the same for all four gages . But, since they are opposite in direction , r is then added to the gages on top and subtracted from the gages on the bottom . We can show that the relationship between the voltage difference across the bridge and the change in resistance is linear. The first step is to find an expression for the voltage at point A (ea ) of the bridge (as shown in Fig . 7) as a functi on of the change in resistance . If we look at the bridge circuit as the parallel combin ation of two series resistances, we can see that the voltage at point A is given by:
ea = I(R +r) (4)
where I is the current in the left leg of the bridge . But I can be expressed as:
E/[(R - r) + (R + r)] = E/(2R)
FIG. 7-A FOUR-ARM , FULLY-ACTIVE BRIDGE is made up of four iden tical strain gages .
(5)
where E is the bridge supply voltage . Combin ing those equations yields:
4{.----- e o ----_~
FIG. 6--USING A BRIDGE CIRCUIT allows us to null out the bridge supply voltage and on ly see the DC response of the strain gage .
The output of that bridge is a linear function of the change in strain-gage resistance , provided that the change in each strain gage is identical and that the change in two of the gage s will result in an increase in resistance while the change in the other two will result in an ident ical decrease . In addition to being linear, the output of the circuit is higher and less sensitive to environmental changes than that of the single-gage bridge configuration . That type of circuit is used almost exclusively in strain-gag e transducers. To see how it works , let's use the spring element aga in as shown in Fig. 8. At some point near the fixed end of the bar, we will bond two of the strain gages to the upper surface , and the other two directly below them on the lower surface. In Fig . 8, R, refers to the gages on top of the spring element and Rb refers to those on the bottom . When no force is applied to the bar, the top and bottom surfaces will be the same length . Since all four of the strain gages have the same initial resistance , the bridge will be balanced and the potenti al difference across the bridge will be zero. If we now apply a force to the end of the bar, the upper strain gages will increase in length and the lower gages will decrease . That is shown in Fig. 8 as R + r
ea = E(R + r)/(2R)
(6)
We can find an expression for the voltage at point B of the bridge in the same way, which yields:
eb= E(R - r)/(2R) (7)
Since e a and e b are both referred to ground, the difference in potential (eo) between point A and point B is j ust the difference between e a and eb , or:
eo= ea - eb= E[(R + r)/(2R)] - E[(R - r)/(2 R)] (8)
That can be further reduced to:

eo = Er/R (9)
The last equation shows that the bridge output voltage is directly proporti onal to the change in strain-gage resistance . The four-arm fully-active brid ge has anothe r advantage over the single straingage bridge . While the single strain gage is mounted on the spring element, the other three resistors must be mounted in a strain-free location. That means that the strain gage could be subje cted to ternperature changes that are different from those see n by the other three resistors. Since a temperature change will cause a continued on page 83
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IIDIO
More nostalgia from radios pioneer days.
plificat ion was durin g radi o' s ea rly days , an even more important rece iver criteri on was selectivity. Selectivity is a measure of the ability to receive cl o sel y spaced sig nals without interference from each oth er. Improv ed selectivity was usually attained by using tap s on the antenna coi l to increase its Q throu gh be tte r imp ed anc e matching on both sides of the antenna co il. Figure I shows two "selec tive " circuits used by the ea rly radio experime nters . In Fig. I-a the taps on both the prim ary and the second ary of antenna coil Ll are adju sted for best recepti on or minimum interferen ce . In Fig . l-b a separate tapp ed antenna loading coi l (L2) is used to peak the antenna itself for a particular range of frequ encies , and a tapp ed indu ctor (L3) increases the
Part 5
AS IM PORTA NT AS A M -
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impedance that Ll " see s" when looking into the rect ifier. But better selectivity created an unforsee n probl em : insufficient rece iver sensitivity. Bein g able to tune bet ween the local powerh ouse signals allowed the listener to partially hear much weake r signals from far-away place s , and so was born " DX' ing"- DX ' ing meaning the reception of di stant signa ls . Unfortunately, crys tal detect or s could not provide sufficient volume from the weak OX stations. The need for more volume, coupled with a sharp decre ase in the price of vacuum tubes , sounded the death knell for the crystal recei ver. At first, only one tube was used for amplification; then , two; and finally three or more as designer s learned how to build multi-stage amp lifiers that didn 't break into self-oscillation if the canary chirped .
Audio coupling As shown in Fig . 2, ea rly audio am plifier s used transformer coupling between
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64
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stages , starting at the crystal detector. The tran sformers provided an amplifier's plate load , DC blocking , and AC coupling into the follo win g stage . Th ou gh the tran sform er simplified interstage connec tions, the DC current flowing in the prim ary wi nding of the amplifier-output transformers caused core saturation, which redu ced the e ffe ct ive inductan ce of th e tran sformer-thereb y producing a di storted sound . Known as hvsteresis distortion , it mark ed th e b e ginnin g of awareness of the need for better sound quality. Variou s att empts were made to ge t aro und core satura tion. The most effective , of co urse, was to use a transform er with " more iron, " but this led to tran sformers that weighed more than a small boat anchor. The next attempts at redu cin g co re saturation were the circuits shown in Fig . 3 , whe re the tran sformer was isol ated from the DC circuit. The tube got its plate vo lt age e ither throu gh an adj u st able power resistor (R in Fig. 3-a ) or throu gh
nating co mpo ne nts . Ear ly unit s had a fiat frequency-res pon se ca pability of 30 Hz to 7,000 Hz. with the possi bility of extending the upp er lim it to 10,000 Hz , which was an upper limit for those days .
Electron flow Prior to the invent ion of the diode and

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FIG. 1-SIMILAR TUNING METHODS were used for both single-tube and crystal receivers. FIG. 3-THESE ARE TWO WAYS by which DC was kept out of the interstage transformer.
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FIG. 2-INITIALLY, A CRYSTAL receiver's multistage aud io amplifier was transformer coupled.
an indu ctor (L in Fig . 3-b). In both instances , capac ito r C effecti vel y isolates interstage tran sformer T fro m the DC plate voltage /c urrent. Ne ither circuit be c am e popul ar because resistor R requi red a larger-thanusual batt ery voltage , while indu ctor L was frequ ency-select ive . On e of the first attempts to e lim inate the interstage tran sfor mer co mplete ly was the imped anc e-c ouplin g c irc u it yo u' ll find show n in Fig . 4. Unlike the inte rstage transforme r. it did not supp ly voltage stepup. A lso, as with other attempts to use an inductor as the p late feed. co il L was frequency-selecti ve.
Resistance coupling The really big breakthrou gh in both performance and producti on cost was the re-
sistance -co upled circu it shown in Fig . 5 . It was inexpensive to build, had no indu ctors or tran sformers to saturate , and was not fre que ncy -se lec tive. Hen ce , it resulted in better sound quali ty. The disadvantage of res istance co upling was that the voltage drop across plate load- resistor R necessitated a high er battery voltage to make up for the voltage drop. TIle disadvantages of resistance , tran sform er, and impedan ce co upling were overco me in 1931 by the inve ntion of the first prac tica l direct- cou pling sys tem by E. H. Loftin and S .Y. White. As shown in Fig . 6 , in the direct-coupl ed am plifier the plate of one stage was directly co nnec ted to the grid of the follow ing stage . Its advantage s were its low ma nufacturi ng co st, and the po ssibility of grea ter fideli ty, beca use it co ntaine d no frequ en cy-di scr imi-
H-
B+
FIG. 4-IMPEDANCE COUPLING elim inated the interstage transformer, but still used an inductor (L) fo r the plate load .
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FIG. 5-IN RESISTANCE COUPLING there is neither a transformer nor an inductor. Resistors Rp and Rc and capacitor C3 provide the interstage coupling.
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were held to "e the r with strine o r a rubb e r band (Fig. 7~b). TIle value of the capac itance thu s ac hieved was unknown , but it didn 't matter because it was usu ally used for a non- c rit ical recei ver circu it.
FIG. 6-DIRECT INTERSTAGE COUPLING prov ided the best fidelity. Note that the direction of the arrows indicates what is called " conventional current flow "; something that never really existed.
rows shown in Fig. 6 an o riu inal dra winz of the Loftin-White d'irect-e~upl ed ampli~ fier, indicates conventional c urrent flow.
Headphones and speakers A s s how n in Fig . 8, he a dph on e s evolved from the teleph on e indu st ry: in fact. the first earpho ne was the " roaring twe nties" sta ndard telephon e receive r, and it' s spin-off watchcase rece iver (Fig . 8-a)-whic h was spec ifica lly desi gn ed for use w ith a radi o. Altho ug h both types work ed with radi o receiver s , they had two probl em s : (A) they we re fati guing because they had to be suppo rt ed by hand , as shown by the complete radi o in Fig. 8-b: (8) they had a very low impedanc e of approx imately 75 ohm s. Eventually, their
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FIG. 7-EXPERIMENTERS MADE CAPACITORS from interleaved strips of tinfoil and paper held together by a rubber band or str ing .
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triod e tub es , the movem ent of an elec tron curre nt was thou ght to be fro m posit ive to negati ve , a co nce pt based o n the ideas of Be nja mi n Fran kl in , who, having a 50-5 0 c ha nce of guess ing right , g uessed wro ng . C urre nt flow in a vacu um tub e clearl y showe d that CUITe nt moved fro m a negative filam ent (ca thode) to a plate (a node) that carried a pos itive charge . A ltho ugh co rrect, the e lec tro n co nce pt co nfused ma ny expe rime nters, techni cians , and e ngi nee rs who had ado pted the posit ive-t onegative co nce pt and were most un willing to give it up. Conseq uently, the e lec tric and e lectro nic indu stri es co mprom ised , and positi ve-to-n egati ve c urrent flow was ca lled conve ntional current fiosv , while ne g ati ve-to -positi ve current flow was ca lled elect ron flow. For example , the ar-
FIG. 8-THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEADPHONES: It started with a conventional telephone receiver, and ended in a headband,
Capacitors In the ea rly days of radio, to avoid the relative ly high cos t of ca pac itors, man y ex perimente rs a nd hobbyi sts " rolled their own" usin g the tinfoil from a pack of cig are ttes and s ma ll shee ts of paper. As show n in Fig . 'l-a , altern ate layers of foil form ed the plat es of the ca pac itor, whe reas the paper was used for the dielectric . Th e interleaved sheets of tinfoi l and paper
imp ed an ce was increased to a bo ut 100 ohms, and fi na lly to a bo ut 1000-3000 ohms. Fatig ue was miti gated whe n the headband show n in Fig . 8-1' was invent ed . It all owed the use r to literall y " wear" the recei ver. When o ne or two rec ei vers were mounted in a headband the entire assembly was called a " headpho ne ," " hea dphon es , " or " headse t." continued on pag 76
66
R-E ROBOT
This month, we add the first of the R-E Robot's sensors-an electronic eye.
robot is an efficient tractor unit , moderately intellige nt, with plenty of pulling power. He ca n ca rry items from place to place , and ca n understand co mplex instruc tions . However, he is also as blind as a bat. To make the unit as useful as possible , we mu st give it a way to see. You can full y apprec iate the severity of the prob lem by ima gining the foll owin g exa mple: You are at the end of a hallway. Seve ra l doors can be cho sen . Look carefully, close your eyes an d , without touching or peeking , walk forward and turn into a doorway. That is wh at we were ask ing the robot to do when we pro grammed the MAILB OT example in Part 9 of thi s series (Ra d ioE lectron ics , Augus t 1987). Instru ctions like " Go forward 10 steps, turn rig ht, and then go for ward ag ain 10 steps" see m clear enough on paper, but what if you did not turn exac tly 90 degrees? What if your steps were sho rt for so me reason ? Worst of all, what if you lost your bearing and had to start over, all without peeking? To make it easier for the robot to get aro und , we wi ll give it the abi lity to detect and track light so urces . That capability will allow the robot to follow a light bea m or an op tica l stripe on the floor. Ideally, we also would like to prov ide the robot with the capacity to determine the distance to a light so urce and to triang ulate its posi tio n using several ligh t sources. Unfortuna tely, the software requi red to perform those last two tasks is quit e formidab le, and at th is tim e is far from bein g fully developed . For now, we wi ll discuss the prob lem s involved in giv-
Part 12
AT THIS POI N T , O UR
STEVEN E. SARNS ing the robot those ca pa bilitie s , and the hardware needed to input the da ta that future software wi ll requ ire . T he robot eye w ill eve n tua lly be moun ted o n a rota t ing pl at form , or " hea d ." The head wi ll co nta in the electroni cs for a numb er of the robot's se nso rs and wi ll be discussed in more detai l in the next installment of thi s se ries . The head w ill move the eye throu gh a few degree s , mapping light inten sities at several poin ts . The data co llected in that way will be used by all of our navigation sche mes . Navigation schemes TIle navigation scheme that we will imple me nt now permits the robo t to track a light beam . The robot will rotate the eye until a light- inten sity maxim a is determined. The robo t wi ll then angle toward that maxima . For th e fut ure, po s itio n-find ing is mere ly an exte nsio n of th at navigation techni que . By mapping the max ima of several known ligh t sources, the robot can determine its po sitio n fairly acc urate ly using tria ngulation . For range-finding , we wi ll need to add a second eye to the head . Then , the robot ca n use parallax to determine the d istance between it and an unknown ligh t source . The 'p arallax princ ipa l, in which the differe nce in viewing ang le at two point s that are equidistan t from the third are used to determine the di stance to that point , is what prov ides huma ns with de pth perceptio n; the two equidista nt viewing po ints are our two eyes. See Fig . I. Note that the techn ique is on ly good at re lati vely close ranges . But reme mber that even humans lose their depth perception at d istances beyond 30 feet. The human eye In terms of design , the human eye is difficu lt to match . The spect ra l respon se is not too wide , rang ing from 360 to 780 nanom eters , but co lor is of seco ndary importance to other factor s. The eye is capable of resolving detai ls as sma ll as one minu te of arc ( I;{ ,o of a degree). And most importan tly, the eye ca n operate in a very wide range of light intensities , rangi ng from star-lit night to brig ht sunlight. If tho se light levels are quanti zed, you will find that the range is on the order of 180 dB, or a bi llion to o ne.
OBSERVATION POINT 1
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SPACING
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'OBSERVATION POI NT 2 RANGE ~ EYE SPACING/TAN a FIG. l -USIN G PARA LLAX to determine the dis-
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FIG.2-THE ROBOT'S EYE. The photodiode, 04, can be configured to source or sink current
The robot eye Our design goal was to make the robot's eye useful over as wide a range of light conditions as possible. While it is unlikely that you will need to have the robot navigate by starlight, giving the robot low-light capabilities will increase its distance range. Since light follows the inverse square law, that is, the illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, light levels fall rapidly as you move away from the source. At the same time, operation at conventional ambient light-levels must be possible, and the robot should be able to deal with most common light sources. Therefore, we feel that the minimum acceptable range should span at least 4 orders of magnitude (10,000 :1 or 80 dB); that corresponds (using the inverse square law) to tracking an ideal light source over a 100:1 distance range. The maximum possible dynamic range using readily available components is about 120 dB . That corresponds to a light range of 1,000,000:1, or a distance range of 1000:1. We choose .01 lux as the lowest light level that we wish the sensor to respond to. A lux is the amount of light falling on
one square meter from a candle located one meter away. That is at the extreme lowend of most detectors so to improve performance we will enhance the unit's lightgathering power with a Fresnel lens . Focusing a 4-square-inch Fresnel lens will amplify the light level by a factor of 100. If we were to focus such a lens on the sensor, a light level of .Ol lux at the lens will result in a light level of I lux at the sensor. Most detectors can work with such a light level. As we mentioned earlier, future rangefinding requires that the robot be equipped with two eyes. Those will be mounted 10inches apart on the head . If the robot can locate a light source to within 5 degrees of arc, that spacing will allow range finding at distances of up to 30 feet. Selecting a sensor Many different sensors for measuring illumination are available . Phototransistors, photodiodes, and PIN photodiodes are all common and well understood. If our prime design criteria is dynamic range, then we must choose the device with the largest sensitivity range. TIle key parameter in determining a unit's sensitivity is its dark current ; that is the leakage current that flows when no light reaches the device . In general, photodiodes have the greatest ratio between dark current and high-illumination output. One, the Siemens BPW32 has a rated dark current of less than 10pA and a highlevel output at 10,000 lux of 100 f.lA. Those figures represent a dynamic range of 140 dB . Typical output currents of that photodiode for various light levels are shown in Table 1. Note that the photodiode's output current becomes non-linear above 1,000 lux and below .00lIux. Also, remember that linearity can also be affected by the supporting circuitry. If you can not locate the
All resistors are Y 4 -watt , 5% Rl-390 ohms R2-R4-10,000 ohms Capacitors Cl, C2, C4-100 pF, ceramic disc C3, C5, C6--0.1 !LF, ceramic disc Semiconductors lCl-LT1022 op amp (LinearTechnology) IC2-LTC1043 IC switch (Linear Technology) 01, 06-1N754 Zener diode 02 ,03, 05-1N4148 diode 04-BPW32 photodiode (Siemens) Other components Jl-male header Miscellaneous: Fresnel lens, PC board, wire, solder, etc. The 2.3-inch Fresnel lens can be ordered for $10.00 each, plus $6 postage and handling, from Edmund Scientific Company, 101 East Gloucester Pike, Barrington, N.J. 08007, (609) 573-6250. The part number is E32,589. NJ residents must add appropriate sales tax. A bare printed-circuit board for the eye can be obtained from Vesta Technology Inc., 7100 W. 44th St., Wheat ridge, CO 80033, (303) 422-8088, for $19 each. An assembled and tested eye PC board, Fresnel lens not included, is available for $59. CO residents must add appropriate sales tax.
Siemens component, a suitable substitute is NEC's PH20lA photodiode. The circuit A schematic diagram of the eye circuit is shown in Fig. 2. The BPW32 photodiode, 04, provides an output current that is proportional to the illumination level. That small current will span a range of 10 million to one. If we were to convert the current into a voltage and the voltage into a binary number with an analog-todigital converter, we would need a 23-bit unit! For example, if the full-sc ale voltage was 5, then the least significant bit would be 5 microvolts . Such a unit, if you could find one , would cost thousands of dollars . Instead, we will convert our current into a frequency and usc the RPC (Robotic Personal Computer) to determine the period of the frequency. That will give us the dynamic range that we need , since a l40-dB range can be accommodated using a frequency band of 0.1 Hz to I MHz. TIle circuit will output approximately 200 kHz when held 3 inches away from a 60-watt light bulb in a reflective lamp. TIle circuit will output 0.5 Hz when illuminated by the trace of an oscilloscope 2 feet away. The frequency range used is critical. The eye must rotate a small amount , take a reading and repeat the process continucontinued on page 84
TABLE 1 Light Level Photodiode Current
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PC SERVICE
II
II
I One of the most difficult tasks in building any constru ction project featured in Radio-Electronics is mak ing the PC board using just the foil pattern provided with the article . Well, we're doing something about it. We've moved all the foil patterns to this new sec tion where th ey're print ed by themselves, full sized, with nothing on the - 'back side of the Rage. What that means for you is that the printed page can 68-used directly to produce PC boards! Note : The patterns provided ca n be used directly only for direct positive photoresist methods. In order to produce a board directly from the magazine page, remove the page and carefully inspect it under a strong light and/or on a light table. Look for breaks in the traces, bridges between traces, and in general, all the kinds of things you look for in the final etched board. You can clean up the published artwork the same way you clean up you own artwork. Drafting tape and graphic aids can fix incomplete traces and doughnuts, and you can use a hobby knife to get rid of bridges and dirt. An optional step, once you're satisfied that the artwork is clean, is to take a little bit of mineral oil and carefully wipe it across the back of the artwork. That helps make the paper transluscent. Don't get any on the front side of the paper (the side with the patt ern ) because you 'll contamin ate the sen sitiz ed surfac e of the coppe r blank. After the oil has "dried" a bit-patting with a paper towel will help speed up the process- place the pattern front side down on the sensitized copper blank, and make the exposure . You'll probably have to use a longer exposure time than you are used to. We can't tell you exactly how long an exposure time you will need as it depends on many factors but, as a starting point, figure that there's a 50 percent increase in exposure time over lithographic film . But you'll have to experiment to find the best method for you. And once you find it, stick with it. Finally, we would like to hear how you make out using our method. Write and tell us of your successes , and failures, and what techniques work best for you. Address your letters to: Radio-Electronics Department PCB 500-B Bi-County Blvd. Farmingdale, NY 11 735
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EIAICEG AUGMENTS DIGITAL AND MICROPROCESSOR COU RSE HIGH TECH PARTS KITS NOW AVAILABLE
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SATELLITE TV
What's next?
BY THE M O ST AC CURAT E CO UNT, T HE
BOB COOPER, Jr. SATELLITE-TV EDITOR
hom e-dish industry was produ cing, sellin g, and installing as man y ---a"57Cj,O O O - no me-aisn syste ms per month in th e fall of 1985. Now, th e mo st accurate fi gures suggest th at fewer than 12,000 hom e-di sh systems are being so ld per month at t he pre sent t ime. Tho se number s mean di ff erent thin gs to different groups. The cabl e-t el evi sion indu stry sees a " t h r i v i n g low-po w er sate l l ite broadca stin g busine ss". Th e hom e-satellite indu stry, th e peopl e who manufacture , di stribute, and in stall such system s " sees a busin ess on the verge of collap se ". Both of the p rec edin g quote s app ear ed in th e Jul y 20, 1987 issue of Broadcasting Magazin e, which contained a full report on th e status of the home-di sh industry.
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Death of an industry Which vi ew is co rrect ? On e o nly has to peru se the few rem ainin g trad e publi cation s se rv i ng t he TVRO mark et , or to attend an elec troni c : f lea market to witn ess th e depth of th e indu str y's doldrum s. Co mp lete hom e systems with 10foot di shes are whol esalin g fo r under $400; individual part s, suc h as 70 Kelvin LNB's are selli ng fo r as little as $40. Mu ch of th e mer ch andi se w areh ou sed in th e sp ring of 1986 for th e ant ici pate d 1986 is still the re. Sever al pi eces of legi slati on have been introduced .to pr ovid e so me form of assistance to an ailin g indu stry and a stunted co mmunication s medium . Hearin gs in support of that legi slation w er e
held , but the legi slati on was never enacted. And eve n if it wer e, at best it would have mad e it slightly m or e a iffic u lC fo r sate l l i te prog ram m ers and ca b le -te le vis io nsyste m operat ors to maintain th eir pr esent monopoli stic control over pro gr ammin g access. Control o ver pr o grammin ghow it is di stributed to hom e-di sh ow ne rs and wh at it co sts per servi ce per month-i s t he ce ntral issue. Some say it is the only issue. Cabl e progr amm er s and cab le operato rs have marri ed o ne anoth er at th e corporate level. TCI , th e largest cabl e-system own er in th e w orld , ha s bou ght su bs t an t i al stock in servi ces suc h as WTBSI CNN and oth er s. Virtuall y every programmer making a profit has some or all of it s stoc k own ed by its customers, th e cab le system owners. Home-di sh prop on ents be lieve that su ch c ross ow ne rs h i p h as work ed again st th e devel opm ent o f a "co m pe tit ive d eli ver y system ". As David Wolford , a publi sher in th e hom e-di sh industry t old Con gre ss : " Prog ra m me rs su c h as H BO an d Showti me l Viacom d er ive th e vast major it y of t he i r revenu e fro m cab le o pe rato rs. Ar e th ey reall y goi ng t o und er cut th e pri ces of th eir p rim ary custo me rs? Th e mark et is movin g in to a dangerou s sit uat io n. If pr esent co ndit io ns are allowed to co nt in ue, sate l li te TV w i ll (end up bein g) co nt ro lle d by its one and o nly natural co mpe t ito r, cab le TV." Programm er s suc h as HBO and Sho w t ime have refu sed to dat e to allow anyon e bu t th em selves o r th eir cabl e affiliates to mark et pro-
gram m ing to hom e-dish own er s. Cab le opera tors are furth er co ntroll ed by spec ified geog rap hical territo ri e soutsid eo fwn ich th ey canno t sell to home-di sh ow ne rs. That has result ed in a form of pri ce co ntro l because th ere are no co mpetitive fo rces at work . If yo u li ve within a cab le fr anchi se area and want HBO, yo u must bu y from th e lo cal- cabl e HBO affi liate . If yo u live o uts ide a cab le fr anchi se area, yo u must bu y fro m HBO directl y. Cab le trad e- asso ciati on h ead James Moo ney told Con gr ess: " Cab le pro grammin g is readil y availab le to hom e-di sh own er s at pri ces less th an th ose paid by th e aver age cab le subsc ribe r for th e same service ." Oth er s, suc h as Bob Phillips of th e N ati on al Rural Tel e c ommunicati on s Co rpo rat ion testifi ed that hi s firm has not been abl e to buy cab le pro gramming for resale to home-di sh ow ne rs at all, o r in th e best case th ey are payin g 500% to 700% more per home th an cable syste ms are payin g for th e id entical pro gr ammin g service. Ste p he n Sh u lte of Vi ac om l Showt ime has hi s ow n pet th eor y as to w hy th e hom e di sh indu stry sud de nly dri ed up and qu it fun cti onin g. He told Co ngress : "The infrastru ctu re of th e (TVRO ) indu str y grew up durin g a tim e wh en th e basic sell ing argume nt (to wouldb e co ns u me rs) was e r ro ne o us... tha t cab le p ro grammin g was availab le at no charge (w it h a di sh). Wh en services starte d to scramb le (t he i r pr o grammin g), th e sales w er e s i m p l y n o long er g rea t eno ug h t o su p po rt t he i nd ust ry that had been create d. "
74
Charles Rul e, actin g assistant attorney gen er al for the antitru st di vision of the Departm ent of Justi ce seemed to agree with thatassessm ent when h e told Coji gre ss " (o u r) investigation has not uncovered th e existence of any ill egal concerted activity amon g cab le operators (or programmer s)."
The next generation

Is this to b e th e end of direct broadcasting sat ellites for North America, an industry that did too well, too fast, and then was illequipped to face its adversari es? Probably not, but a significant period of readjustment is cer tainly ahead. Even the most optimistic cable-system operators admit that when the cable-television indu stry - h a's -co-m p le t ed -t h-e-" w i r in g-of - America" between ten m illion and twenty million homes will still be without the magical cable interface . Would those homes be sufficient to support a direct-to-home satell ite industry? The answer of course is yes. But not using the present C-band satellites or frequencies . All plannin g for the futu re centers on the use of the 11-12 GHz band , generally called the K or Ku band. Several . large firms, such as Comsat, have planned satellites to operate in those frequency bands. Most of those firms have suspended work on the project. Hubbard Broadcasting, a Minnesota-based television and radio station own er has plans to make use of that band . Hughes, the same people who pushed C-band satellit e t echnology to new limits , plans a 1991 launch of a pair of satellites for Ku band as well; those satellites are intended specificall y for direct- tohome broadcasting . RCA(GE)Ameri com, in co n j un ct i o n with HBO /Time-Life, also plans to launch Ku-band sat ell it es som etimebetween 1989 and 1990. But none of those would-be satellite operators has yet b een successful in attracting programmin g to th eir satellites . Ame ricom might have a sli ght advant age her e; t hey have an investmen t in p rog ramming throu gh th eir association with HBO and could at least fill up some channels from their own stock. But Hubbard and Hughes are offering some attractive fin an-
cia l d eal s to cab le pro gr amm ers suc h as Showt i me , Turn er, o r ESPN. For now, t he route t o t he next ge ne rat io n of h om e- sat e lli t e b roadc ast i ng is n o t c lea r ly m ark ed. Nor is t he re any ce rta inty t hat it w ill happ en unl ess pr ogr amm er s suc h as Showt ime feel co m f ortabl e t hat an offe ri ng on th e Ku band w i ll not i n any w ay an ger t he i r ex is t ing cab le -TV c lie nts. H BO is eve n now t ry ing to head off future p ro ble ms by offerin g th eir
p rese nt cab le custo me rs excl usive ri ghts to th e sale of Ku-band program m ing within th eir cab le-fra nch ise t er ritori es. That of co u rse t ranslates t o mon opoli stic co nt ro l of progr amming rates and terms ; th e very thin g that has has st ifle d R-E C-b and sales and grow th.
SCRAMBLE FACTS 718-343-0130 3 minutes of industry news, technical tips, and new product information.
IF YOU LIVE IN THE CARIBBEAN~ CENTRAL AMERICA, NORTHERN S. AMERICA or FLORIDA ...
WIN A PARACLIPSE HOME DISH SYSTEM!
Bob Cooper's CARIBBEAN ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE isgiving away 12 complete Paraclipse 12' home dish systems between September 1, 1987 and August 31, 1988. FREE. No obligation of any kind! If you are an amateur radio operator in the 'qualifying area' (see map), simply send us your Ham radio QSL card If you are in electronics but not a licensed amateur, send your business card You may enter once per month for each of the 12 months but no more than once per month. The home dish system winners are announced in 'CEM' monthly starting with the November 1987. issue. PLUS - when we receive your QSL card or business card, we will send you a FR EE sample copy of the most exciting electronics magazine in the Caribbean; Caribbean Electronics. CEM covers every aspect of communications and broadcasting, just for those who live in the Caribbean and countries surrounding the Caribbean. And we do it in English and Spanish with special Spanish summaries for all feature articles. OUR twelve FREE home dish systems feature the highly acclaimed Paraclipse 12 foot dish with tuned feed, state-of-the-art solid state actuator/ controller, and the top- rated by test AVCOM 2 series receiver system with remote control. This is the best, quality system for home orcommercial use in the Caribbean. Find out how ourCEM Lab rates everything from power line filters to VCRs, shortwave radios to home computers for Caribbean use in Caribbean Electronics Magazine. Send us your QSL card or business card today!
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CA RIBBEAN ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE

P. O. Box 100858, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 3331 0 USA Te lephone: 305/733-9955; in Florida 8003678150
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75
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Rates: Ads are2%" x 2%". One insertion$825 . Six insertions$800 each. Twelve insertions $775 each. Closing date same as regular rate card. Send order with remittance to Engineering Admart, Radio Electronics Magazine, 500-B Bi-County armingdale, NY 11735. Direct telephone inquiries to Arline Fishman , area Blvd ., F code-516-293-3000. Only 100% Engineering ads are accepted for this Admart.
FCC LICENSE PREPARATION

The FCC has revised and updated the commercial license exam . The NEW EXAM covers updated marine and aviation rules and regulations, transistor and digital circuitry. THE GENERAL RADIOTELEPHONE OPERATOR LICENSE STUDY GUIDE conta ins the necessary prepara tion for ONLY $25.00. WPT PUBLICATIONS 979 Young Street. Suite E Woodburn, Oregon 97071 Phone (503) 981-6122
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EARLY RAD IO
continuedfrom page 66
The re were two types of headph ones used in the ear ly 20 's . One type had an iron arma ture that was mech an ically co nnected to a mi ca o r com position d iaphrag m . In the other, an electromagnet was used to attract an iron diaphragm that was supported aroun d its circum ference . An unu sual design , ca lled a "Baldw in recei ver, " used a fiber diaph ragm ; a later model had a diaph ragm made of aluminum . Co mpare d to speakers that were used durin g the ea rly 1920 's , a Baldw intype headph one rend ered superior sound . The ea rliest spe aker was a headphone put into a reso na nt chamber such as a glass bowl or a wood box . Sub sequ entl y, an enterprising exper imenter developed a horn with tubular extension arms to ac-
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co mmodate a headset (Fig. 9). Co mmerc ial horn speake rs were soon man ufactured . So me were little more than overs ize d head phone units attac hed to curved metal or paper-mache funnels (or even to brass autom obil e horns). Others . like the Mag navox (first to introdu ce the vo ice co il) with a o-vo lt, I-ampere field co il. and the Western Electr ic, produ ced very goo d sound. Later in the 20 's cones came into use . Mos t of the ea rly ones were " balanced arma ture" types like a Baldw in headphone . A stylus from the armature co nnected to the center of the cone . These were superseded by the "dynam ic speaker," still in use . A voice co il in a stro ng magnetic field is co nnec ted across a low-impedan ce wi ndi ng on th e rece iver 's outp ut transformer. The co il and the cone moves in and out of the field in R-E accorda nce with the signal.
76
DRAWING
BOARD
Designer RAM
c p/M BEGAN TO DE C LINE, peopl e have been saying th at th e __day-s_oUhe_Z8(L\Y.e..r.e numbe reddon 't yo u beli eve it . It's true th at yo u wo n't see many new comp ut er d esign s don e aro und a Z80, but it 's also t rue th at th e Z80 has too mu ch m uscl e to win d up on t he silico n scrap heap. It 's sti ll o ne of t he microp ro cessors of cho ice to use as a dedi cated co nt ro lle r. Buil d in g o u r dyn ami c-RAM syste m aro und a Z80 makes sense because t he chip's b u ilt-in feat ures reli eve us of t he burd en of implemen tin g mu ch of t he design in exte rna l hard w are. We'll st ill need glue to p ut all t he pi eces to geth er,
EVER S IN CE
b ut not anywh er e as mu ch if we were buildin g t he w ho le ci rc u it fro m gates alo ne. Ther e are fou r Z80 co nt ro l signals th at are crit ica lly important in t he co nst r uctio n of o ur ci rc u it. Under standi ng w hat they are, how t hey work , and w hat their t imi ng relat io nshi ps are, is t he fi rst step in t he design . Th e fou r signals, all of w hich are active low, are : Me mo ry Requ est (M REQ ), p in 19 Read (RD), pi n 21 W rite (WR), p in 22 Refr esh (RFSH ), pin 28 Let's di scu ss t he m one at a ti me . MREQ is a co ntrol sig nal th at is active w he neve r th e Z80 has been
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i nstr uc te d t o p erform an o pe rat ion t hat in vol ves exte rna l mem ory'. As so o n as t he Z80 h as an add ress ready to put o ut o n t he bu s it brin gs t hi s lin e low. Th at happ en s fo r all m em ory o peratio ns : read , w rite , and refresh . RD goe s low w he n the Z80 wan ts d at a fro m t he o uts ide wor ld, w hich can be fro m eit he r a mem ory location or an 1 /0 port. Th erefo re a requ est for a read f ro m mem or y m ust be sensed by w atching MRE Q as we ll as RD . WR is t he opposite of RD. W he n it goe s low, the Z80 has data th at it wa nts to send to eithe r mem or y or an I/O devi ce. Just as wi t h RD, th e d e stin ati on is dete r m i ne d by watc hing t he MRE Q lin e. RFS H is th e signal th at keep s t he Z80 popul ar. Wh en it goes low it sig na ls t hat th e mi crop roc essor has in cr em en t ed it s intern al refresh co unte r and has pu t th e new refresh address on t he low er seven bit s of t he address b us (AO-A6). By co mb in ing RFSH sig nal wi t h MREQ, yo u can dete rmi ne exactly w he n a ref resh ope ratio n mu st take pl ace in yo u r system . A ll mem or y operatio ns requ ire two Z80 co ntrol signals, so it's important that we have a good un derstand i n g of t he timing re la tio nships betwee n the m . And any discus sio n of ti m i ng mu st start wit h a loo k at t he basic heart beat of the Z80: the in stru cti on cycle.
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Fig ur e 1 is a repr esentati on of t he two f unda me nta l parts of all Z80 in st ru cti on cycles: the M (mach ine) cycle, and t he T (tim e, o r clock ) cycle . Every in stru ct ion t hat
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t he Z80 exec utes requires f ro m on e to six machin e cycles, M1-M6. Durin g M1 t he Z80 fe tc hes th e op co de of th e next in st ru ct ion. If t he o p-code is m o re th an o ne byt e lon g th ere wil l be more t han o ne M1 cycle . In add it io n , it's du rin g M1 th at th e Z80 handl es refresh addressin g. By th e way, as shown in th e fig ure, M 2 and M 3 are used fo r reads and wri tes. Figure 2 is an expande d lo ok at t he M1 cycl e. Durin gT1 and T2, th e Z80 pl aces th e co nte nts of th e pr ogram cou nte r o n t he th e address bu s to get th e next o p-co de. The mi c roprocessor uses th e next two T cycle s, 13 and T4, t o decod e th e op-code ; it doesn't need the bu s during that t ime . So , du rin g 13 and T4, t he add ress bu s is divid ed in - - naif to pr ovia e two Ki na s o faata. The upper eig ht bi t s, A7-A15, have th e co nte nts of th e I (ind ex) regi ster, and th e lower seve n bit s, AO-A6, have th e co nt ents of th e R, or refr esh , regi ster. Wh en t he ref resh address stabili zes, both MR EQ and RFSH go low. That combinati on of sig n als is t he refo re a guarantee d-stab le refr esh address th at can be used to syste m at ica l ly refr esh d yn ami c mem ory. In case you mi ssed it , what the Z80 is doing for us is to elim inate th e need for th e exte rn al co unte rs and lo gical glue that used to be necessary to ensu re th at dynam ic mem ory w ould be refreshed at th e ri ght t im e and in th e ri ght ord er. Now that you under stand how mu ch wo rk t he Z80 is ready to do for us, let 's see wh at we have to do to ta ke advantage of it.
need s a refresh " precharge " tim e. Keepin g th at in mind , let's see how much of t he 800 nanosecond s we act ually have fo r refresh. Even tho ug h Fig. 2 is o nly a rep resentati on of actu al t im i ng, it 's clear th at th ere are d elays associate d with th e mem ory-control signals ge ne rate d by the Z80. It tak es abo ut t h ree quarter s of a T cycle fo r t he Z80 t o pu t th e p ro gram co unte r o n the address bu s and th en guarantee that the memory co nt ro l sig nals (MREQ and RD) are stab le . And after th e op-code appear s o n th e dat a bu s, w e al so mu st allow fo r sett ling t im e o n th e data bu s. Assumin g th e maximum clo ck spee d of 2.5 MHz, w e can expect to see th eJoll owin g timin g fo r th e whol e op- c od e fe tc h cy c le , (T1- T2):
T(OP -CODE) = (T1 + T2) - T(ADDRESS/ SIGNAL) - T(DATA)
= =
800 - 300 - 50 450 nanoseconds
Putting it to work
In usin g dynami c RAM with a Z80, t he mo st important d esign task is to ensu re th at th e mem ory is fas t e no ug h to w ork in t he amount of tim e available for refr esh. In o ur ci rc u it w e'll use a Z80B and run it at a m aximum spee d of 2.5 M Hz , w hic h t ranslates i nto 400 nan o second s (1/(2.5 x 106 per T cycle, o r 800 ns to co mpl et e o ne refr esh. In fact , how ever, w e can' t co unt o n havin g th e fu ll 800 nan o second s. Some tim e is eate n by d el ays intern al t o t he Z80; more is need ed to allow fo r p ropagati on de lays in o u r suppo rt circ u it ry; and al l dyn ami c RAM
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Th e amou nt of tim e need ed for a memory read is also an important co nside rat io n, but it is usually longe r th an th e time need ed for an op-co de fetch. For o u r 2.5 MHz syste m, a memory read requires abo ut 650 nanose cond s. Not only is that lon ger than an op-cod e fetch , but both numbers are w ell within th e bounds of the modern 150-nanosecond (and faster) RAM . Th e lo gi c that w e'll n eed t o ma ke o u r syst em w ork also has built-in delays. Each of th e buffer s and gates th at co m p rise th e circuit co nt ri b utes to th e to tal amo unt of tim e th e circuit need s to o pe rate . TTL and fast CMOS part s have ver y small propagation d ela ys, but if yo u add enou gh of th em to gether yo u can w ind up wi th a circ uit th at is t oo slow. A worst-case analysis mi ght look like thi s: 40 ns fo r memory buffer delays 40 ns for data buffer d elays 30 ns for gat ing delay s 40 ns for Z80 buffer d elays Th at 's a tota l ci rc uit -p ro pagat io n delay of 150 ns. Tho se f igu res are not exact , but if yo u look t h rou gh a TTL o r CMOS data book, yo u' ll see that I'v e ove restimate d th e maximum possibl e ti mes by a large margin . Now tha t we have all th e number s w orked o ut, w e also have th e maximum access tim e for th e RAM
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we' ll need . You d on 't need a lot of eq uip me nt to see that even if w e used so me slow 250-nanoseco nd RAM , th e tota l circ uit delay tim e wou ld o n ly be 400 (150 plus 250) ns. M ost mail-order ho uses don 't even sto ck 250-ns part s. The bott o m li n e is that by u sing 150-n s RAM w e can elim inate all t he po t entia l p rob lem s t hat w ou ld b e caused by timin g restr ict io ns.
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There are a co up le of t hings to keep in mind w he n usin g a Z80 to co nt ro l a RAM syste m . A ll of t hem co me fro m o ne general principl e: If th e Z80 stop s running, all o ur
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mem ory data w ill b e history. That p rinc ip le is of crit ical importance ana it'sal so reall y easy to forget. As lon g as the Z80 is execut i ng in str uct ion s it w il l co nt i n ue pu tt in g o u t n ew refresh add resses during each M1 cycle. How ever, anyt hing t hat p ut s t he Z80 to slee p wi l l also t rash t h e m em or y. Fortun at el y, th e re ar e o n ly a few circ u mstanc es in w hi ch that can hap pen : A reset pu lse lo nger t han 1 milliseco nd . A wait state lon ger th an 1 m illi seco nd. A DMA o perat io n lon ger t han 1 mill isecon d. In o ur syste m , all m em ory access w ill be d on e throu gh t he Z80, we don 't have to worry abo ut t he last two o n t he li st . DMA simp ly won 't be used in o u r system; any exte r na l re q uest to sto re or ret rieve data wi ll be don e by loadin g lat ch es and t hen asking th e Z80 to perfo rm a read o r a w rite. Sim il arl y, w e si m p ly don 't have an y wait states. Any slo w I/O d evice using o u r mem o ry syste m w il l talk to b uffer s and lat ch es, not di rect ly to m em ory. So me m emo ry syste ms (l i ke that of th e IBM PC) mu st p lace wa it states in t o eve ry m em o ry requ est because the re isn 't eno ug h tim e fo r th e " p recharge t im e" requ ir ed by t he d yna m ic RAM . As w e' ve (f) seen fro m the mathem ati cal analy~ sis above , w e su re ly d o n 't have z o a: that p rob lem . INext m on th we' ll start build in g o ill ...J the circ uit. If yo u haven 't do ne so ill already, yo u sho ul d get goo d data o shee ts o n t he Z80 and dyn am ic -c a: RAM . R-E
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Construction
The PC board can be m ad e photogra phicall y usin g the foil pattern show n in PC Service , or the pattern ca n be used as a g uide for app lying liqu id and tape resis t by han d. Altho ug h the foil pattern itself is only 5-i nches high , the PC board material m ust be 6 % inc hes high because the tree 's I%-inc h trun k is part of the PC board . Sin ce etching large co pper areas not only takes excessive time but also shorte ns the life of the etcha nt, we suggest you trim away the un want ed PC board mater ial be fore you etch the boa rd . Or, if you prefe r to c ut the tree to size after the pattern is etched , prot ect the foil of the large unu sed tru nk area wi th res ist and --simply len lie co pper remai ~A s long as the trun k 's foi l doesn 't co me in co ntact w ith any of the circuit traces it makes no difference whethe r it' s there or not. If you want to decorate the fro nt of the tree, do it before the holes for the co mponent s are drilled . For exa mple, the author sprayed the co m po nent side with a bright auto mo tive metall ic-green pain t. To prevent a defin ed line , a card board mask was held abo ut Y2inch above the board . Then , the ed ge of the PC board was " d usted " with a fine mist of white pa int to simulate snow. After allow ing for adequate dryin g, agai n using a ca rdbo ard mask , the trun k portion of the board was painted wit h a metallic-brow n paint. Allow the decorative paint to dry overni ght b e fo re drillin g th e co m po ne nt mounting hol es . Th en install and solde r the eig ht jumper s , the resistor s, the Ie's , and th e capac itors . Then inse rt all the LED 's, obse rvi ng the polar ities show n in Fig. 2 . Position the LED 's so that they are rai sed app rox ima tely Y2 inch off th e board . To do that , turn the board over and lay it down on a flat surface , bein g ca ref ul not to allow any LED 's to fa ll o ut; that can be done eas ily by hold ing a p iece of stiff cardboard against the LED 's whi le turning the board over. Keepin g the board paralle l to your wor k surface , solde r o ne lead of eac h LE D. Turn the board over and carefully look across the surface to see whe the r the LED 's are straig ht and at the same he igh t. If not , correct as needed . When you ' re sa tisfied with their alig nmen t, so lder the other lead of each LED .
eac h othe r, san dwic h the PC board between the holder s. Hol d the asse mb ly firmly o n a flat surface that 's covere d wi th a piece of wax paper. You wi ll have a few minu tes worki ng time before the epoxy sets to ensure- prop er align me nt. Make certain that the ho lders are even and tha t the circ uit board is cen tere d and upr ight bet ween the holders . In abou t 5 minut es the glue will have set up sufficiently, and the tree can be lifted from the wax pa per. Use ace to ne or flux remover to clean excess glue from the bott om of the battery hold ers . As with most ot he r cleane rs , be careful not to tou ch the paint ed surface. After allowi ng at least one hour for the epoxy to cure, so lde r aj um pe r wire at one en d of the batter y hold ers, across the ad ja cen et positi ve and nega tive te rmin al lugs . Fro m the battery source en ds , so lde r the positi ve and negative lead s directl y to the foil traces -as show n in Fig . 2 . The CEO's wi ll sta 0 flas li as soo n as th ebatteries are installed . Any LED that fails is most likel y defective , or installed with reversed pol arity. Wh en yo u' re ce rta in th e proj ect is wo rking , you ca n add a final "dress up " by gluing a co lorful felt material over foil traces on the back of the boa rd . R-E
ANALYZE WAVEFORM
con tinued fro m page 60
thinking a bo ut th em, but yo u do go throu gh them . A properly de signed digit al readout redu ce s eac h mea surem ent to s imply pu shin g a butt on a nd re adin g a nu mb er, including the correc t decimal placement and the ran ge multiplier. S ince the tests are so much easier to do, yo u will probably anal yze waveforms more often , instea d of using less effe ctive troubl eshooting methods . Accu r a cy : Di git al read ings prov ide much higher acc uracy th an a C RT. Mos t peopl e don 't th ink mu ch ab out the accuracy of a read ing , bu t er ro rs ca n add up qu ickl y w he n u sin g a s ta n dar d o s cilloscope. First, no sco pe rea ding ca n be more acc ura te than the calibration of the vertica l and hor izontal circuits . Publi sh ed acc urac ies ran ge from 2% to 5% , but only if the sco pe has been recalibrated wit hin the past few months . If not , the cir cuit errors may be higher. Next, con sider the errors in determining the displa cement of the trace on the C RT. A typica l C RT trace has 8 major vertica l d ivisi o ns , eac h di vid ed int o 5 minor division s . If a wavefor m is 4 major division s tall (o ne-half the screen height ), it covers a total of 20 min or division s. Since the wi dt h of the trac e is abo ut I min or di vision, the trace thi ckness ad ds an ext ra 5% erro r to the calibration uncer- . tainl y. W he n we add interpol ation and
TABLE 1 Peak-to-peak vol ts 1. Turn vertica l vernier to CA L. 2. Lock waveform and adjust horizontal circuits until desired numbe r of waveforms appear. 3. Adjust VOLTS/ DIVISION control until waveform is 2 to 4 divisions tall. 4. Adjust VERT POS ITION control until the bottom of waveform sits on a horizontal graticule line. 5. Adjust HORIZ POS IT ION control until tallest portion of waveform is on center CRT graticule. 6. Count divisions between bottom and top of waveform. 7. Multiply number of divisions times VOLTS/DIVISION setting. 8. Multiply times 10 if a x 10 probe is used and input is calibrated for direct readings . DC volts 1. Set vertical vernier to CAL. 2. Lock waveform and adjust horizontal circuits until des ired number of waveforms appea r. 3. Adjust VOLTS/ DIVISION setting until waveform is 2 to 4 divisions tall. 4. Set INPUT CO U PLI NG switch to ground . 5. Adjust VERT POSITION control until line is on a horizontal graticule line. 6. Move INPU T COUPLIN G switch to the DC position . 7. Readjust VOLTS / DIVISION switch if has trace moved off screen. 8. Estimate vertical midpoint of waveform. 9. Count number of divisions from reference in step 5 to midpoint of step 8. 10. Multiply number of divisions by the VOLTS/DIVISION setting. 11. Multiply by 10 if a x 10 probe is used and input is calibrated for direct readings. Time or frequency 1. Turn horizonta l vernier to CAL. 2. Lock waveform and adjust horizontal circuits until desired number of waveforms appea r. 3. Adjust the HORI Z POSIT ION control until left edge of signal touches a vertical graticule line. 4. Adjust VERT POS ITIO N control until right edge of signal crosses center CRT graticule. 5. Count nu mber of divi sions between left and right edge of waveform. 6. Multiply number of divisions by the setting of the T IMEBAS E- FREQ switch. 7. Divide by 10 if the horizontal x 10 expander is on. 8. For frequency, invert results.
parall ax errors , a sco pe reading will o nly be acc ura te to within 10% to 20% . Digi tal scope readout s offer a muc h highe r deg ree of acc uracy . For instance , the peak-to-pe ak voltage funct ion of the Sen core SC6 1 is acc ura te to 2%. The accuracy imp rovem e nts are eve n greate r for freq uency measurem en ts; that is because continued Oil page 84
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Prepare the surfaces of the batte ry holders a nd the PC board for gluing by sa nding the bac k of eac h hold er and a -Jlx-inch strip on both sides of the c ircuit boa rd at the bott om of the trun k. M ix a sma ll amo unt of a 5-m inute epoxy and app ly so me to the Yx-inch strip o n both sides of the circ uit board . With the battery polari ties op posi te
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STRAIN GAGE
continued from page 63
resistance change , any d ifferenc e in temperature between the strain gage and the other resistors co uld look like a legitimate output. But when four strain gages are used, and all are mount ed on the spring e le me nt , they a ll see the same tempera ture variations. Then they will all increase or decrease by the same amo unt, thereb y preserving the bridge balance and producin g no output.
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where A is the ga in of the built-in amplifier. Since the gain and the bridge supply voltage , as well as the gage factor and sprin g constant, are all fixed at the time of asse mbly, they can all be combined into one con stant as the transducer sensitivity.
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V-422 DC to 40MHz. DC Offset V-22S DC to 2OMHz. ~ RT Readout
$822.
Save $1751
Quad Channel Multi. Function Sl'0Jl~S
$1625. Save $1251

V-099 3.5" CRT
V-223 DC to 20MHz, Delayed Sweep V-11S0 DC to 150MHz NTSC Vector Scopes $695. Save $1001 Delayed Sweep V-069 6' CRT $2650. Save $3001 V-222 DC to 20MHz, DC Offset $515. Save $2001 V-1100AU DC to 100MHz. $1825. Save $1251 Delayed Sweep V-212 DC to 20MHz v-oss 3.5' CRT
$950.
Savo $3001
....DB!i
$440.
Save $1751
$2240. Save $2501
$1284. Save $4001
300 Block North Rampart Street . ,.a.oB "F. New Orleans Louisiana 70112 TOLL FREE 800 535-9593 LA 800 462-9520 NEW ORLEANS 504 525-8222 FAX 504 525-6G61 American Express. Visa MasterCard. 928 pg catalog FREE with your order
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ANALYZE WAVEFORM
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COMPONENT SIDE
2.3 INCHES
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FRESNEL LENS lffl lNCH FOAMCOREBOARD
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1.3 INCHES PHOTO DIODE
FIG. 3-ALL OF THE COMPONENTS, except J1, mount on the foil side of the PC board. .
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FIG. 4-A FRESNEL LENS is used to concentrate the light on the photodiode.
Construction The PC-board's de sign is so mew hat different in that all of the co mponents exce pt Jl are mount ed on the foi l side of the board ; the PC pattern can be found in PC Service , and the parts-pl acement diagram is shown in Fig. 3. The co mponents are mount ed in that way so that the PC board can be used as one side of a lighttight struc ture supporting the Fresnel lens as shown in Fig. 4 . Placing the traces on the inside of the bo x protects them somewhat from contamination ; over time , that co ntamination ca n build up on the circuitry and affect performance. The co mpleted board can also be covered with a conforma l coa ting (that's a coa ting that close(/) Iy co nforms to the surface that it is applied U to ) o r potted to m in im ize a ny co nZ tamin ation problem s. o g: The print ed circui t board is 2.3 inches ~ by 2.3 inch es. Those are the sa me dimen uJ sions as the Fresnel len s available from the 6 supplier menti oned in the Parts List. Use (5 screws or standoffs to mount the lens 1.3 ~ inche s from the photodiode . That is the
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focal distance of the lens and will result in maximum light gathering power. To finefocus the lens, attac h an oscill oscope to the photodiode and, with the eye point ed toward s a light source located several feet away, adj ust the lens supports for maximum frequ enc y output. If you find that your eye saturates too quickl y, you ca n simply defocu s the lens slightly to reduc e the light level that reaches the photodiode . After the lens has been focused , cut and mount the remai ning sides of the box . Car dboa rd or a similar material is suitable for that; the auth or used Foamcore board , whic h is available at art supply stores . Hot-melt glue is a hand y means of attaching the sides . Paint the cardbo ard sides black to reduce the amount of- light entering the eye except throu gh the lens. That won' t do much to stop infrared light , however. If interferen ce du e to infrared noi se becomes a problem , lamin ate a layer of aluminum foil to the sides .
a 0.00 I%-accurate frequency counter replaces the 10 to 20% errors associated wi th C RT-base d frequency me asurements. Freedom from errors: The third difference may have even more imp act than the first two. That's because an error in co unting or multiplication--or forgett ing to set the horizont al or vertical verni er to the C A L position-may lead you down a completely wrong path . What is worse is that you won 't realize that you've made the error until some time later whe n you re-test a signal. A directreading digital readmit prevents that beca use it gives accurate result s indepen_ dently of display settings . _ Oth er problems can happen, too . The vernie rs ca n be out of their calibrated position; the signal can be off of the CRT; or the triggerin g circuits can even be out of sync. But none of those problems will affect the digital readin gs. Digital reading s make it easier to use waveform analysis for more and more of your troubleshooting . You can lock the waveform onto the CRT when you want to fully analyze all seven parameters of complex waveforms. When making general tests, however, you don 't even need to adj ust the CRT circuits, if DC voltage , peak-t o-peak voltage, or frequenc y readings are enough to tell you whether the circuit s are operating correctly. Such general testing can speed your circuit anal ysis even more. And , what service technician or engineer could possibl y argu e with
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Next time That completes the eye's co nstruction. Now it' s time to hook it up and test it. Unfor tunate ly, at th e mom ent th ere 's nothin g to hook it up to . That shortco ming will be taken care of next time when we show you the robot 's rotatin g head . R-E
"Next year we get a computer."
CONTENTS DECEMBER
1987v o L 4 N o 1 2
o,MiflUiEil i)'GESi
Larry Steckler,
EHF, CET: pub lisher & edito r in chief

Art Kleiman,
ed itorial director
Brian C. Fenton,
managing ed itor
Jeff Holtzman
technical ed itor
Byron G. Wels,
associate ed itor
Carl Laron,
associate ed itor
Robert A. Young,
assistant editor
Teri Scaduto
ed itorial assistant
91 ALL ABOUT FLOPPY DISKS Focus on Apple and IBM formats.
Ruby M .
vee,
production director
Karen Tucker,
production advertising
Robert A. W. Lowndes,
productio n associate
Marcella Amoroso
producti on assistant
Andre Duzant,
technical illustrator
Jacqueline P. Cheeseboro
circulation d irector
Arline R. Fishman,
advertising director
95 CD CLASSROOM, PART 3 Install the microprocessor.
ComputerDigest Gemsback Pub lications, Inc 500-B Bi-County Blvd . F armingdale, NY 11735
ADVERTISING SALES 516-293-3000
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Larry Steckler Publisher

NATIONAL SALES
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Joe Shere 1507 Bonnie Doone T errace Corona Del Mar, CA 92625 71 4-760-8697 Cover Photography by Herb Friedman and Jeff Holtzman
87 EDITOR'S WORKBENCH
HARDWARE: Periscope SOFTWARE: TDebug Plus TurboSmith
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EDITOR'S WORK,
Periscope ebug isthe standard MSDOS machinelanguage debu gger. It is included w ith every copy of DOS, so every programmer, hacker, and hobbyist is familiar w ith it. Debu g is useful for tracing and analyzing b oth softwa re yo u w rite yourself, and softwa re w ritten by others. A nd w ith care you can even use it to create short p rograms w itho ut the aid of an external assemb ler. How ever, you d on 't have to use the program for very long to realize that it has limitations, the most severe of wh ich are limited breakpo int facilities, lack of w indowing, and lack of sup p ort for the symbol s ge ne rated by the asse mb le r o r comp iler yo u use to generate object co de. Att emp ting to remedy those d efic ienci es, the Perisco p e Com pany sells a line of high-qu ality d ebu gging tools with varying capab ilities. The latest incarnation includes an expansion card that allows yo u to trap bu s events in real time, thereby p rovid ing many of the capab ilities of a d evelp pm ent system for ab out 10% of the cost. Actually, there are four models of P eriscope, w hich d iffer mainly in the hardw are incl uded . P erisco p e I ($345) includes a memory b oard with 56Kof w rite-p rotected memory and a break-o ut sw itch. The memory is installed outside of the 640K DOS limit ( usuall y in segme nt DOOO o r EGOO); t he P eriscope software runs from that memory Pr essing the b reak-out sw itch at any timeeven w hen the system isappa rently lockedup-generates a hardware interrupt that activates the P eriscop e software. Peri sco p e II ($175) inc lud es j ust the b reak-out swi tch; the software runs from normal DO S memory,so it may be overwritten by a run-aw ay prog ram. In that case you may not be ab le to regain co ntrol of a hung system. The b reak-o ut sw itch does not req uire an expa nsion slot; a small finger slips in an in-use slot between the expansion card and the co nnector's own finger.
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spec ify w ith b reakpoints at add resses you spec ifY lnaa a ition, you can Dump memory in the standard Debug format, R ead and Write files and disk sectors, Unassembl e, Examine, Search, and Fill memory, etc. Normally, all output scrolls up the screen in standard fashion. How ever, you can open w indows (see this month 's cover for an examp le) that maintain information in fixed p laces on the screen, thereby making that information much easier to find and assimilate, Wind ow size and co lor is easily spec if ied ; w indows may co ntain regi st ers, memory d umps (in several formats), d isassembl ed instruct ions, stack d ump, and a text file du mp . Pressing Ctrl-F9 or Ctrl-F 10 brings up d efault w indows for mono and co lor w ind ows, respectively The d isassembly w ill co ntain the symbols and high-level instructions of your p rogram, if an ap p rop riat e .M A P f i le is availab le. (Most assemb lers and linkers can generate such a file.) F or examp le, the p rogram shown in Fig. 2 is w ritten in Turb o P ascal; a utility sold by T urb o P ower created the requ ired .MA Pfile. Note that bo th T urb o source Iinesand the generated obj ect code are show n. See this month's software reviews for more information. You can add your own lab els to p rograms and save them separately That capab ility is useful w hen d isassemb ling thirdparty softwa re. Breakpoints and program tracing You can set an almost bewilde ring variety of breakpo ints w ith P eriscope. BC sets a Code Breakp oi nt, activated w hen your pro gram tries to execute co de at the specified add ress. That add ress may be spec ified using hex not ation or symbolica lly Bl sets an Interrupt Breakpoint, activated w hen a software interrupt is executed . F or exam p le,t o stop execution any time a DO S function (interrupt 21h) w as to b e executed , you'd type BI 21 You can also set breakpoints on source-
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The softwa re functions pretty much the same for all versions, given the hardware d ifferences. In fact, the same softwa re is includ ed . w ith all versions; d uring the installation you must spec ify your hardw are configuration. How to use it The P eriscop e softwa re co mes in two parts: PS.EXE, the 50K de bugge r, and R UN.COM, a 7K program that loads and runs yo ur software. First you run PS, which lies dorma nt in memory until yo u R un a pro gram. When you do, the P eriscop e screen comes up, a register d ump is displayed, and the first instructio n is d isassembled. You can then execute your program in various ways. T o ease the learning process, P eriscope d up licates many Debu g co mmands, so you can Trace a single instruction or a group thereof, or Go, start ing at an add ress you
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an EGA and enhanced color display, the P eriscope d isplay can op tionally run in the 43-line mode . The P eriscop e command line is fully ed itable, and the prog ram maintains a stack of recently issued commands, wh ich you can scroll through and then edit and execute the new line. Limited macro-type facility is available, and you can repeat the last command executed by pressi ng F4. A word about the break-out sw itch : If you run the following piece of code unde r Debu g, the only way to regain control of your machine wou ld be by resetting: XXXX:01 00 JMP 0100 A break-out sw itch w ill, however, allow yo u to escap e from the loop.
Conclusions With or without a break-o ut switc h, P eriscop e impresses us as one of the finest p ieces of - development- software we've ever seen. It w ill b e part of our tool kit for years to co me. The hardw are models aren't cheap, but if you need one, you need it bad, so cost should be no object. If you 're on a tight b udget, you can b uy the software-only version and add your own breakout switch .
FIG. 2- The Periscope debugging screen.
code line numb ers ( BL), memory ad d resses (BM), I/O p ort add resse s (BP), registers ( BR), user-specified co nditi ons (BU), memory contents ( BW), and sub routine exit ( BX). Note that those are not hardwa re-activated breakpoints, so execution must be started via the GT command, in which machine instructions are executed one at a time, breakpoint settings are examined, and then control reverts either to Periscope or to the user program, depending 011 whether the breakpoint conditions we re met. Each of the b reakpoint co mmands may be cleared by entering the comm and w ith an asterisk. In ad di tion, breakp oints of a particu lar type may be enabled (by typi ng + ), di sabled (by ty pi ng -), or d ispl ayed (by typing 7).
Hardware control A ll of the commands discussed thus far may b e used on any version of P eriscop e. P eriscope III enab les an additional set of breakpoint, trace, and display command s that let yo u execute your p rogram in real time until a spec ified cond ition is met. The HB co mmand, for examp le, sets a breakpoint w hen a spec ific b it p attern appears on the data bu s. Values of 0, 1, and X (don't care) are legal. You can also trap memory and po rt read sor writes (or either) using the HM and HP comman ds, respectively F urther, using the JD command you can qualify the breakpoint so that execution will con tinue until data within a specified range, and at the specified address is accessed. P eriscop e Ill's hardware buffer has sufficient memory to trap 8192 b us events. (/) When d efining a breakpoi nt, yo u can in~ struct the hardware to save the 8K events o precedi ng the b reakpoint, the 8K fol lowing ~ it, or 4Kon either side. You can also set up a pass cou nt, so that, for examp le, the breaku:J poin t wi ll not b e executed until the fifth time an ODh is outp ut to port 61h The HC o (Hardware Control ) comma nd sets those <l: a: modes.
O peration on an AT is somewhat more complicated. F or example, whe n setting a bit breakpoint, you must specify the up per or low er half of the bu s (or both). In addi tio n, you can force a hardware breakpoint to be executed when memory b eyond the one-megabyte areais accessed, again using the HC command .
Hardware buffer display There are four com mands for displaying the contents of the hardware bu ffer; a fifth (DW) saves the buffer to d isk (or memory) for future examination. The d isp lay co mmand s are as follows. The HRco mmand provides a full-screen d isp lay of the raw contents of the hardware bu ffer. Each line contains an address, data, ope ration type (inp ut, output, read, write, DMA, instructi on pre-fetch ), p lus an ad dress symbol, if available. A sequence num be r that co rresponds to th e 8K o f sto red data is also d isplayed . You can scroll through the buffer and search for ad d ress, d ata, and operation types . HS d isplays a single line in the same format as the HRco mmand. HT and HU p rovide a full-screen d isp lay of the hardwa re b uffer, b ut in a more d igestib le format. HT p rovides a d isassembly (with lab els) p lus the operat ion types (in, out, etc .), and HU provides just the disassembly O th er goodies Naturally, Periscope includes a bu ilt-in assemble r. The surprise is that you can use symbols fo r address references-those from yo ur program's MAP file, or those that you've de fined w ithin Per iscope (using ES). There is also (o p tional) on -line help. Pressing ? bring s up a list of co mmands; p ress ing ? p lus a co mmand br ings up a br ief summary of that co mmand. P erisco pe can use two monitors--one for yo ur prog ram's output, and one for the P eriscope debug d isplay When used w ith
Turbo Pascal Debuggers
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urb o P ascal, w hen it w as introd uced some four years ago, laid to rest forever the notion that serious software d evelopment co uld only b e d one by means of the traditional and time-consuming ed it-co mpil e-link-test-repeat loop. Comp rising less than 40K of co de, and widely available at we ll und er $100, Turbo P ascal also d ispe lled the notion that a p rofessional comp il er had t o b e big or expens ive . In add ition, it's available for a number of operating systems (CP/M, CP/M-86, and MSDOS). The only thing missing from Turbo P ascal was a symbol ic source-level d ebugger of the typ e that companieslike Periscope (see this month's hardwa re review) have b een selling for some time. That lack was addressed a few years ago when a program called TDebug appeared on BBSes across the nation. Since then, the product has gone comme rcial; the com me rcial implementation, called T-Deb ugPlus, adds a host of new features and several extremely useful utility programs. T urb oSmith, a latecomer, provid es many of the features of T-DebugPlus, as well as several uniq ue ones, inclu d ing an integrated machine-language deb ugger.
TurboSmith The pro gram is co ntained in a single 120K file CTSM.EXO In keep ing with the Turb o phi losophy, T urb oSmith costs $69. It's w rit-
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ten entirely in assemb ly language, and req uires 512K of free RAM to run. In fact, Turb oSmith really need s most of 640K to function p roperly; it would n't work at all on a 3Com network station, w hich gobb les abo ut 200K of memory for d evice drivers. Y ou run TSM to get into T urbo; TSM loads Turb o and adds a new item, Trace, to T urbo's main menu. (See Fig. 3.) The ed itor and comp iler functions w ork j ust as they do w ithout TSM; the new Tr ace option com p iles the current program and then brings up the debugging screen. (See Fig. 4.) That screen can display as many as three w i nd ow s simu lt aneo usly. One is the source-code window, which is always displayed. The other two may conta in program variables, a hex/ASCII memory dump, or a FIG. 3-TurboSmith adds a new item to the Turbo menu. machine-language co ntrol window You swi tch among w indows cyclically by pressing the F 10 key; pressing F2 insid e __ a oy~ndow bri ogs _y-o _ ul-o_a _c_om mancW!le __ where you can initiate various operations. F or examp le, by typing Q you return to the Turbo men u. A full range of line-ed iting functions is available at each comma nd line. Other non-co mmand- line operatio ns are initiated by Ctrl-key and Alt-key combinations, and the commands work as much alike as possible inside different w indows. F or example, pressing A lt-B inside either the source or the machine-code w indow setsa b reakpoint where the prog ram w ill stop when it tries to execute that P ascal statement or that machine-language instruction, resp ectively. In eithe r program-co ntrol window you can execute a single statement or instructio n by p ressing the + key by the numeric keypad. Or p ress Alt-X (eXecute) to exec ute ful l-speed until a b reakpoint is reached or Alt -S(Stop) is pressed. Another way of starting executing is to press Alt -A FIG. 4- The TurboSmith debugging screen. (Auto single-step). In that mode, a statement or instruction is executed, the screen ment is executed. T erminate A uto mode by Screen swapping is upd ated , and then the next program elep ressing any key. A uto mode is not as useful Most prog rams prod uce some sort of as it might be becauseyou can't co ntrol the screen output; TSM can deal w ith screen Products Evaluated speed at wh ich statements are executed. output in two ways. Fi rst, and best, you can You might want to slow execution in order use two monitors, one mono ( IBM or Herto get the feel of how a loop was executing, cules) and one color (CGA or EGA ). In that TurboSmith ($6 9), Vi sual A ge, 642 N. for examp le. case, p rogram output must go to the mono Larchmont Blvd " Los Angele s, CA 9000( The Variables w indow d isplays the valscreen; the debugging windows corne up 800-732-2345,213-534-4202 (CA), CIRCLE 31 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD ues of all globa l variables, T urb o's intemal on the co lor screen. Ot herw ise, on a singlevariables as we ll as your own. You can on ly monitor system, you can use screen swap T-Deb ugPlus ( $60), T urb o Pow er, 210'1 view variables inside a nested procedure or ping, wherein TSM maintains memo ry imScotts Valley Drive, Scotts Valley:CA 95066, function when the program is executing ages of both the debugging data and the 408-438-8608. that procedure or function. Further, you can program's output data, swapping them at CIRCLE 32 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD open as many aseight w indow levels, each the p ress of a key. of wh ic h overlays one of the three o nOne useful feature is that TSM w ill re Turbo P ascal ($99.95), Borland Intemascreen w ind ows . You cyc le among dis spond to a break-out sw itc h. If your protional, 4585 Scotts Valley Drive, Scotts Valp layed w ind ows by pres sing F 10, and gram gets lo cked in a loop and the ley,CA, 800-255-8008,408-438-8400.(CA). among levels by pressing F 9. Youare free to keyboard won 't respond , chances are the CIRCLE 33 ON FREE INFORMATION CAIU> change the values of variables within any break-out sw itch w ill allow you to regain Perisc o p e (price varies accord ing to w ind ow control and co ntinue debugging. See this mode l), The Periscope Company,14 Bonnie Version 2.1 (which was not available in month's hardwa re review for more informaLane, Atlanta, GA 30328, 404-256-3860, tion on break-out sw itches. time for this review) should automatical ly CIRCLE 34 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD open variable w ind ows in nested proTSM 's machine- language debugger ced ures and functions. provid es powerfu l breakpo int facilities. You
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can set passpoints, b reakpoints that wil l 11 b: occu r only when an instruction has been 12 writ el n: executed a number of times(ranging from 1 13 end : to 65535). In addi tio n, you can tag an inheg in struction or a group of instructions with a 14 r : = 8: number ranging from 1 to 99; yo u can then 15 whilp. true do begin set, clear, or d isable b reakpo ints by tag 16 i : = i t 1; .numb er. The ML debugger also provides 17 writ e!n (j) ; DEGUG-like facilities for searching, filling, III a: moving, and d isassemb ling memory, co m19 end; puting hex values, inputting and outp utting -Source: nellor I j - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - i T-hkgPLUS 2.118 I-values to I/O po rts, etc. You can also ap $667D: $8268 I $881F 88888888 88811111 31 pend comments to disassembled instruc- - - - 4 1 a t c h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - ' - - - - tions, but the comments may not be saved. watch vari ables are reMoved . A macro facility allows you to record seWD l {para.eter>1 - Redraw/resize windows. {para. et er> is new row for quenc es of keystrokes and assign them to the Window Divider . Default sett ing is row 14. any key Macros may not be saved . TSM w ill X {para. et er> - Translate . If {para-eter> is a s~bol or stateMent nu.ber , also accep t keystrokes from a file. ret urns an address : if a hexadeci.al offset , returns a st ateMent nu. ber . p In the machine-code w indow, you can use a non-symbolic assembler to enter asnaxAvai 1 234672 hytes (14667 paragraphs) sembly-language instructions into your proneliAvai I 234672 hytes (14667 paragraphs) gram in one of two w ays. First, by pressing Actual 234928 hytes - Ctrl-A , yo u enter an overwrite mode in- wh ich your instructions overw rite wh atever FIG. 5-The T-DebugPlus debugging screen. instructions currently resid e in memory Second , by pressing Ctrl-P you enter a bu ilt- in machine-language debugger; (c) patch mode in wh ich your instructions are mand line, w hich can be edited . No macros the program does support grap hics insert ed between cur rent instruct io nsare allowed, b ut the function keys provide mod es; (d ) program and debug screens even if there is no space for them! shortcuts to the most common co mmands, You can also patc h memory in the memca n ap p ear on ei ther mono o r c ol o r and F4 repeats the last command . ory-dump w indow, in either hex or ASCII monitors in a d ual-monitor system. T-DeA lthough T-Deb ugPlushasno buil t-i n mabugPlusalso has a screen-sw ap p ing mode. notation. You can also force the memorychine-language interface, it can be used in dum p w ind ow to track the machine-code In addition, T -Deb ugPl us incl udes several conj unctio n w ith an external debuggeruseful utilities, incl ud ing TMA p, w hich genw indow, so that any time you execute a even Debug. The DG co mmand wi ll d rop erates a .MAP file for use with an external machine instruction that accesses memory, you into your d eb ugger. Source-level d esymbolic mac hine-l anguage d ebu gger; that area of memory wi ll be d isp layed . b ugging is not possib le in that manner. TMERGE, which allows T-DebugPlus to de One d efic iency is that you can't use TSM How ever, you can use TMAp, one of the bug large Tur b o programs (w hen used in to de b ug graphics prog rams. F uture verutilities included w ith the package, to genurb o Extend er), and two co njunction with T sions of the program may correct that defi erate a .MA P file, w hich most source-level ciency, b ut for now, you'll have to stick to program-l isting programs, one of which debuggers can use to link source code and generates a symbolic d isassembly In ad d itext-mod e d ebu gging. Our o nly o ther machine instructions. tion, several files conta in information about co mpl aint is that window posit ion is hard Seve ra l miscella neo us co mman ds various routines in T urb o's run-time lib rary; to co ntro l; by contrast, some machine-lanprovide useful functions. F or examp le, a that inform at ion is extremely usef ul fo r guage debuggers allow w indow p lacebr ief command summary is available by learning abo ut now T urbo w orks. A ll source . ment by screen line number. p ressi ng F l In ad di tion, the X co mmand files are contained in a single .A RC file on allows you to find the machine ad d resses of the d istribu tion dis k. T-DebugPlus variab les, source-code line numbe rs, pro To use T-DebugPlus, you run the program, T urb o P ow er has bee n selling T urbo encedu res, and functions. Conversely,you can w hich, like TurboSmith, loads and runs Turhancements for a long time, and the com find the nearest statement to a spec ified bo for you. When you Run your program pany hasa number of products, including T address. from T urb o's menu, T -DebugPlus's debugDebugPlus; Turb o Extender, wh ich allows ging screen comes up. (See Fig. 5). There Conclusions you to create very large (greater than 64K) you can single-step ind ividu al statements T -Debug Plusand TurboSmith are b oth exTurbo programs;T urb o Optimizer, wh ich aland entire functions and procedu res. You tremely useful accessories to anyone prolow s you to co mpact the size of run-time can set breakp oi nts that b eco me active gramming in T urbo P ascal. files and to create and link libraries of of tenwhe n a variab le changesor becomes eq ual P oints to keep in mind, however, are that used routines; and Pr o grammer's Utilities, to a spec ified value, or w hen a particular T -Deb ugPlus does graphics, has full du alwhi ch co ntains a program structure anamemor y location isaltered . You can also set monitor support, and slightly more convelyzer, an execution timer and p rofiler, pretty breakpoints by line numb er and by routine nient b reakpo int facilities (at the source printer, and several file-management utilname. A b reakp oint may also includ e passlevel). In add ition, it requires less memory, ities. Source co de is available for all propoi nt count values, so that the breakpoint and its documentation is more concise and grams, all of which are written in T urb o b etter produced. F would be executed after a routine w as exor b eginners and those (/) Pascal. not need ing full machine-language sup ecuted the specified number of times. In ~ T-DebugPlus is contained in one .COM port, it may be the be tter choi ce. Tur addition, you can open a memory-dump o file and one overlay file, which together boSm ith 's strength are its w ind ows, its occ upy abou t 100K of d isk space. To run Tw indow in one of several formats, displa y b uilt-in machine-language interface, and its ~ Deb ugPlus yo u need abo ut 256K of free "w atch" variabl es, whose values are upuJ memory The main features that di stinguish dated on the screen each time a breakpo int abil ity to work w ith a break-out sw itch. But co nsideri ng the reasonab le p rices of these 6 T-DebugPl us from TSM are that (a) the p rois reached , and examine and change the values of variab les. D gram is w ritten in Turb o Pascal, enc the pac kages, you may want to get copies of source is inc lude d; (b) the program has no each. A ll co mmands are executed from a co m-
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FLOPPY-DISK
Learn all about Apple and IBM disk formatting-including copy protection!
ROBERT GROSSBLATT
... 10 matter wha t yo u use yo ur co mputer for, it's safe to say that l"IIIIlIyou spend a great dea l of time d ealing w ith floppy di sks
and floppv-di sk drives. Loadi ng p rograms and saving data are such co mmo n ope rations that we tend to forget how fragile the whole system is. But all it takes is one di sk d isaster to remind us of that fragil ity. . O f co urse,there areways of p rotecting against those ty pes of disasters, and ot her ways of deal ing with them w hen they do occur Performing regular backups is the best p rotec tion , bu t even that is not fail-safe. What hap p ens if a d isk crashes d uring a backup p rocedure? In order to have any chance at all of recovering that data, as well as to back up copy-protected software, you need to know how data is stored on you r disks. The more of the process you understand, the better your chances of successfully recovering a crashed disk. So in this article we'll examine how data is stored on both IBM and Apple floppy disks. The information provided will put you far on the road toward being a real "disk jockey."
Tracks and sectors

The standard 5%-inc h floppy disk consists of a disk of magnetically coated plastic that is contained in ajacket, as shown in Fig. 1-a. In order for yo ur computer to use the disk, it must have a way of finding its way around the magnetic coat ing on the surface. It does so by treating the d isk as a group of tracks that are d ivided into sectors. As shown in Fig. 1-b , the tracks are a series o f co ncentric c ircles, each of w hich is d ivided into a number of segments, the secto rs. In add itio n to tracks and secto rs,di sks also have two sides, asshown in Fig. 2. Not all di sk
co ntrol hardw are and software can use both sides, however The number of tracks and secto rs d etermines how much d ata w ill fit on the di sk. That amount is d ep end ent on your com puter's hard w are and d isk operating system (DO S). The numb ers vary amo ng comp uters and d isk sizes, b ut the basic prin ciples of operation are the same. When you tell yo ur computer to format a d isk, the hardware moves the read /write head to track zero, the outermo st track, and then forces it to de pos it information on the surface of the d iskthat ind icates the sector locat ions. The p rocess is rep eated for each track until the last track has been formatted. Standard 5%-inch Apple disks have 35 tracks on one side of the disk only, and the most common IBM format has40 tracks on each side of the d isk. Double-sided 3Y 2-inch and 8-inch disks have 77 tracks per side, and the AT's quad-density 5%-inch disks have 80 tracks on each side . DOS (IBM or Apple) uses tracks and sectors to organize the disk's surface. At the DOS level, to find a part icular piece of information, all you need are two p ieces of informat ion: track and sector numb ers. With double-sided disks, you must also specify the head number The number of tracks per disk is usually a funct ion of the hard w are. The DO S talks to the disk co ntroller, which, in turn, talks to the stepper motor in the drive and tells it to move the head in or out the desi red numb er of tracks. The numb er of sectors, however, is controlled by the DO S. IBM's DO S, for examp le, can format for eight or nine secto rs per track, bu t stand ard Apple d isks have sixteen sectors pe r track. So yo u can have more small secto rs or few er large secto rs.
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SECTORS
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FIG. 2-BOTH SIDES of a disk are used by some disk control hardware and software.
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Disk formatting When a track is formatted, DOS w ritesthree kinds of information in each sector: ID bytes, sync bytes, and gap bytes. The exactformatof those bytesd iffers from computer to computer, but the same sort of scheme isusedby every DOS.The reason is that DOS must havea way of determining exactly which sector it'slooking at. Not only that, but theremustbe a way of ensuring that the specialformatting bytesareneveroverwritten by data.If that does happen, DOS has no way to identify the sector and the result is w hat you might expect-s-a crashed disk. There are actually two kinds of ID bytes on a sector-one is the signpost that marks the sector's location on the d isk, and the other letsDOS know that it'slooking at the beginning of the data stored in the sector. F igure 3-a showsadump of anApple DOS 3.3sector, and Fig. 3-b shows a dump from an IBM DOS 3.1 sector. At first glance, they both look meaningless- clearly d ifferent but eq ually meaningless. Those d isk formats are the two most po pular, and both the hardw are and the software used to create them are
totally incompatible. It's even more interesting, therefore, to see that they use similar schemes to w rite d isk data. The ID marks on the IBM sector are w ritten in hex on the disk; you'll find them in F ig. 3-b at offset 00A1 h. The first three bytes (00,00,and 01)show thatyou'relookingattrack 0,side 0, sector 1. The next byte (02) shows thatthe sector can hold 51 2 bytes. able Other sector sizes can be accommodated, asshown in T 1. Normally, a maximum of about 6000bytescan be w ritten per track, so the final entry in the table may seem questionable. On the other hand, perhaps IBM has something up its sleeve. The two bytes follow ing the ID bytes contain a special error detecting code called a CRC (cyclic redundancy check). The CRC is used by DOS to make sure that data read from the diskis correct. If the CRC calculated from the datathat is read from the disk doesn't match the four CRC bytes in the header, DOS consid ersthe data corrupt. E very time you changethe data in a sector, DOS recalculates the CRC and w rites it to the disk. in order to keep those bytes from being overwritten accidentally, DOS uses sync bytes to mark the location of the 1 0 bytes. Whenthe floppy-diskcontrollerwritesa databyte on thedisk,it sends out a steady clocked stream of ones and zeros. The Apple, for examp le, w rites bytes to the disk at intervals of 32 microseconds. Sync bytes, how ever, are w ritten at a different interval so they'reeasyto spot on the disk.Apple sync bytesare w ritten in 40-microsecond intervals, and each sync "byte" is 10 b its long. IBM sync bytes differ. The IBM sector in F ig. 3-b shows that therearethreebytescontaining avalueof A1beginningat offset 9D. Those are the speciallyw ritten sync bytes that the floppydisk controller uses to mark the location of the ID bytes. The twelve00 bytes preceding the A1bytes arealsosync bytes.You can understand how they're used by tracing through the mechanics of a normal disk read. When an IBM controller mustread data, the firstthing it doesis make surethat it'slooking atthe right sector. It starts reading data, watching for a stream of 00 sync bytes, which lets it know that there'sa chance that A1 sync bytes w ill follow If they do, DOS knows that the following bytes are ID bytes. Although ID bytes are used to mark both the signposts and your data, DOS can tell the d ifference by looking at the byte immediately follow ing the A1 bytes. If it's an FE, the IDbytes are signposts, but if it's an FB then it's data. The amount of data is
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FIG. 3-SECTOR DUMP of an Apple disk (a) and an IBM disk (b).
known beca use the sector size is spec ified in the signpost. A lthough Apple's disk format is structurally similar to IBM's, The last non-d ata byte on the d isk is called a gap byte. Gap the details are d ifferent beca use Apple's disk cont rol hard w are bytes.are.,i n su rance.-agajns Lwors1:::cas e.-operatjon _Tbey~re-and .5oftware.a re.uniq ue. Most disk contro llers store.data.in unneeded because not all d isk dr ives turn at the same speed, so enco ded format, so that a du mp of an ASCII text file, for example, w ill be comprehensible. there's no way to guaranteethat w riting a new bl ock of data to a The Apple hardwa re, however, limits the values that can be sector won't overwrite existing ID and sync bytes. A d isk d rive stored on d isk. The high b it of each byte must b e set, there can't o nly has one head pe r surface, so there's no way to read and write simultaneously As long asdrive speed is within to lerance, be more than two adjacent zero bi ts, and at least two adjace nt the DOS standards have b een set so that there's no possib ility of b its must be set in each byte. Some values are reserved for use as ID bytes, and hardwa re restrictions eliminate many ot hers, so destroying any of the critical bytes need ed to read the sector. there are only 64 possible values that can be w ritten to the di sk O n an IBM disk, the gap bytes usually have a value of 4E. Apple, on the othe r hand , uses 10-b it FF "bytes." to represent yo ur data. As for data bytes, if the secto r hasn't been used, it w ill be So, in orde r to be ab le to w rite all 256 co mb inations of eight b its, it's clear that the data must be encoded. In fact, Apple has fi lled w ith the DOS formatting bytes : IBM uses F 6, Apple uses 96, and CP /M uses E5. gone through three major revisions of their encod ing scheme. How ever, that's not a subject that can be cove red here; see the books in the R eferences sidebar for more information. TABLE 1-IBM SECTOR SIZE ENCODING
1 0 Byte $00 $ 01 $ 02 $03 $04 $ 05 $06 Bytes/Sector 128
Apple format
Apple's sector format is somewhat d ifferent. Referring back to Fig. 3-a, the signpost ID bytes are located at offset 0013h after the series of FF sync bytes. The signpost bytes always begi n w ith a p rolog ue (D5 AA 96), w hich servesthe same purpose asthe FE marking the IBM signpost. The next eight bytes are encoded versions of the d iskvo lume number, track,sector,and checksum. abl e 2, by decodi ng them we seewe're looking at As shown in T vo lume 254, track 6, sector 13. The checksum is calculated by sequentially XO R ing all data bytes in that sector together. F o llowi ng that information is an ep ilog ue, w hich can be seen begi nning at offset 001Eh. It marks the end of the signpost area and has no co unterpart on an IB M disk. The ep ilogue is there so that DOS can make sure it's been reading the correct signpost marks and that it is still in sync w ith the d isk. They're not really necessary, b ut rememb er that the Apple system was devised in the late seventies when d isk d rives were not as reliabl e as they are today F oll owi ng another group of sync bytes comes the data bytes. At offset 0028h is the prolog ue (D5 AA A D); then follow 342 bytes of data.Apple sto res256 bytes of data in each sector, b ut, beca use the data is encoded, 342 bytes are needed to do it. A checksum is calc ulated for the data and stored at the end of the data space along w ith the ep ilogue (DE AA EB).
256 512
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TABLE 2-APPLE DISK ENCODING
ONe8yte Volume Number Two 8yteDisk Enooding
8786 85 84 83 B2 81 80 $FFFE "" 11111 111 11111110 187 185 183 181 186 184182 Apples Encoded Format 180 Decoded 8inal}'Number 1111 1110 Volume Number $FE 254
87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 $A8AE 101010 11 101011 10 1871851831811861841 82 180 Apples Encoded Format Decoded 8inary Number 0000 0110 Track Number "'" $06
One ByteTrack Number Two 8yteDiskEnooding
Sector numbering
One 8yte Sector Number Two 8yte Disk Encoding
87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 $AEAF 1010111010101111 187 185183181186184182180 00001101
Apples Encoded Format Deooded Sinal}' Number SectorNumber
$00 "" 13
Although sectors are numbered sequent ially, often they're not stored sequentially When DO S looks for a part icular sector, it must locate the signpost markers, read them, verify the read , and then see if they' re the ones it w as looking for. A ll that takes time, b ut meanwhi le-the d isk keep s spinning, so there's a good chance the next sector w iII have passed beneat h the read/write head while the p revious secto r was be ing analyzed.
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IBM store s DO S in t hree di sk files : IBM BIO. CO M , IBM DO S.COM, and COMMAND.COM.(Clones running MS-DOS store the first two of those programs under d ifferent names.) In order for the co mputer to load DOS frorn the disk, IBMBIOCOM and IBMDOS.COM must be the first two files on the d isk. If they 're not, the bootstrap loader won't b e ab le to find them, and yo u'll get the infamous "NO N-SYSTEM DISK O RDISK ER R O R" message. Those two files co ntain the routines the co mp uter uses to c ontro l the d isk hardwa re. The th ird fi le, COMMAND .COM, is loaded afte r the first two and it's the part of DOS that execut es internal DOS cornrn ands ( DIR , R EN, DEL, etc .), external pro grams, and batch files. IBM 's T abl e of Contents is called the F AT(fi le allocat ion tab le). It's used to keep track of where each chunk of each fiIe is stored on the d isk, w hich secto rs are availab le for use, w hich sectors are bad, and so on . The basic unit of the FAT is called the cluster, and it rep resents a variab le number of d isk sectors, depend ing on the operating systern and on the format of the d isk. F or examp le, single-sided IBM d isk cl usters are one secto r long, doub le-sided IBM d iskclusters are two sectors long, and higher dens ity d isks have even larger clusters. p---_ _The Directory-is also located on track 0, right after-the F AT. It stores the names of your files, their attributes, the d ate and time they were created , their size, and the location of the file's first LOGICAL SECTOR entry in the F AT. The rest of the d isk is set aside for yo ur data. ORDER When yo u change anything on the di sk by writing new data, (SKE WED) DO Smust update the Directory and the FA T, b ecause they work together to keep your files organized. FIG. 4-LOGICAL AND PHYSICAL sector orders are not necesThe Apple also has a b oot sector to start the p roce ss of sarily the same. loadi ng DOS into the co rnp uter. The actual co ntents of the boot So, to make things more efficient, the secto rs are interleaved , secto r (as well as the organization of the di sk) d ep ends on or skewed, as shown in Fig. 4. The inner c ircle ind icates p hysical w hich App le DOS yo u're using. Both systems, however, differ sector numb ering; the outer ci rcle ind icates logical sector numfrom the IBM version in that the on ly job of A pple's boot sector ber ing. is to start the process of load ing in DOS. There are major differences in the two current A p p le operating systems, DO S 3.3 and Pr oDO S. A lthough the b asic sector Disk organization formattin g is the same, the organization of the d isk is quite Now that we know how d ata is stored on the d isk, the next step is to see how it's organized . O nce again, although the d ifferent. The older system, DO S 3.3, stores the System on the de tails vary from computer to co mp uter, the basic method is first three tracks, and the d irectory on track 11h (in the midd le of the same. Let's look at the general pr inciples and then see how the d isk). That wa s done, the reasoning went, becau se, on they're actually applied in both Apple and IBM systems. average, the head would have less distance to travel to get to DOS d ivides the d isk into four areas: System, Direct or y, T ab le the d irecto ry than if the di rector y had been located in track 0, as of Contents, and Data. A ny d isk o pe ratio n makes use of the on the IBM . Less d istance means less time, so that w asn't bad information stored in all four areas. reasoning. DOS itself is stored in the System area of the d isk- the first ProDOS, on the o ther hand , has a c loser resemblance to the few tracks on the d isk. The numb er of tracks depends on the IBM systern in that the di rectory is stored in the low er tracks. Disk size of DOS and the type of computer. The very first sector on space is alloca ted a secto r at a time unde r DO S 3.3, and a block at a time under ProDO S. (A block eq uals two co nsecutive the first track is called the boot sectorand it's used whenever you b oot a di sk. It has a shor t machine -language p rogram that sectors.) The Tab le of Contents is called the Volume T able of tells the co mp uter how to go ab out loadi ng DO S from the d isk. Contents in DO S 3.3 and the Vo lume Bit Map in P roDO S In add ition, in some systems it contains data related to the Both are similar to the IBM's F AT in that each contain s a table that DOS uses to keep track of w hich secto rs are free, w hich are d irectory structu re, d isk format, and so on . reserved, and which are otherwise used . Each file on the dis k When yo u boot yo ur computer, the dis k controller reads the reserves a track-and- sector list sector (o r bl ock) that con tains a boot sect or into memory Then the co mputer turns co ntrol over to the p rogram, called the bootstrap load er, that is co ntained in list of the sectors where each file's d ata is sto red. Overall, the that secto r. Things are d one that way be cause the contro ller can A p p le has to do abo ut the same amo unt of housekeeping asthe IBM . It must update the directory, the tab le of co ntents, and the read in o nly a secto r at a time. You can read in more than one sector at a time-but that's DO S'sjo b . So it's a chicken-and -egg track/sector list for each fi le you use. p roblem : you need DOS to read multiple sectors and you can only read in multiple sectors by using DOS. But beca use DOS is Copy protection located in a specific place on the d isk, the bootstrap loader With those facts in mind, let's examine various co py-protecknow s how to transfer it to the co mp uter's memory tion schemes. But before we get into the details, let's talk about The Director y and the T ab le of Contents go hand in hand . The the ph ilosophy b ehind copy pro tection. Both software p ub former is a list of the files stored on the di sk, and the latter is a list lishers and software owners make strong arguments about p roof sector s telling DOS where to find them . Every time you tell tecting their investment-and they're both right. Nob ody wa nts DOS to access a particular file, it first goes to the Directory to see to get ripped off, so p ub lishers should be ab le to make money, if the file exists and , if it does, DOS then turns to the Table of .and owners shou ld be able to make legitimate backup copies Contents to get the file's location o n the d isk. of software they have pu rchased. Of co urse, there is much As you might have guessed, the Data space is w here DOS continued 0 11 page 100 stores yo ur data.
94
BUILD THE PT68K

The big moment: add the microprocessor.
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1 n the first installment of the Computer Digest Classroom, we presented an overview of the PT-68K. In part two, we bu ilt clock, reset, and test c ircuits. Now let's install the 68000 and start learning how it w orks. Step 7: hardware basics The pinout of the 68000 microprocessor is shown in Fig. 1. Though it's a 64-pin IC and loo kscomplex, it really is straightfor. w ard . Let's go over it pin by p in. In the figure, notic e first the data bu s,w ith its 16 1ines lab eled DO-D15, and the ad d ress bu s, w ith its 23 lines labeled A1-A23. In case yo u're w onde ring, there is no A O-see b elow. The remaining signals are known coll ectively as the co ntrol lines; let's look at them in more detail. Each control line is lab eled w ith an arrow to ind icate w hether it is an input, an output, o r, in some cases, both. The three active-high outp ut lines FCO, FC1, and FC2 output a func tion code that can b e de coded to ind icate w hat the 68000 is do ing internally; the funct ion co de can also be used to increase the 68000's ad d ressable memory to 64 megabytes. , the valid memor y address line (VIVIA), and The enab le line (E) the valid pe rip heral ad d ress CVPA) line are all useful w hen the . 68000 is used w ith older input-out put I('s, p articularly those origin ally intend ed for use w ith Motorola's 6800 processor. Also, VPA prov id es some interrupt information. IPLO , IPL 1, and IPL2 are interrupt-l evel inputs. We w ill di scuss interrupts later; for now let us ju st say that an event such as a keypress can interrupt the 68000, cause it to sto p w hatever it's d oing, and then respond to the interrupt. The three interrupt inputs tell the 68000 w hether an interrupt is be ing asked for,and w hat kind o f an interrupt it is. . The RESET and HA LT inp uts com e from the 555 circuit show n in P art 2, Fig. 6. Note, how ever, that tho se two p ins are also o utp uts. That exp lains w hy an open-coll ector 7406 inverterwas used to drive them; occas ionally the 68000 may o utp ut a low on o ne of those lines, and that would con flict w ith the normally high output of a stand ard inverter (such as a 7404). SR, BG, and BGACK are used w ith DMA c ircuitry,w hich is used to transfer blocks of data w ithout help from the microprocessor. If DMA were used , the DMA co ntro ller would send a bus req uest (SR) signal to the 68000, w hich would release the data and
Part 3
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address buses and return a b us granted (BG) signal. The DMA co ntroller would then send a bu s grant acknowledge (BGACK) to confirm that it hascontrol of the buses. Thenthe 68000 would sit back and wait while the DMA con troller did its thing. ; they We mentioned that LDS and UDS rep lace ad d ress line A O
Past, present, futu re

What fo llow s is a listing of the con tents of p ast and projected future articles in the Computer Digest 68000 Classroom . The p recise numb er of erticl es-i-end their con tents-will depend on yo ur response, so let us know what you're
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interested in! Part 1: System overview b lock d iagram, parts list, memory map, ordering information. Part 2: P arts-p lacement d iagram, power co nnecto r mo unting, LED, speaker, reset, and cloc k c ircuits. . Part 3 : Introd uction to the 68000, test c ircuit, EPROM and RAM circ uits address-b us waveforms. Part 4 : Logi~ symbols, /vIAp circu it, address decoding, BERR and DTACK RAM and ROM, HUMBUG. Part 5: S~rial interfacing and IBM-comp atib le expansio n slots. Part 6: Dynamic RAM. Part 7 : Disk co ntrol hardw are and software. SK*DOS.
d o so in an interesting w ay The 68000 hasa 16-b it data b us, but memo ry is organized as eight-b it bytes. Even so, the data bu s can access two bytes at a time. The memo ry iswi red so that half of memory-the odd-numbe red locatio ns-connects to the - D7), and the other half of low er part of the dat a b us (bi ts DO memor y - the even-numbe red locations-connects to the up pe r part of the data bu s (bits D8-D15). The 68000 asserts LDS w hen it w antsto use the low er half of the data b us, UDS If It wa nts to use the upper half of the data bus, or bo th if it w ants to transfer16 b its on the entire data b us. Thus an odd address turns on LDS and an even address turns on UDS. The overall effec t is simila( to that provid ed by ad d ress line AO in other micro p rocessors, w here AO is low for an even ad d ress and high for an od d ad d ress. A S is an ad d ress strobe whi ch is generally asserted by the 68000 atthe same time as either LDS or UDSi it simp ly tells external circuitry (ad d ress d ecoders, for examp le) that there is a valid ad d ress on the ad d ress b us. That's an important po int, b ecause the address bu s often carries dat a that is meaningless; AS p rovides a way of p reventing decoders from resp ond ing to invalid add resses. Next co mes the read /w rite line (RfW), w hich is used by the 68000 to tell other circuitry w hether it wa nts to read data in (w hen R!W is high) or w rite data out (when R!W is low ) In other OM to the w ord s, R!W is high w hen data goes from RAM or R
96
ADDRESS BUS AI5 2 J20 UPPER BYTE .,.5V AI4 AI3 A12 All Al0 A9 A8 A7 AS A5 A4 A3 A2 AI 26 A13 2 A12 23 All 21 AlO 24 A9 25 AS IC20 27128, 3 A7 27256, 4 OR A6 5 A5 27512 07 1 9 015 014 013 012 011 010 09 DB 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 DO 1 9 lB 17 16 07 06 05 lB 06 05 1 7 1 6 04 15 03 13 02 12 01 DO 11 AI4 27 27 I A14 A15 AI5 I 26 AI4 A13 AI3 AI2 2 23 A12 All AlO 21 All All 24 Al0 AIO A9 AB 25 A9 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 AI A8 A7 A6 AS UPPER BYTE 19 AID 22 A9 23 A8 1 A7 2 A6 3 A5 IC21 6116 4 A4 5 A3 6 A2 7 .Al 8 AD 21 DE CE WE 21 07 17 06 16 05 15 14 04 03 13 02 11 10 01 DO 9 015 0 14 012 011 010 09 DB 07 06 04 03 02 01 00 17 07 16 06 IS 05 14 04 13 03 LOWER BYTE AlO 19 All AlO A9 A8 A7 A6 AS
1 0( 9 9
I AlB ) O lJ I9 LOWER BYTE
EPROM TYPE 27l2B 27256 27512
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2 1
JI9
J20 2 2
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013 05
6 A4 7 A3 8 A2 9 AI 10 AD
2712B, 3 04 27256, A7 1 5 OR A6 4 03 27512 13 5 02 A5 12 6 A4 01 7 11 DO A3 A2 8 0" CE
A9 22 23 A8 A7 I A6 2
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A3 A2 Al
IC 28 6116 11 02 A5 3 10 OR 4 01 MK48T02 A4 A3 5 9 DO A2 6
A4
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AI' 9 AD 10
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Al- 7 AD 8
DATA BUS
~ 18
UPPER RAM ENABLE R IW
~18
LOWER RAM ENABLE
FIG. 3-EPROM AND STATIC -RAM WIRING is shown here.
Thanks
I'd like to thank Fred Brown of Peripheral T echnology, lnc., kit sup p lier for this CD Classroom series. Fr ed is the wizard w ho designed the hardw are of the PT-68K;w ithout his assistance, the project would never have gotte n off the ground.
68000, and low w hen data goes from the 68000 to RAM. Normally we don't w rite to a ROM. BERR is an inpu t to the 68000 that external circuitry uses to tel l the 68000 when something has gone wrong on one of the b uses. We w ill see how that is done later. Last, DTA CK stands for data transfer acknowledge. Wheneve r the 68000 wants to read orwrite to memory (or an 1 /0 device), it (a) p uts the add ress on the address b us, (b) p uts a high or low on RIW, (c) asserts A S, (d) asserts LDS, UDS, or both , and (e) wa its until either DTA CK is asserted , indicating that the transfer has completed successful ly, or BERR is asserted, indicating that something went w rong.When DTACK is received , the 68000 goes on to the next instruction. We'll d iscuss what happens if BERR is asserted later. If DTACK were per manently grounded, the 68000 wou ld assume that all transfers finished quickly, so it would zip along at maximum speed. In most cases, tho ugh, DTA CK is generated by an external time r that gives memory and 1 /0 ju st eno ugh time to finish the ir jobs. And if a memory or 1 /0 device is part icularly slov-; DTACK can then b e delayed so that the 68000 wil l wa it for it to finish. In p ractice, each 68000 memory or 1 /0 access takes a specific amount of time, w hich is measured in clock cycles . If DTACK is delayed, for even an instant, the 68000 lets an extra clock cycle slip by and checks again. If DTA CK is still off, the 68000 wa its another d ock cycl e, and so on . Each of those clock cycles is called a waitstate. Id eally, everything would be fast enough so that the 68000 co uld continue processing without wait states. /0 devices, However, some co mp uters have slow memory or 1 and therefo re run w ith one or even more wait states, w hich obviously slow s everything down. You'll be happy to know that the P T-68K runs w ith no w ait states!
68000 test circuit

Last time w e bui lt the c lock and reset circuits, and now that w e have some b asic familiarity w ith the 68000, it's time to get the system running. Normally, yo u need q uite a b it of external hardwa re to get a 68000-based comp uter running, bu t there is a
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IA23 1
APPR OX 4 SECONDS
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A22 1
A21
A20
A19
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A17
A1 6
FIG. 5-EACH SUCCESSIVE ADDRESS LINE run s at half t he frequency of its predecessor.
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w ay of fooling the microproc essor into thinking the necessary support circuitry is connected, even though it isn't. Figure 2 show s how. Basically, the c ircuit ensures that interrupts are disab led and j ams the data b us with "phan to m" instructions that the 68000 w ill execute ove r and over. In order to minimi ze the amount of extra wiring we have to d o, we w ill take adva ntage of circuitry already on the p rintedcircu it b oard (whic h wi ll b e needed later anyway). F or exampl e, w e can use RES E T , HALT, and CLK as-is. The c ircuit w orks like this: IC37-b is a NAND gate that asserts VPA w hen FCD, F C1, and FC2are all high, and negates VPA at all other times. That is d on e beca use VPA is used only d uring inter rupt processing; for noVY, we need to force it high. A lso deal ing with interrup ts is IC89, a p rio rity-encoder Ie. In normal o pe ratio n, when an interrup t req uest appears on one of the IR Q lines (IRQ1-IRQ71. IC89 functions as a traffic cop that determines wh ich line has the highest pr ior ity IR Q7has a higher p riority than IR Q6, which is in turn higher than IR Q5, and so on. Dep endi ng on w hich interrupt lines are active, IC89's three outputs send a binary number co rrespondi ng to the highest D, IPLl, and IPL21ines of the 68000 . F or priority interrupt to the IP L example, if the highest priority interrupt request is IRQ4 , U89 sends the b inary number 100 (4) to the 68000 by forcing IPL2 high and the o thers low. In our test c ircuit, how ever, the seven resistors in R 19 are p ulling all of the IR Q lines high. Therefo re, IC89 sees no interrupt req uest, so it sends the b inary numb er 000 to the 68000, telling it that there are no interrup t requests. By the way, we could have achieved the same result by grounding the three iPL pins of the 68000 and by tying VPA high. How ever, we can save o urselves extra lab o r by installing R19, IC89, and IC37, w hic h we 'll have to do eventually anyway T w o of the inp uts, lab eled 8R and B GA CK, are already tied high, and a number of other p ins are unconn ected . That leaves the data b us, BERR, and DTACK to contend w ith.
Fi rst, BERR must b e tied high so that the 68000 won't th ink a b us error has occurred. That is easily d one by installing a short ju mper b etween p ins 14 and 22 of the 68000, on the fo il side of the board . Normally DTACK wi ll carry a meaningful signal, but for now we want to ground it to make the 68000 thi nk that all is well on the outside. The inverter ( ICM-a) that drives DTAC K was installed p reviously, so force the input high by installing a j umper from p in 1 to p in 14 of that IC on the fo il sid e of the board. Last, as shown in Fig. 2, we wa nt to ground all sixteen data lines. The reason is that, when the 68000 is running norrnellv it fetches instructions and addresses from memory, so we have to provide it with some apparentl y meaningful data . By grounding the entire data bus, every time the 68000 tries to read anything from memory, it w ill read the numb er 0000. As it turns out, that is a valid 68000 machine-language instruct ion, w hic h is wri tten: O R.B # O ,DO That instructio n tell s the microp rocessor to ora 0 to register DO; the instruct ion co nsists of four 00 bytes. Though that OR instruction seemingly does nothing, the 68000 th inks that all 16 megabytes of memory are filled with 4 million OR instruct ions, and so it starts executing them one after anothe r. When it gets to the top of memory at $FFFFFF, it simply "w rap s around" and starts over at $000000.
Fire it up
Now let's wi re up the c ircuit and seewhat happens. Install the following co mponents: sockets for IC37, IC47, and IC89; R19, a 10Ksingle-in -line package. Pin 1 of R19, identified by awhite line or dot, should point toward J25. Then install C14, C48, and C66 (0.1 J-lFd isc capacitors), and last jumpers from pin 14 to p in 22 of IC47 and from pin 1 to p in 14 of IC66. Both j umpers will be removed later, so install them neatly and in a way such that they can b e removed easily Grounding all sixteen lines of the data bus at the micro -
98
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which is address line A23 . If all is well, the LED will light for processor 's socket could lead to problems later, so we'll do it OM abo ut 2 seconds, go off for about 2 seconds, and so on. (That another way. The data bus is more accessible at the two EPR flashing rate will be faster if yo ur PT-68K's cloc k is faster than 16 sockets ( IC20and IC27) and at the two static RAMsockets(IC21 and IC28). The wiring diagram of the EPR OM and static-RAM MHz.) circuitry is shown in Fig. 3. Install a 28-p in socket at IC27 and a If the LED does not flash at the expected rate, recheck the 24-pi n socket at IC21. signal at every p in of the 68000. Look espec ially for a low on DTACK, low s on all dat a lines, highs on BERR , HAL T, and RES ET. When The DO-D7 lines of the data bus are co nnected to IC27 via looking at the c lock signal, the LED should b e slightly di m. p ins11-1 3 and p ins15-1 9, and p in 14 is co nveniently grounded. If the LED flashes as expected, all is probably wel l. What's So we need to short p ins 11-19 together. In the same way, the happening is that the 68000 is racing through memory (o r what D8-D15 lines of the d ata bus are co nnected to IC21via p ins 9- 11 it thinks is memory, all 16 megabytes worth), execut ing or inand 13-17 , and pin 12 is conven iently grounded. Sowe need to together p ins 9-17 together. structions at maximum speed, one instruction per microsecond. One complete run through four million instructions (4,194,304 On both IC21 and IC27, those are the bottom four pins on the instructions, to be exact) therefore will take slightly more than left and the bottom five p ins on the right. Instead of soldering any wires, take a strip of Molex Soldercon pins and insert them four seconds. During that time, the address b us is co unting off the adinto the sockets as shown in Fig. 4, w ith four pins on the left, five pins on the right, and a section of six or so pins be nt in a U shape d resses where the 68000 thinks those instructions are comi ng below Molex p ins are normally sold as an inexpensive subfrom. If yo u look at the ad dress b usyo u see thatA1 altemates 0, stitute for sockets; they co nsist of individual c lips j oin ed by a 1,0, 1,0,1, ....A2 also altemates, b ut slow er: 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, ...; and pe rforated carrier strip that is normally broken off after solde ring so on. the p ins to the P C boa rd. In our case,we insert the thin p ins into Figure 5 shows the wave forms present on the up p er eight bits the socket, and use the e ntire_sJdp_as_oJle_bj~:LsbO[Lclr.cuit,~_ _otthe.adcress.bus When the LED p robe is co nnected.to A23, it Now plug in the I('s, bei ng careful not to bend p ins, and tum flashes on and off once every four seconds . If it is connected to A22, it repeats once every two seconds; on A21 it rep eats once on the power. Connect your LED probe to p in 52 of the 68000, per second. As we go down to A20, A19, and so on, it flashes faster and faster, until at A16 (p in 44) it flashes so fast (about 32 Ordering Information times per second) that we can barely see it flicker;A15, flashing abou t 64 times pe r second , looks absol utely steady. Complete detai ls were given in part one ( in the October Last, if yo u have access to an oscilloscope or frequ ency issue). To summarize: The basic kit ( P T1, $200) co ntains all co unter, examine each address line to make sure that its freparts except power supply, case, and video terminal or quen cy is half that of its next higher neighbor. This ensures that pe rsonal com puter to get a small system (ROM monitor, 2K there are no shorts b etween adjace nt address lines. If you use a T68K, $460) RAM) up and running. The full basic system ( P frequ ency co unter, keep in mind that real-world wave forms are includes 512Kof dynamic RAM, floppy-disk controller, paralnot as well defined as the idealized ones show n in Fig. 12, so lel port, battery-backed clock/calendar, and three P C-cornsome cou nters may have d ifficulty p roperly co unting the frepatible expansion slots. To order, or for more information, quency of such a square wave .) contact P erip heral Techno logy, 1480 Terrell Mill Road #870, Next time we'll add address decoders, ROM and RAM. See Marietta, GA 30067, (404) 984-0742. you then. CD.
FLOPP..DISK DATA STORACE

co ntinued from p age 94 illegitim ate software floating around, so it seems that something hasto be done about basic human nature before copy protection will cease to be an issue. Even though there are obvious (and subtle) d ifferences be tween the hardware and software comprising various types of computers, the basic approach to copy protection is the same:' Make the disk unreadab le by the standard DOS. It's easy to do because any DO S must make a number of assumptions about d isk format be fore it tries to read or w rite information . It must assume, for example, that it's go ing to find tracksformatted in a particular way, that each one w ill co ntain a spec ific number of secto rs, and that those sectors w ill co ntain data w ritten in a predefined fashion. If any of those cond itions aren't met, DOS will throw in the towel, and, instead of data, all you'll get is an error message. The point is that any d iskthat hasdata organized in a non-standard way must also have a non -standard way to read that data. When Apple introduced its dis k system in the late seventies, the company emphasized software rather than hardware . That was a departure from the norm, beca use most disk systems were and are built around a single-IC LSI controller. As a result, Apple disks were (and still are) unread abl e by most other machines. How ever, Central Poi nt Software's Option Board ailow s an IBM to read A pp le d isks, and many ot hers as well. Doing most of the d iskco ntro l in software makesit simple to
upg rade DOS. It also makes it easy for creative p rogrammers to w rite copy-protection schemes that do strange things with the di sk. That depende nce on software, aswe' ll see, has prod uced method s of co py protecti on that are uniqu e to the Appl e.
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Non-standard data formats There are many methods of stori ng data in a non-standard format; we'll examine several in what follows. The most popular methods are these: Oddball track formatting Nibble co unti ng Modified DOS Non-standard sectoring Unique data encryption Synchronized tracks Quarter tracks Spiral tracking Of course, there are variations on those methods, and they're often used in co mbination. But attaining a good understand ing of them wi II help you unravelany copy-protection scheme likely to come your way. Those methods of copy protection are used on the Apple; due to differences in the IBM's disk-control hardware, it has or example, the IBM fewer means of copy-protecting a disk. F cannot do quarter tracking. The most popular methods are: Oddball formatting Weak bits Laser b uming We'll examine those and ot her means of copy-p rotecting soft ware next time. CD.
100
1987 ANNUAL INDEX
Elelllraaill8 ,Volume 58
and
lillIlD-
Co",PUiERD,GESiVolume 4
Abbreviations: (AR)Antique Radio; (ARE) Ask Radio-Electronics ; (AUD)Audio Update; (C)Construction ; (COMC)Commun ications Corner; (D)Department; (DB)Drawing Board ; (DN)Des ig ners Notebook; (ED)Editori al ; (ER)Equipment Report ; (LTR)Letter; (NI)New Ideas; (PCS)PC Service; (SC)Service Clinic ; (SQ)Serv ice Questions; --(SOSS)State Of.Solid State; (STV)Satellite TV
A
Apr 48 Acid Rain Monitor(CHScott) Air 1 0nizers(ARE) Jun 10 Feb 71 All About A-to-D Converters(Trietley) Ampl ifi er Aug 55 Transistor Design(Cunkelman) Broadcast Band RF(NIHHousley) Mar 42 Another Attack on Home Taping(EDHHome Oct 4 Recording Rights Coalition) Antenn as Marconi Lucked Out(COMCHFriedman) Jun 82 Antique Radio Clubs May 120 Ant ique Radios(D)(Fitch ) Jan 74, Feb 88, Mar 86 Jun 80, Nov 39, (LTR) Sep 13 Inventors and Inventions Mar 86 Portables Jan 74 Restoring a Classic Jun 80 Restoring a Classic. Part 2 Nov 39 The Telegraph and WWI Feb 88 Arm. Robot(CHSarns) Oct 56 Artificial Intelligence, The Future ot(Heilmeier) May 85 Ask RE(D) Feb 12, Mar 12, Apr 8, May 10, Jun 10, Jul 7, Au g 8, Oct 10, Dec 15 11 0-Volt Devices on 220? May 10 CATV Lingo. Understanding Mar12 Crossover Networks Ju l 7 DC-to-DC Converter May 10 Electronic Motor Controls Feb 12 Helical Resonator Trap Mar12 Motor-Speed Control. More On Apr8 Optoelectronics Coupler, Using An Dec 15 Pest Repellers, More On Mar 12 Precedence Detector Dec 15 ReversingMotors Oct 10 Rhombic Antenna Impedance Oct 10 SCA Decoder Jun 10 Scanner, Booster for Mar12 SMeter and Headphone Jack Dec 15 Solid-State Tube Substitutes Apr8 Speakers Jul7 Stereo Spread Circuit Feb 12 Sunrise/Sunset Simulator Aug 8 Timing Light Moditication May 10 Unloaded Vacuum-Tube Amplifiers Dec 15 What's a Gate-Turnoft May 10 A-to-D Converters, All About(Trietley) Feb 71 Audible Logic Tester(NIHKane) Sep 32 Audio Amplifier, Miniature Wideband(CHClawson) May 45 Aud io Update(DHKlein) Jan 72, Feb 85, Mar 80, Ap r 68, May 74, Jun 78, Aug 32, Oct 83, Nov 33, Dec 40 Audio Answerman. The Aug 32 Can You Believe Your Ears? Dec 40 Joys of Equalization, The Feb 85 Magnetically Shielded Loudspeakers Oct 83 Psychoacoustics and Stereo Imagery Mar 80 Resurgence of Surround Sound, The May 74 Signal Processors Jan 72 Stereo Spatial Imaging Nov 33 Unwanted Sounds Ju n 78 Why Stereo Doesn't Work Apr 68 Commercial Zapper for Your Radio(CHRumreich) Apr 45 Digital Audio Tape(Fenton) Oct 45 Great lnstallations(Vizard) Jul 39 Great Systems(Vizard) Ju l 31 Ste reo Imagery amd Psychoacoustics(AUDHKlein) Mar 80 Spatial Imaging(AUDHKlein) Nov 33 Spread Circuit(AREHScott) Feb 12 TV Decoder(CHTemplin) Jan 37, Feb 51, (PCS) Feb 79 Why Stereo Doesn't Work(AUDHKlein) Apr 68 Why Digital Audio Tape Isn't Here(EDHFenton) Jun 4 Aut omotiv e Automotive World of the 21st Century, The(Petersen) May 91 Oigital Speedometer for Your Car(CHOrtman) Ju147, (PCS)Ju l 79, (LTR)Nov 8 Tachometer for Your Car(CHOrtman) Jun 45 (PCS)Jun 71, (LTR)Nov 8 Great lnstallatlonstv izard) Jul 39 Systems(Vizard) Jul 31 Avcom PSA-35A Portable Spectrum Analyzer(ER) Jul 15 Noise Isn't Always Bad Mar 44 Think Ferrite May 127 Tunable IF Jan 86 Communications in 2001: The Third Age of Video (Judice) May 102 Inside Cellular Telephone(Bernard) Sep 53 Compact Disc. Philips Test SettER) Feb 27 Computer All About A-to-D Converters(Trietley) Feb 71 Artificial Intelligence, The Future of(Heilmeier) May 85 Computer Board, 80188-Based, for R-E Robot (CHSarns) Apr 39, (PCS) Apr 65, (PCS) May 67 Orchid PCTurbo 286E IBM-PC Accelerator Card(ER) Feb 24 Pencept Penpad 320(ER) Jan 22 Conductive Inks and Adhesives(Mims) Nov 81 Const ruction Acid Rain Monitor(CHScolt) Ap r 48 Amplifier, Miniature Wideband(CHClawson) May 45, (PCS) May 67 Commercial Zapper for Your Radio(CHRumreich) Apr 45 Descrambling Tri-Mode Cable-TV(CHCoffell) Feb 43 (LTR) May 13, (PCS) Feb 78 TV Signal Descrambling(C)(Sheets and Grat) Jan 53, Mar 63, Ju l 58, (PCS) Mar 73 Digital Speedometer for Your Car(CHOrtman) Juf 47, (PCS)Jul 79, (LTR)Nov 8 Digital Tachometer for Your Car(CHOrtman) Jun 45, (PCS)Jun 71, (LTR)Nov 8 Electr onic Digital Lock(C)(Renton) Nov 107 Xmas Tree(CHJozwiak) Dec 47, (PCS) Dec 69 IC Tester , In-Circuit Digital(C)(Green) Nov 43, Dec 55, (PCS) Dec 69 Laser Listener(CHPearson) Oct 39, (LTR) Nov 8 Macrovision Stablilizer(CHDupre) Dec 49, (PCS) Dec 69 New life for Old Car Radios(C)(McClellan) May 42, Jun 50, (PCS) Jun 71, (LTR) JU112, (LTR) Oct 15 Jan 57, Nine-Station Intercom(CHMorrison) (PCS) Jan 67 Phonhnk Interactive Remote Control(CHRoselh) May 39, Jun 53, (PCS) Jun 71 Jan 42, Feb 48, Mar 52. Apr 39, May 62, Jun 58, Jul 44, Aug 57, Sep 56, Oct 56, Dec 67, (LTR) Ju112, (LTR) Oct 15 (PCS) Apr 65, (PCS) May 67 SCAiFMStereo Receiver(CHSheets and Graf) Aug 39, Sep 46, (LTR) Oct 15 (PCS) Sep 69 SMT Project: Business-Card Tone Generator(CHMims) Nov 85 SMT Project: I-R Remote on a Keychain(CHMims) Nov 77 SMT Project: LED Flasher(CHMlms) Nov 73 SMT Project: Light Meter(CHMlms) Nov 75 Stereo TV Decoder(CHTemplin) Jan 37, Feb 51 Versatile Digital Timer(C)(Ortman) Aug 45 Video Effects Generator(C) (Sheets and Gral) Sep 41, Oct 48 (PCS) Oct 75 Crossover Networks(ARE)(Scolt) Jul7 R-E Robot(C)(Sarns)
8
Base Unit, R-E Robot(CHSarns) Mar 52 Batte ry Backup for CMOS-Based Circuits(DN) (Grossblatt) Apr 79 Over-V oltage Indicator(DNHGrossblatt) Oct 101 Using the Polapulse(Blechman) Feb 61 Beckman Industrial DM 800 DMM(ER) Jan 71 Biom etal Mondo-Tronics Space Wings Robotics Kit(ER) Oct 22 Black Vertical Bars(Shane) Jun 70 Blue Box and Ma Bell, The(Friedman) Nov 49 Broadcast-Band RF Amplifier(NIHHousley) Mar 42 Bull etin Board Servi ce Using the RE-BBS May 122 Buyer's Guide 10Camcorders(Vizard) Mar 47
c
Camcorders. Buyer's Guide to(Vlzard) Mar47 Car Aud io Great Installations(Vizard) Jul39 Systems(Vizard) Jul31 Cassette Fidelity(LTR) Apr12 CATV Lingo. Understanding(ARE) Mar12 Cellular Telephone. Inside(Bernard) Sep 53 Certification for Electronic Technicians(Small) Aug 52 Clock Module, TSM 201 Nov 122 CMOS Circuits, A Battery Backup For(DN) (Grossblatt) Apr79 Col or-Bar Generato r NCM's Video Wonderbox(ER) Nov 14 Commercial Zapper for your Radio(CHRumreich) Apr 45 Commu nications Corne r(D)(Fried man) Jan 86, Feb 94, Mar 44, May 127, Jun 82, Oct 31 Diversity Microphone Transmission Aug 26 Image Interference Feb 94 Light Makes the Perfect Wire Oct 31 Marconi Lucked Out Ju n 82
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Data Sheets 01RF Power Transistors, Understanding(Dye) Nov 109
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DC-to-DC Con verter(AR E) May 10 Future of Artificial Intelligence, The(Heilmeier) May 85 Dear Sue " .,(Oliver) May 84 Decoder, Stereo TV(C)(Templin) Feb 51, (PCS) Feb 79 Delay Circ uit, A Very Simp le(DN)(Grossb latt) Sep 34 Gated-Pulse Decoder(C)(Sheets and Graf) Jan 53, Desig ner's Notebo ok( D)(Grossblatl) (PCS ) Mar 73(LTR) Ap r 12 Battery Backup for CMOS -Based Circuits , A Apr 79 Feb 96 CMOS Oscillator, A Simple Gravity Waves(LTR) Jan 18 Sep 34 Delay Circuit s, Very Simple Great Aug 30 Logic-Family Translation lnstallatlonst vi zard) Jul 39 Oct 101 Over-Voltage Indicator Systems(V izard) Jul 31 May 121 Trigger Pulses Under-Voltage Monitor, An Nov 41 Descrambl ing Practical Descrambling(STV)(Cooper) Feb 83 Tri-Mode Cable-TV Scrambling(C)(Coffell) Feb 43, (PCS) Feb 79, (LTR) May 13 TV Sig nal Descramb ling(C) Hand-Soldering SMC's(Mims) Nov 71 Jan 53, Ju l 58 (Sheets and Graf) Headlight Alarm(NI)(Lowell) Ap r 67 Mar 78 Why Videocipher is Dead(STV)(Cooper) Zombies , Zits, and Zoweee !(STV)(Coope r) May 77 Helical Resonator Trap(ARE ) Mar1 2 Digit al HDTV Audi o Tape High-Definition DBS(STV)(Cooper) Jul 62 Anothe r Attack on Home Taping( ED)(Home Is HDT V the Key to an Internation al Recordi ng Rights Coalition) Oct 4 Standard?(STV)(Cooper) Aug 28 Digital Audio Tape(Fenton) Oct 45 High Definition TV (Berna rd) Aug 48 Why Digital Audio Tape Isn't Here(ED)(Fenton ) Jun 4 Histo r y(See also ANTIQUE RADIO) Circ uit ry Early Days of Radio, The(Clifford) Apr 59, Ju l52, Dec 64 Apr 50 LogicGate Fundamentals(Marston) Home Jun 64 Flip-Flops, Working Wlth(Marston) Appliances(ED)(Kleima n) Jan 12 ln-Circuit IC Tester Nov 43, Dec 55, (PCS) Dec 69 Of the Future, The(MacFadyen) May 115 Multimete r(SEE TEST EQUIPMENT) Speedometer for Your Car(C)(O rtman) Ju l47, How to (PCS)Jul 79,(LTR)Nov 8 Analyze Waveforms(Carey) Dec 59 Jun 45, Tachometer for Your Car(C)(O rtman ) Apply For a Patent(Swee ney) Jan 48,(LTR) Apr 12, - - - - - - - - - - (PCS)J un-71;(l TR)Nov 8 - - -' - ' - ' - - - - - ' ' - - -...:..:..May1 3 Timer, Versatile(C)(O rtman) Aug 45,(PCS)Aug 75 Desig n Oscillator Circuits(Ca rr) Jan 65, (LTR) Mar 16 Draw ing Bo ard(D)(Gro ss b latt) Jan 82, Mar 82, Humidity Monitor(LTR) Jan 18 A pr 76, May 123, Jul 26, Dec 77
Outdoor Light Controller(Holtke) Oct 104 Seque ntial Flasher(Ciric) Feb 36 Simp le Multi-Tone Gene rator(Khan) Nov 31 Jun 40 Sound-Effects Generator( Tupue) Life for Old Car Radios(C)(McClellan) May 42, J un 50, (PCS) J un 71, (LTR) Ju l1 2, (LTR) Oct 15 Li t(D) Aug 21, Sep 31 Prod uc ts(D) Jan 30, Feb 34, Mar 36, Apr 30, May 30, J un 30, Jul 21, Aug 24, Sep 24, Oct 26, Nov 22, Dec 32 Nme-Statlc n Intercom(C)(Morrison) Jan 57, (PCS) Jan 67 Non-Volatile Memory IC's (Grossblatt) Oct 60
o
On Electrons(LTR) 110-Volt Devices on 220?(ARE) Onkyo Unifier Universal Programmable Remote Control(ER) Op-A mp, Micropower(SOSS)(Scott) Orchid Technology PCTurbo 286E IBM-PC Acceler ator Card( ER) Oscillator, A Simple CMOS(DN)(Grossblatt) Osci lioscopes(See TEST EQUIP MENT) Out-Band Decoder(C)(Sheets and Graf) Outdoor Light Controller(NI)(Hollke) Outp ut Decoder, An(DB)(Grossblatt) Over-Voltage Indicator(DN)(Grossblatt) _ J un 14 May 10 Sep 22 Sep 94 Feb 24 Feb 96 Mar 63, (PCS) Mar 73 Oct 104 Apr76 Oct 101
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Nov 8 Jan 67, Feb 78, Mar 73, Apr 65, May 67, J un 71, Jul 79, Aug 75, Sep 69, Oct 75, Nov 127, Dec 69 Patent, How to Apply For A (Sweeney) Jan 48, (LTR) Aug 12 Pencept Penpad 320(ER) Jan 22 Personal Compu ter, R-E Robot(C)(Sa rns) Jan 42 Pest Repellers, More on(ARE) Mar 12 Philips Compact Disc Test Sett ER) Feb 27 Phonlink Interactive Remote Contro l(C) (Roseth) May 39, Jun 53,(PCS ) Jun 71 Piezoe lectric Plastic Film(lovine) Mar 57 Polapulse Battery, Using the(Blechma n) Feb 61 Poor Man's Storage Scope(Berna rd) Nov 113 Programmable Array Logic TIIP-CAD PAL Starter Kit(ER) Mar 32 PC Boards, Making(LTR) PC Service(D)
Dynamic Memory Output Decoder, An Remote Control Transmitter Which Memory? Drive System, R-E Robot(C)(Se rns) DTMF Receiver, A(DB)(Gross blatt) Transmitter-Receiver Outp ut Decoder, An( DB) (Grossb latt)
8~t~n~e~~r, A
Mar 82 Jul26 Apr 76 Jan 82 May 123 Feb 48, Mar 52 Mar 82 Ap r 76
IC Tester, Digital In-Circuit(C)(Green) Nov 43, Dec 55, (PCS) Dec 69 I-R Remote on a Keychain, SMT Projecl '(C)(Mims) Nov 77 Industrial SMT Assembly(Mims) Nov 65 Inside Cellu!ar Telephone(Bernard) Sep 53 The Telephone(LTR) Feb 16, (LTR) Mar 16 Introduction 10 SMT(Mi ms) Nov 59
E
Early Days of Radio, The(Clifford) Apr 59, Ju l 52, Dec 64 Edit o rial(D ) Jan 12, May 4, Jun 4, Oct 4, Dec 4 Another Attack on Home Taping(Home Recording Rights Coalition) Oct 4 Home Appliances(Klei man) Jan 12 Welcome to the Twent y-Fir st Century (Fenton) May 4 Why Digital Audio Tape Isn't Here(Fenton) Jun 4 EEPRO M's Non-Volatile Memory IC's (Grossblatt) Oct 60 Electronic Digital Lock(C)( Renton) Nov 107 Christmas Tree(C)(Jozwiak) Dec 47, (PCS) Dec 69 Eye , R-E Robot(C)(Sarn s) Dec 67 Motor Controls(AR E)(Scott) Feb 12 Energy Storage in 2001: Supe rconductivity( LTR) Jun 14 Technology in the 21st Cent ury(K uznetsov) May 107 Equ ipment Reports(D) Jan 22, Feb 24, Mar 28, Apr 24, May 24, Jun 21, Jul 15, Aug 16, Sep 22, Oct 22, Nov 14, Dec 35 Avcom PSA-35A Portab le Spectrum Analyzer Ju l15 Beckma n Industrial OM 800 DMM Jan 71 Fluke LCA-l 0 Line Curre nt Test Adap ter Mar 28 Leader LCD-l00 Portable DMM!Storage Osci lloscope Jun 21 Mark V Professional Co lor Light Co ntroller Dec 35 Mondo -Tronics Space Wings Robotics Kit Oct 22 NCMs Video Wonderbox Nov 14 Onkyo Unifier Universal Progra mmable Remote Control Sep 22 Orch id PCTurbo 286E IBMM-P C Acce lerator Card Feb 24 Pancept Penpad 320 Jan 22 Philips Compact Disc Test Set Feb 27 Regency Informant Scanni ng Receiver Aug 16 Sencore LC75 -Z Meter II" Apr 24 TIiP CAD PAL Starter Kit Mar 32 Universal Wireless Remote -Contro l/Stereo TV Tuner May 24 Evolution of VHS IC, The(Grossblatt) Mar59
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t< it Report: TSM 201 Clock Mod ule Nov 122
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Laser Listene r(C)(Pearson) Oct 39, (LTR) Nov 8 Latching Continuity Tester(LTR) Ja n 18 Leader LCD-l 00 Portable DMM/Storage Osci liosco pe(ER) Jun 21 LED Flashe r, SMT Project(C)(Mims) Nov 73 Letters(D) Jan 18, Feb 16, Mar 16, Apr 12, May 13, Ju n 14, JU112, Aug 12, Sep 13, Oct 15, Nov 8, Dec 24 Li ht Outdoor(NI)(Holtke) Oct 104 Color Controller, Mark V(ER) Dec 35 Meter, SMT Project(C)(Mims) Nov 75 Lock, Electronic Digital(C)(Renton) Nov 107 Logic- Family Translation(DN)(Grossbl att) Aug 30 Logic-G ate Fundamentals(Marston) Apr 50 Logic Tester, Audible(NI)(Kane) Sep 32 Looking Into the Future(Cla rke) May 81 LORAN , Learning About(Swee ney) May 5
R
Radio(see also ANTIQUE RADIOS, COMMUNICATIONS CORNER) Antique Radio Clubs, Listing May 120 Commercial Zapper for Your Radio(C)(Rumreich) Apr 45 Early Days of Radio, The(Clifford) Apr 59, Ju l 52, Dec 64 LORAN , Learning About(Swee ney) May 51 Life for Old Car Radios(C)(McClellan) May 42, Jun 50, (PCS) Jun 71, (LTR) Jul1 2, (LTR) Oct 15 Razor-Blade Radio (LTR) Ap r 12, (LTR) Jul1 2 Regency Informant Scanning Receiver(ER) Aug 16 SCN FM-Stereo Receiver(C)(Sheets and Graf) Aug 39, Sep 46, (PCS) Sep 69 Spread Spectrum Com munications, All About(Mc Dermott) Ap r 55 RAM Which Memory ?(DB)(G rossblatt) May 123 Dynamic Memory(D B)(Grossblatt) J ul 26 RE Robot(C)(Sarns) Jan 42, Feb 48, Mar 52, Apr 39, May 62, Jun 58, Jul 44, Aug 57, Sep 56, Oct 56, (LTR) J Ul 12, (LTR) Oct 15, (PCS) Apr 65, (PCS) May 67, (PCS) Dec 69 R-E BBS , Using the Mar 83, May 122 Regency Informant Scan ning Receiver(C) Aug 16 Remote Control Phonlink Interactive(C)(Roseth) Max 39, Ju n 53, (PCS) J un 71 DTMF Receiver, A(DB)(Grossblatt) Mar 82 Remote Control Transmltter(DB)(Grossblatt) Jan 82 Reversing Motors (LTR) May 13, (ARE ) Oct 10 RFI, The Reasons Behind(LTR) Mar 1& Rhombic Anten na Impedance(ARE) Oc t 10 Robotics Ki t Mondo-Tronics Space Wlngs (ER) Oct 22 RE Ro bot Application s(C)(Sarns) Sep 56 Brain(C)(Sarns) Jan 42 Command Language(C)(Sarns) Aug 57 Jul 44 Cont rol Board(C)(Sarns) Control Electronics(C)(Sarns ) J un 58 Electronic Eye(C)(Sarns) Dec 67 Personal Computer (C)(Sarns ) Apr 39, (PCS) Ap r 65, May 67 Robot in the 21st Century, The(As imov) May 99
~ontroller,
M
Macrovision Stabil izer(C)(Dupre) Dec 49, (PCS) Dec 69 Mark V Professional Color Light Con troller(ER) Dec 35 Medical Technology in the 21st Century( Fish) May 112 Miniatu re Wideband Ampl ifier(C) (Clawson) May 45, (PCS) May 67 Mondo- Tronics Space Wings Robotics Kit(ER) Oct 22 Monitor, Acid Rain(C)(Scott) A pr 48 Multi-Tone Gene rator, Simp le(NI)(Khan) Nov 31
(J)
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Fi ber Opt ics Light Makes the Perfect Wire(COMC)( Friedma n) Oct 31 Finding Cable Faults(Martin) Mar 66 Flashe r, Sequentia l(N I)(Ciric) Feb 36 FlipFl ops, Working With(M arston) Jun 64,(LTR) Oct 15 Fluke LCA-l0 Line Current Test Adapter( ER) Mar 28 FM Comm ercial Zapper for Your Radio(C)(R umrerch) A pr 45, (LTR) Sep 13
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g:
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NCM's Video Wonderbox( ER) Nov 14 New Ideas(D) Feb 36, Mar 42, Apr 67, Jun 40 Sep 32, Oct 104, Nov 31 Audible Logic Tester(Kane) Sep 32 Broadcast-Band RF Amplifie r(Hous ley) Mar 42 Headlight Alarm( Lowell) Ap r 67
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102
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Jan 4, Feb 83, Mar 78, Mav 77, Jul 62, Aug 28, Sep 87, Oct 80, Dec 74 High-Definition DBS Jul 62 International Connection, The Sep 87, Oct 80 Is HDTV the Key to an International Standard? Aug 28 Practical Descrambling Feb 83 Videocipher Has Been Cracked Jan 4 What's Next Dec 74 Why Videocipher is Dead Mar 78 Zits Fraud. The Jun 76 Zombies. Zits, and Zoweee! May 77 SCA Decoder(ARE) Jun 10 FM-Stereo Recelver(C)(Sheets and Graf) Aug 39, Sep 46, (PCS) Sep 69 (LTR) Oct 15 SCR's Using I riacs and SCRs(Marston) Sep 64 Oct 64 Working with Triacs and SCRs(Marston) Scanner Booster for(ARE) Mar 12 Regency Informant Scanning Receiver(C) Aug 16 Seismic Discussion Net(LTR) I May 13 Semiconductors. Testing(Byers) Feb 58, Mar 71, Apr 62 May 59, Jun 61, Aug 12, Sep 61, Nov 115 (LTR) Aug 12, (LTR) Nov 8 Sencore LC75 Z Meter II(ER) Apr 24 s r i FI h (NI)(C" ) F b 36 equen ra as er Inc e Satellite TV(D)(Cooper) seg!;fc(D)(Darr) --Jan8S- May 125 Sep 30 Funny Pictures ' May 125 Leakage and Psychology J 88 San 30 Quirks and Queerities ep Questlons(D)(Darr) Jan 90 Log: Surface-Mount Components(Poe) Nov 32 Shortwave Converter N L f fOld C R d' (C)(M CI II ) M 42 ew I e or ar a 10 5 June5~~ (PCS) J~~ 71: (LTR) Jul12, (LTR) Oct 15 Simple Multi-Tone Generator(NI)(Khan) Nov 31 Smart House Home of the Future. The(MacFadyen) May 115 SMT Projects(See SURFACE MOUNT TECHNOLOGY) Soldering: Old Techniques and New Technology(Martin) May 47, (LTR) Aug 12, (LTR) Sep 13 Solid-State (See also STATE OF SOLID STATE) Technology in the 21st Century(Gregory) May 97 Tube Substitutes(ARE) Apr 8 Sound-Effects Generator(NI)(Tupue) Jun 40 Soundproofing Unwanled Sounds(AUD)(Klein) Jun 78 Speakers, Magnetically Shielded(AUD)(Klein) Oct 83 Spectrum Analyzer, Portable(See TEST EQUIPMENT) Speedometer, Digital(C)(Ortman) Jul 47, (PCS) Jul 79, (LTR) Nov 8 Spread Spectrum Communications. All About(McDermott) Apr 55 State of Solid State(D)(Scott) Feb 92, Mar 84, Apr 80 May 129, Jun 87, Sep 94, Nov 124, Dec 42 Nov 124 An Dec 42 Instrumentation Amplifiers Jun 87 Long-Time Timer May 129 Micropower Op-Amp Sep94 Temperature Transducer Mar 84 Tone Generator IC's Apr 80 Transformerfess 5-Volt Regulator Feb 92 Stereo(See also AUDIO) Imagery amd Psychoacoustics(AUD)(K!ein) Mar 80 Spatial lmaging(AUD)(Klein) Nov 33 Spread Circuit(ARE)(Scott) Feb 12 TV Decoder(C)(Templin) Jan 37, Feb 51 Why Stereo Doesn't Work(AUD)(Klein) Apr 68
Strain-Gage Transducers(Wood) Sunrise/Sunset Simulator(ARE)(Scolt) Surface-Mount Technology Surface-Mounted Components(LTR) Conductive Inks and Adhesives(Mims) Hand-Soldering SMC's(Mims) Industrial SMT Assembly(Mims) Introduction to SMT(Mims) SMT Project Business-Card Tone Generator(C)(Mims) I-R Remote on a Keychain(C)(Mims) LED Flasher(C)(Mims) Light Meter(C)(Mims) Resource Directory Service Log(Poe) Surround Sound, Resurgence of(AUD)(Klein)
Dec 61 Aug 8
Feb 16 Nov 81 Nov 71 Nov 65 Nov 59 Nov 85 Nov 77 Nov 73 Nov 75 Nov 89 Nov 32 May 74
Looking Into the Future(Clarke) May 81 Medical Technology In the 21st Century(Fish) May 112 Robot in the 21st Century. The(Asimov) May 99 Solid-State Technology in The 21st Century(Gregory) May 97 Future of Artificial Intelligence, The(Heilmeier) May 85 Welcome to the Twenty-First Century(ED)(Fenton) May 4
u
Under-Voltage Monitor, An(DN)(Grossblatt) Nov 41 Understanding Data Sheets of RF Power Transistors(Dye) Nov 104 Universal Wireless Remote Control/Stereo TV Tuner(ER) May 24 Using New Generation Oscilloscopes, The(Diller) Feb 55 Polapulse Battery. The(Blechman) Feb 61, (LTR) Jun 14 RE-BBS, The May 122 Triac's and SCRs(Marston) Sep 64
T
Nov 49 Sep 53 Jan 57, (PCS) Jan 67 Phonlink Interactive Remote Control(C)(Roseth) May 39, Jun 53, (PCS) Jun 71 Television(See VIDEO) . Tesla, Father of Radio (LTR) Jun 14 Test Equ~ment Telegraph, and WWI(AR)(Rt ch) Telephone Blue Box and Ma Bell. The(Friedman) Inside Cellular Telephone(Bernard) Nine-Station Intercom(C)(Morrison) Feb 88
~re~~;~;;~fj,~~e~iometer,
Vacuum TUbes(LTR) Feb 16 Versatile Digital Timer(C)(Ortman) Aug 45, (PCS) Aug 75 _ _Avcom SA:35AP.ortable.Spectrum Analyzer(ER) JuI15 __ VHSIC, The Evolution of(Grossblalt) - - - Mar 59 Beckman Industrial DM 800 DMM(ER) Jan 71 Finding Cable Faults(Martln) Mar 66 Video Fluke LCA-10 Line Current Test Adapter(ER) Mar 28 Communications In 2001-The Third Age How to Analyze Wavetorms(Carey) Dec 59 of Video(Judice) May 102 In-Circuit Digital IC Tester(C)(Green) Nov 43 Black Vertical Bars(Shane) Jun 70 Leader LCD-100 Portable DMMI Buyers Guide to Camcorders(Vizard) Mar 47 Storage Oscilioscope(ER) Jun 21 Effects Generator(C)(Sheets and Graf) Sep 41, Oct 48, NCMs Video Wonderbox(ER) Nov 14 (PCS) Oct 75 Oscilloscopes, Using the New Generation(Diller) Feb 55 Palelte(C)(Sheets and Graf) Sep 41, Oct 43 Philips Compact Disc Test Set(ER) Feb 27 (PCS) Oct 75 Poor Man's Storage Scope(Bernard) Nov 113 High Definition TV(Bernard) Aug 48 Sencore LC75 "Z Meter II"(ER) Apr 24 News(D)(Lachenbruch) Jan 16, Feb 6, Mar 6, Temperature Transducer(SOSS)(Scott) Mar 84 Apr 7, May 8, Jun 8, Testing Semiconductors(Byers) Feb 58, Mar 71, Apr 62 Jul 6, Aug 6, Sep 6, Oct 6, Nov 6, Dec 12 May 59, Jun 61, Aug 12, Stereo TV Decoder(C)(Templin) Jan 37, Feb 51, Sep 61, Nov 115 (PCS) Feb 79 (LTR) Aug 12, (LTR) Nov 8 Tri-Mode Cable-TV Scrambling(C)(Coffell) Feb 43, TIIP-CAD PAL Starter Kit(ER) Mar 32 (PCS) Feb 79, (LTR) May 13 Timer, Versatile Digital(C)(Ortman) Aug 45, (PCS) Aug 75 TV Signal Descrambling(C)(Sheets and Grat) Jan 53, Timing Light Modiflcation(ARE) May 10 Mar 63, (PCS) Mar 73, Jul 58 Universal Wireless Remote Control/Stereo Tone Generator IC's(SOSS)(Scott) Apr 80 TV Tuner(ER) May 24 VHSIC, The Evolution ot(Grossblalt) Mar 59 Tool Organizer, Maszota(LTR) Mar 1 Vldeocipher Transducers, Strain-Gage(Wood) Dec 61 Practical Descrambling(STV)(Cooper) Feb 83 Transformerless 5-Volt Regulator(SOSS)(Scolt ) Feb 92 The Zits Fraud(STV)(Cooper) Jun 76 Transistor Amplifier Design(Cunkelman) Aug 55 Videocipher Has Been Cracked(STV)(Cooper) Jan 4 Why Videocipher is Dead(STV)(Cooper) Mar 78 Triacs Zombies, Zits, and Zowee!(STV)(Cooper) May 77 Using Triac's and SCR's(Marston) Sep 64 Working With Triacs and SCRs(Marston) Oct 64 Voltage Transformers(LTR) Aug 12 In- Mode Cable-TV Scrambling(C)(Coffell) Feb 43, (PCS) Feb 78 (LTR) May 13 Trigger Pulses(DN)(Grossblatt) May 121 TSM 201 Clock Module Nov 122 Tunable IF(COMC)(Friedman) Jan 86 TV Signal Descrambling(C)(Sheets and Grat) Jan 53, Waveforms, How to Analyze(Carey) Dec 59 Mar 63, Jul 58 Welcome to the Twenty-First Century(ED)(Fenton) May 4 2001 What's Automotive World of the zt st Century, A Gate-Turnoff Rectifier?(ARE) May 10 The(Petersen) May 91 New in Solid State(Scott) Jan 61 Communications in 2001: The Third Age News(D) Jan 14, Feb 4, Mar 4, of Video(Judice) May 102 Apr 4, May 6, Jun 6, Dear Sue....(Oliver) May 84 Jul 5, Aug 4, Sep 4, Energy Technology in the ztst Nov 4, Dec 6 May 107 Century(Kuznetsov) May 115 Home of the Future, The(MacFadyen) Working With Triacs and SCR's(Marston) Oct 64
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CoMilUiEilaJ'GESi Volume 4
January 1987 December 1987
Abbreviations: (C)Construction; (D)Department; (Ed)Editorial; (EW)Editor's Workbench ; (HWR)Hardware Review; (LTR)Letter; (SWR)Software Review
A
Hercules Graphics Card Plus Apr 85 Add a Disk Drive(Friedman)(C) Apr 96 IBM All About Interfacing: Part 2 (Holtzman) Jan 13 Models 30 and 50 PC's Aug 63 Apparat Limbo II(EW) Mar 94 Operating Systems: The M&M's Jun 93 Personal System/2 Jul66 Keyboards Jul66 Masters' Visible Computer: 8088 Jun 95 Memory Expansion Mar 93 Biofeedback(L) Feb 102 Microsolutions' Matchpoint Jun 94 Mycroft Labs' Mite Oct 88 Books(EW) May 137, Nov 93 Orchid's Conquest Mar 93 Brooklyn Bridge(EW) Sep 74 PC-Sig's Build Command-Line Editor Mar 95 Clock Board for Your PC, A(C)(Martin) Mar 97 PC-Outline Mar 94 MC68000, The(C)(Schrader, Koenig, Voelzke) Mar 101 PS/2 Sep 73 PT-68K, The(C)(?tark) Oct 90 Portable Computers(Holtzman) Nov 93 Product Reviews Mar 96, Apr 92, Jun 96, Oct 89, Nov 94 68000 Update Aug 63 T-DebugPlus Dec 87 - CAD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Tseng-Lab's,EVAl480 - - - - , - - - - May 135Computer-Assisted Regulator Design Turbo Pascal Dec 87 Feb 110 (Cunkelman) TurboSmith Dec 87 Designing PC Boards on Your Computer Vericomps Breakthru/PC Mar 94 Jun 97 (Grossblatt) Aug 69 CD-ROM (EW) Mar 94, (EW) Mar 95, (EW) Apr 90 Cauzin Softstrip System, The(Holtzman) Apr 93 5-Volt Only: The Max 232(Kreuter) Jan 10 Central Point Software: The Option Board(EW) Oct 87 From Keypress to Scan Code(Holtzman) Jul70 Certificate Maker(SWR) Feb 103 Clock Board for Your PC (C)(Martin) Mar 97, (PCS) Mar 73 Circuif for the PT-68K(C)(Stark) Nov 101 Graphics(EW) Sep 73 Clones IBM-Compatible Clone Computer(C)(Flack) Feb 104 Sep 82 Graphics Co-Processors(Bernard) COMDEX Report(EW) Sep 73 Groliers Electronic Encyclopedia(EW) Apr 90 Commodore Pulse Generator(C)(Barbarello) Oct 96 CompDes(EW) May 136 Computer Products(D) Jan 4, Feb 102 Computer-Assisted Regulator Design(Cunkelman) Feb 110 Hardware Computer-Controlled Robot(C) Add a Disk Drive(C)(Friedman) Apr 96 (Barbarello) May 144, (PCS) May 67 All About Interfacing: Part 2(Holtzman) Jan 13 Build the MC68000(C) Concurrency(Stern) Feb 112 (Schrader, Koenig, Voelzke) Mar 101, May 138 Construction Build the PT-68K(C)(Stark) Oct 90, Nov 101, Dec 95 Add a Disk Drive(C) (Friedman) Apr 96 Cauzin Softstrip System, The(Holtzman) Apr 93 Clock Board for Your PC Commodore Pulse Generator(C)(Barbarello) Oct 96 (C)(Martin) Mar 97, (PCS) Mar 73 Concurrency(Stern) Feb 11 2 Commodore Pulse Generator(C)(Barbarello) Oct 96 Mar 93 Editor's Workbench(EW) Computer-Controlled Robot(C) Sep 82 Graphics Co-Processors(Bernard) (Barbarello) May 144, (PCS) May 67 Feb 104 IBM-Compatible Clone Computer(C)(Flack) IBM Incompatible, Build This(C)(Holtzman) Apr 98 Apr 98 IBM Incompatible; Build This(C)(Holtzman) MC68000, Build The(C) Dec 91 Floppy-Disk Data Storage(Grossblatt) (Schrader, Koenig, Voelzke) Mar 101, May 138 MC68000, Build the(C) Micro-Floppy Retrofit(C)(Friedman) Aug 67 (Schrader, Koenig, Voelzke) Mar 101, May 138 PT-68K, Build the(C)(Stark) Oct 90, Nov 101, Dec 95 Micro-Floppy Retrofit(C)(Friedman) Aug 67 Copy Protection Portable Computers(Holtzman) Sep 77 The Beginning of the End..,(ED)(Wels) Jan 3 Heathkit SK-203 Printer Buffer(EW) Sep 76 Hercules Graphics Card Plus(EW) Apr 85
M
Max 232: 5-Volt Only(Kreuter) MC68000, Build the(C) (Schrader, Koenig, Voelzke) Memory Expansion(EW) Micro-Floppy Retrofit(C)(Friedman) Microsolutions' Matchpoint(EW) Multitasking Concurrency(Stern) Mycroft Labs' Mite(EW) Jan 10 Mar 101 , May 138 Mar 93 Aug 67 Jun 94 Feb 112 Oct 88
o
Orchid's Conquest(EW) Mar 93 -
p
Jun 97 Mar 95 Mar 94 Dec 87 Sep 77, (EW)Nov 93 Mar 96, Apr 92, Jun 96, Oct 89, Nov 94
PC Boards, Designing on Your Computer(Grossblatt) PC-Sig's Command-Line Editor(EW) PC-Outline(EW) Periscope Software(EW) Portable Computers(Holtzman) Product Reviews(EW)
Programs ' Commodore Pulse Generator(C)(Barbarello) Oct 96 Computer-Assisted Regulator Design (Cunkelman) Feb 110 Jan 12 TV Channel Frequency Program(Kiley) TVRO Antenna Pointer(Tyson) PS/2(EW) Sep 73 Oct 90, Nov 101, Dec 95 PT-68K, Build the(C)(Stark)
R
Robot, Computer-Controlled(C) (Barbarello) May 144, (PCS) May 67
s
Software Editor's Workbench Mar 94, Apr 90, May 136, Jun 93, Aug 63, Sep 74, Oct 88, Nov 93, Dec 87 Designing PC Boards on Your Aug 69 Computer: Part 2(Grossblatt) Jun 95 Masters' Visible Computer: 8088(EW) Dec 87 Periscope(EW) Jun 100 Pirates, Sinking the(Holtzman) Jan 5, Feb 103 Review(D) Feb 103 Certificate Maker(SWR) Jan 5 Webster's On-Line Thesaurus(SWR) 6800 MC68000, Build the(C) (Schrader, Koenig, Voelzke) Mar 101, May 138 PT-68K, Build the(C)(Stark) Oct 90, Nov 101 , Dec 95 68K Update(EW) , Aug 63 6502, A Look Inside the(Solomon) May 141
Data Storage, Floppy-Disk(Grossblatt) Debugging(EW) T-DebugPlus(EW) Turbo Pascal(EW) TurboSmith(EW) Designing PC Boards on Your Computer(Grossblatt) Direc-Link(EW) Do Me a Favor, ,(ED)(Wels)
Dec 91 Dec 87 Dec 87 Dec 87 Dec 87 -iun 97, Aug 69 Sep 74 Feb 101
tBM -Compatible Clone Computer(C)(Flack) -Incompatible, Build This(C)(Holtzman) Models 30 and 50 PC's(EW) Operating Systems: The M&M's(EW) ,Personal System/2(EW) Interfacing, All About; Part 2(Holtzman)
Feb 104 Apr 98 Aug 63 Jun 93 Jul66 Jan 13
E
Editorial Do Me a Favor..,(ED)(Wels) Feb 101 The Beginning of the End,..(ED)(Wels) Jan 3 Editor's Workbench Mar 93, Apr 85, May 135, Jun 93, Ju l 66, Aug 63, Sep 73, Oct 87, Nov 93, Dec 87 Apparat Limbo II Mar 94 Books May 137, Nov 93 Brooklyn Bridge Sep 74 CD-ROM Mar 94, Mar 95, Apr 90 Central Point Software: The Option Board Oct 87 COMDEX Report Sep 73 CompDes May 136 Debugging Dec 87 Direc-Link Sep 74 Graphics Sep 73 Groliers Electronic Encyclopedia Apr 90 Hardware Reviews Mar 93 Heathkit SK-203 Printer Buffer Sep 76 J&M's Memory Minder(EW)
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From Keypress to Scan Code(Holtzman) Working with Surplus Keyboards(Grossblatt) Keprom, The(Holtzman)
Test Equipment Commodore Pulse Generator(C)(Barbarello) Tseng Lab's EVAl480(EW) TV Channel Frequency Program(Kiley) TVRO Antenna Pointer Program(C)(Tyson)
Oct 96 May 135 Jan 12 Jan 6
Kel~fo':~d~rkbench
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MARI{ET CENTER
FOR SALE
REPAIR your own TV.. .i t 's easy. Wr ite RESEARCH, Rt. 3, Box 601BR, Coiville, WA 99114. CIRCUIT boards, kits, & assemblie s for aST magazine articles. For price list SASE to: A & A ENGINEERING, 2521 W. La Palma Ave., Anaheim , CA 92801. (714) 952-2114. RESTRICTED technical information: Electronic surveillance, schematics, locksmithin g, covert sciences, hacking, etc. Huge selection . Free b rochure. MENTOR-Z, 135-53 No. Blvd., Flushing, NY 11354. TV tunable notch filters, free brochure. O.K. VIDEO, Box 63 /6025 , Margate, FL 33063. (305) 752-9202. DESCRAMBLER catalog. All brands. Speciai combo Jerr old 400 and SB3 $165. Descr ambler kit $39.00 (assembles in half hour). Send $1.00. MJ INDUSTRY, Box 531, Bronx, NY 10461. IS it true...Jeeps for $44 through the government? Call for facts! 1 (312) 742-1142, ext. 4673. OLDTIME radio programs on high quality tapes. Comedy! Adventure! Music! Free catalog. CARL F. FROELICH , Herit age Farm , New Freedom , PA 17349. TEST equipment, recondition ed. For sale. $1.25 for catalog. WALTER'S, 2697 Nickel, San Pablo. CA 94806. (415) 724-0587.
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Radio-Electronics Classified Ads, 500-B Bi-County Boulevard, Farmingdal e, NY 11 735 PLEASE INDICATE in which category of classified advertising you wish your ad to appear. For special headings, there is a surcharge of $23.00. ( ) Business Opportun ities ( ) For Sale ( ) Plans/Kits ( ) Wanted ( ) Satellite Television ( ) Education/Instruction ( ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - Specia l Category : $23.00
PLEAS EJ~RI NT_EACH _WORD .SEPARATE LY,-IN-B LO C K.LET.TERS .
(No refunds or credits for typesetting errors can be made unless you clearly print or type your copy.) Rates indicated are for standard style classified ads only. See below for additional charges for specia l ads. Minimum: 15 words.
We specialize in a wide variety of technical information, parts and services for CB radios. 10MFM conversi ons, repairs, books, plans, kits, high-performance accessories. Our 11th year! Catalog $2. CSC INTERNATIONAL, P.O. BOX 31500RE. PHOENIX, AZ 85046
10
11
12
13
14
15 ($42.75)
TUBES. new, unused. Send self-addressed, stamped envelope for list. FALA ELECTRONICS, Box 1376-2, Milwaukee, WI 53201. PHOTOFACT folders, under #1 400 $3.00. Others $5.00. Postpaid. LOEB, 414 Chestnut Lane, East Meadow, NY 11554. TI-99/4A software/hardware bargains. Hard-to-find items. Huge selection. Fast service: Free catalog. DYNA, Box 690, Hicksville, NY 11801. FLASHLIGHT that needs no batteries measures 5" x 3" ideal for every situation, money back guarantee $10.- SA MUELS ENT ERPRIZ ES, 724 East 231 Street, Bronx, NY 10466. CUSTOM front panel nameplates for your projects. For details: J & E ENTERPRISES, 2457 N. Marmora, Chicago, IL 60639. FREE pewer supply ($7.95 value) with ASSORTMENT # 103, (February '84 article) prtnted ci rc uit, t oke c alls, trans i stor s , IC's, dio des $25.00 . .00 . JIM RHODES INC., Ftve!$112.50. Shipping $3. P O. Box 3421, Bristo l, TN 37625 .
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Multi-Channel 1.9 to 2.7 GHz- 40d B Gain 12-Chann el Sys te m comp lete $104.95
z-Channe l Sys tem co mp lete $84.95 Dealership s. Oty . Pricing, Repl acem ent Parts
IF YOU USE A BOX NUMBER YOU MUST INCLUDE YOUR PERMANENT ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER FOR OUR FILES. ADS SUBMITIED WITHOUT THIS INFORMATION WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. CLASSIFIED COMMERCIAL RATE: (for firms or individuals offering commercial products or services) $2.85 per word prepaid (no charge for zip code)...MINIMUM 15 WORDS. 5% discount for same ad in 6 issues; 10% discount for same ad in 12 issues within one year; if prepaid. NON-COMMERCIAL RATE: (for individuals who want to buy or sell a personal item) $2.30 per word, prepaid....no minimum. ONLY FIRST WORD AND NAME set in bold caps at no extra charge. Additional bold face (not available as all caps) 50c per word additional (20% premium). Entire ad in boldface, add 20% premium to total price. TINT SCREEN BEHIN D ENTIR E AD : add 25% premium to total price. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE AD PLUS AL L BOLD FACE AD: add 45% pr emium to total price. EXPANDED TYPE AD: $4.30 per word prepaid. All other items same as for STANDARD COMMERCIAL RATE. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE EXPANDED TYPE AD : add 25% premium to total price. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE EXPANDED TYPE AD PLUS ALL BOLD FACE AD: add 45% premiu m to total price. DISPLAY ADS: 1" x 2W'$320.00; 2" x 2W'-$640.00; 3" x 2W'-$960.00. General Information: Frequency rates and prepayment discounts are available. ALL COPY SUBJECT TO PUBLISHERS APPROVAL. ADVERTISEMENTS USING P.O. BOX ADDRESS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTE D UNTIL ADVERTISER SUPPLIES PUBLISHER WITH PERMANENT ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER. Copy to be in our hands on the 12th of the third month preceding the date of the issue. (i.e., Sept. issue copy must be received by May 12th). When normal closing date falls on Saturday, Sunday or Holiday, issue closes on preceding working day.
Phillips-Tech Elect ronics

p.D. Box 8533 SCotbdaIe, AI 85252
LIFETIME WARRANTY
(602) 947-7700 ISJ.DOC"dit.1I phon' Ofdersl1 M "terC"d VI" COO's
COMMODORE chips/repairs C-64 repair $39 .95 co mp le te . We se ll c hips at low cos t (eg . 6526/65 10-$9 .95 and many othe rs). C-64 P.S. $27.95. "Commodore Diagnostician," a complete chart for diagnosing faulty IC's $6.95 + postage. Send for cata log . KA SA RA MICROSYSTEMS, INC., 33 Murray Hill Drive, Spring Valley, NY 10977. (800) 642-7634 (outside NY) or (914) 356-3131. NEW 30 channel microwave TV ante nna-complete $149.95. Standard 2 channel $99.95. Lifetime warranty-<Jealer pricing- C.O.D.-MC-VISAHIGH-TECH ELECTRONICS, 337 Vineyard Ave., Suite 300, Ontario, CA. 91764. (714) 391-1655.
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CABLE TV converters . "new" Zeni th flash, Scientific Atl anta, Jerrold, Oak , Zeni th , Ha mlin . Man y oth ers . " New" video hopper "T he Cop y Killer " . Visa, M/C & Amex 1 (800) 826 -7623. B&B Inc., 10517 Upton Circle, Bloom ington , MN 55431. TUB ES 59. Year Guarantee. Free catalog. Tube tester $8.95. CORNELL, 4215 Universit y, San Diego , CA 92105.
PLANS - B uildY ourself-A llP a rts A vai lableInS tock LC7-BURNING CUnlNG CO, LASE R .. $ 20.00 RUB4-PORTABLE LASERRAY P iSTOL.......... 20 .00 T C C 1-3S EPARATET E SLACOIL PLANS TO1. 5M EV .. ....... 20.00 IOG1- IO NRAYGUN............ 10.00 GRA1-GRAVITY G ENERATOR . 10 .00 E ML1- ELECTRO MAGNET C OILGUNILAUNCHER ... ...... 6.00 49.50 MFT1K-fM VOiCETR ANSMlnER 3MI RANGE ..... 3 9.50 G E .... VWPM5K- TELEPHONE TRANSMITIER 3MI RAN ... 199.50 BTC3K-250.oo VOLT1()'14" SPARK TESLACOIL 39.50 U LTICOLO RLASER . LHC2K-S IMULATED M 69.50 BLS1K-1oo.ooo WAnBLASTER DEfENSE DEVICE IT M1K- loo,000 VOLT 20' AffEC T IV E 69.50 RANGEINTI MIDATOR .. 59.50 H O CK W AVE PiS TOL .. PSP4K- TIMEVARIANT S PTG1K-SPECTACULARPLA SMA 14 9,50 TORNADO GENER A TOR .. ....... 169.50 MVPIKS E EIN DARK KIT.. . PG7OH-MU LTICOLORED VARIABLE MOD EPLASMAG LOB E"7" ......... 42500 BTC1G-50,000 VOLT- W O R LD 'SS MALLES T - - - TE S tACOIL .... ........ ..... WHeNe VISIBLE RED LASERGUN .... LGU4G-1M T AT20 A UTO TELEPHO NE R ECOR OIN GDEVICE G PV1G-SEE IN TOTA LD AR K N E S SIRV IEWER ...... .. . 299 50 L1SnG-S N DOPER PHO N EINfiNITYTRANSMlnER . 169.50 IPG7G-INVISIBLE PAIN fiELD GENERATOR MULTI M ODE ... .. .. 74,50
HACKING, crashing, pirating , and phreaki ng. Who's doing it, Why they're doing it, and how they're doing it. Samp le programs, phone number s, and the too ls of the trade . Hac ker 's Handbook, $12.95. Com p u ter Underground , $14 .9 5 , $1 postag e to CA BL ETR ON ICS, Bo x 30502R, Belh esda, MD 20814.
OAK 56 channel wireless remote converter/descramble r, original refurbish ed equipment, exceptiona l video, $175.00; legal to own your equip ment, however, Federal law prohib its hookup without cab le c o m p a ny p e rmission . PONDEROSA , (3 03) 661-1659. (We ship C.O.D.)! FREE remote co ntro l co nverter wit h any de scramble r beiow : Oak VN12 $85.00 ; new Hamlin MLD1200 $90.00 ; new SB3 $89 .00 ; new Trimodel Bistate $125.00 ; Starcom-6 system $125.00 ; Zenit h cabl e $175 .00; legal to own your equip me nt , however, Federa l law prohib its hookup witho ut cab le c ompany p ermission . PONDERSA , (3 03) 661-1659. (We ship C.O.D.)! ADD 5 important features to your ho me te le phone. SASE (805) 583-4272 . B&M ENGINEERING, Box 823, Simi Valley, CA 93062 .
KITS
ASSEMBLED
. ~~- -
LASER, components and accessories. Free cata2~ McG ~EijiijE'S "----=::::;:::::::=~---=====-log, M.J. NEAL COMPANY, 6672 Mallard Court,
_~_
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FOR
1 10 $5B.00 ' JerroldS.B. Add On................................ $89.00 ' Jerrold Tri-Bi Add On $98.00 $7B .00 JerroldStarcomCSV $139.95 Call $69.00 MTSConverter + Remote...................... $85.00 $95.00 $79.00 Jerrold 450DRZ-3A Parental Control MTS Plus $100.00 $85.00 $98.00 $58.00 HamlinMLD 120Q.3 $140.00 $99.00 Scientific Atlanta AddOn 00 $89.00 M-35 B Corrbo W~h VariSync.............. $99. $58.00 Mini CodeN12 VariSync...................... $99.00 $5B.O O 442 VariSync (N-12 S u bst~ ute)...... ...... $89.00 Call Wireless VideoSender.......................... $45.00 S.B. TRI BI Flashing Got You Down? Tryoriginal Jerrold Equ ipment ~ might just solve yourproblems. Call or write' for Free Catalog . All productsGuaranteed 90 daysplus. M.D. Electronics 5078 So. 10 8th Suite 115 Omaha NE. 6813 7 Pho ne (40 2) 554.0 417
Cable Converters & Decoders
SPEAKER & ELECTRONICS CATALOG

1001 BARGAINS IN SPEAKERS
toll free 1-800-346- 2433 for ordering only.
1901 MCGEE STREET KANSAS C ITY , MO. 64108
CABLE TV equipment S.A ., Je rrold, Zen it h , Hamlin, Oak , Eagle, fillers, remot es and more. ;Best p rices C.O.o.'s accepted dealers neededl 'Ours wo rk where others fa iled and we g aurantee ,It! TR ANS-WORLD CABLE CO., (218) 543-6671. TUBES, name brands . New, 80% off list. KIRBY, 298 West Carm el Drive, Carmel, IN 4603 2.
Orient, OH 43146. MODULES. Build professio nal , custo m, audio/music electronic devices easily. Catalog $1.00 (refundable ). TONIX , Box 770 , Vernon, NJ 07462-770. INTRODU CTORY offer: 100 pack 4 inch wire ties, one-piece molded 6/6 nylon, self-locking adjustable $1.99. Product and price listing free with order or send $1.00 ref undable wi th fi rst order. NUTTER RIDGE PURVEYORS, Star Rout e Province Road , Strafford, NH 03884. DESCRAMBLER parts : I.C '-s, I.F. tra nsformers , trans istors, coils, capacitors, misc. Send SAS.E. to: T-ROY, P.O. Box 597 Marine City, MI 48039 . ELECTRONICS components , lowest prices . Free flyer, send SAS E. SANTECH ELECTRONICS, 11 Revere, Tappan, NY 10983. (914) 359- 1130. SAMS photo facts under # 1300 $2 .99 post paid. " S UR PL US," P.O. B ox 219, Edg ew ood , NM 87123-0219.
CATALOG CONTAININGDESCRIPTIO NS Of ABOVE PLUS HUNDREDSMORE AVAILABLEfOR S1 .000RIN CLUDEDfREE WITH ALL ABOVEO RDERS. PLEASE INCLUDE$3.DO PH ON ALL KITS ANDPRODUCTS PLANSARE POSTAGE PAID. SENDCHECK, MO, VISA, MCIN US FUNOS.
INFORMATION UNLIMITED
P.O. BOX71 6 DEPl,RE,AMHERST, NH03031
IN ITH THE INOf{l.tJ POPUl.ATION AT IT's HIGHEST EVEf{ I F IGUf{EtJ YOU COUl.!J S1 ANtJ TO SAVE A I3UC t:. Of{ 2! I3HOIN IS SHOPP ING LIST FRO"" SILICON VAl.l.EY SUf{PWS' HOLltJAY SALE
DEAR SANTA
""Y
T~~f~U?~~2R~v~~ll lc $13~~ nave the rcnowma titles User's

Guide.Debug Utility, Programmers Reference, &: Pivot Enhancements
15.9 9
TRANSISTORS-tubes: MRF421 $24.00, MRF454 $15.00, MRF455- MRF477 $12.00 , MRF492 $16.95, SRF2072 $13.50, 380 0 $18.95, 2SC28 79 $25 .00, 6LF6 -6 LQ6-6JS 6 $10 .95 , 89 50 $ 15 .9 5 . New Ranger A R3500 all mode 10 mete r transceiver $319. Quant ity discounts ! Best prices on hard-tofind parts , antennas , rnics, power suppl ies, & equipment! Catalog $1.00 (refundable), or free with order. RFPC , Box 700 , San Marcos, CA 92069 . For information or same day shipment-ccalt (619) 744-07 28 . Visa/MC/C.O.D. CIRCUIT board asse mbly at 60 per hour. FABRICANTES ELECTRONICS, Apartado 391 Pavas, Costa Rica, CA Ph 320074. SATELLITE & cable equi pment. We have those ' hard-to-!ind units ready to go . Tired of jun k that dont ;work properly, try our 10 day sat isfaction guarante e '& 90 day warranty (wholesale only) HI TEC ELECTRONICS, PO Box424 23 , Det roit, MI48242. (313) 7229381.
MACINTOSH NOTEBOOKS
A well illustrate d 3 book set by Prentice Hall each book is 8 by II by 3/4! A seperate book fo r Mac a int,Macwrite,& Multiplan
IND USTRlAL CORP.
$1200
1~ .98
rot
IAA..l.JI'MultitQCh K EYBO A RDS

~
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. Ij ,.mll ~M~~~~~r~7"
=
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FOR IBMfI AT.
Works on the P.C, or the RJ.b u t not
PHOTOVOLTAIC batte ry chargers by Arco solar. Cars, RVs, marine , etc. From $49.50. Brochure. SUN POWER-TE XAS , P.O. Box 2788A , Freeport, TX 77541. USED books. electronics, physics , mathmatics, mechanics, etc; big list: $1.00 in stamps: SOFTWAVE, 1515 Sashabaw, Orto nville, MI 48462 . INTERCOM 2001-An inexpensie home intercom and controi system that utilizes existing touch tone telephon es and their associated wiring! Easy to install and easy to use! $499.95. JACKSON COMMUNIC ATION PRODUCTS , 604 Burnham Road, Phila., PA 19119.
. . _ 15 days f or a re 64 KEYS KB084 $3 4 00 fund. limited

"939 .00 q uamty on hand
TUBES - 2000 TYPES

DISCOUNT PRICES!
Early, hard-to-find, and modern tubes. Also transformers, capacitors and parts for tube equipment. Send$2.00
for 20 page wholesale catalog.
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Printer assignment LPT I T=<lo n ?f/~n~~~~a~~anged on this p cba 168400 t m s se re Wil l Be over Before we con Process t he bingo ceres... co li for rest service Cell for e co r~ af 15 de ~ t r el nrce me nt. Tn & fr e l .ht ex tn. Se nd ch eck ar edd 1.90 far COD . Price me ~ ch e Me .Stare pri ce me ~ diffe r . Whi le s ur r li es l e.t. Na PO. ter m. or c redit cud. OPEN ilicon alley u r plus 1Oam- 6pm CL OSED SUN&MON 440 1 K RT K AN A,94 1
115 no hassle money back triall IBM COMPATIABLE FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER WITH REG 19 .00 CENTRONICS PORT
$120
ANTIQUE ELECTRONIC SUPPLY

688 W. First St. Tempe, AZ 852B1.602 /89 4-9503
415-261- 4 06
PLASMA sp here co lorful bottled lightning, low cost prefilled 5" globes used in easily built for $60 com plete deta iled plans $10, kits, comp lete 5" & 9" units also available, info $2 . RIESS , Box 54625 , Phoenix, AZ 85078. ALARM do- it-yoursel f and save . Send SAS E: ERIC 'S A L ARM , P.O. Bo x 833 1, Boss ier, LA 71113-8331. TUBES: "oldest," "latest." Parts and schematics . SAS E for list. STEINMETZ, 7519 Maplewood Ave., R.E. Hammond , IN 463 24.
PLANS AND KITS

HI-FI spea ker systems, kits and speaker component s from th e wo rld's fin est manufacturers. For begi nners and audiophiles . Free lite rature. A&S SPEAKERS, Box 7462 , Denver, CO 80207. (303) 399-8609. VOICE disguisers! FM bugs! Telephone transmitters! Phone snoops ! More! Catalog $1.00 (Refundable): XANDI ELECT RONICS, Box 25647, Dept. 60V, Tempe , AZ 85282 .
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-
DO YOU
t's face it: There will always be some outfit that can underc ut a published price. They do it by havin g no overhead , and no responsibility to you, the consumer. "So , you want that Jerrold 450 combo? The one that racine cableCo" Inc., is offering for $199OO ? Well,that's a good price, but here's what I'll do..." What may happen is that you may save a couple of bucks at the time. But suppose there 's a problem (and it happens to the best of them,) and you call that " Dealer"... This cou ld be what you'll hear: " No, Steve isn't here. He moved out, the bum! And he owes me $ 43700 on the phone bill! No, I don't know about any guarantees on your Gera ld, who's that? Listen, if you see that creep ..." etc. At racmc cable co. , you've got an established company who will be here for you,time after time.We may be tough compet itors, but we've got a soft spot for our cl ients! Try us, and be treated right -and we'll prove it by giving a one-year war ranty on everyth ing we sell.
T H E M?
CheCk our prices on S cleRUflc AtlanlaU nllsl

ITEM
RCA 36 Channel Convert er (Ch.3 output only) . ... Panason ic Wir eless Co nver ter (our best buy) ... Je rro ld 400 Co mbo *Jerro ld 450 Co mbo *Jerro ld 450 Hand Remote Co ntrol . . . .
400 o r 450 Converter (manual fine tune) . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .

Jer rold 400 Hand Remote Cont rol . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jerrold SBAddOn
*Jerro ld SB -Add-On wit h Trimode .
" M-35 B Combo unit (Ch.3 output only)

* M -3 5 B Combo unit wi th VariSync . . . . .
1 UNIT 29.00 88.00 88.00 169.00 29.00 199.00 ' 29.00 89.00 99.00 99.00 109.00
100R MORE 18.00 69.00 69.00 119.00 18.00 139.00 18.00 58.00 70.00 70.00 75.00
ITEM
1
. . . . . .
* M inicode (N-12 )
* Mi nicode (N-1 2) with ve rt Sync * M inicode VariSync wi th Auto On-Off. Eco no cooe (minicode substitute) Ec ono code w ith VariSync
" MLD-1200-3 (Ch.3 output) " MLD-1200-2 (Ch.2 output) " Zenith SSAVI Cable Ready
Interfer enc e Filt ers (Ch.3 onl y)
. . .
.
" Eagle PD-3 Descrambler (Ch.3 output only)
.
.
* Scie ntific Atlan ta Add- on Replacemen t Des crambler
UNIT 89.00 99.00 145.00 79.00 89.00 99.00 99.00 175.00 24.00 119.00 119.00
100R MORE 58.00 62.00 105.00 52.00 56.00 58.00 58.00 125.00 14.00 65.00 75.00
CH ECK US OUT-WE' LL MEET OR BEATTHE OTHER'S ADVERTISED WHOLESA LE OR RETAIL PRICES!
Quantity
Item
Output Channel
Pr ic e
Each
TOTAL PRiCE
~ Pacific Cable Co., Inc.

7325% Reseda Blvd., Dept. R -1 2 Reseda, CA 91335 (818) 716-5914 (818) 716-5140
NO COLLECT CALLS!
IMPORTANT. When ordering, please have the make and model number of the equipment used in your area- Thank you!
* Call for availability Prices subj ect to change without notice
Jerrold is a regi stered trademark of Genera l Instru ments Corp .
SUBTOTAL California Pen a l C ode #593- D forbids u s fro m sh ipping a ny cable d escrambli ng un it to an yone r e sidin g in th e state of California. Pri ces s u b ject to chang e w ith out notic e PLEASE PRINT Name Add ress State _ _ Zip D Cashier's Chec k Acct. # Sign atu re' Phone Numbe r ( D Money Orde r DC.O.D. Exp. Date DVisa '---_ D Mastercard _ City Shipping Add $3.00 per unit COD & Credi t Cards-Add 5% TOTAL _ _
FOR OUR RECORDS

DECLARAT ION OF AUTHORIZED USE - I. the undersign ed. do hereby declare unde r penalty of perjur y tha t all produ cts pur ch ased, now and in the future. will ori ly be used on cab le TV systems with proper authorization from local officia ls or cable company officials in accordanc e w ith all applicab le federal and state laws. Dated: Signed : _
m o m m
JJ
OJ
107
BUILD this five-digit panel meter and square-wave generator including an ohms, capacitance and frequency meter. Detailed instructions $2.50. BAGNALL ELECTRONICS, 179 May, Fair fi eld , CT 06430. CATALOG: hobby/broadcasting/1750 meters/ham/ CB: transmitters, antennas, scramblers, bugging devices, more! PANAXIS, Box 130-F12, Paradise, CA 95967. CRYSTAL radio sets , plan s, kits, catalog $1.00. MIDCO, 660 North Dixie Highway, Hollywood, FL 33020. DECODING plans and theory booklets. Video tape co py protecti on , removes flashing and jitt er, 30 pages, $15.45. Jerrold DI and DIC decoder theory, 12 pages, $6.95. Gated pulse decoding plus new universal single level suppression decoder, works on Hamlin , Je rrold , Sylvania, Eagle, 39 pages, $15.00. Video scrambling techniques, the original secret manual , sinewave and Ze nith SSAVI , 57 pages, $14.95. Hidden signals on satellite TV, 178 pages, $16.95. P.C. board and kits available. ELEPHANT ELECTRONICS INC., P.O. Box 41865-J, Phoenix, AZ 85080. (602) 581-1973.
PROJECTION TV...Convert your TV to project 7 foot picture. Results comparable to $2,500 projectors....Total cost less than $30.00. Plans and 8" lens $21.95 ...llIustrated information Free ... MACROCOMA-GD, Washington Crossing, PA 18977 . Creditcard orders 24hrs. (215) 736-3979. ELECTRONIC House Bimonthly magazine covering smart houses, integrated electronics, security, energy, sensors, more. Send $14.95 for one year subscription to: ELECTRONIC HOUSE, Dept. RE, 524 East McKinley, Mishawaka, IN 46545. (219) 256-2060.
SURPLUS
SATElUTE EOUP MENT
OUALITY [LtC TAO'ollCS SI"lC[ IITl
SPARTA N DISTRIBUTING
PO BOX 7 BIXBY. OK! ,4008
~-----------J
NEW SURPLU S INVEN TORY FROM S ATELL IT E EQU IP. M"NUF. COMP LETE PLANS TO BUILD A HIGH QU ALITY SATELUTE BLOC K RECE IVER KIT INC LUDE S S CH EMA TIC S. PART S LI ST , METAL CASE , SIL K-SCREENE D FRONT PANE L., PRIN TED CIRCUIT BO ARD WITH CONTROLS ATTACHED. 535.00 & 2 .5 0 SHIP . MONEY ORDERS OR CASHIERS CKEC K Q NLY. SEN D STA MPED ENVEL O PE FOR LI ST O F OTHER EQUIP A VAIL ABLE.
STRANGE st uff . Plans, kits, new items. Build satellite dish $69.00. Descramble rs, bugs, adult toys. Informational photo package $3.00 refundabl e. 01RIJO CORPO RATION, Box 212, Lowell, NC 28098. DETECTIVES, experimenters. Exciting new plans. Hard-to-find micro and restric ted devices . Large catalog $5.00, refundable on t st order. WILS ON VIDEOCIPHER II manual 120 + pages/Oak "Orion" 120 + pages, either-$27.45-both $49.95. Plans, kits, descrambling books . Catalog-$2.00. MICROTRONICS, P.O. Box 6426, Yuma, AZ 85364-0840. PLANS. Plasma display, HV generator, CB modulator, linear amplifiers , pain field generators, shock sensor. Plans for all $20.00 complete. AET, Suite 173, 5800-A, North Sharon, Amity Rd., Charlotte, NC 28215. NOVE LTY ty pe e lectronics projec ts fo r the gadgeteer. Unusual, fascinating, and fun. Free information. TAYLOR ELECTRONICS, P.O. Box 1612, Destin, FL 32541.
- P. O~ Box 5264;-AL:iQUsfa."GA -30906 .
all mi
D
.
FINALLY!
An
1 nterestfng
and
wo rth~
while proj ect. This EASYTO-BUILD circuit l ets you use any reg ul ar TV set as a s imple OSCILLOSCOPE. DET AILED PLANS : S4. 95 Buil d fo r l es s t han SID. 110 IIlOIFICATIONS TO TY ! Si nql e or dual t r ac e . PENN RESEARCH, Box 3543 Send for FREE CATALOG of Williamsport, PA 17701 oth er pl ans and kits ,
TOP quality imported, domestic kits, surplus, discount electronics, computer components, free catalog. TEKTRASONIX, 1120Avenue of the Americas, 1/fl suite 4038, New York, NY 10036. PLANS. Car radio amplifiers, 50W., 100W., 200W. per channel. Plans for all $10.00 complete. DBS, P.O. Box 261632, Tampa, FL 33685. SELECT TV patents plus complete explanations of authorization, polarity status, audio, sync modifications $14.00. SIGNAL, Box 2512-R, Culver City, CA 90231. PLANS : solar, wood differential thermostat; woodstove audible blower control; microprocessor AC/ DC controller; auto tremble alarm; VLF receiver. $5.00 each. AUTOMATION CONTROL SYSTEMS, 823 W. Durham, Cary, NC 27511.
:..J
TV - SCOPE
FREE catalog 99-cent kits-audio, video , TV , computer parts. ALLKIT, 434 W. 4th SI., West Islip, NY 117 95.
V20S 10 .9 5 CPU's &CHIPS V20 B 14 .95 8086 8 .00 INS26S0 2 .50 8088 7.50 Z80A CPU 1.75 8155 2 2.7 5 Z80 8 CPU 3 .75 8 2\)2 9 .00 Z8 0A CTC 1.95 82\)3 16 .00 zaOA DART 5.25 8 2 12 1.4 5 8 214 Z80A OMA 5.50 3.75 Z8 0A P10 1.95 82 16 I.SO Z80A5 t O 5 .SO 82 24 2 .25 Z8 085 10 9 .95 8 226 1.6 0 8 2043 2.75 8237 5 6 .50 AM02901 ' .00 8238 3 .95 65 02 2.75 82 50 A 6 .75 2.<10 65 22 3.SO 825 1-A 680 0 1. 75 8 253 1.75 680 2 -4.50 8 25 5A 5 1.8 5 68 03L 8 .00 825 7 2.-40 5 ,50 68 09 825 9 2.40 681 0 8 272A 4. 75 1.75 8275 9 .00 1.75 68" 6845 2.75 ' .SO 8 279 5 828< 2 .50 685 0 1. 75 68 75 4 .75 ' .SO 828 8 83 55 12.95 8035 1.7 5 8 748 7.50 80< 8 500 80<. 2.SO TM5992 7N L 9 .95 8 .SO 2 .75 88OOOL8 80 8SA
RAM ',
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SC R ' $ 1.5A 6A 35 A 75A 100 .35 401 .40 200 .40 50 1.80 40 0 .6 0 .70 2.<10 e.00 600 .8 0 1.00 3 .60 12.00
PRV
T RI A C' s l A l OA 25A 100 35 60 1.40 200 .50 .80 1.90 '00 .70 1.00 2.60 600 1.00 1.20 3.6 0
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ROM 's
OISC Controllers
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REGi STERS
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INTERFACE
375 4 .75 '0 '0 TR l 60 2B 3 .95 BR l94 1L 5.SO AY5-3600 PRO 9 95 CRT5037 18.95 MMSJ 0 7 7'5 8830 2SO 88 33 2 .SO 88 34 200 88 38 2 00 MPY112 K 2500
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PLEAS E CALL FOR QUANTITY PRICING
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SOLID STATE
P.o. BOX 740 -
SALES
TEL (617) 5477053

TOLL
SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02143
FR~;R~~~5230
-FAX 617-354-1417
WE SHIP OVER 95 'Yc OF OUR ORDERS WITHIN 24 HOURS OF RECEIPT
If you would like to know more about these Tenma products, ask for our free catalog...
Call TOLL-FREE 1-800-543-4330

In Ohio call 1-800-762-4315 In Alaska or Hawaii 1-800-858-1849
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#72-370 Tenma LCR Meter
Measures inductance from ItJH-200H in six ranges. Measures capacitance from .IpF-200tJF in seven ranges. Measures resistance from .0Iohm20Mohm in seven ranges. 3 \'z digit LCD display Fuse protected. Low battery indicator. Comes complete with test leads, carrying case and owners manual
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#72-058 Tenma Autorange DMM
3\'z digit LCD display IOMohm input impedance Auto/manual range selector. Audible continuity tester. AC and DC current up to lOA Switchable Lo/Hi power ohms for in-circuit resistance tests Overload protection. Low battery indicator Auto-polarity. Comes complete with test leads, carrying case and owners manual
~~, DMM/Logic Probe
#72-445 Tenma Compact
.3\'z" shock-mounted LCD display

Transistor gain and diode teat Audible continuity test. Overload protection. Low battery indicator Comes complete with test leads, carrying case and owners manual
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... Transistor gain and diode test Low battery indicator Comes complete with test leads and owners manual
#72-060 Tenma Compact DMM
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#72-040 Tenma Capacitance Meter

3 \'z digit LCD display. Zero adjustment. In or out of circuit measurements. Fuse protected Low battery indicator. Comes complete with test leads, carrying case and owners manual
#72-075 Tenma Rotary Dial DMM

AC and DC current up to 20A IOMohm input impedance. Overload protection. Auto-polarity Low battery indicator. Comes complete with test leads, carrying case and instruction manual
#72-050 Tenma 3% Digit LCD Multimeter

Transistor gain and diode test IOMohm input impedance. AC and DC current up to lOA. Low battery indicator. Overload protection Comes complete with test leads, carrying case and owners manual
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#72-430 Tenma True RMS DMM/Frequency Counter

. .4\'z digit LCD display True RMS AC voltage and current measurement IOMohm input impedance Frequency counter. Data hold Audible continuity test. AC and DC current measurements up to 10 amps Overload protection. Diode test Auto-polarity. Comes complete with test leads, carrying case and owners manual
#72-045 Tenma Combination DMM/Capacitance Meter

Measures capacitance from IpF-20tJF IOMohm input impedance. Transistor gain and diode test Audible continuity test. AC and DC current up to lOA Resistance up to 20Mohm Overload protection. Auto-polarity. Comes complete with test leads, carrying case and owners manual
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Note: All products shown have a 1 year limited warranty.
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MCM ELECTRONICS
858 E. CONGRESS PARK OR. CENTERVILLE. OH 45459
A PREMIER Company
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SOURCE NO. RE-39
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REMOVE vocals the easy way from records. Monocable complete with instructions $12.95. TRONCO, Box 453 , California, MD 20619. ULTRASONIC ranging system meas ures distances from 6" to 35' . I/O is TIL compatible, can be co nnec te d direct ly to most co mpute rs . Exp erimenter's kit includes one SN28827 ranging modu le. one Polaroid 50KHz electrostatic transducer, and user's manua l with data sheets . Great for alarms. computer mapping . robotics , etc . $59.95 + $2.00 postage . $2.50 for COD. 1.0. MICRODEVICES, P.O. Box 2386. Canoga Park. CA 91306 . (818) 348-8312. DESCRA MBLl NG, new sec ret ma nual. Build your own descrambl ers for cable and subscription TV. Instructions. sc hematics for SSAVI , gated sync. sinewave. (HBO, Cinem ax, Showt irne, etc .) $8 .95, $1 postage . CABLETRONICS, Box 30502 R. Bethesda. MD 20814.
SATELLITE antenna special, 6 1/2 foot. mesh construction , po la r mount. UPS sh ippable. $ 159. D.N.F., (313) 437 -5565 .
Jerrold Products inclu e " ew Jerro Tri-Mode," SB-3, Hamlin , Oak VN-12, M-35-B . Zenith , Magnavox, Scientific Atlanta. and more. (Qu antity discounts) 60 day warranty. For fast service C.O.D. orders acce pted. Send SASE (60 cents postage) or call for info (312) 658-5320 . Midwest Electronics, Inc.!, HIGGINS ELECTRONICS, 5143-R W. Diversey, Chicago, IL 60639. MCI Visaorders accepted. No Illinois orders accepted. Mon.-Fri.-9 A.M.-6 P .M.CST
SATELLITE descrambling manu al , Video Cypher II. Schematics. thorough explanation of digital audio encod ing , EPRO M code, DES . (HBO. Cine ma x, Show1ime.) $10.95, $1 postage . CABLETRONICS, Box 30502 R. Bethesda , MD 20814.
SCRAMBLING. NEWS PAY TV AND SATELLITE DESCRAMBLING Sc he ma ncs . Iheol bypasses. 13cabl e. 7 satelhte . N ewSAturnM MDS H andbook M icrowave hacking 59 95. BUild SalelllleSVs= lems Under S60051 2.95. A ny 3 S27. Scrambll n News M onlhly Sample S5. Wmler catalo q S1. Shojiki Electronics Corp . 1327ANiagara sr. , Niagara Fall s. NY14303. COD 's 7162842163
F eature articles. produ ct revi ews. law history. pat ents 24.95 yr.
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I CABLE TV Secrets-the outlaw publ ication the caParabolic Dish 40' dBGain ble companies tried to ban . HBO, Movie Channel. Showtim e, descra mble rs , conve rte rs, etc. SupLIFETIM E WARRA NTY pliers list included $8 .95. CABLE FACTS , Box 711C omplete System $89.95 (Shipping Incl.) Dealer R ates. R epl acement Com ponents R, Pataskala, OH 43062 . & Expert Repairs Available --'-c::-':,.."..:.,...,...,--':-..:.,.,--,::-c .--,---,------, .-=_ K& SELECTRONICS C all now forsam e DESCRAMBLER. BUild our low c~st satellite TV ~-da y shijlpiii!Jr - -vldeo- only- descrambler- for- all- maJ or- movles and-P .0: SO X34 522 PHOEN IX . AZ 85067 1602)230-11640 spo rts . Uses all Radio Shack pa rts . Orde r P.C . 82creditonphone orders! board and instructions by sending check , money order. or Visa for $35.00 U.S. funds to: VALL EY MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS, Bear River. Nova Scotia, Canada, BOS-18 0 . (902) 467 -3577 . SEE "after dark" with TELEA SEMA ST assortSATELLITE TV ment # 30 1- (October '86 article) printed circuit, SATELLITE TV receiver kits! LNA's! Instruction s! Ie 's , transistors, diodes. $25 .00. Shipping $3 .00. Schematic s ! Catalog $1.00 (refunda ble) : XANDI JIM RHODES, INC., P.O. Box 3421. Brlstot, TN 37625. ELECTRONICS, Box 25647 , Dept. 21Y. Tempe , AZ 85282. DESCRAMBLERS for movies. networks. $149. vidSATELLITE TV equip ment. Buyers guide. discount eo only. $399 complete. Catalog $4 . SKYWATCH, prices . $2 .00 N.E .C.S. INC. , Box 22808-R4 . lillie 238 Davenport Road , Toronto , Ontario. Canada, Rock. AR 72221. M5R-1J6.
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
YOUR own radio stati o n! AM. FM, cab le. Licensed or un lice nsed . BROADCASTING Bo x 130- F12 - Paradis e CA 95967 . -- ,, --,--,--,:.... . - -- - .- - - - - - - - , -- EARN thousands with your own part time electronics business. I do . Free proof. information. INDUSTRY, Box 531. Bronx. NY 10461. DEAL ERS wa nt ed . Notch filters for any channel. Send for further information or $15 for samp le unit (specify output channel of converter). DB EL ECTRONICS , P.O. Box 8644 , Pemb roke Pin es. FL 33084 . :-:-=-::-=---:-:-----:-----:-:--::--::--c--:--,----:-;HOME assemb ly. Asse mble PC boards for video accesor ies. We supply materials. No expe rience need ed $7 .50 per hour. Se nd se lf- addr essed stamped envelope, to: MICRON -ELECTRONICS, Box 4716 Akron. OH 44310.
HARD W ARE AND ELECTRONICS
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Rech arge 2 or 4 NICAD uAA Batt " or "AAA Batt"
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Clear polyp ropylene co ne 65 wall s AM S, 11 Ol.. mag net. Ferr o fluid coo led 1',?H voice co il. Trim ring included . 25-2500 Hz
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C lear fibbed poly pro py lene co ne 60 wall s RMS. 90 watt s max. power . 20 oz magnet. 35-2500 Hz. 4 oh m co mpatible
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Tuned cup Paper cone. 1" VO ice COi l 9.3 oz. mag net. 50 watts RMS, 70 watts max . Response 320-6000 Hz. 8 ohm imped ance
Wide oe persron horn tweeter 1800- 15.000 Hz respon se 35 wall s RMS. 50 watt s max . 8 ohm impedance
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FREE CATALO G
Call or write today for your free cata log co nfaining speake rs, semiconductors. CATV products. tools, hardwa re, TV-VCR parts, and more.
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GIANT ELECTRONICS, INC.
BE:l
19 Freeman St., Newark, N.J . 07105

TOLL FREE
~.':i,~oowalt
800/645-9060
201/344-8183 Fax It 201/344-3282
CALL TOLL FREE
1-800-255-3525
In Ohio: 1-800-322-3525 Loca l: (513) 222-0173
.15 day money back guarant e-e . $10.00 minimum order. CO D orders accep lf'd . 24 hour shipping.
ShIppi ng charge " UP S chart rate ($2.50 mi n Imum ch arge) . Hou rs 8:30 a.m. - 6 p.m. EST M-F.
PAR TS EXPRESS INr L INC . 340 Ea5t Fir st 51 Dayt on . Otuo 45402
CIRC LE 191 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
CIRCLE 56 ON FREE INFORMATION CAR D
PERSONAL compute r ow ners can ea rn $1000 to $5000 monthly selling simp le services part time . Free list of 100 servic es . A. I.M.J.K. , Box 60369, San Diego, CA 92106-8369 . PRO JECTION TV ...Make $$$'s assemblin g projec to rs easy...results co mpa rable to $2,500 projec tors Total cost less than $30.00...Plans, 8" lens and dealers info rmatio n $2 0 .50 ... llIus trated info rm atio n free ... MACROCOMA-GDX, Wash ington Cros sing, PA 18977 . Creditc ard o rders 24hrs. (215) 736 -288 0. CRT equip m ent re builds Sony/co lor tub es /other. CRT SYS TEMS, 633 North Sem oran , Orl and o, FL 32807. Call (305) 275-9543 . MICRO-Elect ronics engi nee r to design and man ufacture receiver. JPH, 4218 Bunker Hill, Bettendorf, IA 52722 . (319) 355-2927.
BIG
PROFIT
ELECTRONIC ASSEMBL Y BUSINESS
Start home. spare time. Investment knowledge or exper ience unnecessary. BIG DEMAND assembling electronic devices. Sales handled by professionals. Unusual business opportunity. FREE: Complete illustraied literature
BARTA. RE-O Box 248
Walnut Creek. Calif. 94597
DESCRAMBLER MODULE
COMPLETE cable-TV decod er in a mi ni-modu le. Latest technology upgrade fo r Je rrold SB- 3 or Radio-Elect ron ics Feb . 1984 project. Versatile, sophis ticated , and low cost. For literature, SOUTHTECH DISTRIBUTING . (813) 222 -329 3.
OW you can trainat home in spare timefor a money-making career as a TVN CR Repair Specialist. No previous ex pe rien cene cessary. Noneed to Quit your job or school. E verything is explain edin easy-to-unders tand languagewith plenty of drawings, diagrams and photo s. We showyou how to troub leshoot and rep air video-cassette recorders and TV sets. how to handle housecalls andshop rep airs for almost any make of televisionor VCR. Tools are included with your course so you can get " hands-on" practice as you follow your lessons step by step. Send for freefactsabout the exciting opportunities in TVN CR Repair and find out how i'ou can start making money in this il great career. MAIL COUPON TODAY
LEARN TV/VCR REPAIR
WANTED
INV ENTORS ! AIM want s-ideas , inventions , new NOTCH FILTERS prod ucts , improvem ents on existing produ cts. We pr esent ide as to man ufacturers . Co nfi dent ial ity THE Positrap Cookbook : build 50 -60dB not ch filgu aranteed . Ca ll to ll free 1-(8 00) 225 -5800 for info rter s for pennies . Con stru cti on , allig nmen t , fi xed, mation kit. tunab le , trim ab le . Compreh ensive cable TV scramINVENTION S, ideas, new prod uct s wanted ! Indusb ling and descrambl ing theory and pract ice. Ident ry_p res.en t at io n/ natio na l eXRo slt i, 0lL.Gal IJrE.1.e _ _ t1 f Ylng va ri o us sy~te m s . $ 9 .9 5 . C LEARVIEW 1- (800) 288-ID EA. C an a d a 1-( 80 0) 52 8- 60 60 . CABtE COMPANY, P.O. Box 207 ~Sterllng Helghts, X831 ' MI 48311. . WANTED excess inventories of I.C.s, disk d rives , circuit boa rds , computers , etc. WESTERN TECH ., (818) 882- 1355 (CA). EDUCATION INSTRUCTION
SCHOiii. OF iVivC'R REPAiR ,'De'ptDEOB7 I ICS 'u, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515 I Pleasesend mefullinformationand colorbroc hure onhowI can I learn TVN CR Repai r at home in my spare time. I unde rsta nd I I thereis noobligation and no salesman will visitme. I Name Age_ _ 1 I Address _ I City/State/Zip I L!.h~ L _l _ ;;J
SINCE
FCC Co mme rcial Gen eral Radiotelephone license corres pondence course . 60 ind ividual lessons for - $8 9.50. Paym ent plan. Resul ts gua ranteed ! Details free. AMERICAN TECHNICAL INSTITUT E, Box 201, Cedar Mou ntain , NC 287 18. RECORD change r repairing is very profita ble . Be an expert. Learn at hom e . Info-R.C .T.G., P.O. Bx 1503, Leesbur g, FL 32 748 . CHANGING careers? Complete handb ook shows you how. $5.00 . Easy ste ps , MBL, P.O. Box 12002, Akron , O H 44312.
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INV ENTO RS
INVENTOR S! Can you patent and prof it from your idea? Ca ll A MER ICA N INV ENTO RS CO RPORA TlON for free info rmation. Over a decade of service . 1- (800) 338-5656. In Mas sac husetts or Ca nada call (413) 568-37 53 .
EC.C. Commercia l General Radiotelephone license. Electron ics home study. Fast, inexpe nsive! "Free" deta ils. COMMAND, 0-1 76 , Box 222 3 , San Fran cisco, CA 94 126. SUPERFAST Morse Code supe reasy. Sublim inal cas sette . $10. Learn Mors e Co de in 1 hour. Ama zing ne w s u p e reas y t e c hniqu e . $10 . Both $ 17 . Mo neyback g uara nte e . Fre e cataio g : SAS E . BAHR, 254 9-E7 Temple, Palmb ay, FL 32905 .
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TOKO COILS FOR FEB 1984 TV PROJECT

BKANK5552AXX(2), ' E52OHN-30000 23 Toko (.071uH) &. L-2(12uH) Fixed . 1 Set of4 pes $6.00, 3 Sets $ 15.00, 10 Sets $45.00 . Opt o Isolator H 11AX(Tr ansistor Type). . . .. ... : : 65 Opt o Isola tor H XXCX(SCR Type) . . . . . . . . . ... .85 Hewl ett Packard Cloc k (No Specs) . . . . . . 2.50 Li ne Cord 6 feet UL Listed SPT 2 ... .. . . .. .. .60 Scope Probe Set w/E ....eryt hing x l/x10 .. .... 24.95 Wi re Stand Offs . . . .. . . ... .. . .. .. .. . . . 10/$1 Ze ne r Ass't - 65 pes Total - Incl udes Minimum 3 Different 1W De ....ices . . . ... ...... .. . ... $1.95 Res isto r Ass 't - 1,000 pes 35 Values Minimu m. Pop ular Val ues (lK,10K,l00K) Included. Mostly 1/4 & 112W. Some 1 &.2W . Lois of Prec ision s . Ca rbo n Fil m. Taped and Reeled for Easy Soni ng ... . . $9.95 Jumper Plugs (Cambion) - Male 10 Male for Bread . _. . 10/$1.25 board &. Con nectors 9VDC Wall Transf ormer , 200ma .... .. .. $2. 95 9VDC Wall Transformer, 500ma $3 .95 . _ . $6 .95 12VDC Wall Transformer, 400ma .. ...... $ i .60 6.3V 1.2A Tra nsformer . 12.6 VCT l A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3 .SO 7 (Seven) Amp Tapped Tran sfo rmer - 7112115VAC or 9V118VAC .. . . . . . .... . .. . . . .... $8.95 Muffin/Sprite Style Fan " SU2C7 (EG &. G Rot ron) . 3 11 2" Sq, 115V . $5 .95 . 151$1.00 , 1001$6 .00 Ju mbo Red LED's . . . 10/$1.30 , 100/$10.00 Ju mbo Green LEO's J umbo Yellow LED's . .. .. . . . 101$1. 40 ,1 001$1 1.00 J umbo Yellow Hi Inte nsity with RI Ang le &. Black Case . . .. . 101$1.20, 100/$ 10 Featu res . J umb o Ambe r LED's . . . .. . . 101$1 .40 , 100/$1 1.00 Mini Yellow Hi Inte nsity wi l h Disc ree t, Pale Blue Lens/C ase Feature 10/ 1.20, 100/10 LED Cli ps/R ings . . .. ...... 151$ 1,1 00/$ 6 for J umbo . .
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MA N69 10 - Doub le Digit 7 Seg ment Display, Hi Eff iciency Red .56 " Comm A nn 1.25 MM S481 - 1. Segment Driver Chip .75 Hewlett Packard 7 Seg .4 " Red Ann '7651 _. .. 95 7 Seg .3" Be nt Lead (Hobby Grade ) . . 41 $1 .. . 31$1 7 Seg .6- Bent Lead (Hobby Grade) 1.5A SOV Brid ge (TQ-5) _. . .50 4A SOV Bridge (K BU05) . . . . _. .75 6A 600V Bridge 510" Square . 1.00 l OA 500V Bridg e 518" Square . . . . .. . . . .. . . 1.15 25A 200 Bridge (So lde r Lug Type) . .. .. . 2.00 12VDC SPST Reed Relay PC Mount . . .. . ... .60 . 31$1 SPST PB Switch (Keyboard Type) . Mi ni Togg le DPD T (Lock Latch Featu re) . . .75 DPDT " Snap In" Roc ker with Bu lb Socke t .. .95 Pu shLi ghted Swit ch (No BUlb) Off - Mom .45 Pushbu tt on DP ST Off - Mom PC Mou nt . .. 3/$ 1 D PDT Push Bult on 6A 125V . . . . . . 65 TPDT " Bat" Han dle Toggle (On Off On) 1.65 DPDT Rt Angl e PC Tog gle (On Off On) . . .95 11 LED Bar Graph Display. 2314" , Rectang ular LEO's (Specify Red , Green, A mber) . .. . . .. . . . . . . 2.69 Gian t Alpha Numeric Display 1-1/2 " x 2" 7 x 5 (35 Total) .. . 4 .95 Red LEO Matrix .. . . 311.00 22uf 35V Soli d T antal um (Kemet) . Radia l Lytics - t cr scv .13, 2.2uF 5lN .13, 3.3uF5lN .14, 4.7u F o(.(lV .12, 10uF SOV .14 22u F 35V .15, 33u F 35V . 15, 47uF SOV.15, 100uF 35V .20, 220u F 35V .22, 330uF 35V .33 470uF 35V .39, 16V .45 l ,OOOuF 75V Axial .... . . . .. . . .75 3 ,2OOu F 50V Tw ist Loc k ..... .65 3,300u F SOV Ax ial Lyti c . . . . .85 5,OOOuF40V Computer Grade (Mallory) . 1.SO Ceramic Monolithics - All SO V or Higher : 33OpF, . H OpF, .00 1uF, .00 18uF. .OO 22uF, .0027uF, .0000 uF, .0000uF (All 30/$ 1)..01uF - 20/$1, .022uF 151$1, .1uF 101$1 .22uF 10/$1 Crysta l Clock Osc illa tor 14.9760 MHZ . . . . . ..50 UCN 4 116B - OSC/Freq Div Cloc k IC . . . . 511.00 A M/FM Radio IC w/ Dala Sheet ("2204) . 151$ t .OO Slido Pots - 1 Each 50K, l OO K, 1.2M.2M,5 M - $1 74 165 (Shift Regi ster) HouseN8095 . . . . . . . . 10/$ 1 ULN223 1 (Delco DM50) Dual Preamp IC . . .. 211 Switc hing Power Sup ply - Plus & Minus 5 &.12 Voll s 2OOW . by Co nver . .. . . ... . $49.95 MRF 90 1 (Hobby - Yo u Test) . .. .. . .. .. 101$1 Piher PT10V 3/8 " Horizontal Mount Trimpots 100 OHM, lK, 5K, 10K , 2OK, SOK, 1ooK , 2ooK , 5OOK, 1M . Sing le Turn . . . . . . .. . . . .. 41$1 Mu lli Turn Precision Trimpe ts, SOOHM, l 00 0 HM , 200 OH M, 250 OHM,500 OH M, lK, 2K,5K. 10K, 2OK, 25K, 50+<, lOOK, 2001< , 250+<, SOOK, l Meg .75 Each, 100/$66 Zen ilh TV Replacement IC Spec ial $1 Each 221"2, 22 1..(3 , 221-48 , 22169 , 22 1-79 , 221-87 , '22196 , 221 -104 ,221 -105 ,221 106 , 22 1-140. Motion Detector Module (Includes ULN2232 Ie &.Caps), $2 Each , 71$10, 251$25. Molion Detect , ULN2232 1C Only 31$2, 201$10 Black , Plast ic Case for Detector . .. .. ....... ... $2.25 Miniatu re Speake r for Detector . , .. ... . . .. _ .75 Model 00 105 Signa l Generator - 20Hz to 150 kHz, Low Dis tort ion, 46 STEP . ... .. . $45 .95 22144 PIN Edgecard Co nnector . . . . . . . . . , .65 40 PIN IDC Ribbo n Cable Co nnecto r ... ... . .40
Cormector . .
.50
36 PIN Rt Angle " Snap Off" Header . .. .. . . . .SO 14 PIN Header for Ribbon Cable . . . 31$1 7 PIN Male Header . . . . . . . . 201$1
IC Siorage " Bug" Box . . . . $2.45 Heavy Duty Alligator Clips (10 Sets ) . $2.30 Regular Alligator Cl ips (10 Sets ) . $1.80 W ire Strippers (Spr ing Loaded , Adjust.) . $2 .50 5" Needle Nose Pliers (Spring Loaded) . . . $3 .95 4 112" Diagonal cutters (Sp ring Loaded) $3 .95 4 " , 5116" . . . . 31$2 Nu l Driver set for 3116" , 11 J eweler's Scr ewd rivers (4 pes) . . $2.65 Oeso lde ring Pump (Solder Sucker) . . . . . $4.00 Replacement T ips for Solder Sucke r . .. .. 21$3.00 25W Precision Soldering Iron $5.00 Safety Gog gles $2.95 De-Solder ing Braid (5 Foot Roll) 99 . Solder A id Tool Kit (4 pes) . . .. .. . . .. . . . . $3.00 Mode l 610B Log ic Probe (Pen cil Type) .. . . $ 18.95 Model 620B Log ic Pulsar (Penc il Type) . . . $ 18.95 " 20/$1 .01u F 100V Mylar Cap . . 1uF 200V Mylar Cap . ... . . .. . . . .. . . .. . 15/$1 ?Mystery? Bag 1 1 The " OHM" Bag .. . . . . . .. $ 1 ?Mys tery? Bag 12 The " Vol t" Bag . . . $1 ?Mys tery? Bag ' 3 The " Circuit" Bag . . $1 ?Mystery? Bag Th e " Freq uency" Bag $1 $1 ?Mys tery? Bag ' 5 The " Tolerance" Bag . No Retur ns or Exc hanges w ith Mys tery Bags 9V Battery Snaps . .. .. . . _. 71$1 Self Adhesive Rubbe r Stripp ing - Cut to Any Lengt hs Yo u Choose (3MBumpon), 3 Feet/$2 , 10 Feet/$5 .00 , 50 Fee t/$2O.oo. Hi Reliab ility TO-3 Socket (A ugut) . . . . . _ . _ .85 Low Ruid Level Detector Kit - Parts , PC Board & Instruction s . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.95 Soldering Iron Co nven ience Stands .... .. 51$1.00 Voltage Mate Switc hing Regulator Kil . . $18.95
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UHF-TV PREAMP
(As
featured in Radio Elec tron ics MarchI
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Terms: MICROMA RTaccepts Visa. MC and telephone COOS M,nimumorder 510 00 ShlpP lngU S or~ ers. 5250 Cana daand other countfles 53 50 Sh ipping rate adjusted whereapplica ble N J reS idents add 60" sales tax
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111
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SCIENTIFIC Atlanta models 8500-8550, remote i nc luded .. . $ 2 5 0 .00. SB -3 's .. . $ 7 4 .0 0 . TRI 81'5...$95.00. SBSA-3's... $99 .00 . Zenith (Z-Tac) Descramblers..$169.00 . N-12 (Vari-sync)...$89.00. M35 8 (Vari-sync)..$99.oo. Jerrold-550 converters...$95.00--$99.oo. Dealer discount on 5 units. Brochure availa ble . Call ... N.A.S. INTERNA
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"TURN-ON" boards & kits for Jerrold 400; Jerrold 450 (all models-no internal modification); Tocom 5504 & 5503. Special requests no problem. Let us know what make and model you are interested in. Fully guaranteed. Call or write for information and prices. VIDEO SOLUTIONS, 3938 E. Grant, Suite 236, Tucson, AZ 85712. (602) 323-6072.
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THIS IS AN EXPANDED-TYPE AD WITH A TINT SCREEN. See how it jumps out on the page. To order your ad in this format calculate the cost at $4.30 per word for the ex'panded-type and add 25% for the tint, background. .
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SOCIETY_
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ASSEMBLED & TESTED
$6995
Yes! I would like to know more about UMI ArticleClearinghouse. I am interested in electronic ordering through the following systernls):
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TESTER! $149.00
SIMILAR TO BELOW EPROM PROGRAMMER. PLUGS IN TO YOUR PC OR XT. TESTS DETERMINE PART NUMBERS OF MOST UNMARKED AND HOUSENUMBERED DEVICES WITH SIMPLE MOD. THIS UNIT CAN ALSO T EST 6.4K AND 256K DRAMS IWITH MA NUAL AND SOFTWARE: $149. PERFECT FOR SCHOOLS.
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PC/XT EPROM PROGRAMMER
$169
ASK ABO UT OUR NEW PAL PROGRAMMER!
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SUPPORTS: 2716. 2732, 2732A. 2764, 2764A. 27128. 27128A . 27256, 27256A, 27512. AND 27512A. * ASSEMBLED AND TESTED. BURNED. IN WITH MANUAL. $169 WITH SOFTWARE.
* LATEST DESIGN * PROGRAMS UP TO 4 DEV ICES AT ONETIME * FEATURES EASY TO USE MENU DRIVEN SOFTWARE THAT RUNS UNDER PC OR MS-DOS. * USES AN INTELLI G ENT PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM FOR SUPER FAST (8X) EPROM BURNING. * TH IS PLUG-IN BOARD ATTACHES TO AN EXTERNAL MINI CH ASSIS CONTAINING 4 T EXT OO L Z.I.F . SOC KETS. * NO PERSONALITY MODULES REQU IRED * AUTOMATICVPP SELECTION: 12.5V. 21V, O R 25V. * EPROM D ATA CAN ALSO eE LOADED FROM OR SAVED TO A D ISKETTE. * PROG RAMMING SOFTWARE
Address City Phone (l- -
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JUS T RECEIVED . SAME AS ABOVE PROGRAMMER. BUT PROGRAMS 8 UNITS AT ONE TIME - $299.
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Digital Research Computers

P.O . B OX 381450 DUNCANVILLE, TX 75138 (214) 225 -2309
Mail to: University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road, Box 91 AnnArbor, MI 48106
S.ueh . l t h" C OMMOOOII( 64
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o BP12!>-2S SIMPLE AMATEUR BAND ANTENNAS.....SS.OO. All are inexpensive

to build . yet perform well. Diodes. beams. triangle and even a mini rhornblc .
BP33-ELECTRONIC CALCU LATOR USERS HANDBOOK.....SS.7S. Invaluable book for all calculator owners . Tells how to get the most out of your calculator. BP36-S0 CIRCUITS USING GERMANIUM , SILICON & ZENER 01ODES .....SS.OO. A collectio n of useful circuits you 'll want in your library. BP37-S0PROJECTS USIf-4G RELAYS, SCR 'S & TR IACS .....SS.OO. Build priority indicators, light modulators, warning devices, light dimmers and more. BP39-S0 FET TRANSISTOR PROJECTS.....SS.SO. RF amplifiers, test equipment, tuners, receivers, tone controls, etc. BP42-SIMPLE LED CIRCUITS .....SS.OO. A large selection of simple applications for this simple electronic component. BP127-HOW TO DESIGN ELECTRONIC PROJECTS.....SS.7S. Helps the reader to put proje cts together from standard circuit blocks with a minimum of trial and error. BP122-AUDIO AMPLIFIER CONSTRUCTION.....SS.7S. Construction details for preamps and power amplifiers up through a l O a-waft DC-coupled FED amplifier.
BP126-20 PROGRAMS FOR THE ZX SPECTRUM AND 16K ZX8L ..SS.7S. Included with each program is a flow chart and a description of what happens. Notes for converting progr ams for use on otner compute rs are also included. tor power devices. More than 1000 power handling devices are inclu ded. They are tabu lated in alpha-numer ic sequency. by technica l specs . Includes power diodes , Thyristors, Triacs, Power Transistors and FErs.
o BP23!>-POWER SELECTOR GUIDE .....Sl 0.00. Co mplete guide to semicon duco

_ _ BP2 34- TRANSISTOR SELECTOR GUIDE.....Sl 0 .00. Companion vo lume to BP235 . Book covers more than 1400 JEDEC, JIS, and brand -specific devices. Also contai ns listing by case type, and electronic parameters . Includes Darlington transis tors, high-voltage.devices.lligh:current.devices,l1i gh.POwe Lde;1ces BP99-MINI-MATRIX BOARD PROJECTS.....SS.O O. Here are 20 useful circuits that ca n be built on a mini-matrix boa rd that is just 24 holes by ten coppe r-foil strips. BP1S7-HOW TO WRITE ZX SPECTRUM AND SPECTRUM + GAMES PROGRAMS .....SS.9S. A crystal-clear step-by-step guide to writing your own grap hics games programs. BPl17-PRACTICAL ELECTRONIC BUILDING BLOCKS-Book 1.. ... SS.7S. Oscillators , Timers , Noise Gene rators, Rectifiers , Comparators. Trigge rs and more. BP184-INTRO TO 68000 ASSEM BLY LA NGUAGE .....S6.S0. The 68000 is a great new breed of micropro cess or. Programm ing in assembl y language increases the running speed of your programs . Here 's what you need to know. CIRCUITS FOR THE COMPUTER CONTROL OF ROBOTS ..... SS.OO. Data and circuits for interfcing the computer to the robot's motors and sensors. BP126-BASIC & PASCAL IN PARALLEL.....S4.9S. Takes these two programming languages and develops program s in both language s simultaneously. 224-50 CMOS IC PROJECTS.....SS.2S. Includes sections on mult ivibrato rs. amplifiers and oscillato rs, trigger devices , and special devices . 22!>-A PRAC TICAL INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL IC'S.....S4.9S. Mainly concerned with TTL dev ices . Includes several simple projects plus a logic circuit test set and a digital counter timer. BP17G-INTRODUCTION TO COMPUT ER PERIPH ERALS .....SS.9S. Shows how to use a variety of co computer add-ens in as non-techni cal a way as possib le.
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[l BP9 2-CRYSTAL SET CONSTRUCTION.....SS.OO. Everything you need to know
about building crys tal radio receivers.
o o o o o o o
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BP4!>-PROJECTS IN OPTOELECTRONICS.....SS.OO. Includes infra-red detectors, transmitters, modulated light transmiss ion and photog raph ic applications. BP46-ELECTRONIC PROJECTS FOR BEGINNERS.....SS.O O. A wide range of easily completed projects for the beginner. Includes some no-so ldering projects . BP49-POPULAR ELECTRONIC PROJECTS.....SS.SO. Radio , audio, household and test equipment projects are all included . BP S1-ELECTRONIC MUSIC AND CREATIVE TAPE RECORD ING.....SS.50. Shows how you can make electron ic music at home with the simplest and most inexpensive equipme nt. BPS6-ELECTRONIC SECURITY DEVICES .....SS.OO. Includes both simple and more sophistica ted burglar alarm circuits using light, infra-red, and ultrasonics. BPS9-SECOND BOOK OF CMOS IC PROJECTS.....SS.OO. More circuits showing CM OS applications. Most are of a fairly simple design. BP72-A MICROPROCESSOR PRIMER .....SS.OO . We start by designing a small computer and show how we can overcome its shortcomings . BP74-ELECTRONIC MUSIC PROJECTS.....SS.9S. Provides the experimenter with a variety of practical circuits including a Fuzz Box, Sustain Unit, Reverberation Unit, Tremelo Generator and more. BP91-AN INTRODUCTION TO RADIO DXING .....SS.OO. How you can tune in on those amateur and commercial broadcasts from around the world in the comfort of your home. BP94-ELECTRONIC PROJECTS FOR CARS AND BOATS.....SS.OO. Fifteen simp le projects that you can use with your car or boat. All are des igned to operate from 12-volt DC supplies .
o BP179-ELECTRONIC
o o o o
o 227-BEGI NNERS GUIDE TO BUILDING ELECTRONIC PROJECTS.....SS.OO.

How to tackle the practical side of electronics so you can success fully build electronic projects.
BP169-HOW TO GET YOUR COMPUTER PROGRAMS RUNNING .....S5.9S. Shows how to identify error in program and what to do about them . BP194-MODERN OPTO DEVICE PROJECTS.....S6.2S. Crammed with great projects for the exper imen ter. Includes sections on Fiber optic s, passive Infra-Red detecto rs. plus an assort ment of miscellaneo us projects. CIRCUITS FOR THE COMPUTER CONTROL OF MOD EL RAILROADS.....S6.2S. It's easy to interface home computers to model railroad control. The main problem is in interfacing the computer to the system .
o
I
o BP180-ELECTRONI C
o BP11G-HOW TO GET YOUR ELECTRONIC PROjECTS WORK ING.....SS.OO.

How to find and solve the comnion problems that can occur when building projects.
E1. " tro... " Cir .. .. it . f. r tl" . Co _ l or Co " U o l o t 11 0M ' .
~ .'
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY TODAY INC.
P.O. Box 240, MassapequaPark, NY 11762-0240
Nam e Add ress City State Zip _ _ SHIPPING CHARGES IN USA & CANADA $0.01 to $5.00 $1.00 $5.01 to $10.00 $1.75 $10.01 to 20.00 $2.75 $20.01 to 30.00 $3.75 $30.01 to 40.00 $4.75
SORRY No orders accepted outside of USA & Canada
Number of books ordered

$ $
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D
_
_ _
Total price of m erehandise Sales Tax (New York State Reside nt s only) Shipping (see chart) . .
o o m s:
OJ :0
~-- - ----- - ---- -----------------------------------
H 1287
$40.01 t o 50.00 . $5. 75 $50.01 and above . $7.00
All payments must

be in U.S. funds
Total Enclosed ..
J
113
ELECTRONICS
MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS
Pert No.
Replace the 8086 or 8088 in Your IB M-PC and InCrN se its Speed by up to 40 ~ 1 Price
UP070108-5 UP070108-8 UP0701 08-10 UP070116-8 UPD70116-10

PIIrt No. 7 4 00. . . . 7 402. . . . . . 7404. . . .
(5MHz) V20 Chip (8MHz) V20 Chip (10MH z) V20 Chip . ( 8 M Hz) V30 Chip (10MHz) V30 Chip
$ 8.75 $10.75 . . $29 .95 $13 .75 $29 .95
7400
1-9 .29 .29 .29
MISCEllANEOUS CHIPS Part No. Price . D7 65 AC . , 4.95 WD92 16 6.95 95 H90 9.9 5 lBO , lBOA, lB08 SERIES ZSO. . . . . .. .. 1.2 5 ZSO-CTC.. .. . .. 1.79 zao- DA RT. . . 4.95 zao- P10 ... . 1.79 ZSOA.... .
6500/6800 /68000 Cont. Part No. Price

6845. .. 6850 6852 M C 68 000L8 M C 68000L1 0 M C 68010Ll 0 MC68020R C1 28 M C68 881 RC1 2 A 3 .95 1.9 5 1.49 11.9 5 13.9 5 49.95 169.9 5 14 9 .9 S
8000 SERIESCont. Part No. Price 82 28 2.95 8237-5 4.95 82 43 .. . 2.25 8250A. .. 6.49 8250 8 (For 1 8M) 6.95 825 1A 1.89 8253-5 . . 1.95 82 54 4.95
SATELLITE TV DESCRAMBLER CHI~

The MM5 321 is a TV ca mera sync generator designed to supp ly the basic sync functions lo r either co lor or monoch ro me 525 1ine/ 60Hz interfac ed and ca mera vid eo rec order appli ca tio ns. COLOR BURST GATE & SYNC ALLOW STABLE COLOR OPERATION
~t&l~T: ::::::~:~~ zaoA-PKl 1.69

~~cT6. : : : : : : : ~:~~
:~2 (C~OS) . ~ ~~
5.75 ZSOB-Pl O 4.29 6500 /6800 /68000 SER . 6502. . . . . .... 2.65
1.69
803 1. 8000 SERIES . 3.95
~~~:'s5
8 259-5 82 72 8742
:: :
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2.2 5 4.9 5
80C33 80 5. 1 . .' : . ' .. ;. ': . ' 9. '995 1 5
MM5321 N, $11,95 INTERSIL Also Available! i74 H C HI-SPEED CMOS

Part No. Price 74HCOO. . . . . . . . . . . . .25 74HC02 25 74 HC04. . . . . . . . . . . . .29 74 HGOa ...... .29 74 HC 10 29 74 HC 14 .. .49 74 HC30. . . . . . . . . . .29 7 4HC32.. .29 7 4HC7 4 . . . . . . . . . .39 7 4HC7 5. .39 7 4H C76. .. .45 7 4HC8 5. . .79 7 4HC8 6. . . . .39 74HC123.. .. . .89 74 HC125... . . . . . .49 7 4H C 132 ~69 7 4HC138 . . . .. .49 74 HC139 .49 74 HC 154 1.49 74HC163 .6 5 74 HC 17 4 69 Part No. Price 7 4HC1 75. . .69 74 HC221.. . 1.19 74 HC240. . . . . . . . . . .99 7 4HC244. . . . . . .99 7 4HC245 99 74 HC253 59 7 4 HC259. . . .89 7 4 HC2 73. . .99 74 HC3 73. . . . . . .99 74HC37 4. . .99 74 HC595 1.29 74 HC 688 . . .99 74 HC9 43 . .. . 8.95 74HC4040 .. .99 74H C4049 59 .7;l HC4 050 59 . 74H C4 060. . . . .99 74H C4511. 1.29 74 HC4 5 14. .. . . . 1.79 74H C4 53 8. .89 7 4HC4 543 1.19
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8088-2 8 116 8 15 5.. .. 8 155-2 .. . 8 156. ,
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8749 9.9 5 875 1. . . . . .. . . .. 39 .95
80 86-2 6.9 5 8087( 5M Hz) 129.95 80 8 7-1 (10M Hz) . 2 29.9 5
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29.9 5
7420. .
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.35 7432. .39 7438. . . .3 9 7 442. . . .5 5 7445. . . .7 9 -J4 4 6. _- - - - - 89 7 447 . . . .8 9 2 .05 74 48 74 7 2 . .8 9 74 73 . . .39 7 4 74. .39 747 5 . .4 9 7476. . . . .4 5
7 43 0 .
6522 . 3 .95 65 32 . .. 6.49 65 51 4.4 9 65 C802 (C M O S) 19.95 68 00 1.95 6802. . . . 3.9 5 6810. .. 1.25 682 1. 1.75 6840 3.95 -
8.95 4.9 5 2.4 9 . . . . 3.49 .. 3.95 82 02. . . . . . . 5.95 82 03 .. .. 9.9 5 8212. . . . . . . . . . . 1.49 - 82 2 4 2.25-
875i ATA AcouisITi~~ 95 ADC08 04 LCN 3 .19 ADC080 8C CN 5.95 A DC 0809CCN 3.95 ADC08 16C CN 11.95 ADC120SCCJ-1 19.95 DAC0808LC N 1.9 5 DA C 1008LC N . . . . 4.9 5 AY -3 -1015D 4.95 - AY - 5-'1 0 13 A 2.95
74LS
74LSoo .
74 LS02.
74LS04. .. 74 LS OS. .. 74LS06 1.09
,19 .19 .25 .25
74LS07 74LS08. . . 74l.S10 . .
1.09 .2 9 .29 7 4 LS14. . . . . .49
.99 .99
.19 .19 .39 25 .19 .25 .39 .89 .29 .25 .29 .45 .49 .25 .39 .39 .49 .39 .39 .39
74 LS27. . _. _ .35 7 4 LS30. . .. .29 74LS32 . . _ .3 5 74LS42. . . . .4 9 7 4 LS47. .. .99 74 LS73. . .39 74 lS74 . .. .3 5 7 4LS 75. . .39 74LS7 6. . . .5 5 74 LS8 5. . .59 74 LS86. . . . .35 7 4LS90. . . . .49 .49 74 LS93. . . 7 4LS 12 3... .59 .4 9 7 4L$125. .. 74 LS 138. 49 7 4LS 139 49 7 4 LS154 1.09 74 LS 157 .45 74LS158. 45 74 LS 163 59 7 4 LS 164 59
.99
.3 5 .3 5 .49 .49
74 L5 15 5. . . .75 7 4 LS 166. . .99 7 4LS 173. . .59 74LS 17 4. . .49 7 4LS1 75. .49 7 4LS 189 . . . 4.59 74LS19 1 .59 74LS1 93 . . . .79 7 4LS 221 . . . . . .59 74LS24Q. . . . . .69 74LS243 . . .69 7 4LS 24 4. . . .69 7 4LS 245. . . . . .89 74 LS259. . . . .99 74 LS273. .89 7 4LS2 79 . . .49 74LS322. . . .. 4.05 74 LS3 65 . . .49 74LS366. . . . . .49 74LS3 67. . . . . .49 7 4LS368. . . . . .49 7 4LS373. . . . .79 74 LS3 74 79 74 LS393. . . . . .89 7 4 LS590 6.05 7 41.S624 2.05 74 LS629 2.95 7 4LS640 1.09 74LS64 5 1.09 7 4LS 670 1.09 7 4LS68a 2.39
.65 .89 .49 .39 .39 4.49 .49 .69 .59 .59 .59 .59 .79 .89 .79 .39 3.95 .39 .39 .3 9 .39 .69 .69 .79 5.95 1.95 2.8 5
: 1
:1
:1
: 1
Part No.
4 11 6-1 5 4128-20 16,384 x 1 (150 n 5). . . . . . . . . .89 131 .072 x 1 (200 n 5) (Pig g yb ack ) .3. 25 65 ,53 6 x 1 (120 n 5). . .... . . . . .. 1.75 6 5,536 x 1 (15 Ons).. . . . . .. 1.25 .99 6 5,53 6 x 1 (2oon5) 16,384 x 4 (12 0 ns) .. . . 3.49 16,38 4 x 1 (12 0 n s).... . . . . . . . .49 26 2,144 x 1 ( 1oon s) . . . . . . 4.95 262,144 x 1 (120n 5). . . .. . . . . 3.9 5 262.144 x 1 ( 15On5) : 325 65 .53 6 x 4 (15Qns) (4464) 4.95 34. 9 5 1,048 ,576 x 1 (100ns) 1 M e g 262 .144 x 4 (1OOn s) 1 M eg 29 .95 - - STATIC RAMS - - - - - . . . 1.69 2048 x 8 (120n5) . 20 48 x 8 (45n 5).. . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.95 10 24 x 1 (25On5) Lo w Power .. . 1.95 1024 x 4 (45On 5). . . . . . . . . . . .99 10 24 x 4 (200ns) Lo w Pow er .. . 1.49 1024 x 4 (2oo n s) (C MOS). . .49 1024 x 4 (4 5n 5) 2.49 256 x 4 (45On5 ) C M O S. . . . . . 1.95 2048 x 8 (15On s) C MOS 1.89 2048 x 8 (15On 5) LP C MOS 1.95 8 19 2 x a ( 120n 5) LP C M 0 5 425 3.49 8 192 x8 (15On s) C M O S 8192 x8 (15Ons) LPCMOS 3 .75 1024 x 4 (35On 5) C MOS. ..... . 3.49 32,768x 8 (150n5) Lo w Power . . 11.95 W D1770 8 13052P. . . 6502 . . 6 5 0 4A.. .. . 6507 65 10 65 2 0 .. 6 5 22 6 52 5 . . . . . . 6526 . . . . 652 9 . 6532 . 6 5 4 5 - 1. 6 5 5 1. . . 6560 . . . . . 6567 . . . 6 5 69 . . . . . . 6572 6 58 1 (1 2 V) . . 6 582 (9V) . . 8360 . . . 8 501.. 8 5 0 2 . ..... . . . 8 56 3 . . 8564 8566 8 70 1 "8 72 1 8722 ' 2 5 11 04-04 3 18 0 1 8 - 0 3. 3 1 80 1 9 - 0 3 3 1 80 2 0 - 0 4 '325572-01. '828 100PLW 90 12 2 5 - 01. 9 0 1226- 0 1 .
Price
11 .9 5 2.49 2 .6 5 1.95 4 .3 9 9 .95 1.95 3 .9 5 4 .9 5 . . . 14 .9 5 2 .9 5 6.49 4 .95 4 .4 9 . . 10. 9 5 . .. 14 .95 . 2 4 .9 5 8. 9 5 14. 9 5 14 .9 5 . . 14 .95 10 .9 5 7 .9 5 15 .95 9 .95 24 .95 9 .95 14 .95 9 .95 10 .95 . 10 .9 5 10.95 10 .9 5 14 .9 5 15 .9 5 11. 9 5 1 1.9 5
41 64-1 20
41 64 - 150 4 164 -200 TMS4 41 6-1 2 8 11 8 4 1256-100 4 12 56-120 412 56-1 50 50464- 15 51 1000f'.1 0 514256P-10 - - -20 16-12 201 8-45 2 10 2- 2 L 21 14N 2 11 4N-2L 2 1C1 4 2 149
74 COO. . .. .29 7 4C02. . . .. .. . . . . .29 7 4004. .. .. .. . .29 7 4C08. .. . . .. . . . ... .35 74C 10. . .. . .. .. . .. . .3 5 74C 14.. .59 74032. .3 5 74C74. . .. . .. . .. .. . .59 74C 85 . . .... .. .... . 1.49 74C 8 6. . .3 5 7 4089. . . . . 5.49 74 C90. .. . ... . .. .. .99 74C 154 . . . . . .. .. .. 2.95 74C 173 .. . . .. . . . .. 1.05
74C-CMOS ... 74C 174. . .. . . . . .79 74C17 5 .... .. . . . . . .79 ..... 74C 22 1 . ... . . .. . 1.79
...
7 4C240 ...... . . ... 1.79 74 C2 44 . . . ..... . . . . 1.79 74 C3 73 . . .. . . . . . 1.9 5 74C37 4.. .. ........ 1.9 5 7 4C9 12. . .. .. .. 8.95 74 C91 5. .... ...... 1.39 7 4C920 . . . .. . .. . . . . 6.95 74C92 1. .. .. .. 6.95 7 40922 .. ... .. .... 3.9 5 7 4C923 .... .. . .. . .. 3.95 740925. . . ...... .. 5.95
LINEAR
.99 .99
.99
2.29
74S/PROMS
29 7 4500 7 4S0 4. . .29 7 4S08. . .3 5 745 10. .29 .35 7 4532. ... .4 5 7 4574. . . . . 74585. .. . . . . 1.79 74586 49 7451 24 . . . . . . . .. 2.75 745174. . . . .79 7451 75. . . . .79 1.49 7451 88' 74 51 89. . . . . 1.69 745196 2.49 745240 . . . 1.49 745244. . .. . . . .. . . 1.49 745253 . . . . . . . . .79 745287 - . . . . . . . . 1.49 745288" . . . 1.49 7 45373 . . .. 1.49 7 45374. . . . . . 1.49 745472- . . . . . . . . 2.95
51 0 1
6 116P-3 6 116LP-3 6264LP-12 6264P- 15 6264LP-15 65 14 43256-15L
74F
.29 .29 .29 .29 .29 .39 .39 .69 7 4F 13 9. . 7 4F157 .. 74F1 93. 74 F24 0. . 74F 244 74F253. 7 4F373. 74 F374. .
CD-CMOS
C 04oo1.. . .19 C04oo8 .. .69 C 04011 .. .19 C 040 13.. .29 C04016 .. .29 C D4017. . .49 C 0 40 18 .59 .59 C0 40 20 CD4024 . . . .49 C 0 4027 . .35 .. .29 C 0 4030 C04040 . .65 C0404 9 .29 C D405O . .29 C 0405 1 .. .59 C04052. . .59 C 04053.. .59 C 0 4063 . .. . 1.49 C 0 4066. . .. .. . . . .29 C 0 4067. .. 1.29 C D406 9. . . .2 5 C D4 070. . .25 .25 C 0 40 71 ... C D4072. .25 C040 76. .. .. .. . CD4 081 . . . . . . . . C0408 2 C D4 09 3 C D4094. ... . . . . . C D401 Q3 .. CD401 07. C 040 109 C0451 0.. . CD4 511 . . C04520. C04522. C0453 8 .... . CD4541 . . . . . . . C04543.. .. . . . . . . . C04553 . . . . . . ... C 04555 . C 0 4559 C04566. .. .. .. . .. C 04583. . .. . .59 .25 25 35 .89 2.49 .49 .79 .69 .69 .75 .79 .79 .89 .79 4.9 5 .79 7.95 2.49 .89 .39 .89 8 95 4.49
- -- - - - - EPRO MS - - - - - - TMS2 51 6 2048 x 8 (4 5On s) 25V 6.95 4096 x 8 (45On 5) 2 SV 6.9 5 TMS2 53 2 TMS2532A 4096 x 8 (4 5On5) 21 V 5.95 TMS2564 8192 x 8 (45Ons) 25V. . . . 9.9 5 TMS2 71 6 2048 x 8 (45On 5) 3 Vo ltage . . . 9 .95 1702A 256 x 8 (11'S) 6.95 2708 1024 x 8 (4 5On 5) 4.95 27 16 2048 x 8 (4 50 n5) 25V 3 .75 27 16- 1 2048 x 8 (350n s) 2 5V 4.2 5 27C 16 2048 x 8 (4 5Qns) 25V (C M O S) 5.49 27 3 2 4096 x 8 (45On5) 25 V . . . 3.95 2732A -20 4096 x 8 (200n5) 21 V 425 2732A-2 5 4096 x8 (25On 5) 2 1V 3.9 5 27032 4096 x 8 (45Qn s) 25 V (CM OS) 5.95 2764-20 8 192 x 8 (2oon5) 2 1V. ..... . .. 4.2 5 2764-25 8192 x 8 (2 5On 5) 2 1V. . . . .. 3.75 2764A-25 8 192 x 8 (25On 5) 12.5 V 3.95 2764-45 8 19 2 x 8 (45On5) 2 1V 2.95 27 C 64-1 5 8 192 x 8 (1 SOns) 2 1V (CMOS) 6.49 27128- 20 16,38 4 x 8 (2oon 5) 2 1V 6.95 271 28- 25 16 .38 4 x 8 (25On 5) 2 1V 5.95 27 128A-25 16,384 x 8 (250 n 5) 12.5V 52 5 27C 128 -25 16,38 4 x 8 (250 n s) 2 1V (CMOS) .. 6.95 27256-20 32 ,768 x 8 (200ns) 12.5V . . . . . . . 6.95 27 2 56-25 3 2.768 x 8 (25On s) 12.5 V 5.9 5 270256-25 32,768 x8 (2 50 n s) 12.5V (C M OS ) . 7.9 5 275 12 -20 65 ,53 6 x B (200ns) 12.5 V 13 .49 275 12-25 65 ,53 6 x 8 (250n5) 12.5V 11.9 5 68764 8192 x 8 (450 n 5) 2 5V .. ... ... 13 .9 5 28 16 A 28 17 A 2865A 5281 3 (21V) EEPROMS 2048 x 8 (3 5On5) 5V Re adlV\lrite . . 5.95 2048 x 8 (3 5On5) 5V Rea dlV\lrite .. 7.95 8 19 2 x 8 (25Ons) 5VReadlV\lrite . . 9.95 2048 x 8 (3 50 n s) 5V Re ad Onl y . . . . 1.49
OSOQ 26CN 1.95 T L074 CN 1.19 .99 TL 084C N.. .. .. .. . A F1DO-1C N 8.95 LM 30 7N . . . . . . . .45 LM 309 K. . 1.25 45 LM 3 11N LM317T 79 LM 31 8N .. .. .. .. .99 LM 3 19N . . 1.29 LM 323 K 3.9 5 LM 32 4N . . .39 LM 338K .. .. . . . . 4.95 LM 339N 39 LF347N 1.79 LM3 48N . . . . . .69 LM350 T 2.95 LF35 1N .. .. .. .39 LF353N 49 .79 LF3 55N .. .. .. .. LF3 56N. . . . . . .89 LF357N 1.09 LM 358N .49 LM360N 2.19 LM 361 N 1.79 LM 380N-8. .99 LM386N -3. . . . . . . . .89 LM 38 7N 99 LM 393N . . . . . .39 LM 399 H 2.9 5 LF4 11 C N 79 TL 49 7AC N 1.49 N E540H (C540H) 2.95 N E555 V .29 XA L5 55 59 LM556N 49
NE558N
LM565 N LM 56 7 V . . . . . . NE 592N .. .. .. LM 74 1C N .. .. LM74 7CN. . M C1 3 50P MC13 72P MC1377 P MC1398P. . .. LM 1414N
.89
99 . . . .. .79 .. . .89 .. . .29 .59 1.09 1.95 2.29 . . . . . 8.95 1.29
325302- 0 1.... 10 .95
LM1458N. . . . . .39 LM1 48BN 49 OS 14C88N (C M OS) 1.19 LM 1489 N 49 OS1 4089 N (CMOS) 1.19 LM1 496N 89 M C1 64 8P. . 3.49 ... 1.9 5 LM 18 71N.. . LM 1872N . . . . .. 1.95 LM1 896N-l 1.49 ULN 2oo 3 A . . . . . . . .. .79 XA2206. 3.9 5 XR22 11 2.9 5 XR2243 . . 1.95 26 LS2 9 3 .95 26LS31 1.19 26 LS3 2 1.19 26LS33 1.49 LM290 1N .. .. .39 LM2907N 1.29 LM 291 7N (8 p in) 1.95 6.9 5 M C341 9CL M C3446N. .. 1.69 M C3 450 P. . 1.95 M C3 470P 1.95 M C3 471P .. .. .. 1.95 M C3 479P . . . . . 4.79 M C3 486P 1.69 M C3 48 7P. . . 1.69 LM39OON.. .. .. .. . .49 LM3905N 1.19 LM3909N 99 LM39 14N 1.95 LM 391 6N 1.95 N E553 2 69 N E5534 69 7805K (LM340K-5) . . 1.29 78 12K(LM340K- 12) . 1.29 78 15 K(LM340K-15) .1. 29 7805 T (LM340T- 5) . . .49 78 12T (LM 3 40 T- 12) . .49 7815T (LM340T- 15) . .49 7905K (LM32OK-5) . . 1.35 7905T (LM 320T-5) . . .59 75472 . . . ... .. .59 75 477 . , . . . . . . . . . . .89 MC145 106P 3.25 M C 1454 06P 2.95
ICSOCKETS
Low Profil e Wir e Wrap (Gold) Leve4#3 8 LP.. . .11 8 WW.. .. .. .. .. ... .59 14LP. . . . .12 14 WW, . . . . . . . .65 16 LP. . . .13 16 WW. . .69 24 LP.. .25 24WW.... . .. .. 1.19 28 LP.. .27 28WW.. .. .. 1.39 4OLP .29 4OWW 1.89 Soldertl il StandJrd (Gold & TIn ) & Header ptUISockets AlsoAa lllb ~
90122 7- 03.. ,. 1 1.9 5 901229 -05. . . 11 .95

"No specs. available " Note: 82S 100PLA = U17 (C-64)
CD4 584.. . .. ..
C 0 4585. M C 14411P M C14490P
PARTIAL LISTING OVER 4000 COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES IN STOCKl CALL FOR QUANTITY DISCOUNTS
CIRCL E 114 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
General Purpose Prototype PC Boards Wire Wrap ..."" '!,..,,~' Component ..:::- __ ....:5 Testing ". --~~; Ii.. Point-toPoint Wiring 31/62 JE417 (Pictured) Connection E411 (6"" , No Pads, Gen. Purp .) $12.95 IE415 (6"", No Pads, PCIXT) $14.95 IE417 (6"" , Plstedw/Pad.. PCIXT) $19.95 Extender Boards Designed for Troubleshooting and Testing
..!!!Ow!.I.'""'j
ameco
EW!
INTRODUCING JAMECO'S NEW COMPUTER KITS!!

~:;~4"$~';9.95
(not included)
EGACsrd JE1055 $149.95
Jameco's IBMAT Compatible Kit! Mini-286 6/8/10/12 MHz Kit!

Part No . Descri ption
Price
'.
~=~~: L
JE1043 1.2M/360KFloppyCon' rol. $ 49.9 5 JE1015 XT/AT Style Keyboard. . . $ 59 .95 41 25 6 120 512KRAM(18 Chlpa) .. $ 71 .10 JE1012 Baby AT Flip-Top CSs e $ 69.95 JE1032 200W Power Supply $ 89 .95 JE1022 5" ' HI9h Dens;,yo;sk D,lve $ 109.9 5 JE1003 Baby ATMothert>oard
(Zero-K RAM - in c!. Awar d BIOS ROM) $399 .95
Regular List $850.80 SAVE $50.851 ~ JE1008 IBM'" AT Compatible Kit... $799.95
JE23 Part No. JE20 JE21 JE22 JE23 JE24 - J E2 5 JE26 JE27 JE24
Dim . l " x W"
JE27
Binding
Posts
Contact Points
PrIce
Jameco's IBM PC/XT Compatible Kit

41641 50 JE1040 JE1010 J E1015 JE1030 JE 1050 JE1020
GREEN JE1000
J E419 (Pict ur ed )
Accessories for Commodore VIC-20, C-64 & C-128

J E232CM (Pict ured )
128KRAM (18 Chips).. .. $22 .50 Flawy Controll Cs,d . . $29 .95 Flip-Top Cs $3 4.95 XT /AT Styf<o Keyboard ~ $ 59.95 150Wst1PowerSupply .. $ 69.95 Mono/G_. Crd. wlP.Port $ 59.95 5'" DSOD Disk Driwt $ 89.95
61>x ~, .\ x 21> 31 61> x 1'1> 61> x 21> 61> x 31> 61>x 414 6li x 5~ 7 14 x 71>
200 0 $ 2. 29 400 0 $ 4.49 63 0 0 $ 5.95 83 0 0 $ 7 .49 1,3 60 2 $1 4 .9 5 1,660 - -3 - $ 2 2 .9 5 2,39 0 4 $ 2 7. 9 5 3,220 4 $ 3 7 .9 5
xr Moth erboard (Zero-K RAM-in c!.

Awa rd BIOSROM) . . . . . $89 .95
12~ Mono . Green Monitor $99.95
Extended 80-Column Card for Apple lie

80 CoI.l64K RAM Dou bles amount of data your Apple lie
'CM1 (3OO B Modem VlC-20,C-64) . $19.95 'JE232CM (RS232Int.... V1C-20, C-64) $39.95 CPS10 (C-64PowerSupply) $39.95 CPS128 (C128 Powe, Supply) $59.95
*AISQ co mpatible with C- 126 in 64 mod e o nly.
FREE! QUICKSOFT PC WRITE WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE INCLUDED!

Regular List $557.10
can display as well as its memory capaclty > Ideal for word proc essing ' Co mpl ete with
in struct ions
JE1004 (IBM'" PCIXT Compatible Kit)... $479.95 Jameco's 4.77/8MHz Turbo IBM Compatible Kit
Sam e as J E1004 except c o mes with 640K RAM, JE1001 (Turbo) 4.77 /8MHz moth erboard , JE1071 multi I/ O wit h co ntro ller and gr ap hics, and AMBER monitor.
JE864 $49.95 ADD12 (Disk D,ivell, 11 +, lie) $99.95

Additional Apple Compatible Products Available
Zl'(:I{I:I~I~OAI~I)
Expand the memory of your
TANDY 1000 Expansion Memory Half Card

I ..
SAVE $70.70
..
,;
Regular List $670.65
JE1005 (IBM'" PCIXTTurbo Compatible Kit) $599:95

,... '}
...
NEW!
Seaga te 20 ,
Tandy 1000 (128K Versio n) to as much as 640K . Also includ es DMA contro lle r c hip.
TE51 2
TANC
Includ.. 512K RAM.. . . . . . . . . $ 119.9 5

Plug-in Cloc k option ch ip (on ty) 5 39 .9 5
"
"
~.
...
CJ
A
IBM Compatible Motherboards

I
30 & 40MB
Half Height Hard Disk Drives
ST225K (Pictured)
'0'
1 '1
, .
R '-"'"
20Meg Hard Disk T20MB SX20MB

20 M B Hard Disk Drive Board for Tandy 1000 . . . . . . $494.9 5 20 M B Hard Disk Drive Boa rd for Tand y 1000S X... , , . . $499.95
~:
4.77 /8MHz op eratio n (Turbo o niy) 8087 Maih Co-processor capabi lity BIOS ROM inc luded
:-.
- - JE1000
JE1001
4.7718MHz
$t-29-:95 $104.95
4.77MHz ~
$ 89.95
Additional Add-Ons Available!

Color Graphics Card for PC/XT/AT EGA Card for PCIXT/AT
TANDY 1000 Multifunction Board with Clock Calendar

Expa nd th e memory o n yo ur Tandy 1000 (128K Versio n) to as much as 640 K. Complete with an RS232 port, c lock/cal endar. RAM Disk . Printer Spo o ler and o n-boa rd DMA co ntro ller c hip.
ST225 ST225K ST238 ST23 8 K ST251 ST251XT ST251 AT
20MB Driveonly (PCIXT /AT). . . $269.95 20MB w/Conlto l1er (PC /XT) .. $3 19.95 30MBDriveonly (PCIXT /AT) . .. $299.9 5 30MB w/Conl (PCIXT/AT) , . $339.95 /AT) $4 69.9 5 40MB Driveonly (PCIXT 40MBw/ Conl Csrd (PC /XT) $54 9.9 5 40MBw/ Conl Card (AT) $ 58 9.9 5
Jameco PC/XT
& ATCompatible
Disk Drives
JE1 022 (Pictured)
MT512
Includ.. 512KRAM
$ 199.95
Te xt: 40 or 80 x 25 Graphics: 320 or 640 x
200 Para llel Print er
(360KOrive, PCIXT /AT)
~.?ID~lrAlflROIllUC
2400/1200/300 Modems
~
Port Manual included
Grap hic s: 720 x 34 6 16 out of 64 c olors Manu al inclu ded
(1.2MB, ATCompatible) ' "
$ 89.95 $109.95
JE1052
$49.95
JE1055
$149.95
DATA BOOKS
Nat iona l linear Data Book (82) $1 9 .95 logic Data Book Vol. II (84) $ 19 .95 Int.... 11 DataBook (87).... . . . .. . $14.95
, -, .... .:...... . iU' 14

.
Hayes co mman d cam oatibte Bell 103 / 2 12A co m-
, .-= ..
~,
Iii
IXI::I:II:II
~.
t!II
to
pa tib le ' Au to-dial /a ut o answer ' FCC approved ' 1year warranty The 1200H & 24005 incl ude M ax i ~liIe Communica tion Softwa re The 1200 C &.24 00E do nol incl ude softwa re
I/O Cards for PC/XT/AT

Pri nter Port RS232 Port
Multi I/O w/Controller & Graphics for PC/XT , .a: ....... :-=. \ .,
,
f
4>. ; ~. ~ _ (~
21398 CMOS Cookbook(86) 2108 30 In' e1 Memory Handbook (87) 23084 3 In'e1MlcrosystemHndbk. Sel (87)
$14.95 $17,95 $ 24 .95
Game Port
Manu al included
0-
't
'_
~"
.. TA450 S $11 .95

Tarin Industries (4.68- eq, 50 cfm )
12 00H 24 00 S 12 00 C 2400E
1200/300 Baud In'~nsIModem . . . $ 79.95 240011200 /300 In'e mal Modem $174.9 5 12001300 Baud ExternalModem $119.95 240011200/300 ExtemslModem $219.95
JE1060 (Pictured)
JE1060 JE1065
1 /010, XT
1/0 10, AT
U.S. Funds Only Shipping: Add 5% plus $ 1.50 Insurance California 1 Residents: Add 6%, 6 12% or 7% Sales Tax
Jameco
$20 Minimum Order
$59.95 $59.95
Prin ter po rt RS232 port ROPDY co ntroller Graphics ' Manual included
JE1071
$119.95
SU2A 1. . ... ... , . . $11 .95

EG&G Rotron (3.125- sq uare, 34 efm)
IBM Isa reglstetv>d 'rademarlcoflntema'ional Bust ne.. Machine.
Data Sheets - 50 each Prices Su bject to Change
~ Send $ 1.00 Postage for a
FAX 415-592-2503
12/8 7 1355 SHOREWAY RD. , BELMONT, CA 94002
e
VlSA""
FREE 1988 CATALOG Telex: 176043

0 1987 Jame co Electronics
~
CIRCLE ON FREE INFORMATION CA RD
rm rrrrrrr: r:r: r:
FOR ORDERS ONLY 415-592-8097 e ALL OTHER INQUIRIES 415- 592-8121

114
2 112 2 1 14 2 1 14 l2
TMM 2 01 6100
STATIC RAMS
25 6 )(4
(45005)
HM 611 6 -4
HM6116-J
HM 611 6 lP-4 HM 611 6lP-3 HM 611 6 lP-2 2048)(8 HM 6 26 4 lP-1 S 8 192x8 HM6 2 6 4lP-12 8 192:'(8 H M4 3 2 56lp1 5 3 2768x8 HM4 3 2S 6 lP-12 32768 x8 HM 4 3 2 5 6Lpl 0 32768x8
10 2 4 x4 10 2 4 x4 2 048x8 2 0 48 x8 2048x8 2 048x8 2048x8
(45005' (200ns){ l ow Po w er )
(l OOns)
1200noICCMOSI 11S 0 n oICCMOSI 1200 n oICC MOSll lP} 11S0n oICCMOSIIlPI 11 20 n oli CMOS IClPI 11SOnoliC MOSlIlP} 1120noliCMOSlIlP} 1150noli C MOSlI lP} 1120noliCM OSlIlP} 11 00noli C MOS lIlP}
2 .9 9 .9 9 1 .49 1 .9 5 1 .7 9 1 .85
1 .85
HIGHTECH
74 LSOO
HM43256LP-15
* 32K 8 STATIC RAM * LOW POWER CONSUMPTION * HIGH SPEED -100ns AVAILABLE * LOW STAND-BY CURRENT (2mA MAX.) * TT L CO MPATIBLE INPUT AND OUTPUTS SPOTLIGHT
X
7 4lS01
7 4lS02
1.90 2 .45 3 .95 4 .49 12.95 14 .95 19. 9 5
74 l S03 7 4lS04 74 lS05 7 4lS 0 8 7 4lS09

7 4 l S1 0
74lS11
74 LS12
74 lS13
74 l S14
DYNAMIC RAMS
4 1 16 250 4 1 162 00 4 1 16 1 5 0 41161 20 MK4332 4 16 4 1 S0 4 16 41 20 MC M666S TMS41 6 4 16 3 8 4 x1 1638 4 x1 16384 x 1 16 384x1 3 2 768x' 6SS36xl 6 5 5 36x 1 6 5536x l 65536x1
12 5 0 0 51 .4 9
120 0 nol
(1 50ns) (120ns) (200n s) (1 5 0n s) (1 20n5) (2 00n5) (1 50 n 5) (1 5 0n 5) (150n5) 1150n51 (1 50n51
.8 9
.9 9 1 .4 9 6 .9 5 1 .2 9 1.55 1.95 1.9 5 3.7 5 5 .9 5 4 .9 5 2 .9 5
****
.1 9 .1 9 .2 5 .3 S .2 9 .2 9 .4 9 .6 9 .5 9 .6 9 .2 5 .4 9 .25 .3 9 .6 5 .6 9 .S9 .6 9 .6 9 .6 9
CMOS
4 164 REFRESH 65536x 1 TMS441 6 16 3 8 4 x4 4 1128- 150 13 1072x1
115 0n oJiPIN 1 AEFAESHI2 .95
TMS44641 5 41256 150 4 12 56 -12 0

4 1256- 10 0 HM S12 5 8 -'OO
6 SS36x4 2 6 21 4 4 x 1 26 2 144x'
2 62 144x1 2 6 21 4 4 )(1 10 4 8 576 x 1 10 4 8 5 7 6 x1
1120nol
(1 0 0 n51
3.9S
4 .9 5
1100nsJlCMOS )
(120n51 (10 0n sl
6. 9 S
1 9 .95 2 4. 9 5
. EPROMS
10 2 4 )(8 (4 5 0n 5) 4. 9 5
20 48x8 .T MS 2 S3 2 27 32 2732A 27 32A-2 27 C64 27 64 2764-2 50 27 64-20 0 MC M6 87 66 27 12 8 27C256 27256 27S1 2 27 C5 12

2 7 16- 1
145 0 n s }(5V I
(3 5 0n s)(5 V )
3 .49
3 .95
4001 401 1 40 12 4013 4 0 1S 4 0 16 4 0 17 40 18 40 2 0 402 1 4023 4 024 402 5 4 027 4 028 4 04 0 4 0 42 40 44 4046 4047
4049 .2 9 '4 0 5 0 .2 9 40 S1 .6 9 .6 9 40S2 4053 .6 9 .6 9 4060 4066 .29 4069 .19 .29 4 070 4081 .22 4093 .49 144 1 1 9 .9 S 14 43 3 1 4 .95 14497 6. 9S 450 3 .4 9 4 S11 .6 9 4S1 8 .8 5 4528 .7 9 4S38 .9 5 12 .9 5 4 70 2
.2 1 .2 1 .2 5 7 4HC0 8 .2 5 74 HC 14 .3 S 7 4H C3 2 .3 5 74H C74 .3 S 74 HC86 .4 5 74 HC1 38 .4 5 74HC139 .4 7 4 H C15 1 .S9

7 4HC02
74 HCOO
HIGH SPEED CMOS 74HCOO 74HCTOO

7 4HCTOO
****
7 4HCT0 2
74 HC T04 74 H CT08
7 4lS 1 5 7 4lS2 0 7 4lS2 1 7 4lS22 7 4lS2 7 7 4lS28

74LS30
74lS3 2
7 4LS 33
7 4H C0 4
7 4H CT3 2
74 H CT74 7 4HCT1 3 8 74 HC T 16 1 74 H CT240 7 4HCT24 4 7 4HCT245
7 4HC1 5 41 .09 7 4HC157 .5 5 7 4HC244 .8 5
7 4HCT273
7 4HC245 .8 5 74 HC273 .69 7 4 HC37 3 .6 9

74 HC3 74 .69
74HCT373 7 4HCT374 7 4HCT393 7 4H CT 40171 .19 74 H CT4040 .99
.2 5 .25 .27 .2 5 .27 .4 5 .S5 .79 .8 9 .8 9 .9 9 .99 .9 9 .9 9 .99
7 4lS37 7 4lS38 7 4lS42

7 4LS47
7 4lS48 7 4lSS1 74 l S73 7 4 lS7 4 7 4lS7 5 7 4lS76

74 LS8 3
7 4 l S8S 74lS8 6 7 4 l S 90 74lS 92 74lS9 3 7 4lS9 S

7 4lS1 07
4096x8_ 4096x8 4096x8 4 096x8 8192x8 8 192x8 8 192x8 8 192x8 8 19 2x8 163 8 4 x8 3 2768 x8 3 2768 x8 6SS36x8 6 55 36x8
2048x8
7 4HCT 4 060 1.49
7 4lS109
.1 6 .18 .17 .18 .16 .18 .18 .1 8 .16 .2 2 .2 2 .2 6 .3 9 '.2 6 . 17 .22 .2 2 .2 3 .2 6 .17 .1 8 .2 8 .2 6 .26 .39 .7 5 .8 5 .17 .29 .2 4 .29 .29 .4 9 .4 9 .22 .39 .4 9 .39 .4 9 .3 4 .3 6
7 4 LS 11 2
74lS122
74 LS123
74 l S 124 74 lS 125
7 4L S12 6
7 4lS 13 2 7 4lS1 33 7 4lS 13 6 74 tS138

74 LS139 7 4 LS14 5 74 lS147
7 4lS 14 8
7 4lS151
7 4lS1 5 3
7 4LS 15 4 7 4L S1 S5 7 4LS 15 6
74 lS 15 7 74 lS158 7 4lS1 60 74 lS16 1 7 4lS1 6 2 7 4lS1 6 3 7 4lS1 64

74 LS165
74 lS166 7 4lS1 6 9 7 4lS 17 3

7 4lS174
7 4lS 17 5
7 4L S1 91
74lS1 9 2 7 4lS1 9 3 74lS1 9 4 74lS1 9 5 74 lS1 96 7 4lS1 97 74lS221 7 4lS 2 40
.29 .4 5 .49 2.7 5 .39 .39 .39 .4 9 .39 .3 9 .39 .9 9 .9 9 .9 9 .39 .39 1 .4 9 .5 9 .4 9 .3S .29 .29 .39 .4 9 .3 9 .4 9 .6 S .9 5 .9 5 .4 9 .3 9 .3 9 .49 .6 9 .69 .69 .6 9 .5 9 .S9 .5 9 .6 9
74 l S24 1 74 l S242 74 l S243

7 4LS 2 4 4
74lS24 5 74 lS251
74 LS253
7 4lS 25 7 74 lS2S8 7 4LS 2 5 9 74 l S260 74lS266 74 lS273 7 4 l S 279

74LS280
.6 9 .6 9 .6 9 .6 9 .7 9 .4 9 .4 9 .39 .4 9 1 .29 .4 9 .3 9 .79 .39

1. 9 8
7 4LS 2 8 3 74 lS290 74 l S29 3 7 4lS 29 9 7 4lS322 74 l S 32 3 74 LS36 5 7 4lS367 7 4lS368 7 4lS 3 73 74 LS374 7 4LS 375 74 LS377 74 LS390 7 4lS 393
74 LS54 1
.5 9 .8 9 .8 9 1.49 3 .95 2 .49 .3 9 .3 9 .3 9 .79 .7 9 .9S .7 9 1.19 .7 9

1 .4 9
1450no}(5VI 5.95 . 14 5 0n o}(SV) 3 .9 5 12 5 0 no }(5 VJl2 1V PGMI 3 .9 S 12 0 0n o}(SVJl2 1V PGM I 4 .25 1250noJl5 VJlC MOSI 4.9S 1450no}(5V) 3 .49 1250ns}(5 VI 3 .6 9 120 0n o}(5V} 4 .2 5 13 5 0n s}(SVJl24 PINI 15 .9S 12S0 no Jl5V} 4 .2 5 1250noJlSVJlCMO SI 7 .9 5 12 50 n oJl5V } S.9S (2 5 0 n o}(SVI 1 1.95 125 0 n o}(5 VJlCMOSI 1 2. 9 S
21V PGM ", Program at 21 Volts
7 4lS 6 2 4 1 .9S 74 l S640 .9 9 74 l S645 .99 74lS670 .8 9 74lS682 3. 20 7 4lS68 8 2 .40 7 4lS783 22.9 5 2S l S2521 2 .11 0 26 LS3 1 1 .9 5 26 l S32 1 .9 S
LINEAR
7 40 0 74 02
7 404
7 40 6 7 4 07 7408
7 4 10
7411
74 14 7 41 6 7 4 17 7 4 20
5V::Single 5 Volt Supply
7 43 0 7 4 32
8000
8 039 8 08 0 8 085 8086 8 08 7 8 088 8 088 -2 8 15S
8 155-2 8 74 1
3 .95 1 .49 1. 9 5
1.0 MHz
2 .25 6 502 65C02 (CMOS) 7 .95 1 .6 S 6 520 6 522 2.95 6 5 26 13 .9S 6532 5.95 654 S 2 .95 6551 2 .9 5
6500
2.5MHz
Z80 C PU
1 .2 5
Z-80
7 43 8
7442 74 45
74 47 7 473 17 7 1 1791 17 9 3 1795
8 0 52A H BASIC 34 .95
2 .49 1 .95 6 .49 5MHz 99 .00 5.9 9 7 .95 2.49 2.99 9 .95 7 .95 12. 9 5
4.0 MHz
l aOA-CPU
7474 7475
74 76
1 .29
1 .6 9
Z8 0A -CTC
Za OA-DART
7 48 3
7 485 748 6
8087 -2 BMHz 15 9 .9 5
28 0 A- DMA
l a OA-PIO l 8 0A -SI O / 0 l a OA -SIO /l
2.0MHz
6502A 6 520A 6 522A 6 532A
65 4 5A
5.9 5 5.9 5 1. 8 9 5.95

5.9 5
1797
2 79 1
2793
2 7 97 8272
CRYSTALS
3 2.76 8 K Hz 1.0 M Hz
7489 7490
7 49 3 741 21 741 2 3
8 748 8749 14 .95 8 755 7 9 .9 S 80286 80287 6M-tt 179 .95 80287-8 8M-tz249 .95 80287-10 ,CM-U309.9S
6 551A
2.69 2.9 S 5 .9 5 11.95 3 .95 6.95 4 .2S
Z8 0 A S10 /2
5.95
6.0 MHz
Z80 B-CP U
UP076 5 M B8 876
M B8 877 1 6 91
1.8 4 3 2 2 .0 2.4S 76
3 .579545
.9 5 2 .95 2 .95 1. 9 S
1 .95
74125
7 415 0 74151
Z80 B CTC 280 B-P10

l80 B- DA RT
2 14 3 9 2 16
1 .9S
1 .9 5
3.0MHz
6 502 B
Z8 0B -S IO / O Z80 B-S 10 12 l867 1 ZllOG
UARTS
3 .9 5 4 .95 3 .95
4 .95
4 .0 5 .0 5 .0 688 6 .0
6 .144
74 153 7 415 4
74 157 7 4159 7 41 6 1
1 .95 1 .95 1.95

1 .95
7 41 6 4
74 166 74175
8 .0
10 .0
8200
8203 82 0 5 8212 8216 8224 8228 8237 82 3 7-5
8243
14.95 3 .29 1. 4 9
1.49
1.0MHZ
6 800 6 802 68 03 6809 68 09E 68 10 6820 6821 6840
6843
6800
1.9 5 1. 9S
1 .9 5
7 4367
.19 .19 .19 .29 .29 .2 4 .19 .2 5 .4 9 .2 5 .2 5 .19 .19 .2 9 .2 9 .4 9 .6 9 .8 9 .3 4 .3 3 .4 5 .3 S .50 .5 9 .3 5 2 .1 5 .3 9 .35 .2 9 .4 9 .4 5 1. 35 .S5 .S5 1 .49 .5 5 1.6 5 .6 9 .8 5 1.00 .8 9 .6 S
n 07 1 Tl072
TL0 7 4
.6 9 1 .0 9
1 .95
lM567 N E570
NE 5 9 2
.79 2 .95
.9 8
Tl08 2 n08 4 lM301 lM 30 9K lM311 lM 31 1H

LM 317K
.99 1 .49 . .34 1. 25 .5 9 .8 9

3.4 9
l M723 lM733 lM741 lM747 MC1330 MC13S0

LM1 458
.4 9 .9 8 .2 9 .6 9 1 .6 9 1 .1 9
.3 5
lM 317T LM31 8 LM3 19 lM323 K LM32 4 LM331 lM334 l M335 lM 336 lM338K lM339 lF353 lF356 lF3S7 lM 35 8 lM 380 lM 38 3 lM 38 6 lM 393
LM 3 9 4H TL4 9 4
.6 9 1. 4 9 1 .2 5 3 .49 .3 4 3 .95 1 .1 9 1 .79 1.75 4 .4 9 .5 9 .S9 .9 9 .9 9 .5 9 .8 9 1 .9 5 .8 9 .4 S

5.9 5 4 .20
lM1 4 88 lM1 489 lM1 49 6

ULN 20 03
.4 9 .4 9 .8 5
.7 9
LM32 0 see7 9 0 0
XA2206 XR22 1 1 lM2 917 CA3046 CA 3 14 6 MC3 37 3 MC3470 MC34 80

MC3487
3.9 S 2.9S 1. 9S .8 9 1.29 1.29 1.9S 8 .95

2 .9 5
LM340 5e87 8 0 0
LM3900 lM3911 lM3909 LM3914 MC4024 MC404 4 AC41 36 RC4 5S 8

LM1 3 60 0 75 1 0 7
.4 9 2.2S .98 1 .8 9 3 .4 9 3 .9 9 1 .2 S .6 9
1. 4 9 1. 4 9
Tl497 NE 5S5 NE5 5 6 NE558 NE 5 6 4 lM 5 65 lM 56 6 NE5 9 0
H ~ TO 5
3 .2 5 7S11 0 1. 9S .2 9 7 S150 1 .9S .4 9 751 5 4 1 .9 5 .7 9 75 188 1 .25 1 .95 75 189 1.2S .95 7 S4 S 1 .39 1 .49 7S45 2 .39 1. 29 2. 5 0 7 S477 CAN . K ~TO3. T=TO-220
10.738 63 5
12 .0 14. 31 81 8
1.9 S
1 .9 5
3 .9 5 9 .95 6 .9 5
10 .95
82 S0 825 1 8 2 5 1A 8253 8 2 53 -5 8 2S S 82 S5 -5 8 259 82S95 8272 82 75 82 79 82795 8282 8 284 8286 8288
2.25 2 .25 3 .9S 4 .7 5 1.95 6 .9 5 1 .29 1 .6 9 1 .5 9 1 .9 5 1 .4 9 I.S9 1 .9 5 2 .29 4 .39 16 .9 5 2 .4 9 2 .95 3.95 2 .25 3 .95 4 .95
MISC.
A D C0804
16 .0 18 .0 18 .432 20 .0 22.1184 24 .0 32.0

1 .0MH z
I
1.9S
1.9 5 1 .9 5
74FOO
74FOO 7 4F02 74F04
74 F08 74 Fl0
1.9 5
1.95
.3 5 .3 5 .3 S
.3 5 .3 5
7 4500
7 4S02 7 4S 04 7 4S08
7 45 10
1.95
1.95
6844 6845
68 47
ADC08 0 9 DAC 0 8 00 DAC0 80 8

DAC1022 MC 1408L 8
2 .99 3.85
3 .2 9
OSCILLATORS
1 .8432 2 .0 2 .4S76 2 .5 4 .0 5 .0688 6 .0
6 .144
7 4F 3 2 74F64
7 4F74
.3 5 .S5
.3 9
685 0 6883
2.0MHZ
68 BOO 68 B02 68 B09E 68 B09 68 B2 1 68 B45 68 B5 0 68000
8T 28 8 T9 7
DP 8 30 4
1 .9S 5 .95 1. 9 S 1 .29 .S9 2 .29

1 .7 5
5.95 5.95 5.95 5.95 4 .9 5

4 .9 5
74F8 6 74F138 7 4F139 7 4F253

74F157 74F240
.55 .7 9 .79 .8 9
1 .6 9 3. 2 9
7 4 S 32 7 4 S7 4 7 4S8 6 7 4S11 2
745124
7 4 S 138 74S1 S3 7 4S157

74515 8
.2 9 .2 9 .2 9 .3 5 .29 .3 5 .49 .35 .5 0 2 .7S .7 9 .7 9 .7 9 .9 5
74S00
74S163 7 4S175 7 4S19 5 74 S240 7 4S 2 41 7 4S24 4 7 4 S2 80 74 S287 7 4S288 74 S2 9 9 74S373 74S374 74S471 7 4SS71
1.2 9 .7 9
1. 4 9
1 .49 1 .4 9 1 .49 1 .9 5 1. 6 9 1 .6 9 2 .95

1 .6 9
1 .6 9 4 .9S 2 .9 S
4 .95
4 .95 4 .9 5
9334 9368 9602 UlN 20 03

M A X2 32
MC3 470 MC 3 487
2 .85 .6 9 .79 7 .95 1 .95 2 .95
8 .0 10 .0
12 .0
4 .95
4 .95
PALS
4 .95
4 .95
A Y5-360 0 PRO 11 .95
16 .0 18 .4 3 2 20 .0 2 4 .0
4 .95
4 .95
4 .95
16R6 16R4
(f)
o Z o
o W
W
I...J
a:
6 o
<l:
a:
116
CAPACITORS TANTALUM
1 .0l'! 6 .8 10 22 .2 2
1 0 pf 22 27 33 47 68 100 220 560
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
35V 35 V 35 V 35V 35 V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 12V 50V 50V 50 V .3 9 .45 .19 .3 9 .6 9 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 7 .0 7 .0 7 .10 .12 .18 .2 5 TO 22 0 CAS E 7805T .49 7808T .49 7812T .49 7 81 5T .49 7905T .5 9 7908 T .59 7 91 2 T .59 7 91 5T .59 7 8 0 5K 78 12K
15V 15 V 1 5V 1 5V 35V 50V 50 V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50 V 50V
.12 .4 2 .4 5 .9 9 .1 5
.4 71'! 1.0 2.2 4.7 10
1 .5 9
1.3 9
TO-3 CA SE 7905K 7 91 2 K
1.69 1 .4 9
PA RT
N U M B ER
WBU D W BUT W BU 2 0 4 - 3 W BU 204 WBU206 W B U-208
D IMEN SIONS
DISTRI BUTION
ST RI PIS) 1 1 4 S 7
BINDI NG T ERMINAL T IE TIE POI NTS STRIPIS ) PO INTS POSTS

100 100 400 5 00 700 1 2 2 3 4 63 0 1260 1260 1890 2520 2 3 4 4
DISC
.0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .14 .15 680 .0 0 11'! .0022 .0 0 5 .0 1 .0 2 .0 5 .1 .1 .11'! .47'"
7 8 L0 5 78 L12
TO 93 CASE 7 9L OS .4 9 7 9 112 .49
.6 9
1.49 4 .79
6.95
LM323K LM338K
5 V OL TS. 3 AMPS, TO -3 ADJUSTAB LE. 5 AM PS. TO -3
.3 8 1.3 8 3 .94 5 .1 3 6 .88 8 .25
x 6. 5 0" x 6 .50" x 8 .4 5 " x 8 .4 5 " x 9 .06" x 9 .45"
RESISTOR NETWORKS
PIN 8 PIN 16 PIN 1 6 PIN 14 PIN 14 PIN
10 9 7 8 15 7 13 RES ISTOR RESISTOR RES ISTOR RES ISTOR RES I S TOR RESISTOR
MONOLITHIC
.0 11'! 50 V .0 4 7'" 50 V
.6 9
.5 9 1 .09 1 .0 9 .99
EXTENDER CARDS FOR IBM

$ 29. 9 5 $39 .95
WIREWRAPPROTOTYPE CARDS
FR -4 EPO XY GLASS LAM INATE WITH GO LD PLAT ED ED GECAR D FI NG ER S
XT
BOTH CARDS HAVE SILK SCREENED LEGENDS AND INCLUDES MOUNTI NG BRACK ET I BM PR1 WITH +5 V AND GROUN D PLANE IBMPR2 AS ABOVE W /DECODING LAYOUT
ELECTROLme
RADIA L 25V .14 11'! 2 .2 35 V .11 4 .7 50V .1 1 10 50 V .11 3 5V 47 .13 16V .1 5 100 220 35 V .2 0 470 25 V .3 0 2200 16V .7 0 4 700 25V 1 .45
AX IAL 50V .14 11'! 10 50V .16 22 16 V .14 47 50 V .19 100 35V .19 220 25 V .2 5 470 50 V .2 9 10 00 16 V .2 9 22 00 16V .7 0 4700 1 6V 1 .2 5
.9 9
BYPASS CAPACITORS
.01 JJf CERAMIC D ISC 100/ $5 .00 .01 JJf MONOLITH IC 100/$10.00 .1 JJf CERAM IC D ISC 100/$6 .50 .1 JJf M ON OLITH IC 1 00 / $12.50
AT
IBM-PRAT LARGE +5V & GROUND PLANES
5 -100
P10 0 1 P1 0 0 2 P1003 P10 0 4
SHORTING BLOCKS FRAME STYLE TRANSFO RMERS

- 12 .6 12 .6 1 2.6 25.2 Volts Vo lts Vol ts Vo lt s AC - 2 AC 4 AC 8 AC 2 Amps -(CT) _ 5 .95 _ Amps ICT) 7 .95 Amps ICT) 10. 9 5 Amps ICT) 7. 9 5
BARE - NO FO i l PADS HORIZON TA L BUS VE RTICAL BU S SINGLE FO il PA DS PER HOLE
IC SOCKETS
1N7 5 9 .1 5 .1 5
. 1" CENTERS GO LD CONTACTS
APPLE
. N 4 1 4S -2 5 11 :0 0 , N 40 Q4 10 / 1 .0 0 1 N5402 .2 5 K BP 0 2 .5 5 K BU8A .9 5 M D A990-2 .3 5 N 222 2 .2 5 PN 2 2 2 2 .10 2 N2905 .50 2 N2907 .2 5 2 N 3 055 .7 9
SOLO ERTAI L 1-9 9 10 0 '" 8 PIN ST . 11 .10 - 14 PI N" ST - .1 1 .0 9-
_ 5L$ 1.. 0 -.L

PAGE W IRE WRAPWIRE
PRE CUT A SSO RTM E N T
IN ASSO R TED COLO RS 527 .5 0 100ea: 5 .5 " . 6 .0 " , 6 .5". 7 .0 " 2500a: 2 .5 " , 4.5 " , 5 .0 " SOOoa: 3.0", 3 .5", 4 .0 "
16 PI N S T
18 PIN ST
.12
.15
.10
.1 3
20 PIN ST 22 P IN ST
24 PI N ST 28 PI N ST 4 0 PI N ST
.18 .1 5
.2 0 .2 2 .3 0
.15 .12
.1 5 .1 6 .2 2
36PIN CENTRONICS
MALE
IDCEN 36 C EN36 IO CEN 36 / F CEN 3 6P C RIBBON CA B LE SO L D ER CU P 3.95 1 .8 5
64 P IN ST
W IREWRAP 8 PI N WW 14 PIN WW 16 PIN WW 18 PIN WW 20 PIN WW 2 2 PIN WW 24 PIN WW 28 PI N WW '40 PIN WW
1 .9 5
.5 9 .6 9 .6 9 .9 9 1 .09 1 .39 1 .49 1 .6 9 1 .9 9
1 .4 9
.69 .5 2 .5 8 .9 0 .9 8 1.28 1.35 1.4 9 1 .8 0
FEMALE
RI B B O N CA B LE 4 .95 RT. A n g le PC M o un t 1 .8 5
2N 3 904 4 N26
4N 27 4 N28 4 N33 4 N37 MCT 2 MCT6 T IL 1 1 1 2 N3906 2 N4401
.10 .6 9
.6 9 .69 .8 9 1 .19 .5 9 1 .2 9 2 .25 .10 .2 5
SPOOLS
10 0 f eet 500 f e et $4. 3 0 $ 13. 2 5 250 f eet $ 7 .2 5 1000 f eet $2 1 .95
Pteese specify co lor: Blue. Black. Yello w or Red
EDGECAR DCONNECTORS
10 0 P in So ld ertai l 100 PinWirewrap 62 P in Sol d ert a il 50 P in S ol d ert a il 44 P in So ldertail 44 Pin W ir ewrap S 100 S 10 0 IBM PC A PPL E ST O STO .1 2 5 .1 2 5 .10 0 .1 0 0 .1 5 6 .1 5 6 3 .95 4 .95 1.95 2 .95 1 .9 5 4 .95
2 N4402
2 N4403 2 N6045 T IP 31
.2 5
.2 5 1.75 .49
ZE RO IN S ERT IO N FORC E 16 PIN ZI F 4 .95 CA l l 24 PI N ZI F 5 .95 CA l l 28 PIN ZIF 6 .95 CALL 40 PIN Z I F 9 .95 CAll
SOCKE TWRA PI.D.IM

.. SLIPS OVER W IRE WRAP PINS IDENTIF IES PI N NU M B ERS ON WRAP SIDE OF BOA RD CAN WR IT E ON THE PLA STI C; SUCH A S A N IC # Part # Pck. of Pin s 8 IDWRAP 08 10 14 IDWRAP 14 10 16 I DWRAP 16 10 18 IO WR A P 18 5 20 ID W RA P 20 5 22 I DW RA P 2 2 5 24 I DWRAP 24 5 28 IDWRAP 2 8 5 40 I DWRAP 40 5 1 .95 PLEASE OR DER B Y NUMBER OF PA CKA GES IPCK. O F)
IDCCONNECTORS
D ESCRIPTI ON ORDER BY 10 20 CONTACTS 26 34 40 50 3 .24 3 .39 6 .63 7 .30 1 .69 8 .50 2 .45 I D HxxS .8 2 1.2 9 1.6 8 2.20 2 .58 SO LDER HEADER RIGHT A N G LE SOLDER HEADER ID H xx SR .8 5 1.35 1.7 6 2 .3 1 2 .72 ID H xx W 1 .86 2 .98 3.84 4 .50 5 .2 8 W1REWR AP HEAD ER RIGHT ANGLE WIREWRAP HEADER IDH xxWR 2 .05 3.28 4. 22 4.45 4 .8 0 RIBBON HEADER SO CKET IDSxx .6 3 .8 9 .9 5 1 .29 1 .49 RIBBON HEADER IDM xx 5 .5 0 6 .2 5 7 .00 7 .5 0 RIBBON ED GE CA RD ID Ex x .8 5 1 .2 5 1 .35 1 .75 2 .0 5 FOR ORDERING INS TRUC TIONS. SEE DSUB MINIA TURE CONNEC TORS. BELO W
EPROM ERASERS SPECTRONICS CORPORATION

M odel PE-1 4 0 PE -140T PE-240T Timer NO YES YES Ch ip Capacity 9 9 12 Intensity (uW / Cm t ) 8,000 8,000 9,600
DATARASE
$34.95
DSUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS
DESCRI PT IO N SOL D ER C U P RIG H T ANGLE PC SOLD ER W IREWRAP M ALE F EMA LE MALE FEM A LE M ALE F EMA LE M A LE FEM A LE METAL GR EY O RD ER BY DBx xP D B x xS D B x xPR DBx x SR D B x xPWW DBx xSW'VV IDB x xP IDBx xS MH OO D x x HOODx x 9 .4 5 .49 .49 .5 5 1 .69 2.76 1 .3 9 1.45 1 .0 5 .39 15 .5 9 .6 9 .6 9 .7 5 2 .56 4 .2 7 1 .9 9 2 .0 5 1.15 .3 9 CO N TACTS 25 19 .6 9 .6 9 .7 5 .75 .79 .8 5 3 .89 6 .84 2 .25 2 .35 1 .2 5 1 .25 .3 9 37 50 1 .3 5 1 .8 5 1 .39 2 .29 2.27 2.49 5 .60 9 .95 4 .2 5 4 .49 .6 9 .7 5
.. ERASES 2 EP ROMS IN 10 M I N U T ES TI ME VE RY COMPA CT - N O D RA W ER THI N META L SHUTTE R PRE V EN TS UV LI GH T FRO M ES CA PING
SW ITCHES
MINITOGGLE ON ON MINITOG GLE ON ON MINI TOGGLE ON OFF ON M IN IPUSHBUTT ON N .O. SPST M INIPUSHBUTION N.C. BCD OUTPUT 10 PaS. 6 PI N DI P
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
LED DISPLAYS
COM CATHOD E FND357(3591 CO M CA TH ODE FND 50 0 15 0 3 ) COM AN ODE FND 507 15 10 1 CO M A N O DE MAN 7 2 COM CA T HO D E MAN74 CO M CATHO DE Tl l 3 1 3 4 x7 HE X W /lO GIC Tl l -311 .3 6 2"
DIP SWITCHES
1. 2 5 1.49 1.49 .8 5 .9 0 .9 0 7 p o sition 8 p osition 10 p o siti on
.5 "
.5 "
.3"
.3 "
.9 9
.3 "
in c
RI BBON C A BLE HOO DS
.9 9 .4 5 .2 7 0 " 10 .9 5
"SNAPABLE" HEADERS
CA N BE SNAPPED APART T O MAKE A NY SIZE HEAD ER , All W ITH .1 " CENTERS STRAIGHT lEAD RIGHT ANG LE l EA D 2 STRA IGHT LEADS 2 RIGHT ANG LE lEADS
DIFFUSED LEOs
J UMBO RED JUMBO GREEN JUM BO YE llOW MO UNTING HOW M INI REO T 1 l /4 TPA
T n~
ORD ERING INSTRUC TIONS: INSER T THE NUMBE R OF CON TACTS IN THE POSITION MA RKED ro THE "ORDER BY "PAR T EXAMPLE: A 15 PIN RIGH T AN GLE MALE PC SOLDER WOULD BE DB /SPA. NUMBER LISTED.
MOUNTING HARDWARE 59C DIP CONNECTORS

D ESC RIPTION O RDER B Y AUGATx xST .6 2 1.30 14 .7 9 1.80 16 .8 9 CONTA CTS 18 20 22 1 .0 9 1.2 9 1.3 9 24 1.49 3 .15 28 1 .69 3 .70 40 2 .49 5 .40 1 .49 1 .59
TP A T1
199 .10 .14 .14 .1 0 .10
100UP .0 9 .12 .1 2 .0 9 .0 9
RIBBON CABLE
10 16 20 26 34 40 50 SINGLE COL OR l ' 10 ' . 18 1.60 .28 2.50 .3 6 3.20 .4 5 4 .00 .4 6 4 .10 .5 5 5.40 .7 2 6 .40 .8 9 7 .50 CO LOR COD ED l' 10 ' .3 0 2 .7 5 .48 4 .40 .6 0 5.50 .7 5 6 .85 .7 8 7 .15 1 .0 7 9 .35 1 .20 11 .00 1 .5 0 13 .25
TO O ~~~ ~g~~~~TA ll TOOI~E~O~I::~RA P
A UGATxx~
2.10 2 .40 2 .50 2 .9 0
COMPONENT CARR IES .4 9 .6 9 .9 9 .9 9 .99 1 .0 9 .9 9 ICC x x .59 (D IP HE A DE RS) RI BBO N CABLE .5 9 1 .29 1.49 .4 9 .8 5 1 .4 9 .9 5 IDPx x DIP PLUG S I IDC) FOR ORDERI NG INSTRUC TIONS. SEE DSUB MINIA TURE CONN ECTORS ABOVE
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MONITOR STANDS MODEL MS1 00

* T ILTS & SWIVELS
$12.95 $39.95
MONITORS
SAMSUNG MONOCHROME
.. IBM COMPATIBLE TIL INPUT .. 12 " N ON GLA RE. LOW DI STORTION . A MBER SC RE EN .. RES: 7 20 x 350 SWIVEL BASE .. 1 YEAR WARRANTY
DISK DRIVES
51/4" SEAGATE HARD DISK DRIVES
ST-2 2 5 ST-23 8 ST-2 5 1 ST -2 77 ST-40 3 8 ST-40 96 HALF HEIGHT HALF HEIGHT HALF HEIGHT HALF HE IGHT FUll HEIGHT FUll HEIGHT 20MB 30MB 40MB 60MB 30MB 80M B 6 5m. 65 m . (Rll) 40 m. 40 m. (Rll) 4 0 m. 28m . 52 59 52 99 54 69 56 4 9 5559 58 9 5
.. STU RDY PLASTIC CON ST RU CTI ON
MODEL MS200
TI LTS A N D SW IVE LS BUILT-IN SURGE SUPRESSOR BUILT.IN POW ER STATION INDEPENDENTLY CONTROLS UP TO 5 1 20 V O LT A C OU TLETS ULAPPROVED
..... NASHUA DISKETTES

BOXES OF 10
51/l' 51/4" 31/2"
DS /D D 360 K DSIHD I .2M DSIDD 720K
1/2 HEIGHT FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

5'1<" 5'1<" 5'1,, ' 5'1<" 5'1. " 3Yz"
TEAC FD-55B DS /DD 360K TEAC FD-55F DS /QUAD 720K T EAC FD -55GFV DS /HD 1.2M MITSUBISHI DS /HD 1. 2 M DS /DD 360K MITSUBISHI DS /DD (A T OR XT) 5 10 9 .9 5 5124.95 5 1 54 .9 5 5 1 19. 9 5 569. 9 5 5 1 29 .9 5 55 .0 0 52 5 .0 0 52 .9 5 54 .9 5 52 .9 5 5 1. 19
$119.95
MULTISYNC
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$549.95
.. ORIGIN AL C G A / EG A /PG A COMPATIBLE MONITOR .. AUTO FREQUENCY ADJU STMENT .. RESOLUTION A S HIGH AS 8 00 x 56 0
DISK DRIVE ACCESSORIES

TEAC SPECIF ICATION MANUAL TEAC MAINTENANCE MANUAL 'I, HT MOUNTING HARDWARE FOR IBM MOUNTING RAilS FOR IBM AT "y" POW ER CABLE FOR 5'1<" FDD. 5'1.. ' FDD POWER ~ O N N E C T O R S
5'1, " OS/OO SOFT SECTOR
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$399.95 $279.95
$995 $2495 $1695
49Cea 39Cea
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BULK DrY 50 BULK DrY 250
BY CASPER
.. COLOR /GREEN /AMBE R SW ITCH .. RES: 6 4 0 x 240 .. RGB /IBM CO M PA TI B LE .. 14 " NON -G LARE SCREE N .. .39 mm DOT PITCH .. CABLE FOR IBM PC INCLUDED
WITH POWER SUPPLIES

CAB-2SV5 CAB1 FH5 CA B-2 SV 8 CAB- 2FH8 DUAL SliMlINE FOR 5'1<" FU l l HE IGHT FOR 5'1<" DUAL SliMlINE FOR 8" DUAL FUll HEIGHT FOR 8" 54 9. 9 5 569. 9 5 S2 09 .9 5 5 2 19 .9 5
DRIVE ENCLOSURES
E A SYD A TA-MO DE MS
All mode ls leature auto-dial/a nswer/redial on busy. power up self test. touch tone or pulse dialing. built -in speaker. Hayes and Bell Systems 103 & 212A com patible . lull or half duplex . PC Talk 1/1 Communications software with internal models and more .
INTERNAL
1200 BAUD'/2 CARD 2400 BAUD FULL CARD
$69.95 $179.95 $119.95 $219.95
EXTERNAL
(N O SOFTWARE INCLUDED)
1200 BAUD 2400 BAUD
COMPUTER CASES
Attractive. sturdy steel cases fit the popular sized motherboards and include speake rs. faceplates . expansion slot s and all necessary hardware .
$34.95 $39.95
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INTERFACE CARDS
FROM MODULAR CIRCUIT TECHNOLOG Y
MULTIFUNCTION CARDS MCT-MF MULTIFUNCTION $79 95

ALL THE FEATURES OF 6 PACK- AT HALF THE PRICE * 0-384K DYNAMIC RAM USING 4 164. , SERIAL. PARALLEL. GAME PORTS . CLOCK/CALENDAR
40 MB $469 60 MB $649
Seagate model S T-251 5 '1 , " half height FAST 40ms acc ess time Seagate model ST -277 5'/, half heigh t FAST 40ms acc ess time (RLL)
HALF HEIGHT HARD DISK DRIVES
MCT-MGMIO
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MONOGRAPHICS
vo
$11995
TOTAL SYSTEM CO N TROL FROM A SINGLE SLO T
* 2 FLOPPY CONT. SERIAL. PARALLEL. GAME PORT . CLOCK/CAL

GRAPHICS SOFTWARE ON A MONOCHROME MONITOR
MCT-MID MCT-ID MCT-ATMF

* *
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MULTI I/O FLOPPY
$7995
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A PERFECT COMPANIO N FOR OUR MOT HERBOAROS
20 MB $289 30 MB $329
Systems include Seagate '12 height hard drive, hard dri ve controller, cable s and instructions, All drives are pr e-tested and warranted lor one year ,
HALF HEIGHT HARD DISK SYSTEMS
* SERIAL. PARALLEL. GAME PORT . CLOCK/CALENDAR
* SUPPORTS UP TO 2 36 0 K FLOPPIES. 720K WITH DOS 3 ,2 MIa-SERIAL 2nd SERIAL PORT
MULTI I/O CARD
$5995
'15"
USE WITH MCTFH FOR A MINIMUM OF SLO TS USEO , SERIAL PORT . CLOCK/CALENDAR WITH A BATTERY BACKUP , PARALLEL PRINTER PORT ADDRESSABLE AS LPTl OR LPT2
IBM COMPATIBLE MOTHERBOARDS

FROM MODULAR CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY
TURBO 4 .7718 MHz
OR 8 MHz OPERATION WITH 80882 & OPTIONAL 8087-2 COPROCESSOR , DYNAMICALLY ADJUSTS SPEED FOR MAXIMUM THROUGHPUT & RELIABILITY DURING DISK I/O _,_CH OICE OF.NORMALLTURBO MODE OR SOF_TWARE SELECT_ PROCESSOR SPEED
IBM COMPATIBLE KEYBOARDS
IO-SERIAL 2nd SERIAL PORT
AT MULTIFUNCTION
AODS UP TO 3 MEGABYTES OF RAM TO THE AT USER EXPANDABLE TO 1.5 MB OF MEMORY (ZERO K INSTALLED) INCLUDES SERIAL PORT AND PARALLEL POR T
$139 95 MCT-TURBO * rr
'24M '29" -
$10995
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ATMF-SERIAL 2nd SERIAL PORT MCT-ATMF-MC PIGGYBACK BOARD (NO MEMORY) -
MCT-ATIO
AT MULTI I/O
$59 95
'24M
MCTXTMB STANDARD MOTHERBOARD
USE WITH MCTATFH FOR A MINIMUM OF SLO TS USED , SERIAL. PARALLEL AND GAME PORTS , USES 16450 SERIAL SUPPORT CHIPS FOR HIGH SPEED OPERATION
MCT-ATMB
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MCT-RAM MCT-EMS
MEMORY CARDS
576K RAM CARD EXPANDED MEMORY CARD
$59 95 $129 95 $149 95 $139 95 $2995 $79 95
' 8 SLOT 12 EIGHT BIT. 6 SIXTEEN BIT ) AT MOTHERBOARD * HARDWARE SELECTION OF 6 OR 8 MHz , 1 WAIT STATE KEYLOCK SUPPORTED. RESET SWITCH. FRONT PANEL LED INDICATOR * SOCKETS FOR 1 MB OF RAM AND 80287 , BATTERY BACKED CLOCK
$379 95
95 MeT-5339$79 *
IBM ENHANCED STYLE lAYOUT , SOFTWARE AUTOSENSE FOR XT OR AT COMPATIBLES , LED INDICATORS * AUTO REPEAT FEATURE , SEPARATE CURSOR PAD
MCT-5060
A CON TIGUOUS MEM OR Y SOLU TION IN A SHORT SLO T
* USER SELECTABLE CONFIGURATION AMOUNTS UPTO 576K USING

64K & 256K RAM CHIPS (ZERO K INSTALLED)
MCT-BATMB *
MINI 80286
$429 95
REPlACEMENT BOARD FOR X T STYLE CHASSIS
* OPERATE AT6 /10 MHz WITH UP TO 1MB ON -BOARD
I BM AT STYLE LAYOUT _ SOFTWARE AUTOSENSE FOR XT OR AT COMPATIBLES LED INDICATORS , AUTO REPEAT FEATURE
2 MB OF LOTU SIINTE UMICROSOFT COMPA TlBLE MEM OR Y FOR X T ' CO N FORM S TO LOTUS/INTEL EMS * USER EXPANDABLE TO 2 MB * EXPANDED /CONVENTIONAL MEMORY. RAM DISK AND SPOOLER
MCT-ATRAM
* UP
MEMORY IZERO K INSTALLED) , SOCKET FOR 80287 MATH CO PORCESSOR * BATIERV BACKED CLOCK , 8 SLOTS , 2 EIGHT BIT. 6 SIXTEEN BIT , USES CHIPS & TECHNOLOGY CHIP SET FOR RELIABILITY AND SMALL SIZE
AT4 MB RAM CARD
A POWER USER'S DREAM : 4 MB OF MEM OR Y FOR A T
* BACKFILL TO 640K. FLEXIBLE STARTING ADDRESS

TO 2 MB ON CARD. 4 MB WITH OPTIONAL PIGGYBACK BOARD
MCT5150 XT STYLE LA YOUT $49 95 MCT5151 KB5151 EQUIV. $6995
MCT-ATRAM-MC PIGGYBACK BOARD (NO MEMORY) '39"
MCT-ATEMS MCT-FDC MCT-HDC
AT COMPATIBLE EMS
CAN BE USED FOR EXPANDED , EXTENDED OR CON VEN TIONAL MEM ORY '" CONFORMS TO LOTUS/INTEL EMS '" USER EXPANDABLE TO 2 MB * RAMDISK. PRINT SPOOLER AND LIM /EMS SOFTWARE INCLUDED
DRIVE CONTROLLERS
FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER HARD DISK CONTROLLER
OU ALITY DESIGN OFFERS 4 FLOPPY CONTROL IN A SINGLE SLO T
'* INTERFACES UP TO 4 FOD s TO AN IBM PC OR COMPATIBLE

, SUPPORTS BOTH OS/DD AND DS /QD WITH DOS 3 .2
* MOTHERBOARD * 256K OF MEMORY
BUILD YOUR OWN 256K XT COMPATIBLE
HD CON TROL FOR WHA T O THERS CHARGE FOR FLO PPY CON TROL ' SU PPORT S 16 DRIVE SIZES INCLUDING 5.10.20.30 & 40 MB , DIVIDE 1 LARGE DRIVE INTO 2 SMALLER. LOGICAL DRIVES
MCT-FDC-1.2 1.2MB FLOPPY CONTROLLER $69 95

AD D VERSA TlLlTV & CAPACI TY TO YOUR XT , SUPPORTS 2 DRIVES. BOTH MAY BE 360K OR 1.2 MEG '" AUOWS DATA TO FLOW FREELY FROM Xls TO AT s
* 135 WATT POWER SUPPLY * FLIP-TOP CASE * 5060 STYLE KEYBOARD * 360K FLOPPY DRIVE * DRIVE CONTROLLER * MONOCHROME MONITOR * GRAPHICS ADAPTOR
MCT-FH
FLOPPY/HARD CONTROLLER
$139 95
FOR ONLY $499 15

ANYONE CAN BUILD A SYSTEM IN ABOUT 2 HOURS USING A SCREWDRIVER AND OUR EASY-TO-FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS!
S YSTEM STARVED FOR SLO TS? SA TlSFY IT WITH THIS TIMEL Y DESIGN * INTERFACES UPTO 2 FOD s & 2 HODs. CABLING FOR 2 FOD s & 1 HOD , SUPPORTS BOTH DS /DD & OS /QD WITH DOS 3 .2
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MCT-ATFH AT FLOPPY/HARD CONTROLLER$149 95

FLOPP Y/HARD DISK CON TROL IN A TRUE A T DESIGN '" SUPPORTS UP TO 2 36 0K/720K / 1 .2 M B FOD s AS WEll AS 2 HOD s USING STANDARD CONTROL TABLES
DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
MCT-EPROM
FROM MODULAR CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY 95 PROGRAMMER
MCT-EGA ENHANCED GRAPHICS ADAPTOR $149 95

100"', IB M COMPA TlBLE, PASSES IBM EGA DIAGNOSTICS 256K OF VIDEO RAM ALLOWS 64 0 x 350 IN 16 OF 64 COLORS , COMPATI BLE W IT H COLO R A N D MONOCHROME A DAPTORS
DISPLAY CARDS
$129
MCT-CG MCT-MOP
COLOR GRAPHICS ADAPTOR
$49 95 $59
95
PROGRAMS 27xx & 27xxx EPROM S UP TO 27512 , SUPPORTS VARIOUS PROGRAMMING FORMATS A N D VOLTAG ES , SPLIT OR COMBINE CONTENTS OF SEVERAL EPROMS OF OIFFERENT SIZES
COMPA TlBLE WITH IBM C OLOR GRA PHICS STANDARDS - SHORT SLOT SUPPORTS RGB. COLOR & COMPOSITE MONOCHROME * 640/320 x 200 RESOLUTION, LIGHT PEN I N T ERFA C E
'" READ . WRITE. COPY, ERA SE CHECK AND VERIFY

, SOFTW A RE FOR HEX ANO INTEL HEX FORMATS
MONOCHROME GRAPHICS
TRUE HERCULES COMPA TlBILlTY, SUPPORTS LO TUS 123
' SO FTW A RE DRIVER ALLOWS COLOR GRAPHICS PROGR AMS TO RUN ON A MONOCHROME MONITOR , PARALLEL PRINTER PORT
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PROFESSIONAL COLOR LIGHT CONTROLLER SM-328
\s , . ....It o f the edY,ncld tIChno logy . t hil un il CM con lro l "iOl.ls colorful IIXlt ligh ll Of' bu lt.. . Th ....i",,11 .ffect of whic h I most su it abl e in plee.s lik. par ty . dlllCo IK t ro n ic ,.me ce n l,.. nd eho in ligh l i , . fO L~rt iMlNnll. Totti 0I.ItJ)l.l1 Po-Li L _ OOOW 11000w/Ch .l wh dl ~ n contro l 30 pitcl1l of 10QW or iOO~:"KIS of 5W colo' light bulbi. :EATUR E S : " Mu sic "rnode. Audio sionel is d ....ided in lO h igh. midd l. Ind low f..-quency to drive J f'O up' 01 tightl; il h. indlptnde n l eontro ller for sens it ivily . " CI\t sing" modi. Electronic CIrcu it . utom atic,lly contro ls 3 " ro ups of color Ji"h u in Melu enli.1 ON .nd Of F; ,110 it h. I 5PM'd eon tr oll" . nd shll l-9r ogrem 'ChMing M odi' o n t he P .C. Board . : it . . . $6 5 .00 Auem blld WIth ttSlId . . . $ 75 .00
F EATURE S 1. F O U R GROUPS OF I N D EP E N D E NT OUT PU T SYS TE M lOOOWIC H MAX . 68 OW 1100 111 2-PR OF ESS ION ALC OLO AC ONTRO LSYS TE M ( K E Y. 8 0 A R D TYPE l 3 I N DE P E N D E NT IN PU T S IG N AL AD JUS TMENT '" FOUR GROUPS O F I N D EP E N DE NT D IMMER CO NT R O L 5 S P EED CON TROL CHASER 6 AU TOMATIC CHASIN G CO N T R O L S YSTEM 7. FOUR K IN OS O F SP EC IA L CHA S IN G PROGRA M 8 COMBINATIO N OF PRO GRA M AND MUSIC C H AS I NG EFFE CT 9 F O R WAR D! BA CK WARD C HA SI NG CON TROL SM 328 co lor IIg h l eceucure- IS sp . c le " l . d fo r b , lIroom . n lg~lI c lub e.sce ,nd td ve rt llemenl IIg h l ln g II cceson s .... ' I h severe r color control c h , rac t ens ne s. .... h ,ch em p lo y prol'U lonll c ol or coni ro i sYSlem I nd ke ybo,rd pr ogr em
if lCif ~-f~ I C~ ~U II ~ ~ .. L __
...
'-""":"';"':-~':> . ~:::;;~~n 1::~;~~;::~:,ln~S ~:~:I:,g~I,iro:~::;~:;g~;;gk~~~7~f~;g~::~: ~~I:~sg
C1N+PlJW PURE DC STEREO MAIN POWER AMPLIF IER TA 802
Th~ f,. n Iy pe IS cee t rc nec b y 'm u sIC' s'9ne l In e roe r to ad Jun lh e bfl gh t n e n of fo u r gro ups 01 Itg hll ngs. -e h mus IC s lgn,l ..... 11 be sep, rtled In lO h Igh . m . d ,um lo w A . ,nd 1 0 .... B fr"Qu.ncy rl n ge Furth.rm o re, uch g ro up Of Ilghll n95 IS In . corpo rl ll'd w .l h ,n In d e pe n de nl slgnl l ad lu stm. n l Th . sond k ,nd 'S co m p o s ed 01 . Ie ct fl c,l ClrCUIU ,nd th .s IS I he me ln p, rt lo r cr~"'ln 9 I soec 1 hg hl ," g et tee r It h as fou r c h U ln g p rogr am m e Dim .nSIO ns : 14 5/HI" .. 8 15/16 " .. J 3116" An WIt h lu tld
$ 150 .00
oNty
:;,.;::~~~ d lffer, nlia l inpo,l t
to Imp row . SIN ratlO .nd IfI9U :., ' ~-:;.:'>.:I'~<:-":'
11iscQrnClIIllbI' \'IIlth. 1l kin"," of ", ..mplil"r. II Nl S ~ mult '9Urpoll prOI.C1IOft Iyn.m. ,nc lud l", hl\l" IInSl' t ...... DC o..tpul porOI~ion e lle" ,t. hie" IiQMd OI.ItP'U1 sh orl' e .re"it , o" .r IOoiO prOlec t,o n nd . n .uto.....l ie l'fn4)I!rll ur. e."ntrol Iyll.m. It can poIOlec t the 1 0 ud tpol. 1ltrs .nd . mp h" "
'\IIun Il OtmI9t.
Kit
_ _
S39 .liIS
TA-' OOOA
HIGH QUALITY PRE-AMPLIFIER WITH 10 BAND EQUALIZER
$ 44.50
TE R MS: $ 10 mi n or6tf I $20 m in charge ean:l 0 ' " I Check, m oney 0 ' " Of' pftOM 0I'dIr aoeeptld I W. ship UPS GrOl.lnd I Add 10% o f to g l orOIr Imin $2.601 101'" Ih ippi "",. OI.ItlidI USA D:l 2'0% Imin 16 .001 I Tr_It Inturanet: D:l 5'" of to tal .... 10000uidlUS.... onl y) I CA ,..lOInti D:l ..... t.. I All merc l'llndiM tu~ to prlOl'" I PTioet tub6lct 10 ch""", without no tic. I Any IIOQ6I; ~ to be defective. MUST BE RETURNE D IN ORIG INA L fORM WITH A COPY OF YOU R INVOICE WIT HIN JO DAYS FOR REP LACEMENT .
MARK V ELECTRONICS INC.,

248 EAST MAIN STREET SUI TE 100 ALHAM BRA CA 9180 1 TELEX 3716914MARK5
IIiiiII Only fo r orders
1-800 -423-3483 TOLL FREE
paid b y M alter or V ilaca rd ~
rz:nl
IN CAL.: 1-800 -521-MARK
IN FORMATION : 1-818-2821196 MAI LORDER :P.O.BOX6610 ALHAMBRA. CA91802
\Nhat's New at
AMERICAN DESIGN COMPONENTS? 5%", 5%" 5%" W
e warehouse 60,000 ite m s at Am erican Design Components expen siv e , oft e n hard -to-fi nd co mponen ts fo r sale a t a fraction of their original cost! You 'll find e ve ry part you need eit her brand ne w , o r re m oved from equipment (RFE) in e xce lle nt con dition . But quantities a re limited . Ord er from thi s ad , or visit ou r retail showroom and find e xa c tly what you need from th e thousands of items on display.
OPEN MON. - Sat .. 9-5
"The Source" of the electro-mechanical components for the hobbyist.

5" COMPOSITE VIDEO MONITOR
10Mb HA RD DISK DRIVE
FULL HT. DISK DRIVES
1/2 HT. DISK DRIVES
THERE'S NO RISK.
With ou r fu ll 90 -da y warranty , any pu rchas e can be retu rne d for any reaso n for full credit or ref und .
HmtUltlJUmr/flIlWllUtuUm :
48/96 TPI 1 .2 Mb, (AT Compat.) Compat.) Double sided/double density, lull DS/single-double density; 80 track. (IBM!> height drive. 48 T.P.I., 80 tracks. Mlr - Panasonic #J U-475 Compat.) Item #100 05 $119.00 New Fit s sta ndard sv.. " spaci ng . Sho ck Mlr - Tandon TM100 -2 rntd, Hi gh speed, low power. Item #7928 $79.00 96 TPI, DS/Ouad Density Mlr - SeagatelTandon 3,2 Compatible) (DOS 210r $ 1 5 0 . 0 0 Item #13260 $159.00New 96 TPI, DS/Quad Density Tandon TM55- 4; DS/Quad Item # 1904 $79.00 Controller Card lor above Mlr - CDC #940 9T Item #10 150 $89.00 Item #1893 $99.00 2 lor $150 .00
48TPI
(IBM'"
5%" FLOPPY DISKETTES
115 CFM MUFFIN FAN With Adjustable
.Speed Control
27 CFM MINI FANS 115VAC; 50/60Hz.;
12/24 VDC : -__.:= MUFFINTYPE FANS
lt.....
(Less printer)
No'wiring necessary
ADAM
ing, brushless, ball-bearing type. 1 Yz ' STANDARD l ' Thin:5 plastic blades with 7 metal blades feathered edges. Dim.: 3... sq. x 1Y,' deep Mlr - Centaur #CUDC24K4-601 ijust plugs together). Item #8 54 1 $19.95 New Single side/singledensity; 16 hard minu m housing. Can be mounted NEW - Rotron #SU2A1 Hook-up f or blowing or exhaust. Item #5970 $7.95 1 Yz ' Standard; 5 plastic blades diagram included . Inc ludes : Keyboard, 1 cas- secto rs. Mlr - Xerox #11R61630 Dim .: 4"/'."sq. x 1 Y2"deep. Mlr - Centaur #CNDC24K4-601 USED Rotron Item #14 637 sene digita l dat a drive, 2 game con tro llers. Item #12 10 9 $14.95 RFE Pack= Item #1873 $5.95 0110 $9.95 New Item #534 $8.95 power supply, & one casse tte . Capable of run-I-_ ....:.:= ..:.:. ..:::.;= = :..:.::::.:.:..L..--,....;= .:..::.= =55 :....= = = ...!-_ _....::=..:...:.::..:.::......:::..:==~~:.::...:=:::=~~:-;;:;.:.::~~~ ning CP/M, has built-in word processor. MAGNIFYING American's Item #74 10 Complete - $99.00 LAMP 115 VAC/60 Hz.. 21W., 28A.. 3100 RPM; 5-blade model, alu-
12 W . Low no ise lev el fans, can be mtd. for blowing or exhaust.
55/100 CFM 8 W. Can be mounted lor blowing or exhaus t . Aluminu m ho us-
5%"
DISK DRIVE
Gives your Adam fast,
IBM PC/XTCOMPATIBLE COMPUTER.

Contains:
......
reliable data storage & retrieval. Can hold up

directl y to yo ur Ad am m emory conso le.
l..
to 160K bytes 01 inlormation. Uses indu stry-stendard SS/DDdisks. Connects Comes w/disk drivepower supply, Di sk
M anager disk and owner's m anual.
Mlr - Coleco, model 7817 Item#12830 LikeNew - $199 .00
2 56K RAM ; XT/AT Style Keyboard; 5 ~ .. Full-Height Floppy Disk Drive 10 Mb Full-Height Hard Disk Driv e Hard Disk & Floppy Disk Controller Cards Color /Monoch rome Monitor Card (mon itor not included).
Mu lti posit ion , 30",
completely adjustable
sw ing arm w/3-way metal C clamp . Has 4 " diop te r magnify ing lens, w / ruler . Porcelain lam p socket, & on/off switch; uses up to a 60W
bulb. Color: 8eige. ULlisted. Item #1313 6 $24.95 New Ite m # 1 4 3 31
$549.95 New
NEON TRANSFORMER (Hi-Voltage)
- BATTERIES FANS - BLOWERS GELL CELL/LEAD ACID BATTERIES . . . RECHARGE A8LE - Used lor solar
energy storage , alarm systems, remote control boats . robots , etc.
COLECOVISION
GAME (Factory returns tested good!)
Complet e, less top cover plate. Frict ion
TIMEX-8INCLAIR 1000 & ZX-81 CASSETTES

STA TES &. CAPITA LS
leed . Takes standard paper 8 Y, ' x 11 ",

(Customer ret urns; tested operationaL)
Item #8 839
$69 .50
Cons ists of 13 asso rted cas settes. May inclu de: Mone y Analyzer II, Stetes & Cepit e/s, Casino Crapsl St etis tic, The Csrpoo /er, lind othelS.
7300VAC @5Ma.
May be used for powering neon light s, replacin g oil burner ig nit io n tr ansfo rme r. bu ilding Jacob's lad-
~ ~.-::
_ ..._ mx=
der (spark gap). A high-volt. output : % qui ck connect ter mi nal & case ground input full y enclosed
=.';:".
~ J~
Item #14 6 51 Set 011 3 PLUG-IN POWER SUPPLIES
metal case. Weight: 12 Ibs. Sase mount: 4 Y, 'H x 5...W x 6',,' Item #15 1 $9.95 RFE
NICAD BATTERIES
(Rech ar ge abl e )
Fd
" "V
!
cotecovtsion t o Adam
Expansion Kit
o Z o a:
Cf)
J ust
Expansion Module # 2
o W
IW
....I
is
a:
122
' + 5 VDC, .9A Mlr - GE 123233 or equiv. -5 VDC .. 1A Item #5443 $5.95 New Incl. Turbo cart. + 12 VDC,.3A "Item #13 146 $39.95 New Input: 120 VAC /60 Hz.. .25A " "0" CELLS _ ~. . Mlr - Coleco #554 16 Dual Pack Roller Controller Item #188 2 $4.95 New 2 .4V@1 .2Ah Incl. Slither cart. 2 D cells , stacked & series con9VDC ADAPTOR Item #13 147 $39 .95 New nected (easily ganged for carryInput: 115 VAC, 50 /60 Hz. ing). Recharge in 12-14 hrs. OA Super Action Output: 9.5V@ l A. Dim. : 2%'W x 3',,' H x 2 ' deep Dim.: 1Y,' dia. x 4Y,' L Controller Set Mfr:Commodore#2 51539-01/02 Item #121421packo121 $5.95 :~~~~f;~::art$ 3 9 . 9 5 New jormlrs.J 5 packs/ $ 2 5 . 0 0 Item # 939 3 $5.95 New IMa
COMPUTER/ GAME plugs into yo ur Coleco Visi~n . ADAPTOR Item #99 18 $59.50
Output:
1 2 V @ 450 rna <::. Contains 10 AA cells. Recharge rate: 45 rna. 16-18 hours.
'---
Dim. : 2 /,. "H x 1 1A " W x 2 " /,. " L
liThe First Source" - for electromechanical & electronic equipment and components - AMERICAN DESIGN COMPONENTS!
EXTERNAL DISK DRIVE CHA SSIS
.!
COMPUTER GRADE POWER SUPPLY
PC 8300 HOME COMPUTER

(Advanc ed ve rsion of the Timex 1000)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.
Lineer . . .
LH0 0 02 CN LM10CLH LH0070-0H TL071CP TL072CP LM301N LM307N LM310N LM3 11 N LM3 17 K LM3 17LZ LM317MP LM317T LM3 18N LM3 19N LM324N LM334Z LM336Z LM3 3 7M P LM3 37T LM338K LM 3 39 N LF347N LM348N LM350K LF353N LF356N LM35BN LM380N LM380N-6 LM36 1N LM383T LM385Z LM386N-4 LM389N LM393N LF398N LF411CN TL494CN TL496CP TL497ACN NE555V XR-L555 LM556N NE558N NE564N LM565N LM566CN LM 56 7 V NE570N NE571N NE592N LM748CN $ 5.35 2.6 5 3. 5 5 .53 .7 1 .3 2 .4 1 1.16 .41 2.65 .62 .80 .9 0 1.07 1.07 .3 5 1.07 .9 8 1.03 1.3 4 3.55 .44 .90 .62 3.55 .53 .8 0 .4 4 .6 0 .9B 1.1 6 1.3 4 1.70 .BO .90 .4 1 2. 15 .71 1.75 1.34 1.97 .2 6 .62 .53 1.07 1.75 .9 0 1.2 5 .8 0 2.24 1.75 .80 .53 DS8T28N $ 1. 57 LM1456V 1.7 5 .44 LM 14 58N LM1488N .6 2 LM1496N .9 0 LM1899N 1.43 .9 0 ULN2003A DS26 LS31 CN 1.3 4 DS26 LS32CN 1.34 LM2 90 1N .53 LM2903N .5 3 LM2907N 1.7 5 LM29 17N 1.39 LM29 17-1 4N 1.3 4 LM293 1CT 1.0 7 .9 0 MC3346P _ MC3486 1.34 MC3 487 1.34 SG3524 1.75 LM3900N .53 LM39 14N 1.75 RC4136N .80 RC4151NB .90 RC4193N81D E)2.65 7805K 1.21 781 2K 1. 21 7815K 1.21 7818K 1.21 7824K 1.21 7805T .4 4 7812T .4 4 7815T .44 7818T .4 4 7824T .4 4 78540 1.75 7905K 1.2 1 7906K 1.21 7912K 1.2 1 7915K 1.21 7918K 1.21 7924K 1.21 7905T .53 7912T .53 7915T .53 7918T .53 7 92 4T .53 .53 79L 12AC 79L15AC .53 LF1320 1N 2.33 LM13600N 1.0 7 LM1889 1.8 5 7 5 10 7N .9 0 75 108N .9 0 75 110A 1.3 4 7 511 5 7 5123N 751 2 4N 75138N 7 5154N 75450N 75451CN 7 5452CN 7 5453CN 75 463N 75472 7 549 2N 7 64 77 $1.0 7 1.34 1.34 2 .65 1.2 5 .53 .4 4 .4 4 .4 4 .5 3 .80 .7 1 3 .5 5
W ith 60 W pow er supply Ifan coo led). Can accommodate: 2 full ht . drives our item #7 92 B 2 flo ppy drives . # 19 04 1 hard drive & 1 floppy # 13250 Input : 115 / 23 0 V , 50 160 Hz. Originally for Burroughs co mputer. Dim . : 11" W x B" H x 12" deep It em #14 54 1 $59.50
Othsr uses-runs CB & CII' rll dkJs. Comes f88dy to plu g Inl DC Outp ut : - 5V @ .5amp. + 5V@ 3amp. + 12V @ 6 amp. Input 115V/ 60H z. Dim. : 9 %" W x 3 %" H. (Rubber ft. incl.) Item #9 50 1 $24.95 New
Z8000 Series . . .
Z80 Z80 -CTC Z80-DART Z80 -DMA Z80 -PlO Z80 -SIO/1 Z80A Z80A-DART Z80A-DMA Z80A-PIO Z808 Z8 0 8-CTC Z808-PlO $1. 5 7 1.61 4 .45 4 .4 5 1.6 1 4 .4 5 1.66 4 .72 5.35 1.75 3 .55 4 .4 5 4 .4 5
SWITCHING POWER Insides of the COMMODORE COMPUTER SUPPLY
115 & 230V, 47 -440 Hz. Input : 90- 13 5V/ 18 0 - 2 70 V Outpu t : 5VDC @ 5. 5A + 12VDC @ .4 A - 12 VDC @ .3A Perforat ed met al case enclos ure. Dim. : 9 Y," L x 3 Y,"W x 2" H. Mfr - General Instr ument Item #7 9 8 3 $14 .95 New
"=
EPROMS...
TMS2532 TMS2564 2 70 8 TMS2 7 16 2716 27C16 2 73 2 2 73 2A2 5 2 7C3 2 . 2764-25 2 764A-25 27C64 27 128-25 27128A-25 27256-25 27C256-25 68701 68705 $3 .55 8.05 3 .55 5.99 2 .24 8.9 5 2.50 2.95 9 .8 5 2.95 2 .95 6 .25 2. 6 5 4 .45 7 .15 12 .55 9 .95 9 .9 5
COMMODORE/AMIGA POWER SUPPLY
+ 5V @ 8 amps . + 12V @ 1 amp . -5V @2 50 ma. Input : 110V AC/6 0 Hz., 20% Dim.: 12" L x 3 %" H x 5 %" D EncL in alum . housing. Fan coo led . Mf r - Shindenger Elect ric
DC Output :
MC68701 - an B-bit single chip microcomput er unit, enhances th e capabilities of the M6BOO family. TTL compat . Req. one + 5V pow er supply f or nonprog . operation. Incl. 2K eprom, 12B byt es RAM, serial comm. interface ISCII, parallel 1 /0 & 3-fu ncti on programmable timer. Item #94 96 (house #) $9.95 MC68705 - HMOS, B-bitmed. perform. microcom puter. On-chip resources: 3776 byt es eprom, 112 byte s RAM. B inputs & 24 programm able bidirectional out puts . Self-programming boot strap. Item #13 60 8 $9.95
6800 Series . . .
6800 6821 68A09EP $2 .12 2.72 5.95
Ite~l ;~:~g;XD $19 .95 New

COMPUTER & GAME - EQUIPMENT STEPPING MOTORS for ROBOTICS. , .
Prtlcision steppe rs with lncrem en ts from
Fig. 2 Fig. 1
Sh aft
f:, \'3-'
1'/, ' L
dia .
'"
x %"
..
~~~~~
cO 7 to 7.5 degrees. 15 , Speeds up to 5 ,000 steps . ~
...J
~
9 '/,, ' L ~
x
Sh aft
~~
1Je"
d ia .
Item
Stall St ep Volt s Torq ue o. / in Type Mfr . & Part No. Fig Price 17 PM N.A. Phillips 1 $9.95 ea. AB23 10 -M2 21 $14.95 Contains 10 full-length expansian slot s Iw/guidesl . Wit h room for an inte rnal 5 %" hard disk drive. Has 3 half-height disk drive slots . Rear onl off sw itch , notched to hold in pow er supply Inot lncl .], and security switch w /key. Item # 12 2 6 6 $49.95 New
Provides vokage regulation & ultraisolation for microprocessor-based equipment. Contains less than 3 % harmonic distortion , better than
12V DC. Mt d. in metal housing. Schematic

su pplied .
No. Anglo DC 5431 5 527 5 1.B 7 630 1.B 1.B 3 .0
g~n~~i~ad~~~~~~e";'f~~C~~n&
monitor, & 6 ft. line cord. Input: 95 - 130 V, 60Hz . Output : 120V @ 1.17A Dimen.: 11',I, "L x 4'/,H x 5',I, "W Mtd on metal base w /rubber ft . Mfr - Sola #63-13-114 Item #99 99 $99.00 New
12" , Green Phosphor

It em #6 8 11
$19 .95
New
72
200
9 ", Amber
It em #14 3 3 2 $14.95 New COMPUTER/COPIER SUPPLIES CART/STAND
PM Superior Elect ric 20 M061-FF-6 20 18 PM Superior Elect ric M092-FT-402
2 $19.95 ea. 21 $37.50 2 $34.50 ea. 2 / $ 5 9, 5 0
AMERICAN DESIGN COMPONENTS, 62 JOSEPH STREET, MOONACHIE, N .J. 070 7 4

YES! Please send me the following ite ms :
Item No How Many? Description Price Total
M y c he ck or m on ey ord er is enc losed . C ha rg e m y cr ed it card . 0 V isa 0 M ast er C ard 0 Am ex
MINIMUM ORDER
$15 . RE -12 7
Card No. Exp. Date

Signat ure Telephone: Area Code Number
M et al cabine t w /wood fi nish f ormica t op . On 2'" swiv el casters . Has 2 sliding doors & 2 inside shelves. Easily assembled. OA Dim.: 3 2 " H x 30 "W x lB" deep Cabinet Dim . : 20 Y," H x 30 " W x l B" deep Weight : 63 lb. Item #14 5 3 8 $49 .95 New
Total Shipping & handling, we ship UPS unless othe rwise specified . Add $3 plus 10 % to tal. " all I"li'c c Canadian: $3 plus P.O. cost . Charge only . With StJ/J/J/e Sales Tax (N.J . residents only, el< ef}- tneT/t please add 6 % of totall Dreier . ORDERTOTAL
Name
Add ress City State Zip

All inq uiries and free catalog requests call 20 1-939 -2 7 10.
s:
::0
m o m
CD
For all phone orders, call TOLL-FREE
800-524- 0809. /n New Jers ey, 201 -9 39-2710.

123
QUALITY PARTS '" DISCOUNT PRICES ". FAST SHIPPING!
ALL ELECTRoniCS (ORR OO[L[L ~[L~CSlJw@OUDCS@ CS@w[16

, ( i0
BLACKLIGHT ASSEMBLY
c o JJ-l 5 l r l l u KE
..0-
48 KEY ASSEMBLY
Mouser' 25LM044 Highly se ns itive mini micr ophone . 6" wire leads. 0.39" da i, X 0. 27" high. Omni di rectiona l. Ope ra tes on 2- 10 Vdc less tha n 1 rnA. l K impedance. 50 t 8 K Hz range .
~
e.
NE W T.I. KEYBOARDS.
Complete, functioning ~ assembly includes ballast, on-off switch, power

cord , socke t s and F4TS -BL bl ac kli ght . Mounted
CATI MKE-I $1.00 EACH
Origi nally used on co mputers, th ese keyboa rds contain 48 S.P.S .T. mechanical switches. Te r mina t es to 15 pin conne ct or . Frame 4" X 9"
CA TI KP -48 $3 .50 each
VIC 20 MOTHERBOARD
on 8 7 1/8" X 3 1/ 8" me tal pla te . Use [or spe cial ef fect s light ing or e rasi ng EPROMS.
CA T' BLTA $ 10.0 0 EAC H
PUS HBUTTON PHONE
26 IC's including 6502A a nd 6560. 2 ea . 6522, 2 ea . 812S, 2 ea . 901486, 3 ea . 2114. Not guaranteed but great tor repl acement parts or experi mentat ion.
V - 20 15.0 0 e ch
SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

~ ~I 1 ,:"" -
1mA METER
- St r engt h- met er- wl t h- K L M - - logo . 1/4 11 X 1 3/4 " X 7/8" deep.
Modut e c 0-1 rnA signal
Compa ct, well regu lated swit ching power supply designed to power Texa s Instruments co mpute r equipment.
- INP UT: 14::2 5 va c C l a mp OUTPUT: +12 vdc 350 rna . +5 vdc 0. 1.2 a mp
CA TI MET- 2 $2 .00 each
NI-CAD CHARGER /TESTER

cha rge r and tester
DELUXE univ er sal
-5 vdc ~ 200 rna. SIZE: 4 3/ 4" sq uare . Inclu des 18 vac ~ 1 a mp wall tr a nsC orm er desig ned t o power this supp ly.
Bopla 'BO 718L
to r almost every
size Ni-cad battery a vailable. CATI UNCC- N $15 .00 each
RECHARGEABLE NI-CAD BATTERIES 9" X 8 1/ 2" X ' " AAA SIZE 1.25V 180mAH $2.25~~ ~~~~~~==~ AA SIZE 1.25V 500mAH $ 2 .0 0 $2.2 0 AA w ith solder tabs C SIZE 1.2 V 1200mAH $4.2 5 SUB-C SIZE s o ld er tab $ 4 .2 5 4.25 D IZE 1.2V 1200mAH MP DE T A I CAPACITORS 2N2222A Sta ndard Jum bo Diffu sed T 1- 3/4 Size 1,400 MFD 200 VD 3 fo r $1. 00 10 fo r $1.5 0 2" die , X 3" hig h PN2222A RED 100 fo r $1 3.00
Vented top a nd bottom . Blac k plastic with rem ovable e nd panels.
CAT' PS- TX $5 .00 / set 10 for $45.00
P.C . mount 5 amp cont acts 150 ohm coil Size: 1 1/ 411 X 1 3/ 4" X 7/8 "
CATI 4P RLY-12PC 10 fo r $30.00 $3 . 50
IGHT ACTIVATED MOTION SENSOR

Th is de vice contains a
phot ocell whic h senses sudden change in ambient
~g:~~rC::~c~t~e:r as
CATI LSMD
rn
s
oo~~~mUJlo 0 I I ~Ef3.
0
10AMP SOLID STATE

Control: 3-32 Vdc Load: 10 AMPS, 120 Vac Size : 2 1/2 " X 3/ 4" X 7/S 11
modified to t rigg e r other devi ces. 5 1/2" X 4" X I ". Operates on 6 Vdc. Requ ire s 4 AA batteries (not incl uded).
$5.75 pe r unit
CAT ' SSRLY -IO A $9 . 50 10 for $85.0 0
TRANSFORMERS
SWITCHES
ra ted 5 Amps S .P.D.T. (ON-ON)
MI NIA TURE TOGGLE SWI TCHES
CA TI CG - H2 0 $2. 00
4 for $1.00
25 AMP SOLID STATE

OPTO 22' 240D25 TTL cornpatable, I INPUT: 3-32 VDC OUTPUT: 25 AMPS 24 0 VAC SIZE: 2 1/ 2" X 3/ 4" X 7/ 8" CATI SSRL Y-252 4 $15. 00 each
CA T' LED-I
,5 0 0 MFD 200 VDC

3" dia, X 4 3/4 " h .
CA TI CG- 75 $4 .00
2N290 4
3 (or $1.0 0
1000 for $110 .00 10 fo r $2.00 100 for $17 .00 1000 fo r $15 0.00
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2N2905
3 fo r $1 . 00
GREEN CA TI LED- 2
brushing P.C. mount . 7Sc each
Non threaded
~
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CAT' MTS-40PC 10 for $7. 00
2,000 MFD 25 VDC

2" dia , X 4 3/ 411 h. C ATI CG-22 $2. 50
'!' ."
2N305 5
$1. 00 each
2,000 MFD 15 VDC

2" die , X 4 3/8 " h. CA T' CG -13 0 $3.50
PN3 5 69
10 for $1.00
WALL TRANSFORMER
11. 5Vdc 1. 95 AMP .
Al B SWITCH
JV C ' P U53593- 2 Hig h
~ ,, ~-
Input : 120 Vac

SIZE : 3 3/4" X 2 7/ 8" X 2 5/8 " CA TI DCT X-115 1 9
quali t y AlB switch. Measures:
~ ,. IU
['ljI-
S.P.D.T. (ON-OI N Solder lug terminals. CAT' MTS-4 $1.00 ea ch 10 for $9.00 D.P.D.T. (ON-ON Solder lug terminals . , CATI MTS-8 $2.00 each 10 for $19.00
I)
MINI PUSH BUTTON

S. P.S .T .
$6.5 0 each
33/4" X I 7/16" X I ". 75 OHMS IN/ OUT CATI ABS-2 $3.5 0 each
UPPLY
Solid sta te, CUlly regula t ed 13.S Vdc powe r supplies. Both feat ure 100% so lid st a te const ruc tio n, fuse prote ct ion a nd LED power indica to r. UL list ed. 2 AMP CONSTANT, 4 AMP SURGE
CA T' DVP-412 $22 .50 ea ch 3 AMP CONSTANT, 5 AMP SURGE CA TI DVP- 512 $30.0 0 each
mome ntary. Push to ma ke 1/4" brushing. Red button.
CA T' MPB-I 35c each 10 fo r $3. 00
/tt~:/.
XENON FLASH TUBE

~
3/4 " long X 1/8 " dia .

CATI PLT- I 2 fo r $1 .00
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SOUND AND VIDEO MODULATOR STORES: LOS A NGE L ES 905 S. VERMONT AVE. LOS ANGELES, CA 9000 6 (213)3 8 0-8 0 0 0 V AN NU Y S 6228 SEPULVEDA BLVD. VAN NUYS, CA 91 411 (818)99 7-1806 MAIL ORDERS TO: ALL ELECTRONICS P.O.BOX 567 VAN NUYS...I CA 9 140 1' TEL EX TWX-5 101 01 0163 ALL ELECTRONICS
Fo rei g n Cu stome r s Send $1 . 5 0 pos ta g e fo r FRE E Cata lo ! !
8 0 0 - 8 2 6 - 5 4 3 2
INFO:(818)904-o524 FAX :(81 8 )781 -2653
aUANTITES LIMITED MINIMUM ORDERS S10.D e a ! C CALIF. ADD SALES TAX VJS4 USA: 13.00 SHIPPING FOREIGN ORDERS: INClUDE SUFFICIENT IPPING
OUFREE
TELEP HONE COUPLING TRANSFORMER

STANCOR , TTCP- 8
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TIl UMI381- 1. Designed Cor use with T.I. comput ers . Can be used with video cameras, games or ot her audio /video sour ce s. Built in A/B switch e nables user to switch C rom T.V. antenna without disco nnection. Operates on cha nnel 3 or 4. Require s 12 Vdc. Hook up diagra m inclu ded.
CATI AVMOD $5.0 0 each
600 ohms c.t. to 600 ohms c.t . P.C . boa rd mount.

3/4" X 5/8" X 3/4 " C ATI TC T XS
$2.50 ea ch
ltadl8 Ihaek Etart I Etlaee

HOLIDAY VALUES AT A STORE NEAR YOU
Special Order Hotline
No Postal or Shipping Charge _ Fast Service _ No Minimum
Your Radio Sh ack sto re manag er can spec ial orde r parts and acce ssor ies not a part of our reg ular stock . Th ese item s inc lude lin ear and digi tal ICs, microprocessors , diod es , sern lconductors, tub es , phono sty li, c rysta ls and more . We 'll ca ll yo u whe n it arrive s- in abo ut a wee k.
FM Receiver on a Chip
NEW! NolF Transformers Needed
TDA7000 . Com bines RF mi xer, IF and demodulator stages in on e mo nol ith ic IC. Just what you need to bu ild a sma ll, inexpensive mono FM band receiver, rep eater mo nito r or pub lic servi ce ba nd monitor with a mi nimum of exte rnal compo nents. Frequ ency-l ocked -loop syste m wi th 70 KHz IF. Includes pinout and application notes. #2761304 5.95
\\\
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Reference Cuide and How-TO Books

Essentials For - - -N EW ! -Yo ur-Test-Bench - - - I
NEW! 1988 Semiconductor Reference Guide. Over 80,000 types. 288 page s. #276-4011 3.99 Getting Started in Electronics. Basic electro nics 2.49 proje cts. 128 pages . #276 5003 Timer IC MiniNotebook. Learn to use the ve rsatile 555 and 556 ICs. 32 pag es . 99c #276 -5010
Add Speech to Your Computer
SP0256AL2 Speech svnthesizer. Easy to interface with most computers . With data. Requires 3.12 MHz crysta l (spec ial order). 28- pin DIP. #276-1784 . .. . 12.95
CTS256AL2 Text to Speech IC. Tran slates ASCII charac te rs into control data . Require s 10 MHz crysta l (spec ial ord er). 40-pin DIP. #2761786 16.95
First-Quality ICs
With Pin-Out & Specs
4000-Series CMOS ICs Cat. No. Type 4001 276240 1 4011 276 -2411 4013 276 -2413 40 17 27624 17 276-2449 4049 276-2466 4066 Each .99 .99 1.19 1.49 1.19 1.19
Sight 'n Sound

--.~
project Cases
AUdio Hookups
(1) NEW! (3)

Blu e styrene plasti c . Internal slots for PC board s. With sc rews .
(6)
b'
. "'.
~.
(5)
(7)
Line Driver ICs for Data MC1488 RS-232 Quad Line Driver. For se nd ing per iph eral data. 14pi n DIP. #276-2520 . . 1.29 MC1489 RS-232 Quad Line Rece iver. Use with abo ve. 14pin DIP. #276 -2521 1.29 CMOS & Bipolar Timers TLC555 . L o w-p o w e r C MO S . Same pin -out as 555 but operates up to 2 M Hz. 8 -pin DIP. #276-1718 1.39
(1) NEW!Brilliant RUbyRedLEDWith Holder. #276-088 1.79 (2) TriSound-Siren Buzzer. Three extra-loud outputs. #276-072 .... 5.95 (3) Pulsing Buzzer. Outputs80dB, 2 Hz pulse. #276-058 . . . . . 2.99
Size 4 x 2 xl =' 6"

4 x 2 7h 6 X 1'116"
431. x 2'12 x 1 '116"

/8" 6 X 33f16 X 17
7 1 /2 X 4 1 I3 x 2 ' /~ "
Cat. No. 270-220 270-221 270-222 270-223 270-224
Each 1.69 1.89 2.19 2.69 2.99
Fig. Description sfor mer 4 1:1 Audio Tran 5 '/8' Jack to '13," Plug lug 6 '/8" Jack toPhono P 7 Two '/8" Jaok to '/8" P lug
Cat. N o. 2731 374 274381 274-387 274-307
E ach 3.49 1.79 1.99 3.99
Micro Controls
(8)
parts Bargains ~
RS-232 Hardware
(16)
II;
NEW!
011
-:-.-;::
Fig.
Oescnptlon
Cal. No.
Each
(8) Variable Tuning Capacitor, 335 pF. #272-1337 . . 4.95 (9) s-weu , 25-0hm Rheostat. Wire wound pot. #271-265 ..... 2.99 (10) High Precision Thermistor. Range - 50 to + 11 0 C. #271-110 1.99
11 Circuit Breaker. 2 Amps 2701310 1.99 12 Fuses. Therm. 270 132011321 .89 13 Pigtail Fuse Ada pter Clip 2701219 .99
(16) RS-232lnline Tester. Diagnose interface problems in micros and periph-
.4 OPOT Rel.y. 3 A. 125AC 270206 275 617 15 SP ST O n/Oft SWitch

Moment ary Version 275618
4.99 1.59
1.49
erals. #276-1401 . . . . . .. ... 14.95 (17) RS-232 Spike Protector. AC line protection is not enough-Guard each port to be surel #276-1402 .. . . . 16.95
Soldering Tools/Supplies Dual-Track Split Supply

(18) (19) W@~e:;;;;:;;~
Bench LCD Multimeter

Low As $15
Per Month .
Choice of Independent Or Slave Operation Variabte0-1 5 VDCor series up to 30 VDC. Delivers rockstableDC at precisely the voltages you need. In trackinp
mode, a single control lets you adjust both voltages
SI-
Manu al/Autoranging Stores MiniMax Values The 31-segment analog bar graph displays input peaks
and trends. Transistor checke r, diode-checker, memory function and buzzer continuity checker. Measures to
multaneousl y. Independentmodeto adjust voltagesseparately . VolUammeter . UL listed AC. #22-121
1000VDC, 750 VAC, 10 ACIDC amps, 30 megohms resistance. Impedance: 10 megohms. #22195
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Over 1000 items in stock: Binding posts, Books , Breadboards, Buzzers, Capacitors, Chokes , Clips, . . ~d Coax , Connectors , Fuses , Hardware, ICs , Jacks, Knobs, Lamps , Multitesters, PC Boards, Plugs, V Rectifiers , Resistors, Switches, Tools, Transformers, Transistors, Wire, Zeners and more! A DIVISION OFTANDY CORPO RA TtON Revoiving credit from Radio Shack. Actual payment may vary depending on purchases. Prices apply at participating Radio Shack stores and dealers
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ADVERTISING INDEX
RADIO-ELECTRONICS does not assume any responsibility for errors that may appear in the index below. Free Informat ion Number
81 108 107 103 106 195 A.I.S. Sate llite . AMCSales . . All Elect ro nics . AllenW.lI . . Amazing Devices . . Amer ica n Relian ce Amway 77, 205, B&K Pr ecision 206, 207 B&K Precision 208 98 85 109 B&K Precision Beckm an Industrial Blue Star Industries C & S Sales . . . . .
Page
. 80 .3 6 . .. 124 .. . 83 .... 106 . 37 . . 99 .3 .3
. .. . 3
190 127 82
Daet ro n Deco Industries . . Digi-Key .
126 . . .. . ... 80 .8 1 . . 120 . . 112 73 113 80. 8 1 78 71 194 80 110 20 1 56 101 78 196 184
NRI.
34 . 18 27 . . 99 .. 8 1 .. .. . . . . . . . . 24 .. ... .. . . . .. . . .. . 99
.
New-Tone Electr onics

NuScope Associates . . OC TE Electr onics Omnitron . PC Plus . .
Paci fic Ca hle
Digita l Resea rc h Co m puters . . . . Elec. Industr y Association . . Electronic Technology Today 120. 180 Elephant Electronics 100 121 191 62 86 59 Firestik II . . . . . . . Fluke Mfg. . . . . . . Ford ham Radio GEl. Grantha m College of Engineer ing Ham eg . . . Heath . . ISC ET ... .. .IDR In stru ment s .. 113, 181 JDR Microdevices . 182, 183 JDR M icrodevices . . 114 104 197 87 93 63 61 117 Ja meco . . .. . . . . . Jan Crysta ls . . . . . Jose ph's . . . . . . . . . . . Laser's Edge MCM Electro nics . . . . Ma rk V. Electronics . . Micro- Mart . . . . Micropr ocessors Unltd . Mouse r . . . . . . . .
Amer ica n Design Com ponents . . 123. 122
107 . . 110 5 28 125 . 46 . .. . . . . . . . .. . 76
Parts Express . . . . . . . Pomon a Electro nics
38 CV4 110 25 35 .. 78 . . 13 116. 117 .. . . .. .. 118. 119 . . . 115. 114 37 33 99 109 . . 12 1 . . 111 . . . 99 . . . . 32
Pre ntice -Ha ll/Co llege Division Radi o Sha ck Regency . . SE L La bs.
.... . 26 . 81 16
. .. . . . 15. 14
17(., 177 Sencore . . 178, 179 Sencore . 51 74 73 92, 185 198 123 199 192 53 186 Silicon Valley Sur plus . Solid Sta te Sa les ---....Sta r Circ uits ... TSM Tektronix
Tentel .
. . . 39. 4 1
. . 43. 45 106 108 32 CV3 . . .. . . . 23. CV2 . . . . . . .. 36 ... ... . 17
. . . . . .. . . . . 44
H
188
crn . .. . ..
Cahletronics . .......... Ca r ibbean Electronics
. .8
. . 81 . . 34 75 ..... . . . . 8 1 81 . . . . . 26
...7
- -50 - - Caig . .
193 52 79 202 55 189 187
Chenes ko Products . Circ uit Cella r Comma nd Productions Communications Electronics Compsta r . . . Contact East Cook's Institute . Crys tek . .
Test Prob es . U.S. Cable/Movie Time United Electro nic Supply United Imports . . . WPT Publications . Wolfer Productions . . .
. . 99 . 80 .. . 36 . . . . . . 44
22
38 .76 . . 99
COES YOUR DIGITAL CAPACITANCE METER CO THIS?I

FULL 4 DIGIT 0.5 INC H LCD DIS PLAY COMP LETELY AUTORANGING W ITH 10 RANGE MANUAL CAPAB ILITY
AND THIS
RANGE O F 0 .0 p F to 1 FARAD (999.9 mF) 0 .5% BASIC ACCURAC Y UP TO 100 uF
AND THIS
IDENTI FIES TRANSIS TORS (NPN. PNP) AN D TH EIR LEA DS (E, B, C. ETC.)
AND THIS
REA DS DIELE CTRIC ABSORPTIO N
AND THIS
TESTS ZENER DIODES AND RECTIF IERS. UP TO 20V ZENER W ITH AC ADAPTOR, ZENER VOLTAG E W ITH 9V BATIERY DEPEND S ON ITS CONDITI ON
AND THIS
EXTENDED PSEUDO 5 DIGIT RESOLUTION ON SOM E RANGE S ONLY
AND THIS
ABI LITY TO ZERO LARGE CA PACITA NCE VAL UES UP TO 99.99 uF
AND THIS
AUTOMA TICAL LY CA LCULATES LENGTHS OF CAB LES IN FEET. M ETRES. MILES, KILOM ETRES (THE ORETIC AL RANG E OF 9,999 MILES)
AND THIS
CA LCULAT ES TRUE CAPACI TA NCE I F CA PACITOR IS LEA KY
AND THIS
ABILITY TO SORT CAPACITORS I N MAN Y DIFF ERENT MOD ES
AND THIS
DIODE CLA MP AND FUSED PROTECTED I NPUT. DISCHARG E RESISTOR IN OF F POSITION AT TERMINA L INPUTS. POWERED BY 9V BATIERY
ONE YEAR PARTS & LABOUR WARRANTV
Gernsback Publications. Inc. 500-B BiCounty B lvd . Farmingdale. NY 11735 (516) 293-3000 President: Larry Steckler Vice President: Cathy Steckler For Advertis ing ON LY 516-293-3000 Larry Steckler publisher Arline Fishman advertising director Shelli Weinman advertising associate Lisa Strassman credit manager Christina Estrada adve rtis ing as s is ta nt SALES OFFICES EASTISOUTHEAST Stanley Levitan Eastern Sales Manager Hadio-Electronics 259 -23 57th Avenue Little Neck. NY 11362 718 -428-6037. 516-293-3000 MIDWEST ITexasl Arkansasl Okla. Ralph Bergen Midwest Sales Manager Radio -Electronics 540 Frontage Road-Suite 339 Northfi e ld. IL 60093 312-446-1444 PACIFIC COASTI Mountain States Marvin Green Pacific Sales Manager Radio-Electronics 5430 Van Nuys Blvd. Suite 316 Van Nuys. CA 9140'1 1-818-986-2001
AND THIS
ABILITY TO READ LEA KY CA PAC ITANCE (INSULATION RESISTANC E OR CURRENT)
AND THIS
CALCU LATES TIME CON STANTS W ITH USER DEFINED RESISTANCE VALUES
FOR ONLY THIS
AND THIS
HOL D FUN CTI ON FREEZES DISP LAY SH IPPING INSTRUCTIONS : All units shipped out F.O .B. Buffalo NY via United Parcel Service (except Hawaii & Alask a) unless othe rwise indicated (in which case shipments will be F.O.B. Can ada) PLEASE SEND ME _ _ _ (Q UANTITY ) MCaOO (S ) CARRYING CAS E U.S. FUND S _ _ _ _ _
i'
$ 169 .95
$_ $_
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MODEL
16.95 9.95 ACADAPTOR SHIPPING AND HANDLI NG @" 55 .00 PER INST RUMENT [ jCHECK [ IVISA
s s
$ _ __ $_ __ $ _ __
MC300
Appro lt.SIz,
T . . ... ' .
[ 1MONE Y ORD ER
[ I MASTERCARD TOTAL SIGNATURE
$ ___
I!)DAETRON
a division of Bergeron Technologies Inc. 7686 KIMBEL STREET. UNIT 5 MISSISSAUGA, ONT. CANADA L5S 1E9 (416)676-1600
[ I CARD NO . EXPIRY DAT E NAM E ADD RESS CITY STA T E
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ZIP CO DE
DEALER ENQUIRIES INVITED

ELECTRONICS KITS Mike Roth Sales Inc. 1430 South Village Santa Ana. CA 92705
~N .
20 65 BOSTON POST ROAD, LARCHM ONT, NY 10538 TEL 9 14-937-2447 OR 9 14-834 -7 190
~~==d )J ~ ;. TSM ~=~ ~'l~~%::~ 212 LOWOPERA TNO VC<.TAGE.

$ 2' .77 ;. ffT
$ 17 . 5 0
DlGrTAL, CLOCK, 5116- READ OlIT; POWER SUPPLY 12V D.C /0.2A WITH HOUR AND M NllTE SETTNG carrACt.S ::
p .e.B . SYMBOLS
SPOT TSM 220 AND T5M 221 CQMPATIBL
CCNmOlED 8Y A MICROPHONE.
POWER S UPPLY 1'lVI lA. OUTPlIT 0.5A . MODU.ATCR SAFE 3 -CHAN'-lEl LIGHT
0=
11 2 19 1
OD
Ion
100 $2.00 each
$ 2 ' .30 "':: : AUDIO PONERMOOlLE 7f1N PEAKPOWER : 35W RMS , INPUT SENSrTlVY "'7Kl6 00mV
O lJTPl/T 04a'6n POWER SUPPLY39V D.C. .. ' SA
:t ~SM
TSM 157 SA
,.,
$40 .00
TSM 9
$ " .00
AUDIO PREN.4PlIAER FOR OUrTAA; NP SENSlnVV047KfSmV.OUlPUTLEVEL , 047Kfl . 6V , VOLUME CONTROL VARIA8lE : POWER SUPPLY 25V D.C. I O.IA
DIGITAl CLOC K AND U P T O 204 MN 11100 S C HRGlOM ETE R. COUNT-DOWN CAPAB ft.. ITY FOATHE ClOCK . POAIER SU PPLY 1'N D.C . OR A.C.
0=
00
tm
e~
191 000 $2.00
TSM 177
$33 .20
TSM 34
$ .
1.
DlGrTAL VOL TM ET ERS 0 V T O 999 V D.C. POWER S UPPLY 12V D.C./OI.5A
00 125 In - 2 191 300 $2 00 each
STE REO RIM PREMtPlIAER; ~ PUT S ENSI TIVY 047K13 mV , O UT PUT 700 mV , P()\.\IER S UP PLY t2V D.Ci O. lA
TSM 206
$10 .15
METR ONOME ; POWER SUPPlY 9 12V D.C.
00
1.5610
112191 0100 S2 00 each
TSM 210 TSM 35

MICROPHON E STEREO PRENAPL IFIER; lNP LTTSENS rTlVY 5m VI2 000 OR M ORE . O UTP UT POY-JERSUP PLY 12V D.C .
$10 .50
TSM 214
n .5 0
sa. 18
R.ll.Y AANoc:MlSED aECTRCNC DCE, POWE R SUPPLY 9 - 12V O.C JO,1A
a-e~B.. CATERPLAR. SAFE LO'N VOLTNJE OPERATION l$NQ lSM 220 ANC 221 SPOT . 9V D.C l 0.5 A
M2 191 500 $2.00 each
a:::
OD
2,n
roonv,
TSM 54
10 . 1 A
.: ., TSM 67
$3 8 . 7" STEREO AMPlIFIER 2XAOWPEN< POWER SEN$ITIVY INPlIT " 7KlJ 00rnV. Ol/TPUT 2 .5f&O. Va..UME. BALANCE . BASS . TREBLE,~. PCMlER SUPf\.Y 12V D.C. 314 A .
TSM 122
$ 13 .85 R.4 TRAN3MrTTER. PO'NER SUPPL Y 9V D. C. I 0, 5A
$13 . '
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0.506;(1
0.15m
l in
ALL-B AND FMNHF/UHF ANTENN A. 20dB AM PLI FIE R-. PO WER SUPPlY 8112V D.C /
$82 .50
TSM 31
8 $14 .77 FM STffiEO DECOOER. PONER SUPPlY

12V D .C . I 0. 1A
HCME PA()(3,AM.4ER. 04 DEVICES C ~. 20 PROGRM4S. Cf>ERATION WITH RELAYS POWER SUPPLY 12V D.CJO.8A.
A _2 192 100 S2.00 each
00
fID
S 2' .77
24 T UNE DOOR CHIME. O UTP UT 31 04 W Ans POWER SUPPLY 12V D.C /1 A.
$18 . 8 8 AUDIO POW ER MCOUlE. fI:1N PEN< PONER 25W RMS, INPUT S ENSIT IVY 800 mVf47K
O lJTP UT IM PEO.ANCE 41&1 POWER S UPP LY
A tl2 191 200 S2 00 each
o..s;~
2",
TSM 62 TSM
335
$13 .00
CA R ANT ENNA PRE AMPLIFIER MWi\.W/FM , P 1
TSM
123
$46 .15
40V e .e.l2A
TSM 11
$15 .50
A UOIO AM PLl A ER30W PE N< POWER, 15W RMS . INPUT S ENS ITIVY 47K11SOmV, 2. 5 T O n OUTPUT. COM PLET E WITH vct.. W E, BASS , TREBlE cc:NT AC:t.; PO'N ER $UPPlY
$15 .'5 PHY$IQ.OO C TO\IE CCNTAa., STEREO .
SOUND CO\Iom<:::t-.lER,OllTPUT LEVa 800mV TO BE e<:::NNECTED TO AMPLI FIER AU XILIA RY ~ PUT . PONER SUPP LY 1'N D.C.
TSM 220
$25 .30
INPUT IMPE DAN CE 1SOrnVll 60K . OUTPlfT EVB.. 800rnV. POWER SU PPLY 25V D.C .
TSM 78 LNIVERSAl ALA .... FOR

HOME AND CA R, DELA YED EXrTTIME . AD JUST.ABLE SOLND,t,lAAM .T .AM PER PA<:X>F . OPERAT1ON WITI-l CCNrACT SWITCHES . POW ER S UPPL Y 12V D.oO,15A $33 .23
64 LED'S SPOT FOR SAFE UOHT MODU. . ATtON . SUPPlIED WITH BOX.
C~
~LB ~
~~
156 in
..2 191 800 $200 each
12116V O C. /2 14.
TSM 58 $ 33 .70 AUOk) POWERMOOLl.E9(1N PEN< PONER

045W RMS ; INP UT SE NS ITI VY 47K1800 m V OUT PUT 4fl1Ml. PO WER SUPPLY 39V 0.Cl3
TSM 2 13
$ 16 .20
500 In
TSM
121
$17 . 5 '
SAFE LOW Va..T AG E 2WAY CAT EAPIL AA
16LED DtSPLAY THEAMCMETER ; PONER SUPP LY 15118 V D.C .l 0.15 A
~~~~~1H~O~C:~~~~~M I ~"';~"";';";';';""""~
POWER S UPPLY 12VIO.5A.
112191 800 $2.00 each
1~~
TS M 18
$12 .97
AUDIOAMPll R EA 15W PE..6J(POW ER,7.5 W RM S,INPUT S ENS ITlVY 47K/ 150 mV, 2 .5
TSM
105
$ 15 .15
TSM 221
$17 .20
TO 8 n OUTPUT . CCM Pl ETE WITH VO- WE BASS, TREBLECCNrRa.., POY-JER SUP?\.. Y 12/ 16V D.C . / 1.5A
,,~
ELE CTRONIC ALA RM SI REN, an IMPED.ANC Eo 10 WAns RAT ING . POY-JERSUPPL Y 1'N D.C. , HO Ff'l S PEAAER ~T INCl UDED.
25 LEO'S SPOT FOR SAFE L IGKT' MOD UL ATION . SUPPliED WrTH BOX.
TSM 19
$52 .05
. TSM 146
$3 3 . . .
TSM 85
$22 .52
AUD IO 240W PEAK PO WE R, 120W RMS
SENSITIV ITY J,7K/ 0.8 V.OUT PUT " n. THO 0.3 "1ft, R ES PO N S E 15 HZ -100 KHZ . POWER SUPPlY 79V MAX. HEATSINKS NOT INCLUD ED W ITH THE K IT.
5TEREO<s B...... OSEOU"lIZER . SUPPLIED WrTH ' 0 POT'B'mCMETERS. FAEOl.JNCY

RESPONSESOHZT015KHZ,PO'NERSUPPL :
TIME DELAY SYSTe.1 FROM l SE C TO 15 M INUTES . POWER SUP PLY 12V D.C.
~=======~~ I ~1~;~1f
I 2
~4Itn
2
100m
0611n 3 300m 200 each
x 12V
D.CJO.2A
..:'
$18 .88
TSM 69
$15 . 3
TSM 66
$ 16 .50
TSM
147
ALIDO POAIER MC:OLLE 4f:NI PEAK PON ER 20 W RMS , INPUT S ENSITIVY 047K1300rn V OUT PUT 2.5180 POYIER S UPPLY 12V D.C .2
TB..EPHONE AMPli A ER WITH It-lDLC l1 VE PICKUP AND S PEAK ER. ADJ UST ABL E V a..UME, PO WER S UPPLY 9112V D.C / O,l
MaN::) 5 B.'N DS EOU.ALIZER ,SUPPLIED WITH
5 PO'fEIo/OCl.<ETERS.FREOlJB'<:Y RE 5PCNSE
50 HZ TO 15KHZ , POY-JERS U PPLY 2 X 12 V D .C .l 0 .1 5 A.
TSM
168
$12 . 2
$22 .66 STEREO AM PliFIER 2 X 2CN1 .

INPLIT 047 K1300 mV , O VT P LIT 2,5180 S UP PLIED WITH HEATSI NK N-.lD B,ALAN CE , VQ.Lt.4E , BASS , TREB LE , f'OIN ER SUP PlY 2V 0 C./2 .5A ST EREO AMP . 2 X sow PE AK . INPLTT S ENS rTlVY 047K1300rnV OLITPLIT .van . SUP PLIE DWITH HEAT SIN K AND BAlANCE , Vcx..UM E , BASS , TREBLE CO NT Ra..S. POYI ER SU P PLY 40V D.C .I2 A.:J
TSM 68
t.:6OUITO REPBl.ER POWER so..JFCE 9VD.C .
TSM 86 SM 88
$36 . 5 0
B..ECTAC::N C MONO AEVEABE RA"T'tCN SYSTEM . POW ER S U PPlY 1'N D.C .
TSM 2 V2
-,
$22 .2 0
M2 1 9~ BOO 52 00 each
- ....
000 ....
TSM
155/1
$41 . 30
$38 .77 ~G8'-lEAATClR, FREQUENCY AN'>IGE

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3 2fffl PEAK PO\"I ER AMPlIAER M::)[) LL E . an OUTPUT IMPEDANCE INPUT 047K1800mV FREaJEt-lC Y RESP O>SE 15HZ TO &<HZ, POWER SU PP LY 2 X 040VD.Ci6A. HEATSIN'<S NOT Il\k;LUDE D IN T HE KIT.
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Fordfiall1 800-645-9518
InNY State 8008321446

Re - 1987-12

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-II- X-MAS BUILD A HI-TECH TREE

BUILD A DIGITAL IC TESTER

COMPUTERIZED TESTER WORKS IN OR OUT OF CIRCUIT

THE EARLY DAYS OF RADIO

A NOSTALGIC LOOK AT IMPROVEMENTS IN AUDIO

THE RIGHT WAY TO USE AN OSCILLOSCOPE

THE THEORY YOU NEED TO PUT THEM TO WORK

COM MITTED TO EXCELLENCE

Copyrig ht c e, 1987, Tektronix, Inc . All rig hts reserved , TTA-798-1

CIRCLE 92 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

December 1987 EI" al

Thomas L. Jozwiak 49 MACROVISION STABILIZER

D. Dupre 55 INCIRCUIT DIGITAL-IC TESTER

Bill Green 67 R-E ROBOT

Steven E. Sarns 69 PC SERVICE

Gregory D. Carey, CET

64 THE EARLY DAYS OF RADIO

David Lachenbruch 35 EQUIPMENT REPORTS

Robert F. Scott 74 SATELLITE IV

Bob Cooper, Jr. 77 DRAWING BOARD

THE JANUARY ISSUE

BUILD AN UNINTERRUPTABLE POWER SUPPLY

a: ce HANDHELD DIGITAL IC COMPARATOR/

tJ TESTERS FEATURE 20 CHANNEL

~ B&K-PRECISION's Model 550 and 552 IC

a: by comparison to a known good reference in

~ PROGRAMMABLE IC TESTER TESTS TTL,

BRIAN C. FENTON M anagin g Editor

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BNC FEMALE TO PHONO PLUG: MODEL 2957

NEWl Scanner Frequency Listings

OTHER RADIOS AND ACCESSORIES

TS2-RA NEW.' Regenc.A> :J T

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