CA Ex S1M06 Addressing The Network-IPv4

Network Fundamentals Chapter 6 Addressing the Network IPv4
CCNA Exploration version 4.0
Objectives

Explain the structure IP addressing and demonstrate the ability to convert between 8-bit binary and decimal numbers. Given an IPv4 address, classify by type and describe how it is used in the network Explain how addresses are assigned to networks by ISPs and within networks by administrators Determine the network portion of the host address and explain the role of the subnet mask in dividing networks. Given IPv4 addressing information and design criteria, calculate the appropriate addressing components. Use common testing utilities to verify and test network connectivity and operational status of the IP protocol stack on a host.
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Labs
Introduction

Addressing is a key function of Network layer protocols that enables data communication between hosts on the same network or on different networks. Designing, implementing and managing an effective IPv4 addressing plan ensures that our networks can operate effectively and efficiently.
IPv4 Addresses
IP Addressing Structure
6.1.1
32-bit address is expressed in Dotted decimal Network portion
Host portion
Octet
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Binary to Decimal Conversion

6.1.2.1
Positional Notation
Binary to Decimal Conversion

6.1.2.2
6.1.3 Practice Activity
Decimal to Binary Conversions

6.1.4.1
most-significant bit (msb)
10

6.1.4.2
11

6.1.4.3
12
6.1.5 Practicing Decimal to Binary Conversion
13
Subnet Mask
14
Defining the Network and Host Portions

6.4.1
The subnet mask is 32-bit pattern and created by placing a binary 1 in each bit position that represents the network portion and placing a binary 0 in each bit position that represents the host portion. The prefix and the subnet mask are different ways of representing the same thing - the network portion of an address.
00000000 = 0 10000000 = 128 11000000 = 192 11100000 = 224 11110000 = 240 11111000 = 248 11111100 = 252 11111110 = 254 11111111 = 255
16
17
18
ANDing
6.4.2
ANDing process: extracts the network

address from the IP address. Logical AND: 1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0
20
The ANDing Process

6.4.3
21
Addresses for Different Purposes
22
Type of Address in an IPv4 Network Three types of addresses

1. 2.
6.2.1
3.
Network address - The address by which we refer to the network. All hosts in a network will have the same network bits. Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all hosts in the network. The broadcast address uses the highest address in the network range. This is the address in which the bits in the host portion are all 1s. This address is also referred to as the directed broadcast. Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in the network
Type of Address in an IPv4 Network
24
25
26

6.2.1.2
The prefix length is the number of bits in the address that gives us the network portion.
27
Q/A: Bogon networks
28
Calculating addresses
6.2.2.1
29
Network, Hosts & Broadcast Addresses

6.2.2.2
30
Types of Communication
6.2.3.1 Unicast: Is used for the normal hostto-host communication in both a client/server and a peer-to-peer network. Uses the host address of the destination device as the destination address and can be routed through an internetwork.
31
6.2.3.2 Broadcast: The process of sending a packet A directed broadcast is sent to all from one host to all hosts in the network hosts on a specific network. Host processes a broadcast The limited address broadcast is used for destination packet like communication that is limited to the unicast address.
hosts on the local network.
32
6.2.3.3 Multicast: The process of sending a packet from one host to a selected group of hosts. Multicast transmission is designed to conserve the bandwidth of the IPv4 network. The multicast clients use services initiated by a client program to subscribe to the multicast group.
IP v4 Multicast Address ?
33
Lab 6.2.3.4
34
Reserved IPv4 Address Ranges

6.2.4
35
Q/A: Host Addresses

6.2.4
Which are addresses within

the address range used for special purpose ?
36
Q/A: Multicast Addresses

6.2.4
Link Local addresses ? Global scopred addresses ?
37
Public and Private addresses

6.2.5
38
Public and Private addresses
Private Addresses: are set aside for use in private networks. 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8) 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12) 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16) Public Addresses: are designed to be used in the hosts that are publicly accessible from the Internet. Network Address Translation (NAT): is used to translate private addresses to public addresses, be implemented on a device at the edge of the private network.
39
Activity 6.2.5.2
40
Special IPv4 Addresses

6.2.6
Network Addresses Broadcast Addresses Default Route 0.0.0.0/0 Link-Local Addresses 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 (169.254.0.0 /16) These addresses can be automatically assigned TEST-NET Addresses The address block 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0 /24) is set aside for teaching and learning purposes. These addresses can be used in documentation and network examples. Unlike the experimental addresses, network devices will accept these addresses in their configurations
Special IPv4 Addresses
42
Legacy IPv4 Addressing

6.2.7
Classful Addressing
43
Limits to the Class-based System

Classful allocation of address space often wasted many addresses, which exhausted the availability of IPv4 addresses.
44
Classless Addressing
Address blocks appropriate to the number of hosts are assigned to companies or organizations without regard to the unicast class.
45
Assigning Addresses
46
Planning to Address the Network

The allocation of these addresses inside the networks should be planned and documented for the purpose of:
1. 2.
3.
Preventing duplication of addresses: each host in an internetwork must have a unique address. Providing and controlling access: Some hosts provide resources to the internal network as well as to the external network. If the addresses for these resources are not planned and documented, the security and accessibility of the devices are not easily controlled. Monitoring security and performance: As part of the monitoring process, we examine network traffic looking for addresses that are generating or receiving excessive packets.
6.3.1.1
Within a network, there are different types of hosts: End devices for users Servers and peripherals Hosts that are accessible from the Internet Intermediary devices
48
An important part of planning an IPv4 addressing scheme is deciding when private addresses are to be used and where they are to be applied. Considerations:
1. Number of devices connected to the network more than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP? 2. Need to be accessed from outside the local network? 3. Supports NAT service?
6.3.1.2
50
51
Assigning Addresses
Static Assignment: The network administrator must manually configure the network information for a host.
6.3.2.1
Benefits ?
52
Assigning Addresses
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): enables the
automatic assignment of addressing information such as IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other configuration information.
6.3.2.2
Benefits ?
53
Assigning Addresses to Other Devices

6.3.3
54
Who Assigs the Different Addresses ?
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) ( http://www.iana.net ) is the master holder of the IP addresses.
6.3.4
55
ISPs
6.3.5
Internet Backbone ?
56
ISPs: Tier 1
The primary advantages for customers of Tier 1 ISPs are reliability and speed. The drawback for Tier 1 ISP customers is its high cost.
ISPs: Tier 2
Tier 2 ISPs generally focus on business customers. These tier 2 ISPs tend to have the IT resources to operate their own services such as DNS, email servers, and web servers. The primary disadvantage of Tier 2 ISPs, as compared to Tier 1 ISPs, is slower Internet access.
ISPs: Tier 3
The focus of these ISPs is the retail and home markets in a specific locale. While they may have reduced bandwidth and less reliability than Tier 1 and Tier 2 providers, they are often good choices for small to medium size companies.
59
Overview of IPv6
6.3.6
60
Overview of IPv6
Creating expanded addressing capabilities

was the initial motivation for developing this new protocol. Other issues were also considered during the development of IPv6, such as: Improved packet handling Increased scalability and longevity QoS mechanisms Integrated security
Overview of IPv6
To provide these features, IPv6 offers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
128-bit hierarchical addressing - to expand addressing capabilities Header format simplification - to improve packet handling Improved support for extensions and options - for increased scalability/longevity and improved packet handling Flow labeling capability - as QoS mechanisms Authentication and privacy capabilities - to integrate security
Overview of IPv6
IPv6 is not merely a new Layer 3 protocol - it is a new protocol suite. Because of the increased size of the IPv6 header, it also impacts the underlying network infrastructure.
Calculating Addresses
64
Basic subnetting
6.5.1.1
65
Formula for calculating subnets
The number of subnets = 2^n (n= the

number of bits borrowed) The number of hosts per network = 2^n -2 (n= number of host bits)
66
Basic subnetting
6.5.1.2
67
Basic subnetting
6.5.1.3
68
FLSM vs VLSM
Fixed Length Subnet Mask Variable Length Subnet Mask
69
Dividing Networks into Right Sizes

6.5.2.1
70
Dividing Networks into Right Sizes

6.5.2.2
71
http://www.vlsm-calc.net/
72
Subnetting a Subnet
6.5.3
subnetting the subnets
73
Subnetting a Subnet
74
6.5.4 Determining the Network Address
75
6.5.5 Calculating the Number of Hosts
76
6.5.6 Determining Valid Addresses for Hosts
77
Lab 6.5.7
78
Lab 6.5.8
79
Testing the Network Layer
80
Testing the Local Stack
Pinging the Local Loopback: 127.0.0.1
6.6.1
81
Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN
Ping Gateway
6.6.2
82
Testing Connectivity to Remote LAN
Use ping to verify that a local host can communicate via a gateway to a device in remote network
6.6.3.1
83
Lab 6.6.3.2-Ping
84
Testing the Path
Use tracert/traceroute command
6.6.4.1
Round Trip Time ?
85
Lab 6.6.4.2- Trace Route
86
ICMP v4 The Protocol supporting Testing and Messaging
6.6.5
ICMP is the messaging protocol for the TCP/IP suite. ICMP provides control and error messages and is used by the ping and traceroute utilities. ICMP messages that may be sent include: Host confirmation Unreachable Destination or Service Time exceeded Route redirection Source quench
87
ICMPv4
The purpose of these messages is to

provide feedback about issues related to the processing of IP packets under certain conditions, not to make IP reliable. ICMP messages are not required and are often not allowed for security reasons.
88
Lab 6.7.1 6.7.5
89
Q&A
Refer to the exhibit. Which network prefix will implement the IP addressing scheme for the LANs shown in the graphic?
90
Q&A
Refer to the exhibit. Host A is connected to the LAN, but it cannot get access to any resources on the Internet. The configuration of the host is shown in the exhibit. What could be the cause of the problem?
Q&A
The devices are recommended to be

assigned static IP addresses: servers network printers routers Switchs firewalls
92
Q&A
Which of the following are features of

IPv6 larger address space data types and classes of service authentication and encryption
93
Summary
94
Example
Major: 107.1.0.0/22 Lan1,6: 200H Lan2: 100H Lan3: 90H Lan4: 50H Lan5:30H Link: 2H
200H (/24) 107.1.0.0 lan1 107.1.1.0 lan6 107.1.2.0 107.1.3.0

100H, 90H 107.1.2.0/24 .2.0 2.128
/15
97
50H 107.1.3.0/24 .3.0 lan 4 .3.64 .3.128 .3.192
/26
98
30H .3.64/26 3.64 Lan5 .3.96
/27
99
Link 2H .3.96/27 .3.96 .3.100
/30
100
101

CA Ex S1M06 Addressing The Network-IPv4

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Network Fundamentals Chapter 6 Addressing the Network IPv4

CCNA Exploration version 4.0

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

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32-bit address is expressed in Dotted decimal Network portion

Binary to Decimal Conversion

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

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6.1.3 Practice Activity

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Decimal to Binary Conversions

most-significant bit (msb)

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Decimal to Binary Conversions

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Decimal to Binary Conversions

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6.1.5 Practicing Decimal to Binary Conversion

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Defining the Network and Host Portions

Defining the Network and Host Portions

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Defining the Network and Host Portions

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Defining the Network and Host Portions

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ANDing process: extracts the network

Defining the Network and Host Portions

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The ANDing Process

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Addresses for Different Purposes

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Type of Address in an IPv4 Network Three types of addresses

Type of Address in an IPv4 Network

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Type of Address in an IPv4 Network

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Type of Address in an IPv4 Network

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Type of Address in an IPv4 Network

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Q/A: Bogon networks

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Network, Hosts & Broadcast Addresses

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hosts on the local network.

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Reserved IPv4 Address Ranges

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Q/A: Host Addresses

Which are addresses within

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Q/A: Multicast Addresses

Link Local addresses ? Global scopred addresses ?