Hyperbola 1

1. DEFINITION
The hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves such that its distance from a fixed point called focus
is always e times (e > 1) its distance from a fixed line called directrix.
2. VARIOUS FORMS OF HYPERBOLA
2.1 Standard form
Let S be the focus and ZM the directrix of a hyperbola.
Since e > 1, we can divide SZ internally and externally in the ratio e : 1, let the points of division be A
and A' as in the figure. Let
AA'
= 2a and is bisected at C.
Then, SA = e. AZ,
SA' = e.
ZA'
SA + SA e(AZ ZA ) 2ae ' ' = + =
i.e., 2SC = 2ae or SC = ae
Similarly by subtraction, SA SA '
= e(ZA ZA) 2e.ZC ' =
y
B
B
M
P
S
x
A Z C
Z A
M
S
2a 2eZC ZC a / e. = =
Now, take C as the origin, CA as the x-axis, and the perpendicular line CY as the y-axis. Then, S is
the point (ae, 0) and ZM the line x = a/e. Let P(x, y) be any point on the hyperbola.
Then the condition PS
2
= e
2
. (distance of P from ZM)
2
gives (x ae)
2
+ y
2
= e
2
(x a/e)
2
or x
2
(1 e
2
) + y
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
) i.e.,
2 2
2 2 2
x y
1
a a (e 1)
=

... (i)
Since e > 1, e
2
1 is positive. Let a
2
(e
2
1) = b
2
. Then the equation (i) becomes
2 2
2 2
x y
1.
a b
=
The eccentricity e of the hyperbola
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
= is given by the relation
2
2
2
b
e 1
a
| |
= +
|
\
.
Since the curve is symmetrical about the y-axis, it is clear that there exists another focus
S'
at (ae, 0) and a corresponding directrix Z M ' ' with the equation x = a/e, such that the same
hyperbola is described if a point moves so that its distance from
S' is e times its distance from
Z M ' ' .
(i) Foci: S = (ae, 0) &
' S
(ae, 0)
(ii) Equation of directories: x =
a a
&x
e e
=
(iii) Vertices: A = (a, 0) & ' A = (a, 0)
(iv) Transverse Axis: The lines segment
A A'
of length 2a in which the foci
' S
& S both called
Transverse axis of the Hyperbola.
(v) Conjugate Axis: The line segment
BB' ( B

(0, b)) and ( B'

(0, b)) is called the
Conjugate axis of the hyperbola. The Transverse axis & the Conjugate axis of the hyperbola
are together called principal axes of the hyperbola.
(vi) Length of latus rectum =
|
|

\
|
'
|
|

\
|
a
b
, ae L ,
a
b
, ae L &
a
b 2
2 2 2
Hyperbola 2
Illustration 1:
Show that the equation x
2
2y
2
2x + 8y 1 = 0 represents a hyperbola. Find the coordinates of
the centre, length of the axes, eccentricity, latus rectum, coordinates of foci and vertices and equations
of directories of the hyperbola.
Solution :
x
2
2y
2
2x + 8y 1 = 0 (x
2
2x) 2 (y
2
4y) = 1
(x
2
2x + 1) 2(y
2
4y + 4) = 6
(x 1)
2
2(y
2
4y + 4) = 6
, ,
1
) 3 (
) 2 y (
6
) 1 x (
2
2
2
2
=

Shifting the origin at (1, 2) without rotating the coordinate axes and denoting the new coordinates
with respect to these axes by X and Y, we have
X = (x 1) and Y = (y 2) .... (i)
Using these relations, equation (i) is reduced to
, ,
1
3
Y
) 6 (
x
2
2
2
2
=
... (ii)
This equation is of the form
2
2
2
2
b
Y
a
X
= 1, where a
2
=
, ,
2
6
and b
2
=
, ,
2
3
Illustration 2:
Find the equation of the hyperbola whose foci are (8, 3) (0, 3) and eccentricity =
3
4
.
Solution :
The centre of the hyperbola is the midpoint of the line joining the two foci. So the coordinates of the
centre are
8 0 3 3
,
2 2
+ + | |
|
\
i.e., (4, 3).
Let 2a and 2b be the length of transverse and conjugate axes and let e be the eccentricity. Then the
equation of the hyperbola is
2
2
2
2
b
) 3 y (
a
) 4 x (

= 1 ... (i)
Now, distance between the two foci = 2ae

2 2
) 3 3 ( ) 0 8 ( +
= 2ae ae = 4 a = 3
|

\
|
=
3
4
e
Now, b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)

b
2
= 9
|

\
|
+
9
16
1
= 7.
Thus, the equation of the hyperbola is
7
) 3 y (
9
) 4 x (
2 2

= 1 [Putting the values of a and b in (i)]

7x
2
9y
2
56x + 54y 32 = 0
Hyperbola 3
Drill Exercise - 1
1. Find the coordinates of the vertices, foci, eccentricity and the equations of the directrix of the hyperbola
4x
2
25y
2
= 100.
2. Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus-rectum is 8 and conjugate axis is equal to half the
distance between the foci.
3. Find the coordinates of the centre of the hyperbola, x
2
+ 3xy + 2y
2
+ 2x + 3y + 2 = 0
.
4. Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x

= 1 which passes through (3, 0) and (3

2
, 2)
5. The foci of the ellipse
16
x
2
+
2
2
b
y
= 1 and the hyperbola
25
1
81
y
144
x
2 2
= coincide, then find the value
of b
2
.
2.2 Focal distance: The focal distance of any point (x, y) on the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= are ex a and
ex + a
2.3 Another Definition of the Hyperbola
The difference of the focal distances of a point
on the hyperbola is constant. PM and PM' are
perpendiculars to the directrices MZ and MZ ' ' .
PS PS e(PM PM) ' ' = .
y
M
P
S
x
Z C
Z
M
S
eMM e(2a / e) 2a ' = = = = constant.
2.4 Auxiliary Circle
A circle drawn with centre C and T.A. as a diameter is called the Auxiliary Circle of the hyperbola.
Equation of the auxiliary circle is x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
.
Note from the figure that P and Q are called the Corresponding Points on the hyperbola and the
auxiliary circle.
' ' u
is called the eccentric angle of the point P on the hyperbola 0 2 s < u t b g .
Hyperbola 4
2.5 Parametric Coordinates
The equations x = asecu and y = btanu together represents the hyperbola
x
a
y
b
2
2
2
2
1 = where
u
is a parameter. n other words, (a sec , b tan ) u u is a point on the hyperbola for all values of
u
.
(2n 1) , n I
2
t
= + e
The point (a sec , b tan ) u u is briefly called the point
u
.
Note : Equation of a chord joining
1
u &
2
u is
1 2 1 2 1 2
x y
cos sin cos
a 2 b 2 2
u u u + u u + u
=
.
General Note :
Since the fundamental equation to the hyperbola only differs from the that to the ellipse in having
- b
2
instead of b
2
it will be found that many proposition for the hyperbola are derived from those
for the ellipse by simply changing the sign of b
2
.
2.6 General Form
The equation of hyperbola, whose focus is point (h, k), directrix is lx + my + n = 0
& centricity e is given by (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
=
) m (
) n my x ( e
2 2
2 2
+
+ +
l
l
Illustration 3:
Find the equation of the hyperbola whose directrix is 2x + y = 1, focus (1, 2) and eccentricity
3
.
Solution :
Let S(1, 2) be the focus and P (x, y) be a point on the hyperbola. Draw PM perpendicular from P on
the directrix.
Then by definition. SP = ePM

2 2
2 2
2x y 1
(x 1) (y 2) 3
2 1
+
+ =
+
S(1, 2)
Focus z
z
M
2x+y=1
(x 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 3
5
) 1 y x 2 (
2
+
(x 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 3 {2x + y 1}
2
7x
2
2y
2
+ 12xy 2x + 14 22 = 0
This is the required equation of the hyperbola.
Hyperbola 5
Drill Exercise - 2
1. Find the equation of the set of all points such that the difference of their distances from (4, 0) and
(4, 0) is always equal to 2.
2. Find the locus of the point which satisfies
10 y ) 5 x ( y ) 5 x (
2 2 2 2
= + + +
.
3. Find the equation of a hyperbola with coordinate axes as principal axes and the distances of one
of its vertices from the foci are 3 & 1.
4. Find the parametric equation of the hyperbola 1
25
) 3 y (
36
) 5 x (
2 2
=
+

.
5. The foci of a hyperbola coincide with the foci of the ellipse
25
x
2
+
9
y
2
= 1, then find the equation of
the hyperbola if its eccentricity is 2.
2.7 Conjugate Hyperbola
The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axes are respectively the conjugate and transverse
axes of a given hyperbola is called the conjugate hyperbola of the given hyperbola.
e.g.,
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x y x y
1 & 1
a b a b
= =
are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
Note: If e
1
& e
2
are the eccentricities of the hyperbola & its conjugate then
2 2
1 2
1 1
1.
e e
+ =
3. ASYMPTOTES
Definition: If the length of perpendicular drawn from a point on the hyperbola to a straight line tends
to zero as the point on moves to infinity. The straight line is called asymptotes.
Let y = mx + c is the asymptote of the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= . Solving these two we get the quadratic
as (b
2
a
2
m
2
)x
2
2a
2
mcxa
2
(b
2
+ c
2
) = 0
In order that y = mx + c be an asymptote, both roots of equation (1) must approach infinity.
which are: coefficient of x
2
= 0 & coefficient of x = 0
or m =
a
b

& a
2
mc = 0 c = 0 ... (1)
Y
Q
B
P
A
C
R S
X
' A
' B

equation of asymptote are

0
b
y
a
x
& 0
b
y
a
x
= = +
.
Obviously angle between the asymptotes is 2tan
1
(b/a).
Hyperbola 6
If we draw lines through B, ' B parallel to the transverse axis and through A, ' A parallel to the
conjugate axis, then P (a, b), Q (a, b), R(a, b) and S(a, b) all lie on the asymptotes
x
2
/a
2
y
2
/b
2
= 0 so asymptotes are diagonals of the rectangle PQRS. This rectangle is called associated
rectangle.
Note:
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
= 1
b
y
a
x
C , 1
b
y
a
x
H
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
& A
|
|

\
|

2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
= 0
clearly C + H = 2A
{ H = hyperbola
C = Conjugate hyperbola
A = Asymptotes.}
Particular Case :
When b = a the asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola .
x
2
- y
2
= a
2
or y =
x
which are at right angles.
Note :
(i) Equilateral hyperbola : rectangular hyperbola.
(ii) If a hyperbola is a equilateral than the conjugate is also equilateral.
(iii) A hyperbola and its conjugate have the same asymptote.
(iv) The equation of the pair of asymptotes differ the hyperbola and the conjugate hyperbola
by the same constant only.
(v) The asymptotes pass through the centre of the hyperbola and the bisectors of the angles
between the asymptotes are the axes of the hyperbola.
(vi) The asymptotes of a hyperbola are the diagonals of the rectangle formed by the lines
drawn through the extremities of each axis parallel to the other axis.
(vii) Asymptotes are the tangent to the hyperbola from the centre.
(viii) A simple method to find the coordinates of the centre of the hyperbola expressed as a
general equation of degree 2 should be remembered as let f(x, y) = 0 represents a
hyperbola. Find
o
o
f
x
and
o
o
f
y
. Then the point of intersection of
o
o
f
x
= 0 and
o
o
f
y
= 0 gives
the centre of the hyperbola.
Illustration 4:
Show that the acute angle between the asymptotes of the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= (a
2
> b
2
) is
2cos
1
1
e
| |
|
\
, where e is the eccentricity of the hyperbola.
Hyperbola 7
Solution :
Equation of the asymptotes of the given hyperbola is 0
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
=
b
2
x
2
a
2
y
2
= 0
If
u
is an angle between the asymptotes, then tan
u
=
2 2
2 2
a b
b a

=
2 2
b a
ab

so that
u tan
=
2 2
b a
ab

cos = u ) 2 / ( ) b a /( a
2 2 2
+
= 1/e.
Drill Exercise - 3
1. Find the equations of the asymptotes of the hyperbola, 3x
2
+ 10xy + 8y
2
+ 14x + 22y + 7 = 0
2. Find the equation of the conjugate hyperbola of the hyperbola, 3x
2
5xy 2y
2
+ 5x + 11y 8 = 0.
3. The asymptotes of the hyperbola are parallel to 2x + 3y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 0. Its centre is (1, 2) and
its passes through (5, 3). Find the equation of hyperbola.
4. The ordinate of any point P on the hyperbola 25x
2
16y
2
= 400 is produced to cut its asymptotes in
points Q and R. Prove that QP.PR = 25.
5. Prove that the product of the perpendiculars from any point on the hyperbola
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
= to its
asymptotes is equal to
2 2
2 2
a b
a b +
.
4. RECTANGULAR OR EQUILATERAL HYPERBOLA
A hyperbola is called rectangular if its asymptotes are at right angles. The asymptotes of
x
2
/a
2
y
2
/b
2
=1 are y =

(b/a) x so they are perpendicular if b
2
/a
2
= 1 i.e., b
2
= a
2
, i.e., a = b.
Hence equation of a rectangular hyperbola can be written as x
2
y
2
= a
2
We give below some important observations of rectangular hyperbola.
(i) a
2
= a
2
(e
2
1) gives e
2
= 2 i.e., e =
2
.
(ii) Asymptotes are y =

x.
(iii) Rotating the axes by an angle 4 / t about the same origin, equation of the rectangular hy-
perbola x
2
y
2
= a
2
is reduced to xy = a
2
/2 or xy = c
2
, (c
2
= a
2
/2).
In xy = c
2
, asymptotes are coordinate axes.
(iv) Rectangular hyperbola is also called equilateral hyperbola.
Hyperbola 8
4.1 Rectangular Hyperbola referred to its asymptotes as axis of coordinates
(i) Equation is xy = c
2
with parametric representation x = ct, y =
t
c
,
R t e
~ (0}.
(ii) Equation of a chord joining the points P (t
1
) & Q (t
2
), x + t
1
t
2
y = c (t
1
+ t
2
)
(iii) Equation of the tangent at P(x
1
, y
1
) is
x
x
y
y
1 1
2 + = and at P(t) is
x
t
ty c + = 2
.
(iv) Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy = 2hk.
(v) Equation of the normal at P(t) is x t
3
- yt = c(t
4
- 1).
(vi) Vertex of this hyperbola is (c, c) and (-c, -c) ; focus is 2 2 c c ,
d i and
2 2 c c ,
e j
,the directories are x + y =
2 c
and L R c . . b g = 2 2 = T.A.= C.A.
Drill Exercise - 4
1. Find the lengths of transverse and conjugate axes, eccentricity and coordinate of foci and vertices,
length of the latusrectum, equation of the directrices of the rectangular hyperbola xy = 36.
2. The distance between the directrices of a rectangular hyperbola is 10 units, then find the distance
between its foci.
3. If a circle cuts a rectangular hyperbola xy = c
2
in A, B, C, D and the parameters of these four points
be t
1
, t
2
, t
3
and t
4
respectively. Then show that t
1
= t
2
.
4. If the tangent and normal to a rectangular hyperbola cut off intercepts a
1
and a
2
on one axis and b
1
and
b
2
on the other show that a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
= 0.
5. If a rectangular hyperbola circumscribes a triangle, prove that it also passes through its orthocentre.
5. POSITION OFA POINT P w.r.t HYPERBOLA
Let S = 0 be the hyperbola and P (x
1
, y
1
)
be the point and S
1

S(x
1
, y
1
).
Then
S
1
< 0 P is in the exterior region
S
1
> 0 P is in the interior region
Interior
region
Exterior
region
Interior
region
x O
y
S
1
= 0 P lies on the hyperbola
Hyperbola 9
6. LINEANDA HYPERBOLA
The straight line y = mx + c is a secant, a tangent or passes outside the hyperbola
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
=
according as : c
2
> = < a
2
m
2
b
2
.
Drill Exercise - 5
1. Find the positions of the points (7, 3) and (2, 7) relative to the hyperbola 9x
2
4y
2
= 36.
2. Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola x
2
4y
2
= 36 which is perpendicular to the line
x y + 4 = 0.
3. Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola 2x
2
3y
2
= 6 which is parallel to the line y = 3x + 4.
4. Find the point of contact of the line y = x 1 with hyperbola 3x
2
4y
2
= 12.
5. Find the value of m for which y = mx + 6 is a tangent to the hyperbola
100
x
2

49
y
2
= 1.
7. TANGENTAND NORMAL
7.1 Tangent
(i) Equation of the tangent to the hyperbola
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
= at the point (x
1
y
1
) is
1
b
yy
a
xx
2
1
2
1
=
.
(ii) In general two tangents can be drawn from an external point (x
1
, y
1
) to the hyperbola and
they are y - y
1
= m
1
(x - x
1
) and y - y
1
= m
2
(x - x
2
) , where m
1
and m
2
are roots of the
equation (x
1
2
- a
2
)m
2
- 2 x
1
y
1
m + y
1
2
+ b
2
= 0. If D < 0, then no tangent can be drawn from
(x
1
y
1
) to the hyperbola.
(iii) Equation of the tangent to the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= at the point ( ) tan b , sec a u u is
1
b
tan y
a
sec x
=
u

u
.
(iv) Point of intersection of the tangents at
u
1
and
u
2
is
x = a y b
cos
cos
,
sin
cos
u u
u u
u u
u u
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
2
2
2

F
H
G
I
K
J
+
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
.
(v) Equation of a chord joining
1
u &
2
u is
1 2 1 2 1 2
x y
cos sin cos
a 2 b 2 2
u u u + u u + u
=
.
(vi) y = mx
2 2 2
b m a
can be taken as the tangent to the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= .
Hyperbola 10
Illustration 5:
Find the equations of the tangents to the hyperbola 3x
2
y
2
= 3, which are perpendicular to the line
x + 3y = 2.
Solution :
Let m be the slope of the tangent to the given hyperbola. Then,
m (slope of the line x + 3y = 2) = 1
m
1
3
| |

|
\
= 1 m = 3
Now, 3x
2
y
2
= 3
1
3
y
1
x
2 2
=
This is of the form 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= , where a
2
= 1 and b
2
= 3.
So, the equations of the tangents are y = mx
2 2 2
b m a
y = 3x
3 9
y = 3x
6
Drill Exercise - 6
1. If the tangent at the point (h, k) to the hyperbola x
2
/a
2
y
2
/b
2
= 1 cuts the auxiliary circle in points
whose ordinates are y
1
and y
2
then prove that 1/y
1
+ 1/y
2
= 2/k.
2. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines x y = 0, x + y = 0 and any tangent to the
hyperbola x
2
y
2
= a
2
is a
2
.
3. The tangent at any arbitrary point P on
2 2
2 2
x y
a b

= 1 meets the line bx ay = 0 at point Q, then find

the locus of mid point of PQ.
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola 2x
2
- 3y
2
= 6 which is parallel to the line y = 3x + 4.
5. Find the conditions that a straight line with slope m will be normal to parabola y
2
= 4ax as well as a
tangents to rectangular hyperbola x
2
- y
2
= a
2
.
7.2 Normal
(i) The equation of the normal to the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= at point P(x
1
, y
1
) on the curve
1
2
1
2
y
y b
x
x a
+
= a
2
+ b
2

a
2
e
2
(ii) The equation of the normal at the point P (a sec
u
, b tan
u
)
hyperbola
u
+
u
=
tan
by
sec
ax
is 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= a
2
+ b
2
= a
2
e
2
.
Hyperbola 11
(iii) In general, four normals can be drawn to a hyperbola from any point and if o | o , , , be the
concentric angles of these four co-normal points, then o + + | + o is an odd multiple of t.
Drill Exercise - 7
1. Find the equation of normal to the hyperbola
16
x
2

9
y
2
= 1 at (4, 0).
2. The normal to the hyperbola
x
a
y
b
2
2
2
2
1 = drawn at an extremity of its latus rectum is parallel to an
asymptote. Show that the eccentricity is equal to the square root of
1 5
2
+
d i
.
3. If the tangent and the normal to the rectangular hyperbola xy = c
2
, at a point, cuts off intercepts
a
1
and a
2
on the x-axis and b
1
, b
2
on the y-axis, then find the value of a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
.
4. The normal at P to a hyperbola of eccentricity e, intersects its transverse and conjugate axes at
L and M respectively. If locus of the mid point of LM is hyperbola , then find the eccentricity of the
hyperbola.
5. If the normal at P to the hyperbola
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x

=1 meets the transverse axis in G and conjugate axis in

g and CF be perpendicular to the normal, from the centre then prove that
PF.PG = CB
2
= b
2
, PF. Pg = CA
2
= a
2
. Also prove that SG = e. SP (where S is the focus)
7.3. Chord of Contact of Tangents Drawn from a Point Outside the Hyperbola
Chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point outside the hyperbola is
T = 0 i.e., (xx
1
/a
2
) (yy
1
/b
2
) = 1.
Illustration 6:
From any point on the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= tangents are drawn to the hyperbola 2
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= .
Then show that the area cutoff by the chord of contact on the asymptotes is 4 ab
Solution :
Let P (x
1
, y
1
) be a point on the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= . Then, 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
1
2
2
1
= .
The chord of contact of tangent from P to the hyperbola 2
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= is
2
b
yy
a
xx
2
1
2
1
=
...(i)
The equations of the asymptotes are
0
b
y
a
x
=
and
0
b
y
a
x
= +
Hyperbola 12
The points of intersection of (i) with the two asymptotes are given by
x
1
=
b
y
a
x
b 2
y ,
b
y
a
x
a 2
x ,
b
y
a
x
b 2
y ,
b
y
a
x
a 2
1 1
2
1 1
2
1 1
1
1 1
+

=
+
=

Area of the triangle =

ab 4
b
y
a
x
ab 8
2
1
| y x y x |
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1 2 2 1
=
|
|
|
|

\
|

=
8. CHORD OF HYPERBOLA WITH SPECIFIED MIDPOINT
Chord of hyperbola with specified midpoint (x
1
, y
1
) is
T = S
1
, where S
1
and T have usual meanings.
Illustration 7:
Find the equation of the chord of the hyperbola 25x
2
16y
2
= 400, which is bisected at the point (5, 3).
Solution :
Equation of the given hyperbola can be written as 1
25
y
16
x
2 2
=
Therefore, equation of the chord of this hyperbola in terms of the middle point (5, 3) is (T =
1
S )
2
5x 3y 5 0
1 1
16 25 16 25
= = =
125x 48y = 481
Illustration 8:
Find the locus of the midpoints of the chords of the circle x
2
+ y
2
= 16 which are tangents to the
hyperbola. 9x
2
16y
2
= 144
Solution :
Let (h, k) be the middle point of a chord of the circle x
2
+ y
2
= 16
Then its equation is hx + ky 16 = h
2
+ k
2
16 i.e.,
hx + ky = h
2
+ k
2
... (i)
Let (i) touch the hyperbola
9x
2
16y
2
= 144 i.e.,
2 2
x y
1
16 9
= ... (ii)
at the point ( | o, ) say, then (i) is identical with
1
9
y
16
x
=
|

o
... (iii)
Thus
h 16
o
=
2 2
k h
1
k 9 +
=
|
2 2
k h
h 16
+
= o
and
2 2
k h
k 9
+

= |
Since ( | o, ) lies on the hyperbola (ii),
1
k h
k 9
9
1
k h
h 16
16
1
2 2 2 2
= |

\
|
+
|

\
|
+
16h
2
9k
2
= (h
2
+ k
2
)
2
Hence the required locus of (h, k) is (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=16x
2
9y
2
.
Hyperbola 13
9. PAIR OFTANGENTS
Equation of pair of tangents from point (x
1
, y
1
) to the hyperbola
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x

= 1 is
SS
1
= T
2
i.e.,
|
|

\
|
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
|
|

\
|
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
1
2
2
1
=
2
2
1
2
1
1
b
yy
a
xx
|

\
|

10. DIRECTOR CIRCLE
The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to a hyperbola is called its director
circle. Its equation is x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
b
2
.
Equation of any tangent to x
2
/a
2
y
2
/ b
2
= 1 is y = mx
) b m a (
2 2 2

... (i)
Tangent perpendicular to (i) is y =
, ,
2 2 2
b m / a x
m
1

... (ii)
Locus of point of intersection of these perpendicular tangents i.e., equation of the director circle can
be obtained by eliminating m between (i) and (ii).

(y mx)
2
+ (my + x)
2
= a
2
m
2
b
2
+ a
2
b
2
m
2
or (m
2
+ 1) x
2
+ (m
2
+ 1) y
2
= (a
2
b
2
) (m
2
+ 1)
Cancelling (m
2
+ 1), we get the equation of director circle as x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
b
2
.
Drill Exercise - 8
1. Find the number of point(s) outside the hyperbola
2 2
x y
1
25 36
= from where two perpendicular tangents
can be drawn to the hyperbola.
2. Find the equation to the chords of the hyperbola, 25x
2
16y
2
= 400 which is bisected at the
point (6, 2).
3. If m
1
and m
2
are the slopes of the tangents to the hyperbola
x y
2 2
25 16
1 = which pass through the
point (6, 2) then find the value of m
1
m
2
and m
1
+ m
2
.
4. If the chord through the points (a secu, b tanu) and (a sec|, b tan|) on the hyperbola
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x

= 1
passes through a focus, then prove that tan
2
u
tan
2
|
=

+
+

) 0 , ae ( focus for ,
e 1
e 1
) 0 , ae ( focus for ,
e 1
e 1
.
5. Tangents are drawn from any point on the hyperbola x
2
y
2
= a
2
+ b
2
to the hyperbola
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x

= 1,
then prove that they meet the axes in concyclic points.
Hyperbola 14
11. HIGHLIGHTS
(i) Equation of the tangent at P (t) is
t
x
+ yt = 2c where p is the point on the curve xy = c
2
(ii) Equation of the normal at P(t) is xt
3
yt = c (t
4
1). where p is the point on the curve
xy = c
2
.
(iii) Locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn from focus of the hyperbola
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1 upon
any tangent is its auxiliary circle i.e., x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
and the product of the feet of these
perpendiculars is b
2
.
(iv) The portion of the tangent between the point of contact and the directrix subtends a right
angle at the corresponding focus.
(v) Locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn from focus of the hyperbola
x
a
y
b
2
2
2
2
1 = upon
any tangent is its auxiliary circle i.e. x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
and the product of the feet of these
perpendiculars is b
2
. (semi C.A.)
2
.
(vi) The foci the hyperbola and the points P and Q in which any tangent meets the tangents at the
vertices are concyclic with PQ as diameter of the circle.
(vii) Perpendicular from the foci on either asymptote meet it in the same points as the
corresponding directrix and the common points of intersection lie on the auxiliary circle.
(viii) The tangent at any point P on a hyperbola
x
a
y
b
2
2
2
2
1 = with centre C, meets the
asymptotes in Q and R and cuts off a ACQRof constant area equal to ab from the
asymptotes and the portion of the tangent intercepted between the asymptote is bisected
at the point of contact. This implies that locus of the centre of the circle circumscribing the
ACQRin case of a rectangular hyperbola is the hyperbola itself and for a standard
hyperbola the locus would be the curve, 4(a
2
x
2
- b
2
y
2
) = (a
2
+ b
2
)
2
.
(ix) The tangent and normal at any point of a hyperbola bisect the angle between the focal radii.
This spells is reflection property of the hyperbola as an incoming light ray aimed towards one
focus is reflected from the outer surface of the hyperbola towards the other focus.
(x) If from any point on the asymptote a straight line be drawn perpendicular to the transverse
axis, the product of the segments of this line intercepted between the point and the curve is
always equal to the square on the semi conjugate axis.
(xi) If the angle between the asymptote of a hyperbola
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
= is
u 2
, then the eccentricity
of the hyperbola is sec
u
.
Hyperbola 15
(xii) If a circle intersects a rectangular hyperbola at four points, then the mean value of the points
of intersection is the midpoint of the line joining the centres of circle and hyperbola.
(xiii) A rectangular hyperbola circumscribing a triangle passes through the orthocenter of this triangle.
If i
i
c
ct ,
t
| |
|
\
= i = 1, 2, 3 be the angular points P, Q, R then orthocenter is 1 2 3
i 2 3
c
, ct t t
t t t
| |

|
\
.
(xiv) If a circle and the rectangular hyperbola xy = c
2
meet in the four points t
1
, t
2
, t
3
& t
4
, then
(a) t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
= 1
(b) the centre of the mean position of the four points bisects the distance between the
centre of the two curves.
(c) the centre of the circle through the points t
1
, t
2
& t
3
is
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
c 1 c 1 1 1
t t t , t t t
2 t t t 2 t t t
| | | |

+ + + + + +
` | |
\ \ )
.
Drill Exercise - 9
1. The chord of the hyperbola x
2
/a
2
y
2
/b
2
= 1 whose equation is x cos o + y sino= p subtends a right
angle at the centre. Prove that it always touches a circle.
2. Find the product of the length of the perpendiculars drawn from foci on any tangent to the hyperbola
(x
2
/a
2
) - (y
2
/b
2
) = 1.
3. Find the locus of the point, tangents from which to the rectangular hyperbola x
2
y
2
= a
2
contain an
angle of 45.
4. Show that the normal to the rectangular hyperbola xy = c
2
at the point t meets the curve again at the
point t
1
such that t
1
.t
3
= 1.
5. The asymptotes of a hyperbola are parallel to lines 2x + 3y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 0. The hyperbola has
its centre at (1, 2) and it passes through (5, 3). Find its equation.
Hyperbola 16
Answer Key
Drill Exercise - 1
1.
29 25
e , ( 5, 0),( 29, 0), x
5 29
= =
2.
4
3
3. (- 1, 0) 4.
3
13
5. 7
Drill Exercise - 2
1. 15x
2
y
2
= 15 2. pair of rays 3. x
2
3y
2
+ 3 = 0
4. x = 5 + 6 secu, y = 3 + 5 tanu 5. 1
12
y
4
x
2 2
=
Drill Exercise - 3
1. 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 and x + 2y + 3 = 0 2. 3x
2
5xy 2y
2
+ 5x + 11y 16 = 0
3. 6x
2
+ 13xy + 6y
2
38x 37y 98 = 0
Drill Exercise - 4
1. (LR) = (TA) = (CA)= 12
2
; e =
2
; foci
) 2 6 , 2 6 (
,
) 2 6 , 2 6 (
;
vertex = (6, 6), (6, 6); equation of directrices = x + y =
2 6
. 2. 20
Drill Exercise - 5
1. point (7, 3) lies inside ; (2, 7) lies outside 2.
x y 3 3 0 + =
3. y = 3x + 5, y = 3x 5 4. 4, 3 5.
20
17
Drill Exercise - 6
3.
2 2
2 2
x y 3
4
a b
=
4. y = 3x + 5 5. m
6
- 2m = 0
Drill Exercise - 7
1. y = 0 3. 0 4. e
Drill Exercise - 8
1. 0 2. 75x 16y = 418 3. m
1
+ m
2
= 24/11, m
1
m
2
= 20/11
Drill Exercise - 9
2.
1
2
2
b
3. (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
+ 4a
2
(x
2
y
2
) = 4a
4
5. 6x
2
+ 6y
2
+ 13xy 38x 37y 98 = 0