INDEX 243

INDEX
Iliac crest marrow 167 Osseous 167-169 Osseous coagulum 168-169 Wound healing and 199

Abscess, Periodontal 31 Clinical features 31 Diagnosis 31 Etiology 32 Prognosis 31-32 Radiographic appearance 31 Treatment 32 Accretions 68-72 Calculus 70-72 Plaque 69-70 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (also see HIV-Related Periodontitis and Immunosuppressed Patients Effect on the periodontium 102 Factors influencing therapy 102-103 Freeze-dried bone allografts and 169; 172 Prepubertal periodontitis and 28 Treatment response 101 Acrodynia 29 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans 64 Aging 100-101 Agranulocytosis 28 AIDS: see Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, HIV-Related Periodontitis, and Immunosuppressed Patients Air Abrasives Scaling and root planing 127 Allografts Composite 169 Demineralized freeze-dried bone 169 Freeze-dried bone 169 Iliac crest 169 Osseous 169-170 Alloplastic Materials 172-180 Advantages and disadvantages 172-173 Biphasic calcium phosphate 175 Ceramic matrials 173-178 Hard tissue replacement 172-173 Hydroxyapatite 175-178 Non-ceramic materials 172 Tricalcium phosphate 173-175 Anatomy and Anatomic Factors Accessory canals, endodontic therapy 225 Cementum 8-9 Connective tissue 4-5 Cuticle, dental 11 Endotoxin 9-10 Epithelium 1-5 Furcations 83-85 Gingiva 1-5 Oral mucosa 1-5 Other anatomic factors 87-89 Palato-gingival grooves 87 Probing and 37 Teeth and supporting structures 8-11 Temporomandibular joint 215-216 Antimicrobial Therapy Refractory periodontitis and 20 Juvenile periodontitis and 26 Autografts Autogenous intraoral bone 168 Bone blend 168 Cortical-cancellous 168

B
Bacteria Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans 64 Bacteroides 64 Composition 50-51 Disease activity and 50-52 Etiology and 63-68 Identification of 51-52 Microbiology and 63-68 Scaling and root planing, removal 123-125 Spirochetes 64 Bacteroides 64 Bleeding Histology 64 Indices 46 Upon probing 46-48 Bone Anatomy 10-11 Electrosurgery and 148 Gingivectomy and 140 Osseous surgery and 159-160 Probing depths and 38 Ultrasonic instrumentation, effect of 126 Bruxism 217-218 Bullous Pemphigoid Desquamative gingivitis and 15

Calculus Attachment 70 Attachment loss and 71 Composition 70 Defect depth and 71 Formation 70, 71 Healing and 71 Inflammation and 71 Mineralization 70 Morphology 70 Radiographic detection 72 Removal 118-119; 124 Toxicity 71 Cell Junctions 3 Cell-Mediated Immunity 75 Cementum Anatomy and histology 8-9 Electrosurgery and 148 Gingivitis, effect on 14 Removal 126 Chediak-Higashi syndrome 24; 28; 76 Cicatricial Pemphigoid Desquamative gingivitis and 15 Citric Acid Antibacterial effects 133 Root conditioning and 128-132 Tissues, effect on 132-133

244 INDEX Connective Tissue Anatomy and histology 4-5 Electrosurgery and 148 Gingivectomy and 150 .functional epithelium, influence on 7 Wound healing and 197 Crown Lengthening, Restorations and 232 Cuticle, Dental Anatomy and histology 11 Cyclosporin Drug-induced gingival hyperplasia and 102-103 Cyst, Periodontal 34-35 Clinical features 34-35 Histologic features 34-35 Lateral 34 IgG72 IgM73 Immunoglobulin 72 Implant 172 Inflammation 12 Juvenile periodontitis 23 Junctional epithelium 5 Lymphocyte 73 Lymphokine 73; 189 Macrophage 73 Malnutrition 99 Masticatory mucosa 1 Microaerophilic 63 Mitogen 73 Modified Widman flap 150 Mucogingival surgery 151 Mucosa 1 Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis 32 Neutrophil 73 New attachment 167; 180; 197 Occlusal trauma 89; 212 Opsonin 73 Oral mucosa Osseointegration 236 Osseous surgery 158 Ostectomy 158 Osteogenesis 167 Osteoplasty 158 Pellicle 69 Peri-implantitis 236 Periodontal abscess 31 Periodontal cyst Periodontal dressing (pack) 196 Periodontal regeneration 181 Periodontal surgery 145 Periodontitis 12 Fili 63 Plaque 68 Platelet-derived growth factor 189 Prepubertal periodontitis 12; 27-28 Prokaryote 63 Rapidly progressive periodontitis 23; 29 Reattachment 166; 180; 197 Refractory periodontitis 12 Regeneration 166; 180; 197 Repair 166; 180; 197 Repositioned flap 150 Root amputation 163 Root resection 163 Splint 212 Subgingival (seruminal) calculus 69 Supportive periodontal therapy 204 Supragingival (salivary) calculus 69 Surgery 145 Temporomandibular disorders 215 Temporomandibular joint 215 Tooth mobility 39 Transforming growth factor 189 Traumatogenic 212 Ultrasonic sealer 123 Dental Floss 107-108 Dentin Scaling and root planing, effect of 122 Desquamative Gingivitis Etiology 15 Systemic factors 15-16

Darkfield Microscopy Analysis of bacterial morphotypes and 50 Definitions Acute 32 Adult periodontitis 12 Aerobic 63 Allograft 167 Alveolar mucosa 1 Anaerobic 63 Antibody 72 Autograft 167 Biointegration 1236 Calculus 69 Canophilic 63 Capsule 63 Cell-mediated immunity 72 Cell wall 63 Chemotaxis 72 Complement 72 Cytokines 189 Dental splint 213 Early onset periodontitis 22 Electrosurgery 147 Eukaryote 63 Facultative anaerobic 63 Fibroblast growth factor 189 Fimbriae 63 Flagella 63 Flap 150 Food impaction 87 Fremitis 39 Furcation 83 Furcation invasion 82 Gingiva 1 Gingival crevicular fluid 48 Gingival cyst 34 Gingival hyperplasia 101 Gingivectomy 149 Gingivitis 12 Gingivoplasty 149 Graft 172 Growth factors 189 Guided tissue regeneration 180; 197 Habit 93 Hemisection 163 IgA73 IgD73 IgE73

INDEX Diabetes Mellitus 24; 94-97 Diagnosis 36-45 Endodontic-periodontal relationships 223 Examination and 36-45 Furcation 85 Implant therapy and 238-239 Mucogingival considerations 43-45 Periodontal abscess 32 Periodontal probing 36-39 Radiographs 40-42 Tooth mobility 39-40 Diet 99-100 Digital Imaging 42 Disclosing Agents 108 Disease Activity Bacterial flora 46-62 Bleeding on probing 36-48 Gingival crevicular fluid 48 4 9 Indices 52-61 DNA Probes 51 Downs Syndrome 24 Doxycycline Juvenile periodontitis and 26 Drug-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia 101-105 Cyclosporin 102-103 Nifedipine 103 Phenytoin 101-102 Treatment of 104 Microbiology and 63-68 Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis 33 Occlusion 89-93 Refractory periodontitis 19 Systemic factors and 95-104

245

Factitial Habits 93-95 Fibroblasts, Gingival 115-116 Flow Cytometry 51 Food Impaction 87 Furcations Anatomical considerations 84 Anatomy and invasion 82-87 Classification 84 Diagnosis 84 Invasion 82-87 Root morphology 84 Root resection and 164-165 Therapy 85

Early Onset Periodontitis 22-31 Juvenile periodontitis 23-27 Prepubertal periodontitis 27-29 Rapidly progressive periodontitis 29 Electrosurgery 147-149 Advantages 148 Guidelines for 149 Mechanism 147-148 ELISA 51 Endodontic Therapy Accessory canals 225 Anatomic considerations 225-226 Diagnosis 223 Lesions 223-224 Periodontal-endodontic considerations 223-226 Pulp and periodontium interrelationships 224 22 5 Root resection and 163 Endotoxin Anatomy and histology 9-10 Role in periodontal disease 65 Scaling and root planing 120-121;125-126 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 51 Epilepsy 101-102 Epithelium Anatomy and histology 1-5 Electrosurgery and 148 Gingivectomy and 149 Guided tissue regeneration and 181-182 Regeneration 197 Etiology and Contributing Factors 63-105 Abscess 31 Accretions 68-72 Gingivitis 12 Immunology 72-82 Juvenile periodontitis 24; 25

Genetics Juvenile periodontitis and 24-25 Gingival Crevicular Fluid 48-49 Assessment 48 4 9 Collection 48 Extracrevicular 48 Measurement 48 Neutrophil response 49 Gingival Hyperplasia Drug-Induced 101-105 Gingival Recession Gingivitis and 14 Gingiva Anatomy and histology 1-4 Cell junctions 3 Col 3 Collagen 4-5 Connective tissue 4 Cytokeratins 3 Epithelium 2; 3-^t Periosteum 2 Rete ridges 3 Retrocuspid papilla 2 Stippling 1-2 Thickness 1 Vascular supply 5 Gingivitis Cementum, effects on 14 Desquamative 15 1 6 Diabetes mellitus and 95 Etiology 12 Histology 13-14 Lesions 13-14 Mechanisms 13 Prepubertal 14 Significance 14-15 Gingivectomy/Gingivoplasty 149-150 Contraindications 149 Indications 149 or 150 Instrumentation 150 Objectives 149

246

INDEX Immune system response Periodontal diseases and 76-77 Immuno-Suppressed Patients 80-81 Drug-induced gingival hyperplasia 101-105 HIV-related periodontitis 16-17 Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis 33 Immunofluorescence Bacteria identification 51-52 Desquamative gingivitis and 15 Instrumentation: see scaling and root planing Interdental Septa, Radiographs and 41 Interdisciplinary Considerations 223-235 Periodontal-endodontic considerations 223-226 Periodontal-orthodontic relationships 226-229 Periodontal-prosthodontic-restorative interactions 230-235 Interproximal Cleaning Devices 108

Technique 149 Growth Factors 189-193 Bone morphogenetic protein 189 Epidermal growth factor 190 Fibroblast 191 Insulin-like 190-191 Monocyte-derived 190 Osteogenin 189 Platelet-derived 190 Transforming 191 Tumor necrosis 190 Guided Tissue Regeneration 180-189 Collagen 188 Epithelial exclusion 181 Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes 182-185 Free gingival grafts 185 Freeze-dried dura mater allografts 188 Healing response 181 Materials 185-186 Polylactic acid membranes 185 18 6

H
Healing Roots 112-117 Scaling and root planing 121-122 Histiocytosis X 28 Histology 1-11 Bleeding sites and 46 Connective tissue 4-5 Gingiva 1-5 Gingivitis 13-14 Macroscopic anatomy 1-2 Microscopic anatomy 2 4 Oral mucosa 1-5 HIV-Related Periodontal Disease (also see Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 16-17 Management of 17 Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis 33 Signs and symptoms 16-17 Host Immune Response 73-74 Humoral immunity 76-77 Hyperplasia, Gingival Drug-Induced 101-104 Hypophosphatasia 24; 28
I

Jaw Shape, Implants and 236 Jobs Syndrome 76 Junctional Epithelium 5-7 Anatomy and histology 6-7 Characteristics 6 Connective tissue, influence on 7 Implants and 7 Origin 6 Repair after surgery 6-7 Juvenile Diabetes 28 Juvenile Periodontitis 23-27 Clinical features 23-24 Etiology 24-25 Genetics 24-25 Histopathogenesis 25 Microflora and 24-25 Systemic factors 24 Treatment 25-26

Indices Bleeding 46 Periodontal assessment 52-61 Implants 236-242 Bone quality 236 Epithelial attachment and 7 Implant/tissue interface 236-237 Maintenance 240-241 Microbiology 237 Mucosal grafts 240 Orthodontics and 229 Placement 240 Regenerative procedures 240 Soft tissue management 239 Surgical techniques 239-241 Immune System Response 73-74 Immunology 72-82 Humoral immunity 77-80

Lamina Dura Radiographs and 41 Latex Agglutination 51 Lesions Gingival 13-14 Periodontic-endodontic 223-224 Leukemia 29; 97-98 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency 28; 75 Lichen Planus Desquamative gingivitis and 15 Lipopolysaccharides Role in periodontal disease 65

M
Maintenance, Implant 240-241 Maintenance, Periodontal: see: Supportive Periodontal Therapy Metronidazole Juvenile periodontitis and 26 Microbiology 63-68 Implant therapy and 237 Refractory periodontitis 19 Microbiological Therapy 142-144 Mobility, Tooth 39-40

INDEX Clinical implications of 40 Dynamics 39 Measurement 39 Types 39-40 Modified Widman Flap 26 (also see Surgery) Morphology Calculus 70 Furcation 84 Plaque 69 Root 87 Mucogingiva Examination and diagnosis and 43-45 Mucogingival Surgery 151-158 Deformed edentulous ridges 156 Frenectomy 156-157 General principles 152 Indications 151-152 Orthodontic treatment and 228 Partial thickness flaps 151-153 Soft tissue grafts 153-156 Wound healing and 199 Orthodontic Treatment Juvenile periodontitis and 26 Periodontal considerations and 226 22 9 Osseous Defects Radiographs and 41 Osseous Grafting 166-171 Allografts 169 Autografts 167 Factors influencing success 167 Goal of 167 Osseous Surgery 158-162 Advantages and disadvantages of 158 Basis and indications for 158; 161 16 2 Effectiveness of 161 Effects on bone healing 160 Flap curettage 159-160 Healing after 159-160 Lingual approach Ostectomy 158 Osteoplasty 158; 159-160 Palatal approach 159 Palatal exostoses 158-159 Prosthodontic considerations and 232 Ostectomy 27; 158 Osteoplasty 27; 158; 159-160 Overdentures 233

247

N
Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis 32-34 Etiology 32-33 Features 32 HIV-condition and 33 Smoking and 33 Stress and 33 Treatment 33 Needles, sutures 195 Neutropenia 24; 28; 75 Neutrophils Response to chemotactic challenge 49 Nifedipine Drug-induced gingival hyperplasia and 103 Non-Surgical Therapy 136-144 Keyes technique 141-144 Longitudinal studies 136-141 Micro biological therapeutics 142-144 Temporomandibular joint disorders 219 Wound healing and 197 Nutrition 99-100

Occlusal Therapy Juvenile periodontitis and 26 Occlusion Role in periodontal diseases 89 9 3 Temporomandibular disorders 215-220 Theory 222-223 Odontoplasty: see Root Resection Oral Contraceptives 98, 99 Oral Health: see Oral Physiotherapy Oral Irrigation Devices 108-108 Oral Physiotherapy 106-111 Brushing techniques 107 Dental floss 107-108 Disclosing agents 108 Int erproximal cleaning devices 108 Oral irrigation devices 108-109 Toothbrushing 106-107 Trauma and 109-110

Palatal Exostoses Osseous surgery and 158-159 Palato-Gingival Grooves 87-88 Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome 24; 28; 76 Pathogens, Periodontal Review of 63 Virulence factors and 64 Pemphigus Vulgaris Desquamative gingivitis and 15 Periodontal Diseases 12-35 Abscesses 31 3 2 Classifications 17 Cysts 34-35 Early-onset 22 3 1 Gingivitis 12 1 6 HIV-Related 16-17 Juvenile 23-24 Necrotizing ulcerative 32 3 4 Pathogens 64-68 Pathogenesis 17 Periodontitis 17-35 Prepubertal 28-29 Rapidly progressive 29 Refractory 19-20 Periodontal Dressings 196-197 Physical properties 196 Periodontal Indices 52-62 Periodontal Ligament Anatomy and histology 10-11 Radiographs and 41 Periodontal Pathogens 64-68 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans 64 Bacteroides 64 Spirochetes 64 Virulence factors 65 Periodontitis: see Periodontal Diseases Periodontium

248 INDEX Effect of aging on 101 Pulp, relationship to 224-225 Phenytoin Drug-induced gingival hyperplasia 101-102 Plaque Characteristics of 69 Control 116 Implants and 237-238 Morphology 69 Orthodontic movement and 227-228 Removal 124; 127 Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 74-75 Pregnancy Effect on the periodontium 98-99 Management of pregnant patients 98 Prepubertal Periodontitis 27-29 Diseases associated with 28-29 Features of 27 Treatment 29 Probes and Probing Anatomy 37 Angulation 37 Bleeding and 46 Depth 38 Epithelial attachment and 38 Force 36 Reproducibility 36 Types 37 Prosthetic Treatment Crown contour 233 Dental restorations 230 Evaluation of 234 Margin placement 231 Overdentures 233 Periodontic-prosthodontic-restorative interactions 230-235 Pontics 233 Root resection and 164 Psoriasis Desquamative gingivitis and 15-16 Pulp Effect of scaling and root planing 122 Osseous grafting 166-171 Repositioned Flaps Anterior curtain procedure 150-151 Excisional new attachment procedure 151 Modified Widman flap 151 Open debridement 151 Resective Surgery 27; 198 Rinsing, prior to scaling 126-127 Roentgenograms see: Radiographs Restorative Dentistry Periodontic interactions 230-235 Root Conditioning 128-129 Citric acid 128-129 Development of 8 Tetracycline and 133 Wound healing 129-130 Roots Anatomy 8 Endotoxin, removal 120-121, 125-126 Extraction 27 Furcation, scaling and root planing 119 12 0 Morphology 84, 119-120 Resection 27; 163-165 Roughness 125 Scaling and root planing 117-122 Smoothness 117-118 Surface, scaling and root planing 125-126

Radiographs Benefits 40 Digital imaging 42 Interpretation of 41 Limitations 40 Subtraction radiography 41 Xeroradiography 42 Rapidly Progessive Periodontitis 29 Features 29 Recall Visits: See: Supportive Periodontal Therapy Refractory Periodontitis 19-20 Etiology 10 Microbiology 19 Scaling and root planing 20 Treatment 20 Regeneration Procedures Allografts 169-170 Alloplastic materials 172-180 Autografts 167-169 Histologic studies 170 Implants and 240 New attachment and 170-171

Scaling and Root Planing 117-122; 124-128 Air abrasives and 127 Amoxicillin and 20 Bone, effect on 126 Calculus removal 118-119; 126 Clavulanate potassium and 20 Clindamycin and 20 Doxycycline and 20 Endotoxin removal 120-121; 125 Metronidazole and 20 Open versus closed instrumentation 119 Operator variability 122 Plaque removal 124 Preprocedural rinsing 126-127 Refractory periodontitis and 20 Root surface and 117-118; 125 Single versus multi-rooted teeth 126 Single versus repeated instrumentation 122; 126 Ultrasonic versus hand instrumentation 117-118; 124 Wound healing and 125 Smoking 33; 93-95 Spirocetes 64 Splinting 212-214 Classification 212 Effects 213 Methods 212 Stress Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and 33 Subtraction Radiography 42 Supportive Periodontal Therapy 204-211 Compliance 209 Effect of plaque and gingivitis on 208 Tooth morbidity 204 Systemic Diseases Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 28 Acrodynia 28

INDEX Agranylocytosis 24; 75 Arthritis Bullous pemphigoid 15 Chediak-Higashi syndrome 24; 28; 76 Chronic granulomatous diseases 75 Cicatricial pemphigoid 15 Diabetes mellitus 24; 95-97 Downs syndrome 24 Histiocytosis X 29 Hypophosphatasia 24; 28 Jobs syndrome 76 Juvenile diabetes 28 Juvenile periodontitis and 24 Leukemia 28; 97-98 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency 28; 75 Lichen planus 15 Neutropenia 24; 28; 75 Osteoarthrosis 220 Papillon-Lefevre syndrome 24; 28; 76 Pemphigus vulgaris 15 Psoriasis 15 1 6 Temporomandibular joint disorders and 220 Systemic Factors 95-105 Aging 100-101 Diet and nutrition 99-100 Oral contraceptives 99 Pregnancy 98-99 Stress 33 Juvenile periodontitis and 27 Surgical Therapy 145-194 Allografts 169-170 Alloplastic materials 172-180 Autografts 167-169 Anatomic considerations 145-146 Clinical considerations 146-147 Electrosurgery 147-149 Gingivectomy/gingivoplasty 149-150 Growth factors 189-194 Guided tissue regeneration 180-189 Implant 239-240 Junctional epithelium, repair after surgery 6 Juvenile periodontitis and 26-27 Mucogingival 151-158; 228 Orthognathic 229 Osseous grafting 167-171 Osseous resective 158-162; 232 Regeneration procedures 165-194 Repositioned flaps 150-158 Root resection 163-165 Temporomandibular joint disorders 218 Wound healing and 198 Sutures 194-196 Absorbable 194 Braided 194 Monofilament 194 Needles 194 Non-absorbable 194 Techniques Tissue reaction to 194 Cementum 8 Cuticle 11 Endotoxin 9 1 0 Periodontal ligament 10 Root development 8 Autotransplantation 27 Mobility 39-40 Morbidity 204 Supporting structures 8-11 Temporomandibular Disorders 215-220 Anatomy 215-216 Bruxism 217 Intrinsic associated disorders 216-217 Mimicking conditions 218-219 Muscle associated disorders 217 Physiology 216 Treatment 218 Tetracycline Juvenile periodontitis and 26 Root conditioning and 133 Therapy Antimicrobial 20; 26 Endodontic 223-225 Furcation 85-86 Implant 236-242 Non-surgical 136-144 Orthodontic 226-229 Prepubertal periodontitis and 29 Prosthodontic 230-235 Scaling and root planing 117-128 Scaling and root planing, refractory periodontitis and 20 Supportive 204-211 Surgical 145-194 Temporomandibular joint disorders 218 Toothbrushes 106-107 Brushing techniques 107 Manual 106 Rotary 106-107

249

u
Ultrasonics Principles of 123-124 Scaling and root planing 117-118 Air abrasives and 123-128

w
Wound Healing Citric acid and 128-133 Epithelial regeneration and 197 Free soft tissue graft and 199 Mucogingival surgery and 199 Non-surgical therapy and 197-198 Pedical graft and 199 Resection surgery and 198 Scaling and root planing and 125 Surgical therapy and 198

Teeth Anatomy and histology, supporting structures 8-11 Bone 10-11

Xeroradiology 42 X-Rays see Radiographs