6.

002x

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Basic Circuit Analysis Methods (KVL and KCL method, Node method)

Review
Remember, our EECS playground

Observe the lumped matter discipline LMD

Review
i

+
v

Lumped circuit element

- power consumed by element = vi

Review
LMD allows us to create the lumped circuit abstraction

! V+ ! R2

R1 R3

Review Review
KVL:

Maxwells equations simplify to algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD!

j j = 0
KCL:

For all loops

B E dl = t

jij = 0

For all nodes

Review
a R1 +! V 0! b R2 c R3 d R5 R4

DEMO

Lets Begin by Building aToolchest of Analysis Techniques Analyzing a

R1 +! V 0! R2 R3 R4

circuit means: Find all the element vs and is

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Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of Circuit analysis

Goal: Find all element vs and is

1. write element v-i relationships (from lumped circuit abstraction) 2. write KCL for all nodes 3. write KVL for all loops lots of unknowns lots of equations lots of fun solve

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of Circuit analysis Goal: Find all element vs and is Labeling element vs and is i + ! Current is taken to be positive going into the positive voltage terminal Then power consumed by element e

Element e

This convention is called: Associated variables discipline

is positive
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= vi

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of Circuit analysis

You will need this for step 1: Element Relationships For R For voltage source For current source
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Lets Apply KVL, KCL Method to this Example

Goal: Find all element vs and is R1 +! V0 ! R2 R3 R4

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The Demo Circuit

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KVL, KCL Example

Label all vs and is a R1 ! V+ 0 b R2 R3 ! R4

Goal: Find all element vs and is 12 unknowns

d
R5

0 5 , i0 i5

Note the use of associated variables

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Step 1 of KVL, KCL Method

0 5 , i0 i5
12 unknowns 1. Element relationships (v, i )
0 V+ ! 0

i0
L1

+ i1 1 R1
b

L2

i4

+ i2 2 R2
c

i3 R3 + v3
L3

R4
d i5

+ 5
L4

R5

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Step 2 of KVL, KCL Method

0 5 , i0 i5
12 unknowns
0 V+ ! 0

i0
L1

+ i1 1 R1
b

L2

i4

+ i2 2 R2
c

i3 R3 + v3
L3

R4
d i5

+ 5
L4

R5

2. KCL at the nodes

(use convention, e.g., sum currents leaving the node)

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Step 3 of KVL, KCL Method

0 5 , i0 i5 12 unknowns
0 V+ ! 0

i0
L1

+ i1 1 R1
b

L2

i4

+ i2 2 R2
c

i3 R3 + v3
L3

R4
d i5

+ 5
L4

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3. KVL for loops

(use convention, e.g., as you go around loop, assign first encountered sign to each voltage)

KVL, KCL Method

1. Element v, i relationships v0 = V0 v3 = i3R3 v1 = i1R1 v4 = i4R4 v2 = i2R2 v5 = i5R5 2. KCL at the nodes
a: b: d: c:

3. KVL for loops

L1:

v0 + v1 + v2 = 0 L2: v1 + v3 v4 = 0 L3: v3 + v5 v2 = 0 L4: v0 + v4 + v5 = 0 redundant

i0 + i1 + i4 = 0 i2 + i3 i1 = 0 i5 i3 i4 = 0 i0 i2 i5 = 0 redundant

Method 3 the node method will be much better!

ugh @#!

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Other Analysis Methods Method 2 Apply element combination rules R1 R2 R3 RN

A B

G1

G2

GN

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Method 2 Apply element combination rules

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Method 2 Apply element combination rules

Example

! V+ ! R2

R1 R3

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Method 3 Node analysis

1. 2. Select reference node ( ground) from which voltages are measured. Label voltages of remaining nodes with respect to ground. These are the primary unknowns. Write KCL for all but the ground node, substituting device laws and KVL. Solve for node voltages. Back solve for branch voltages and currents (i.e., the secondary unknowns).

Particular application of KVL, KCL method

3. 4. 5.

6.002x workhorse!
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Method 3 Node analysis

Example: Old Faithful, plus current source
1. Select reference ground node Label node voltages with respect to ground.

R1 R 3
V0+!

R4

2.

! R2 g R5
I1

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Step 3 of Node Method

V0 R1 R3 R2 R4 e2
I1

1 G = For convenience, write i Ri

! V0+ !

e1

3. Write KCL for nodes, substituting device laws and KVL.

To avoid mistakes, use convention E.g., always sum the currents leaving a node

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Step 4 of Node Method

KCL at e1

V0 R1 R3 R2 R4 e2
I1

(e1 V0 )G1 + (e1 e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

KCL at e2

! V0+ !

e1

(e2 e1 )G3 + (e2 V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 I1 = 0

Move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns

4. Solve for node voltages

2 equations, 2 unknowns (compare units)

Solve for es
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Step 5 of Node Method

Once you have solved for e1 and e2, easy to find branch vs and is For example:
! V0+ !

V0 v1

+ e

R1 R3 R2

i1

R4 e2
I1

5. Back solve for branch voltages and currents

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Revisit Step 4 of Node Method for Cultural Interest

e1 (G1 + G2 + G3 ) + e2 (G3 ) = V0 (G1 ) e1 (G3 ) + e2 (G3 + G4 + G5 ) = V0 (G4 ) + I1

In matrix form:

4. Solve for node voltages

G3 G1 + G2 + G3 e1 G1V0 = G G + G + G G V + I e 2 4 0 1 3 3 4 5
conductivity matrix unknown node voltages sources
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Step 4 of Node Method

G3 G1 + G2 + G3 e1 G1V0 = G V + I G3 G3 + G4 + G5 e2 4 0 1

4. Solve for node voltages

Solve
G3 G3 + G4 + G5 G1V0 G V + I G3 G1 + G2 + G3 e1 4 0 1 e = (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G3 + G4 + G5 ) G32 2
G +G +G G V + G G V + I 3 4 5 1 0 3 4 0 1 e = 1 G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G 2 +G G +G G 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 3 4 3 5

)(

) ( )(

e2 =

(G3 )(G1V0 ) + (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G4V0 + I 1 )

G1G3 + G1G4 + G1G5 + G2G3 + G2G4 + G2G5 + G3 + G3G4 + G3G5
(same denominator)
2

Notice: linear in V0, I1, no negatives in denominator we will use this later
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Step 4 of Node Method E.g., solve for e2 , given

G1 1 = G5 8.2 K G2 1 = G4 3.9 K

V0

G3 =

1 1.5 K

I1 = 0

! V0+ !

e1

R1 R3 R2

R4 e2
I1

e2 = 0.6V0
If V0 = 3V , then e2 = 1.8V0
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