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Muscular System
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Vocabulary Page 938 ( Section 36-2) Summary of the function of Muscular System The Major Structures of the Muscular System Muscular Dystrophy DDLC Figure 36-6 Page 926 DDLC Figure 36-7 Page 927 Answer and Questions 7-9 and 16-20 Page 939
Skeletal System
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-1) Summary of the function of Skeletal System Major Structures of the Skeletal Systems Arthritis DDLC Figure 36-2 Page 922 DDLC Figure 36-3 Page 923 DDLC Figure 36-4 Page 924 DDLC Figure 36-5 Page 925 Questions and Answers 1-6 and 11-15 Page 939 Thinking Visually Page 938
Integumentary System
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-3) Summary of the function of Integumentary System Major structures of the Integumentary System Skin Cancer DDLC Figure 36-13 Page 934 Question and Answers Page 939 10, 21-25
1) Specialized cell- cell that is uniquely suited to performing a particular function 2) Epithelial tissue- tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs
3) Connective tissue- tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together 4) Nervous tissue-tissue that receives messages from the bodys external and internal environment, analyzes the data, and directs the response
5) Muscle tissue-tissue that controls the internal movement of materials in the body, as well as external movement 6) Homeostasis- process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
7) Feedback inhibition- process in which the product or result stops or limits the process
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Figure 35-3 The four types of tissues in the human body are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Epithelial Tissue (magnification: 6000x) Connective Tissue(magnification: 50x) Nervous Tissue(magnification: 1100x) Muscle Tissue(magnification: 150x)
1) The type of tissue that covers the body, lines internal surfaces, and forms glands
are a) Muscle tissue b) Connective tissue c) Epithelial tissue d) Nervous tissue
a) regulation
b) homeostasis
c) synapse
d) stimulation
11) Sequence from simple to most complex: organ system, tissue, organ, organism,
cell. Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
1) Myosin- protein that makes up the thick filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells.
2) Actin-protein that mainly makes up the thin filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells
3) Neuromuscular junction- point of contract between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
4) Acetylcholine- neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synapse and produces an impulse in the cell membrane of a muscle cell
The Muscular System helps with movement. More than 40 percent of the mass of the average human body is muscle. The tree main types of muscles are Skeletal Muscles, Smooth Muscles and Cardiac Muscles. The Muscular System aids in movement, digestion, and strength. Each type of muscle has different jobs. For example, the cardiac muscles pump blood, the smooth muscles aid in digestion and ensure blood flow, and the skeletal muscles protect organs and aid in movement.
Skeletal Muscles- These muscles usually attach to bone and are controlled by the central nervous system. The main job of these muscles is that they aid in movement. Skeletal muscles are also called striated muscles.
Smooth Muscles- Smooth muscles are not under voluntary control. The smooth muscles cell has one nucleus and is not striated. This muscle is found in the walls of hollow structures like the stomach or the intestines. Their job is to move food through the digestive system and control the blood flow in the circulatory system.
Cardiac Muscles-The only cardiac muscle is the heart. The prefix cardio comes from the Greek word meaning heart. Cardiac cells are striated and are not under voluntary control. They share characteristics of both Smooth and Skeletal muscles.
Muscular Dystrophy
Figure 36-3 There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles have cells have striations, or stripes, and many nuclei. Smooth muscle cells are spindled-shaped and have one nucleus and me striations. Cardiac muscle cells have striations and usually only one nucleus.
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Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure Skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers, which in turn are composed of myofibrils. Each myofibril contains thin filaments made of actins and thick filaments made of myosin. Muscle fibers are divided into functional units called sarcomeres.
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B.
8)
D.
Two proteins that are involved in the contraction of muscles are A. sarcomeres and myofibril B. actin and myosin C. periosteum and cartilage D. ATP and acetylcholine
9) The point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell is called a: A. Cross- bridge site B. Periosteum C. Tendon D. Neuromuscular junction
17) Use the sliding filament model to describe how skeletal muscles work. 1. During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge 2.Powered by ATP, the myosin crossbridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere 3. The cross-bridge of broken, the myosin binds to another site on the actin filament, and the cycle begins again. 18) Describe how the release of acetylcholine from a motor neuron affects a muscle cell.
Acetylcholine molecules diffuse across the synapse, producing an impulse in the cell membrane of the muscle fiber. The impulse causes the release of calcium ions within the fiber. The calcium ions affect regulatory proteins that allow actin and myosin filaments to interact. From the time a nerve impulse reaches a muscle cell, it is only a few milliseconds before these events occur and the muscle cell contracts.
19) Compare a ligament with a tendon. A ligament is a strip of tough connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint. A tendon is a tough connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles to bones. 20) Explain the statement: Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs. One muscle contracts and another muscle relaxes.
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
2) Haversian Canal- one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
3) Bone Marrow- soft tissue inside the cavities within bones; two types are yellow marrow and red marrow
4) Cartilage- strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
7) Ligament- strip of tough connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint
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The Skeletal System supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. The bones support and shape the body. Bones can protect important organs like the brain. Bones also provide a system of levers on which muscles act to produce movement. Blood cells are produced in the soft marrow tissue that fills the internal cavities in some bones. There are 206 bones in an adult skeleton.
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Bones
Ligament
Cartilage
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Arthritis
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Axial Skeleton
Figure 36-2 the skeleton supports the body. The human skeleton is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
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Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Figure 36-4 Freely movable joints are classified by the type of movement the permit. The joints illustrated are in the shoulder, knee, elbow, and hand
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Figure 36-5 The knee joint is protected by cartilage and bursae. The ligaments hold the bones composing the knee joint femur, patella, tibia, and fibula together. 20
2)
The network of tubes that runs through compact bone is called the
A. B. C. D.
3)
A. B. C. D.
4)
Strips of tough connective tissue that holds bones together are known as
A. B. C. D.
5)
Small sacs of synovial fluids that help reduce friction between the bones of a joint are called
A. B. C. D.
6)
A. B. C. D.
11) What types of tissue make up the skeletal system? Periosteum, bone marrows, cartilage, ligament 12) What are bones? Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of
calcium salts.
13) Draw a diagram of a long bone and label the structures. Identify which structures carry
oxygen and nutrients, and identify which carry blood vessels and nerves.
14) What is the advantage of spongy bone tissue in the ends of long bones? The structure adds strength to the bone, but no mass. 15) Which cells are produced in red bone marrow? Red Blood Cells
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Skeletal System
Includes tissues
Bone
Cartilage
Ligament
Tendon s Function
Functions
Function
Function
Connects bones
Support
Protects organs
Movement
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Integumentary System
5) Hair Follicle- tube like pocket of epidermal vessels that extends into the dermis; cells at the base of hair follicles produce hair
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The Integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps regulates body temperature, removes waste products from the body, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The skin is the largest component of the Integumentary System. It contains several types of sensory receptors, it serves as the gateway through which sensations such as pressure, heat, cold, and pain are transmitted to the nervous system.
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Skin- Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis Hair Follicle Sweat Pores Sweat Gland Sebaceous Gland Hair Nails
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Skin Cancer
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Figure 36-13 The skin has an outer layer called the epidermis and an inner layer called the dermis.
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21) What is the most important function of the Integumentary system? Describe three ways it performs that function. Regulate Body Temperature- Sweat, Shiver, Hair follicle muscles moves up and down 22) Compare the Epidermis and the Dermis. Dermis-Inner Layer- Interacts with the other body systems to maintain homeostasis-beneath the Epidermis Epidermis- Outer Layer- Comes in contact with the environment-No blood vessels- Rapid cell division 23) How does the melanin affect the color of skin? The amount of melanocytes affects the skin color 24) How does the skin maintain homeostasis? By sweating and shivering 25) How do fingernails and toenails grow? Nails grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells known as the nail root. The nail root is located near the tips of the fingers and toes. During cell division, the cells of the nail root fill with keratin and provide a tough, plate like mail that covers and protects the tips of the fingers and toes.
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Nervous System
(Section 35-3)
11) Meninges-three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped 12) Cerebrospinal Fluid-fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system 13) Cerebrum-area of the brain responsible for all voluntary actions of the body 14) Cerebellum-region of the brain that coordinates body movements 15) Brain Stem-structures that connects the brain and spinal cord; includes the medulla oblongata and the pons 16) Thalamus17) Hypothalamus- brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue anger, and body temperature 18) Reflex-quick automatic response to a stimulus 19) Reflex Arc-sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effectors that are involved in a quick response to a stimulus
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The Nervous System controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.
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Alzheimers Disease
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Figure 35-5 The Nervous System controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. The basic units of the nervous system are neuron.
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Figure 35-6 the sodium-potassium pump in the neuron cell membrane uses the energy of ATP to pump Na+ out of the cell and, at the same time, to pump K+ in. This ongoing process maintains resting potential.
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The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the
A. Peripheral nervous system B. Central nervous system C. Somatic nervous System D. Automatic nervous system C. Respiratory rate D. Temperature
9)
The semicircular canals and the two tiny sacs located behind them help maintain
A. Night Vision B. Equilibrium
10)
Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are
C. Opiates D.Barbiturates
A. Stimulants B. Depressants
13) Describe the structure and the function of a neuron. Neurons have axons, dendrites, cell body nodes and Myelin sheath. They are the basic units of the nervous system. 14) What changes occur in the neuron during the resting potential? During the action potential? The supply of ATP 15) How does the all-or-none principle relate to the transmission of a nerve impulse?
If the membrane potential of a neuron goes above -30 mV, then the nerve transmits an impulse. If it doesn't go above -30mV then it doesn't transmit an impulse.
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Circulatory System
Vocabulary Page 966 (Section 37-1) 1) Myocardium2) Atrium3) Ventricle4) Pulmonary Circulation5) Systematic Circulation6) Valve7) Pacemaker8) Aorta9) Artery10) Capillary11) Vein12) Atherosclerosis-