Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
In this class we will focus on the structural analysis of framed structures. We will learn about the flexibility method first, and then learn how to use the primary analytical tools associated with the stiffness method. Framed structures consist of components with lengths that are significantly larger than cross-sectional areas. Both analytical methods are applicable to structures of all types, but the stiffness method dominates, and the structural analysis of machine components that fall outside the definition of framed structures are treated in another course. We will concentrate on : Beams Plane trusses Space trusses Plane frames Grids Space frames
Loads on these elements consist of concentrated forces, distributed loads and/or couples.
Loads on a beam are applied in a plane containing an axis of symmetry Beams have one or more points of support referred to as reactions but in this course they will be more often referred to as nodes. Nodes A, B, and C represent reactions. Node D identifies a location on the beam (the free end) where we wish to extract information. Beams deflect in the plane of the loads. Internal forces consist of shear forces, bending moments, torques (take CVE 513), and axial loads Shear V y Moment M Axial load A x
All structural components are in same plane. Forces act in the plane of structure. External forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members which are either tensile or compressive forces. Thus all members are two force members. Loads acting on members are replaced by statically equivalent forces at the joints. So the moment M1, the distributed load w and the force P4 would have to be replaced by equivalent joint loads to conduct an analysis. Joints are assume hinged, so no bending moments are transmitted through a joint and absolutely no twisting moments can be applied to the truss (consider a gusset plate).
Elements can intersect at rigid or flexible connections All forces are normal to the plane of the structure. Typically used to support roofs with no internal column support (think of indoor sports arenas). All couples have their vectors in the plane of the grid. Torques can be sustained. Each member is assumed to have two axes of symmetry so that bending and torsion can occur independently of one another (see unsymmetrical bending in CVE 513)
Joints are no longer required to be hinges. They can be rigid, or they can sustain rotation. Forces and deflection are contained in the plane X-Y. All couples have moment vectors parallel to Z-axis. Internal resultants consist of bending moments, shearing forces and axial forces. Joints may transfer moment
Most general type of framed structure. No restrictions on location of joints, directions of members, or directions of loads. Members are assumed to have two axes of symmetry for the same reason grids have two axes of symmetry.
An action may also be a combination of forces, moments, or distributed loads. We will talk about this more when we discuss the concept of equivalent joint loads.
Out of necessity forces, moments and distributed loads must be related to corresponding displacements at their point of application (and elsewhere) in a unique manner. We need a notation that allows for this correspondence.
If we can determine the quantities D11 through D33 then by superposition each displacement can be written as follows: D1 D11 D12 D13
D2 D3
D21 D31
D22 D32
D23 D33
0
X
0
Y
0
Z
In the stiffness method of analysis the equilibrium conditions at the joints of the structure are the basic equations that are solved.
HA
RA
MA
RB
One of these four unknown is referred to as a static redundant. The number of static redundant represents the degree of static indeterminacy of the structures
A distinction may also be made between external and internal indeterminacy. The beam in the previous slide is externally statically indeterminate to the first degree. The truss below is determinate from the standpoint that we could calculate the reactions given the loads applied. However, we would be unable to find the internal forces in the cross members. The truss is internally indeterminate to the second degree.
Degree of static indeterminacy = (b + r) - (2j) Degree of static indeterminacy = (b + r) - (3j) b = number of members r = number of reactions j = number of joints (this includes the joints at the reactions) b = number of members r = number of reactions j = number of joints (this includes the joints at the reactions)
Lecture 4: PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Criteria In Determining Static Indeterminacy (continued)
Two Dimensional Frames Degree of static indeterminacy = (3b + r) - 3j b r j c = = = = number of members number of reactions number of joints number of internal conditions
Three Dimensional Frames Degree of indeterminacy = (6b + r) - 6j b r j c = = = = Number of members Number of reactions Number of joints Number of internal conditions
Often structural members are very stiff in the axial direction. Thus very little axial displacement will take place. Removing the axial load or deformation from the system of unknowns can reduce the degree of indeterminacy of the structure.
However a problem can appear to be statically determinate when it is not. Consider the beam above. This is a planar problem. Thus in general there are three equations of statics available namely
But the summation of forces in the x-direction is not applicable, and the structure is mobile.