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Arrow poisons are used to poison arrow heads or darts for the purposes of hunting. Poisoning arrows was & is practiced everywhere except in Australia
Monkshood, Ranunculaeceae. Used since time of Neanderthals. For shooting wild beasts, the tubers of Aconitum are boiled in water. Resulting liquid, viscous and poisonous, is smeared on sharp arrowheads for the quick killing of both human beings and animals. in the jungles of Assam, Burma & Malaysia, main plant sources are Antiaris, Strychnos & Strophanthus
Caribs of the Caribbean used poisons made from the latex of the Manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella) or Sandbox Tree (Hura crepitans), both members of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae In Africa arrow poisons are made from plants that contain cardiac glycosides, such as Acokanthera (possessing ouabain), oleander (Nerium ol), milkweeds (Asclepias), Strophanthus, rosary pea Curare for preps containing tubocurarine derived from the bark of Strychnos toxifera, Chondrodendron tomentosum or Sciadotenia
toxifera . Curare is a blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction actiong as a muscle relaxant that can paralyze the respiratory system.
Taxus baccata = yew is a gloomy tree with berries (= cones) containing alkaloids & sudden death by stopping the heart. Rhododendron sap was known as alternative arrow poison containing neurotoxin that can be extracted from flowers, but also presented as poisonous food in the form of honey. Scythian archers with poisonous darts (snake venom) defeated Persian army under Darius, + 333 BC the Grand army of Alexander the Great, & even a Roman one.
Pestilencia manu factq = man-made pestilences shows awareness to be under biological attacks by external and internal enemies; e.g. Christians suspected to burn Rome under Nero in order to speed up the prophesized end of the world. Emperor Marcus Aurelius died from Babylonian plague in AD 180, in 189 AD 2000 people/day died in Rome similar to US 2001 scare of anthrax. Babylonian plague 165-180 AD was witnessed by Galen ( smallpox). Roman expedition against Parthians. 164 AD Temple of Apollo in Greek city of Seleuceia at the Tigris river was ransacked by Roman soldiers under Cassius A golden chest was opened in the temple and ..Greek temples of Apollo had white rodents & some priests like Nicander were leading toxicologists. Thousands of Romans perished including the remarkable emperor Marcus Aurelius
Greek Fire
Roasting limestone CaCO3 produces a crumbling residue of CaO calcium oxide or quicklime. When this is sprinkled with water it will turn into Ca hydroxide CaOH and develop heat with the potential of self ignition. The combination of quicklime & sulfur was creating self-igniting materials Incendiary coating of arrows = were made from resins, tar, petroleum & sulfur.
Smokes: Chinese have devised burning mixtures with sulfur and arsenic that were used to kill large infestations of insects. They also developed the smoke ball for warfare. One successful receipt was to mix pine resin, charcoal and sulfur with powdered root of Aconitum monkshood, croton beans (cathartic purgative from Euphorbia fam.), hallucinogenic hemp, etc.
Alum is a bisulfate of potassium and aluminum known to the ancient sailors to fire-proof the wood of their ships against attacks with napalm in the form of Greek fire. A means to fire-proof materials or to extinguish fires was vinegar (at that time sour vine). Alternatively, when sour wine was poured over hot rocks of limestone or marble in a siege, these rocks would disintegrate.
Greek Fire
Fire darts shot from bows (Marcellinus 4 th century AD): hollow cane shafts reinforced with iron and punctured with holes for oxygen access were filled with bitumen (petroleum products like asphalt, tar, naphta, & nat oil). The effect was enormous against cavalry and war elephants. Fire lances of China (900 AD) were bamboo tubes filled with charcoal sulphur, saltpeter thrown towards the enemy acting like a 2 min flame thrower
Lucan (1st century AD) torches dipped in oil & sulphur were thrown onto ships Roman naval torches were the Molotov cocktail of antiquity.
Siege of Syracuse: Greek Scientist Archimedes had soldiers polish their bronzen shields and focus the sun rays upon Roman ships blockading the harbor. 1975 experiment was repeated by I Sakkas. 60 sailors with shield-like mirrors ignited a wooden ship at 50 m distance. Noxious smokes from burning feathers (Asia) , pepper seeds ( Am), sulphur (SO2, lime dust (CaCO3) were used during tunneling warfare (attacker tried to tunnel under the walls and have them collapse).
Naval varnish: colophon = black residue of turpentine (tar) boiled down with sharp vinegar. Ignites ships caulking and burns on the water surface.
212 BC engineer mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse devised heat rays against Romans by using polished bronze mirrors to inflame Roman ships.
1972 Greek engineer Sakkas repeated this with 60 mirrors for ship 50 m away.
Greek Fire
Roasting limestone CaCO3 produces a crumbling residue of CaO calcium oxide or quicklime. When this is sprinkled with water it will turn into Ca hydroxide and develop heat with the potentil of selfignition. The combination of quicklime & sulfur was creating self-ignitng materials Incendiary coating of arrows = were made from resins, tar, petroleum & sulfur. Smokes: Chinese have deviced burning mixtures with sulfur and arsenic that were used to kill large infestations of insects. They also developed smoke ball for warfare. One successful receipt was to mix pine resin, charcoal and sulfur with powdered root of Aconitum monkshood, croton beans (cathartic purgative from euphorb fam.), hallucinogenic hemp,
Alum is a bisulfate of potassium and aluminum. known to the ancient sailors to fire-proof the wood of their ships against attacks with napalm in the form of Greek fire. A means to fire-proof materials or to extinguish fires was vinegar (at that time sour vine). When sour wine was poured over hot rocks of limestone or marble in a siege, these rocks would disintegrate.
Greek Fire
Pyr automaton or self-igniting fire was a new line of weapons around 70 BC. Sulphur (brimstone), quicklime and bitumen were combined for pyrotechnic tricks. Torches drenched in sulphur, tar & quicklime were thrown into the Tiber River while continuing to burn!
Julius Africanus (170 AD) sulphur, salt resin, charcoal, asphalt & quicklime are mixed into a paste which is smeared at night on the siege engines. Dew in the morning will ignite it
Fountains of fire: Oil pits and lakes existed in ancient Mesopotamia, Arabia and the black sea. Baba Gurgur in todays Iraq had burned continously from 660 BC to 1927 AD.
Islamic armies had units of naffatuns responsible for shooting naphta projectiles into burning cities. 1190 siege of crusader castle Acre naffatuns shot naphta grenades & then ignited them by burning arrows. Naffatuns wore protective clothing containing asbestos fibers sued their leader for lung cancer damage
Greek Fire
Kallinikos (513 AD) fled Muslim occupation of Syria to Constantinople where he designed a new weapon for the Roman Navy Greek fire. It broke the naval siege of the Muslims in AD 673 & 718. Kallinikos great feat of engineering is lost to modern science and history.
Greek fire was the ultimate weapon of the time. There was no real countermeasure (protecting ship boards with wet hides). It was equivalent to modern napalm by thickening the petroleum with resin etc.
One of many possibilities of design of the secret naphta weapon of the Byzantine Navy