COMPUTATIONAL REMODELLING OF THE NOSE OF TURBOFAN ENGINE FOR IMPROVING PERFORMANCE

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

BADRI NARAYANAN. V KAMALESH. S

(Reg.no:81908144008) (Reg.no:81908144018)

LAKSHMI NARAYANAN. S (Reg.no:81908144021) NAVIN KUMAR. L (Reg.no:81908144028)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TRICHY

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2012
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ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report COMPUTATIONAL REMODELLING OF THE NOSE OF TURBOFAN ENGINE FOR IMPROVING

PERFORMANCE is the bonafide work of BADRINARAYANAN. V (Reg No: 81908144008), NARAYANAN. KAMALESH. S S (Reg.no:81908144018), & NAVIN LAKSHMI KUMAR. L

(Reg.no:81908144021),

(Reg.no:81908144028) who carried out this project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE PROF. R.PANEER HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SIGNATURE MRS. A. MERCY VASAN SUPERVISOR

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express a deep sense of reverential gratitude to Dr V.Gopalakrishnan, Principal, Saranathan College of Engineering for his guidance in every step of the project. We heartily thank, Prof R.Paneer, Head of the Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, for his timely advice and guidance. We place our sincere thanks to our guide Mrs.A.Mercyvasan, Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for she was constantly encouraging and enthusing but never exacting. She has always shown a keen interest towards our project and had augmented our work by endowing proper amendments. We express our sincere thanks to Project Coordinator Mr. S.Balakrishnan, Assistant Professor, for his guidance throughout the project. Finally we acknowledge the contribution of all unseen hands during the course of the study which aided us in the successful completion this project work.

BADRI NARAYANAN. V KAMALESH. S LAKSHMI NARAYANAN. S NAVIN KUMAR. L

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. ABSTRACT

TITLE

PAGE NO. vii viii ix xi 1

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS 1. INTRODUCTION

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Ramjet 2.2 Turboprop and Turbo shaft 2.3 Turbojet 2.4 Turbofan 2.4.1Construction 2.4.2Working 2.4.3Thrust equation 2.5 Superiority of turbofan engine 2.6 Comparison of characteristics of turbofan and Turbojet engines 2.7 Importance of the ducted fan 14 17 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11

3.

EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO ON THRUST & CYCLE EFFICIENCY 3.1 Variation of cycle-efficiency with compression ratio 3.2 Turbine work compensation 23 23 25
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4.

SHOCK WAVES AS PASSIVE COMPRESSOR 4.1 Shock Waves 4.2 Characteristics of shock wave 4.3 Importance of Shock wave in Jet Engines and aircrafts 4.3.1 Effect of shock in nose 4.3.2 Effect of shock in compressor and turbine 4.3.3 Effect of shock in Combustion Chamber 4.4 Passive Compression by Shock Waves 31 33 35 36 37 37 38

5.

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF NOSE PROFILE ON SHOCK GENERATED 5.1 Open type Reflected shock Nose 5.1.1 Characteristics of Open type Reflected shock Nose 5.2 Closed type Opposed shock nose 39 42 44

6.

COMPUTATIONAL REMODELLING OF NOSE

6.1 Computational model of existing engine

6.2 Computational model of proposed engine 6.3 Computational model of existing nose 6.4 Computational model of proposed nose 6.5 Improvements in aerodynamic characteristics

49 50 51 52 53

7.

IMPOVEMENTS ACHIEVED BY THE PROPOSED NOSE MODEL 7.1 Role of Existing nose model 72 Improvements achieved by the proposed nose model 7.3 Mathematical model of the improvement achieved 7.3.1 Implications of the mathematical model of the improvement Achieved 7.4 Substantiation of the improvement numerically 60 61 57 58 59

8.

CONCLUSION

64

REFERENCES

65

APPENDICES 1-NASA CORRESPONDENCE

67

APPENDICES 2-VALIDATION CERTIFICATE

69

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ABSTRACT

The objective of the project is to maintain the thrust of a turbofan engine at higher compression ratios thus yielding better Brayton cycle efficiency. The project focuses on improving the thrust - efficiency characteristics of a turbofan engine at high compression ratios. This is achieved by modeling the nose profile of the engine to produce multiple shock waves. The shock waves increase the pressure of the gas stream that passes it. Using this property of the shock wave, the re-modeled nose that produces the shock wave is made to function as a passive compressor. As there is passive compression before the gas enters the compressor, there is no effect of turbine work compensation and hence the efficiency characteristics are improved without any extra work being drawn from the compressor.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Number

Table Name

Page Number

2.1A

Comparison between turbofan and turbojet for Thrust Vs Mach Number

12

2.1B

Comparison between turbofan and turbojet for Fuel consumptio Vs Mach Number Thrust Vs By-pass ratio Fuel consumption Vs By-pass ratio Thrust Vs Compression ratio Open type Reflected shock nose characteristics Comparison of reflected and opposed type nose models Improvement in Efficiency characteristics Improvements Produced

15

2.2A 2.2B 3.2A 5.1A 5.3A 7.2A 7.3A

18 20 27 40 45 61 64

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LIST OF FIGURES
S.No Figure Number 1 2 3 4 5 2.1A 2.1B 2.1C 2.1D 2.2A Ramjet Turboprop & Turboshaft Turbojet Turbofan Temperature-Entropy Brayton cycle 6 2.2B Pressure-Volume graph of ideal Brayton cycle 7 3.1 Brayton Cycle efficiency Vs. Compression Ratio 8 9 10 4A 4B 4.1A Schlieren Photograph of shock wave Oblique Shock wave Computational model of solid wedge creating a normal shock 11 12 4.3A 5.1A Sonic Boom in supersonic fighter jet Computational model of open type reflected shock nose 13 5.2A Computational model of closed type opposed shock nose model 14 6.1A Existing Engine model 49 45 36 41 32 33 34 24 9 graph of Figure Name Page Number 2 4 5 6 9

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15 16 17 18

6.2A 6.3A 6.4A 6.5A

Proposed Engine model Existing Nose model Proposed Nose Model Pressure contour of the existing nose model at subsonic conditions

50 51 52 53

19

6.5B

Pressure contour of the proposed nose model at subsonic conditions

54

20

6.5C

Velocity contour of the existing nose model at subsonic conditions

55

21

6.5D

Velocity contour of the propsed nose model at subsonic conditions

56

22

7.2A

Computational model of open type Reflected Nose with formation of normal shock

58

LIST OF SYMBOLS 1. p Pressure 2. Rp Compression ratio 3. Pressure Build-up ratio of Shock wave 4. Brayton Cycle Efficiency 5. Adiabatic Ratio of air 6. Density 7. Shock angle 8. Fraction of turbine output power used by compressor 9. Temperature 10. T Thrust 11. v Velocity 12. W Work done 13. P Propulsive power 14. m Mass flow rate 15. R Universal gas constant 16. Incident angle of shock 17. B By-Pass ratio Subscripts 1. 1 , 2 Upstream & Downstream conditions respectively 2. i 3. c 4. e 5. f 6. o Inlet Compressor Exit Fan Free air
All units are in S.I system

N/m2 (no unit) (no unit) % 1.4 (no unit) Kg/m3 Degrees (no unit) K N m/s W W Kg/S 8.314KJ/KgK degrees (no unit)

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