2.

THE HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION The Need for Temperature Distribution

Examine Fourier's law

T & = q x x

(2.1)

T To determine q & we need x x T To determine we need the temperature distribution x

T(x, y, z, t)
1

Formulation of the Heat Conduction Equation in Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates

General case:

Three-dimensional Unsteady state Energy generation Eg, examples: z Nuclear element Electric energy dissipation in devices Metabolic heat production in tissue

Fig . 2.1

Apply conservation of energy to element dx dy dz during time dt:

2

Energy added + Energy generated - Energy removed =

Energy change wit hin element

E
in

+E E
g

out

= E

ak

[J] (2.2)

Goal: Express (2.2) in terms of T.

in

Energy in by conduction, Ein: & dy dzdt + q & dx dzdt =q

x y

& dx dydt +q z

[J]

(a)

Energy generation, Eg: & dx dy dz dt [J] Eg = Q (b) zdr

Energy out by conduction, Eout

& + E out = (q x & q x x & + dx)dydzdt + (q y & q y y dy)dxdzdt

& + + (q
z

& q z

(c)

dz)dxdydt

Energy change within the element (accumulation), E

U E = dt ak t

(d)

Expressing E in terms of T. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy

U = mu = u dxdydz

(e)
4

= internal energy per unit mass = density

[J/kg]

Assume: incompressible material: cv = c p = c

u = cT
U T E = dt = c dx dydz dt t t

(f) (g)

Substitute (a), (b), (c) and (g) into (2.2) and dividing through by dx dy dz dt
& q x
x

& q y

T & + Qzdr = c y z t

& q z

(h)
5

Fourier's law (1.5)

T T T & = & = & = ,q q ,q x x y y z z

(1.5) into (h)

(1.5)

T T T T & ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + Q = c zdr x x y y z z t

(2.4)

(2.4) is the heat conduction equation Assume: constant

& 2T c T 2T 2 T Q zdr + + = + 2 2 2 t y z x
(2.5)
6

a = thermal diffusivity (souinitel teplotn vodivosti) defined as conduction (2.6) a =

NOTE:

storage - accumulation

(1) (2.5) is the differential formulation of the principle of conservation of energy. Valid at every point in the material (2) Limited to isotropic and constant (3) Physical significance of each term:

The first three terms = net energy conducted in x,

y and z directions

The fourth term = energy generation The fifth term = energy storage - accumulation7

& Q 2T 2T 2T c T zdr + + + = 2 2 2 t y z x

(4) Simplifications for special cases:

T =0 Steady state: set t

2T 2 T = = 0 One-dimensional: set y2 z2

No energy generation: set

& Q =0 zdr

& (5) Solutions are simplified for constant a, and Qzdr

The Heat Conduction Equation in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates Cylindrical coordinates r , , z
1 1 2T 2T T q T (r )+ = + + 2 2 2 r z cp t r r r

(2.7)

Spherical coordinates r , ,
1 2 T T q T 2T 1 1 + ) + = (r )+ (sin 2r 2 2 2 2 r r sin r sin r cp t

(2.8)
9

Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions are mathematical equations describing what takes place physically at a boundary. To write boundary conditions we must
:

Select an origin Select coordinate axes Identify the physical conditions at the boundaries
Fig. 2.3 shows four typical boundary conditions: (B.C. 1) Specified temperature. Along boundary (0, y) the temperature is T :
To

insulation W

& Q q
x
10

x o

L 0 , , T convection h
Fig. 2.3

T (0, y ) = To

insulation W

(2.9)
To 0

& Q q
x

x o

L convection h , , T

Fig. 2.3 (B.C. 2a) Specified flux. The heat flux at & . Using boundary (L, y) is q x Fouriers law T 2] & = q [W/m (2.10) x x x = L

(B.C. 2b) Insulated boundary. The boundary at (x,W) is & = 0. Fouriers law gives thermally insulated, q
x

T y

=0
y =W

(2.11)
11

To

(B.C. 3) Convection. Heat is exchanged at the boundary (x,0) by convection with a fluid at temperature T . Equating Newton's law with Fourier's law y insulation T (2.12) T T(x,0) = & y y =0 Q q

x o

L h convection ,,T
Fig. 2.3

(B.C. 4) Interface. Two different materials with a perfect interface contact: Two types of B.C.: (i) Equality of temperature:

T1

T2 k22 0

k 1

T1 (0,y) = T2 (0,y)

(2.13)

Fig. 2.4
12

(ii) Equality of flux:

T1 x
x =0

T2 x
x =0

T1

(2.14)

T2 k22 0

k 1

Consider the heat equation (2.5)

Fig. 2.4

& 2T 2T 2T Q 1 T zdr = + + 2 + 2 2 a t y z x

(2.15)

How many conditions are needed to solve this equation?

13