The MIL has one more trick up his sleeve

Published in the journal Reflexes - Issue 49 - May 1996 In July 1981, the killing of Auriol (murder of Inspector Massi and massacre of his family) did resurface under the spotlight an acronym which saw its heyday during the years 1960-1970, the Service Civic Action (SAC). This movement was born in 1958 in the service order of the Rassemblement du Peuple French, distant ancestor of the RPR. The ASC wants a sort of Praetorian Guard, attached only to the person of General de Gaulle airport, outside of any political party. It benefits from a kind of official label which will have large and small entries in the state apparatus and the active complicity and passive part of the police hierarchy. This proximity of power also explains the attraction that the SAC will provoke the thugs in search of impunity. But the events of May 1968 will be staggering power, the shock ending even unseat General de Gaulle in 1969. Since the SAC will be transformed.

It will first and foremost a service provider with the Gaullist movement (RPR and UDR), and some employers shock (Peugeot, Citroen ...). Fighter by any means parties and leftist organizations, claiming a highly visceral anti-communism and primary, not hiding his gpt for order, the SAC will then integrate naturally with the militant far right before supporting some of its initaitives (including the Party of Forces Nouvelles). Having sensed the victory of the Left in 1981, the SAC was prepared to play a role in spearheading the new opposition. But the killing of Auriol, then the constitution of a commission of

inquiry into his activities and finally dissolved in August 1982 break his momentum. But SAC is not dead so far. Everything was prepared just before this period that are installed in new structures to be put at the disposal of its old and new activists to continue under the renewed forms combatcontre the left in particular and subversion in general. Some of its founders, members and supporters will gather even today in the corridors of the new puvoir in ministries, the National Assembly. THE END OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIC ACTION Qes early 1981, Pierre Debizet Secretary General of SAC, considering the victory of Mitterrand in the presidential election and its consequences, he decides to put away the file from the bag so it falls to "socialos Marxists. But he will not have time to look after because he was arrested and jailed in connection with the killing of Auriol, while several other leaders of the organization were arrested, stop by even any attempt to reorganize the SAC. His guilt had been proven Debizet after a few weeks in prison was released in September 1981 and went back to work. Thus, in an interview in Journal du Dimanche he announces "With my homes, with my organization transformed, modernized, we put at the disposal of the new opposition, particularly that which serves as the Gaullist ideas. Internally in a letter to county officials SAC dated October 21, 1981, he wrote "In a few weeks when we will see clearer I will send you the sprojets to whom we are considering at this time tending to the SAC a better organisatiion adapted and therefore more effective in meeting the current political situation ". The BAG then saw a period of uncertainty between the prospect of a ban and reorganization necessary for its survival. But the fate of the SAC does not interest its activists, some in the RPR are tempted to recover their profit, it has always functioned as an autonomous organization vis--vis the Gaullist movement. This is the case of Charles Pasqua, who obviously would thus kill two birds with one stone:

settle some scores with Debizet. In 1969 Pasqua resigns SAC following the appointment of Debizet at the head of it. with at Scone has a former head of SAC, he has built a dedicated network and on which he can count. Aini is that with Paul Ornano, he launched December 7 1991un movement called Solidarity and liberties it defines itself as "an assembly center firm and resolute" open to all those "who refuse Socialism and veeulent act. There in the window Alain Jupp, Jacques Toubon, Yvon Bourges and Jacques Mdecin for the RPR, Alice Saunier Seit and Jacques Dominati for the UDF. It also notes the presence of Francois Bachelot who in 1986 became member of the National Front and former MP Pierre Lagaillarde Algiers and herald of French Algeria. Side management found Gerard Ecorcheville of former New Order and Party of New Forces that Pasqua to get his team with his brother-Alain Robert. On the ground this reactive movement of old friendships. In Marseilles, for example in February 1982 is what created a section of Solidarity and liberties. Pasqua will usher people into the premises. The president is Paul Cleavers, former federal secretary of the SAC, the vice president is Russell, a future member of the National Front in 1986, the secretary is Joseph Nicolai former commander of the main police in Marseille and a member of SAC. It is as members: Chabillat Gilbert, former head of SAC from 1970 to 1975 (the date of exclusion) and which has been converted into the devillirisme. Giaconelli Humbert, a former police officer member of the SAC, Neurmond Henry, another former policeman, also a member of SAC, Ruggieri Me Henry, himself a member of the RPR and the SAC. There are also and especially Gerard Kapp responsibility SAC Marseilles from 1967 to 1969, known to have

prepared in Marseille in May 1968, "Operation stage" involving the arrest and consolidation of various figures and trade unionists left in stages football, foreshadowing those of Chile in 1973. Transferred from SAC in 1969, he created a federation southeast SAC SAC dissident movement nationally. At the same time of autrers SAC dissidents will be at the instigation of Charles Pasqua, who had just resigned. On the ground Solidarity and liberties is very similar to a bag. This explains the reluctance of the RPR and UDF support this initiative Pasqua. Solidarity and Freedom will be very ephemeral, his only official event will be held in May 1982 following the bombing of the street demonstration Marboeuf.La turn quickly to the antiMittrand all that there remarqura many activists Party of New Forces and the National Center of Independents and Peasants. Shortly after Solidarity and defense of liberty is dissolved, marking the same failure of the attempted recovery by SAC Pasqua. Meanwhile, the SAC had reacted, thus December 16, 1981 were filed on sstatuts a new association called "Initiative and Freedom Movement (MIL). This association aims to "defend and promote an organization of French society based on the personal initiative of citizens and inspired by the civic, cultural, moral and spiritual values of French civilization in order to achieve the conditions of development of true freedom. " It "affirms its commitment to active essential freedoms including freedom of enterprise, motor progs economic and social factors of human development, effective freedom of education to compliance, conscience and belief". Its president Jacques Rougeot, as Secretary General Bernard Furth and Treasurer Jean Louis Goursalas, and finally it is then omicil 8 rue de Musset in the sixteenth arrondissement of Paris. The name of the president and adrese will certainly familiar to students, in effect as corresponding to that of UNI (Union Nationale Interuniversitaire) dot Jacques Rougeot, professor of literature is the National Chair.

UNI was created at the initiative of the SAC after the events of May 1968 to "bring together all those who intend to evade the National Education to hold communist and leftist, and defend freedom by fighting against all forms of subversion ". Since 2poque UNI has always remained closely associated with SAC. The ideological affinity and the interpenetration of the two organizations conducted over the years, the UNI and the SAC has many actions. The SAC has consistently bring into effect the UNI to support active operations which it had decided to launch. The dual membership of members of the UNI SAC facilitating this state of affairs. Logical things back then to see the Kingdom will in turn support the new version of the SAC by providing its logistical address, responsible material. INSTALLATION OF MIL IN THE PREMISES OF THE KINGDOM As the first way SAC (1958 to 1969) the MIL makes a point of honor to be the Garnat of the Gaullist legacy. It finds exemplele son of General de Gaulle, General Alain de Boissieu, but stands a figure: Jacques Foccart. This former resistance is called in 1958 for the post of adviser to Matignon for African Affairs. He is responsible both to implement the Africa policy of General de Gaulle, an essential element of its foreign policy, and second control SServices special and especially the SDECE. So for nearly 35 years it will build networks of influence with many African heads of state, mixing business and political espionage. Very close to De Gaulle, it is considered by many Gaullists as the voice of General. This shows the influence he has exercised and still exercises. Honorary Member of the SAC, there is even a lot (like Pasqua) the father or spiritual inspiration. He recalls, for example Pierre Debizet head of SAC in 1969 which saw the departure of some of its leaders such Pasqua. It will remain very active and influential as continue his career under Pompidou until 1974. Giscard succeed him as one of its ves, which will guide the steps through the

channels of the Africa policy of France. Politics has always been the practice of cronyism to small-time profit of authoritarian powers not looking on ways to retain power. A policy that has changed little under Mitterand, the latter enhancing the personal and reserved this area of foreign policy. He entrusted the management to his son John Christopher, nicknamed in African Palace "Papa said." On his return as prime minister in 1986, Chirac call him Jacques Foccart as personal advisor for Africa. If today as president, he appointed Michel Dupuch at 2 rue de l'Elysee, the address of the Africa Unit of the Presidency, he has not forgotten Foccart who inherited the 14 rue de l 'Elysee. Foccard not stay away from power. Especially since it's one of his former proteges who was appointed Minister of Cooperation in the person of Jacques Godfrain - that extraordinary coincidence was a member of the SAC 1968 to 1978, including occupying the sfonctions treasurer. Another coincidence, Foccart is not alone at 14 rue de l'Elysee, he is assisted by Fernand Wibaux who was ambassador to Chad for several years and a close Chirac's diplomatic adviser of 1986 to 1988. Sonnom even be mentioned as possible head of the DGSE in 1987 following the Greenpeace case. A Wibaux found the honorary committee along with other historical Gaullist like Roger Galley former Minister of De Gaulle in 1968 and Pierre Mesmer Premier Pompidou. Regarding the inheritance of resistance include both names: Pierre Closterman, a former pilot in the squadron Franco Russian Normandie Niemen. His commitment to the values of Gaullism did not prevent him from giving an interview to the extreme-right newspaper Le Choc month in which he said all the good he thought of Jean Marie Le Pen. Another figure Michel Caraga an elder in the Free France. In early 1981, the SAC is directly involved in the creation of a committee to support a commander Peter Bertolini. This illustrious stranger was incidentally Fire Commander

of Civil Protection in Corsica, but best known for being the main leader of the anti-separatist organization Francia (New Action Front Against the Independence and Autonomy). On the assets of this organization, several attacks against property belonging to militant Corsican nationalists. Beginning in January 1981, Bertolini and some of its militants were intercepted by separatists to Bastelica while they were preparing a new action. On this occasion we discover on Bertolini and his accomplices a membership of SAC. Indicted for various attacks, Bertolini will be brought to justice and convicted. The SAC will not forget and will support a support committee, inviting its members to join and support it financially. At the head of this committee was then on, Michel Caraga. IDEOLOGY OF MIL Again we found much resemblance to the deceased BAG: MIL also wants to share, it is not a party political parties which he distrusts them as "dependent on special interests, for elections ... tempted by compromises or sway of circumstance. " It "will make its weight felt in national life by trying to influence the direction of the principles he defends the decisions taken at various levels. Thus, "if he did not obviously belong to formulate a moral code in individual and private use ... it must tell him clearly what civic values it refers. First in the primacy of the person "between the personal principle and the collectivist principle there is an incompatibility in nature. He must choose. Any system that purports to mix the two, for example on the social democratic model ultimately leads to smooth impose the rule of the collective. " Other values defended by the MIL "The free enterprise and personal initiative," the family "is generally an absolute necessity" and the nation. But beware "French society is threatened by dangers varied, sometimes subtle, which aim to destroy the civic values on which it rests." The first danger is the loss of identity. For millet "there is no doubt that immigration in its current form is a deadly threat to national identity

characteristics becaufe this new and dangerous. Immigrants are far too many: the numerical point of view the tolerance is already significantly exceeded ". "She created all the conditions for violent clashes which will not mark transforming reactions reactions of natural defenses in reaction this time would indeed be racist." Faced with the danger of the mIL calls "tough action against illegal immigration but also limit how much more rigorous conditions of the site". Other external threat this time "the federal and supranational Europe" which threatened national sovereignty. France is also the subject of an attempted solution to the global "this attempt is based on an overall design to ensure that the good of humanity and garntir perpetual peace and economic prosperity must that the world is indeed headed in quite hidden by a sort of wise government. Serving this conception of globalization are placed levers of impressive proportions. Some organizations, including the best known is the Trilateral .. . MNEs "to which" France a strong, independent and radiant is particularly troublesome, therefore a particular target. THREATS Of course the MIL took into account the decline of his political enemy the oldest ... communism. The result "is a victory for him when we participannt contributed greatly to the fight". However we note that its "traditional transmission belts" were much better preserved their power "CGT remains the first union strength, it still has the capacity to mobilize non gligeable and even has a physical strength always dreaded. It keeps the levers action in key sectors of the French economy, energy (EDF), transport (SNCF) and so on. " In this traditional enemy were added: "environmentalism used in its naive or partisan, as an obstacle to the initiative and the development of certain ideas." "The racism that claims to use the good feelings (and who) runs into an instrument of disintegration that leads

to destroy the nation". "The third worldism confused and perverse mixture of sentimentality and to world politics ... it is to blame the West and developed countries presented as cynical exploiters of poor countries. In France the bad conscience that follows and is systematically cultivated prevents to face the dangers of immigration and take steps to combat them. Finally, more insidious "It is developing a long-standing systematic business ownership (from left) of structures of all kinds, whether in the field of education and media, but also justice, Police, businesses, churches etc.. "As an organization like the syndiact of the judiciary who took power from the left to get their hands on the judiciary does not hide promote justice inspired by ideological and political considerations make the company responsible for the most part crimes and crime, he advocates the indulgent about them and proposes, in contrast to increasing the repression against the white-collar crime. That's a new law, a new social morality that these judges want red or pink enforce. These are considerations that go right to the heart of Robert Pandraud honorary member of the MIL, indicted in a case of false invoices to finance the RPR. Fortunately face the Anti-France stands the MIL, or political party or trade union or club thought the MIL wants to be a movement of thought and action, but beware an action that is determined from the principles cited above "principles (which) are mainly used as a compass indicating the direction of action that might otherwise escalate into activism." We have learned the lessons of the SAC. Politically the MIL was "firmly on the right and seeks to promote the union of right-wing parties. This example is spreading again slogans and campaigns of the National Front "such as France's" love or leave. "On the ground the MIL is organized into three types of structures: 1) Region: Region , county, city. 2) Militant: collage, towing etc.. 3) Socio-professional

business, profession, great body ... When recruiting it is framed. Indeed, the MIL does not have to be a mass organization but an organization that seeks to recruit people safe. Thus, to join you must be sponsored. Then the members will divent into two: those who want to join ideas and those who want to be more active. A recently proposed a more comprehensive questionnaire on the type of activity you want, on their current commitment, their political past. A short questionnaire that reminds one of the deceased furiously SAC again ...

22/12/2009

John Carvalho, police officer, "this need to read in the eyes of others it is the best."
11.12.1999 at 02:03 AM

Twelve years for community policing to the trigger-happy. In 1997, John Carver was killed in full police Fabrice Fernandez.
Marc Pivois

Lyon, Special Envoy. The beat officer John Carvalho beautiful stutter, repeating: "It mixes in my head, saying he just wanted to understand, but" certainly not hurt, there are two facts unstoppable. Two facts that led the indictment of Lyon to return to the foundation, where he appeared since Wednesday, not, as requested by the prosecution for "voluntary violence with a weapon causing death without intention to kill" but simply to "murder." Murder, in ordinary language.

Handcuffed in the back. Two facts, then. The first is the shotgun that the police is deflected eight inches of the face of a man sitting on a chair, handcuffed in the back, the police in the 9th arrondissement of Lyon. The second is that it is impossible, experts in ballistics, a shot is fired if they did not support a pressure of 3.9 pounds, the trigger of the gun. It is 21 h 36. Fabrice Fernandez, 24, died after receiving the discharge head of 12-gauge. The officer then left the room, lit a cigarette, said the weapon to a colleague with this comment: "Be careful, it is sensitive, the gun went off right away." He walked away, a out a knife from his pocket. Police were approached to take the knife, "for fear he will not wait for his life." False alarm, John Carver was picking his nails. Thus told, the scene is overwhelming. But Friday, after three days of debate, the attorney general Francois Coste, a representative of the indictment, returned on the classification of facts: "Asked whether he intended to cause death, your Instead, I would say no! "Around 21 hours, this December 18, 1997, three policemen in a tray (anti-crime brigade) to patrol the Duchre. The district is deemed difficult. They hear an explosion, then shortly after, noticed at the foot of a building that three men, one of which handles a shotgun. It is night. The police revolver in hand, approached the group. "Police! Do not move! "The brothers are Papalardo handcuffed, the gun was recovered by goalkeeper Bruno Sagne, trying to unload. It manipulates the pump, which is blocked, at least he believes. Rather than check, he filed the weapon in the trunk of the 205. We know now, involuntarily, he made up a cartridge in the chamber. It's dark, he saw no light. The situation was tense again. The Papalardo howl, a crowd formed. Shouts, insults. A third person, especially the police invective. It Fabrice Fernandez, half-brother of Papalardo. That's when qu'arrivent John Carvalho and two community police officers in their own car. Carvalho neutralizes

Fernandez. The two police cars eventually break away under a hail of stones. "Engueulade. They arrived at the police station at 21 h 34. Fernandez is led into the tiny office of the chief post. Handcuffed in the back and sitting on a chair, surrounded by many policemen: the peacekeepers of the police, the three community police officers, a police reinforcements came tray and Tray occurred initially. The head of it comes with the shotgun. He filed in the office. While a "shouting match" by the policemen, broke out between Fernandez and Carvalho, it grabs the gun leaning against a wall and brandishes. Several police officers, he would have shouted: "It is with this that you pull over!" Then, lowering the gun barrel against Fernandez's cheek, he added: "It is with this one should shoot you. "Fernandez shot back:" You're not able! "The gun went off. The defense of John Carver is also confused his memory. "I just showed him the gun saying that it was because it was taken aboard his brothers. When he told me: "You're not capable, I realized it was useless to speak. I wanted to go, and then the gun went off by itself. I have not even understood that he was hit. "It is the only one. The police come in holding his head in his hands. One of them shouted:" Damn! "He fired!" A student burst into tears. Carvalho is also the only except that the trainee was in charge, to claim that he had previously informed the neutralization of the weapon. All those who say they never touched talked to Carvalho. Narcissistic complex. How do I know? Most police officers are contradictory. For lawyers of the plaintiffs, no matter: for murder lies in the short time Carvalho, holding the gun pointed, Fernandez intends to provoke. The psychiatric expert has described the officer as a man suffering from a narcissistic complex, not bear to be in the "position of the dominated." Then, in "that split second that rips eternity ahead

Gilbert Collard, a lawyer for the plaintiffs, while" You're not capable of Fernandez sounded like "You have no balls" at this moment A police officer became a murderer. For the General Counsel, if Carvalho has not verified that the gun was discharged, it is no more verified it was loaded. "The killing will not abandon himself to chance," he said. For this "stupid approach," this need to read in the eyes of others he is the best, it required twelve years' imprisonment. The jurors have followed the sentence and the qualification. http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0109300446-douzeans-pour-l-ilotier-a-la-gachette-facile-en-1997-jeancarvalho-avait-tue-en-plein-commissariat- Fabrice Fernandez a bullet in the head for Fabrice Fernandez

The "cardboard" Keeper Carvalho

The death of a man of 24 years, killed in a police station in Lyon, has amme district of Duchre. Question: why the officer fired twice already suspended for misconduct, had it not been revoked? Survey Robert Marmoz Fabrice Fernandez was seated in the police, his hands cuffed behind his back. He is restless, he drank a few beers. In these cases, it is true, his mother admitted later he had "a bad little wine." Around him, the police are busy. Fifteen minutes earlier, he had arrested Fabrice and his two half-brothers in the neighborhood of Duchere in Lyon. Fabrice irritated. He criticized the police not to arrest offenders and take them to "citizens who did nothing." In front of him, John Carvalho, a policeman, seized the shotgun that the patrol has to enter the Duchre. Fabrice: "Well, go ahead! Shoot, if you're capable of. "Carvalho is at least one meter Fabrice. He fires. Fabrice Fernandez jaw carried away. He died instantly.

He was 24. He was unemployed and with his companion, he raised five children. His death Thursday night, has sparked two nights of violence in Duchre, this city of 14 000 residents of the 9th arrondissement of Lyon. And the question: how John Carvalho, punished twice for misconduct, he was still a cop? Moreover, assigned to a police district "sensitive". During one of his appearances before a Disciplinary Board, John Carver had responded to the warden, delegate to the police: "I do not like being pushed around. " John Carver was the beat officer Duchre. At his request, and not long ago. Only a few months. He lives in the neighborhood with his wife and four children. Man, that's for sure, a certain conception of order. "It was not really an enlightened democrat," he told one of his former colleagues. Another finds him look like a fighter. He had also been a paratrooper regiment in Tarbes. In 1983 he joined the National Police. First to Elancourt, then, in 1986, in Lyon. There is first poured into a motorcycle brigade where he shines much. His superiors found a "middle way" to perform its missions and administrative notes are not brilliant: 2 (7) in 1990, 3 in 1991. In 1992, the first fault. A dark matter of forgery and uttering forged with his registration papers, for which he gets a few months of suspension. The strange policeman and then transferred for five years it will provide custody in various police stations and police station. In 1995, second offense, much worse. He is confused when he photocopied color card from police and has sold ... a mobster. Before the Disciplinary Board, which meets four responsible for the supervision of police and four staff representatives, the head safety delegate proposed revocation. In the vote, there are 4 to 4 cons. It's finally a notice of penalty of one year suspension without pay which is approved the board.

The Interior Ministry slightly aggravate the punishment by bringing to fourteen months. "As stewards we could not bury a colleague, said today, a little embarrassed, a union officer. "The warden might be able to play the casting vote of the chairman to enforce the revocation," concedes one, equally embarrassed officials at the police. In any case, his suspension time served, John Carver was assigned to the Commission 9th arrondissement. At his request. Again, the red tape did not see it coming. Candidates for "sensitive" areas are not legion. However, in recent months, the situation is deteriorating slowly to Duchre. Initially the main bar and the tower overlooking Lyon had been designed to accommodate the returnees pieds noirs in Algeria. Over time, the Blackfoot made some space for families Maghreb. Cohabitation is a little difficult sometimes, nothing more. The unemployment rampant as in all neighborhoods. But in recent months, a petty crime is exercised more often. Sometimes violently in six months the police station was attacked three times. Last Thursday, that aggression against a passer who leads a patrol to intervene at the foot of a building. Locally, they challenge two men one of whom is armed with a shotgun. When they want the board, Fabrice Fernandez descends from the family apartment, a little tipsy. This is his half-brothers as they embark. He intends to oppose it. He rounded up neighborhood youth. In turn, it is embedded. Fifteen minutes later, his path crosses that of John Carver, the officer who "does not like to walk on foot. John Carvalho sleeps now in prison, with an indictment - rare for a police officer - for "murder." RM

Auriol, the family of Jacques Masse Chief of SAC, the opaque Service Civic Action - has disappeared into his house the police
A discovered traces of a massacre. Three members of the SAC and teacher Jean-Bruno Finochietti are charged with murder. While only the body of Jacques Mass was found near Nans les Pins - the police continue searches to find the other five victims of the massacre. On July 19, 1981, Auriol, a mason noticed a thick smoke rising from the house of Jacques Masse, inspector of police and militant RPR. The police discovered on site of many traces of blood and observe the disappearance of six people: Jacques Massi, his wife Marie-Dominique, their son Alexander, aged seven, her parents and Emmanuelle Jacquemai Jules and his brother George Ferrarini. It was Jacques Mass, who was described as regional head of SAC, Civic Action Service, service Gaullist original order, created in 1960 and has been talked about in the region at various times for his connection with the "middle". The conditions of this massacre are known when three activists were arrested SAC (a teacher, a master of painting company and a former legionnaire converted to commercial). They deny their involvement, but police found the fingerprints of the teacher, who confessed to killing six people. The same day the body of mass, killed with knives, was found to pass the Petit Galibier in the Var, July 30, five more bodies were discovered at the bottom of a disused mine shaft in Luke (Var). The squad consisted of five members of SAC. The sponsor is John Joseph Maria, Deputy mass in this parallel police, anxious to get rid of a leader too bulky threatening to disclose incriminating documents. Maria will be sentenced to life imprisonment; Debizet Peter, patron of the

National SAC will be charged with murder and kidnapping. Imprisoned six weeks, he will receive a non-place in 1984. This massacre shows an infiltration of the police in Marseilles by the "thugs" and led to the appointment of a parliamentary commission, whose investigation will lead to the dissolution of SAC August 3, 1982. Bibliography: Franois Audigier, History of SAC, Paris, Stock, 2003. Marina Massi, Tuerie Auriol, the life of a survivor, France Europe Editions, 2006. Alex Panzani, The killing of Auriol, ed. I have read, Crimes and Investigations, 2001.

On December 22, 1997, march to the Duchre Vaise for Fabrice Fernandez, shot at police Published Tuesday, December 22, 2009 The young Fabrice Fernandez, 24, was shot December 18, 1997, a bullet to the head fired at close touching, when he was asked, sitting handcuffed in the police station of the ninth district of Lyon Street Berjon to Vaise. The officer Carvalho, in a state of alcohol during the interrogation, had fired a shotgun which he had put the barrel on the jaw of the young Fabrice Fernandez, killing him instantly! Fabrice Fernandez with his wife and five children, he was the father of three of them lived for two years at Saint Rambert Island Barbe district's ninth district of Lyon, where the young Nicolas Billotet, 23, was killed March 13, 2003 by officers of the IBC. This evening of Thursday, December 18, 1997, Fabrice Fernandez was at her aunt in a bar tray Duchre the district also in the ninth arrondissement of Lyon, and he played cards.

Then around 21 hours it drops down immediately when he realized that his two half-brothers are being handcuffed by police officers from the LAC. As often, the police are in large numbers this evening to Duchre, and, according to police, a passer would point out that his dog was stolen by three youths and a shotgun was confiscated . Fabrice intervenes in the arrest of his two half-brothers. Reinforcements arrived, commanded by the officer Jean Carvalho and emmment coup three young Fabrice including in police custody at the police station Vaise Street Berjon. What is certain is that Fabrizio had done nothing wrong to be taken into custody, when dropped down, the police were already there and it was not possible they have stolen three Fabrice since this dog was upstairs in the apartment of his aunt, he had simply bothered by his two half-brothers. That evening, the commissioner of Vaise is crowded. The cells in police custody are so full we decided to put aside Fabrice Fernandez in the Office of the Chief position, while the two brothers are in another room of the police. Once handcuffed, he was alone against several police officers, and after a few minutes, at 21.40 h, a shot rang out. Fabrice Fernandez collapses in bloodshed, met in the face by a ball from the shotgun fired by the officer Carvalho. What happened? The shotgun was confiscated it part of weapons of beatings during police custody, as insinuated the prosecutor Coste, Advocate General at the Court of Assizes of the Rhone, December 9, 1999? Why all police officers who were there in the room do they leave normal Carvalho brandishing the gun barrel to pump Fabrice? Why were they removed, instead of reacting and screaming to put this weapon? Why Carvalho said the gun went off alone, while it takes a pressure of 3.9 kilograms to press the trigger? A witness reiterated that the last words the young man was: "You're not able .."

Then the officer he did not deliberately killed Fabrice Fernandez? The officer was forty years, we learned later that he had done twice already subject to sanctions. He has been sidelined in total eighteen months for misconduct in response to wounding, without being excluded from the police. He was eventually suspended from his duties in January 1998. Although in such killings, police have mostly a non-place, the death of the young Fabrice Fernandez, Lyons, December 18, 1997, a bullet to the brain from the premises the police, have won only twelve years' imprisonment for his killer, John Carvalho. The new released of this young man of twenty-four, a father, leaving children orphaned and traumatized family, killed in dramatic circumstances by a police officer has raised a huge emotion in Lyon and particularly in the area of Duchre . This is 11 years On December 22, 1997, a protest march brought together more than four hundred people from the bar Duchre where the arrest took place, but very worthy event is specified down to the police station Vaise Street Berjon, where police n 'led in large pitch and went to City Hall Vaise, where Gerard Collomb, mayor of the 9th arrondissement, has been booed for his comments electoral unwelcome in this terrible circumstance. On the same day: Abdelkader Bouziane was killed by police in the LAC - it is eleven years as On December 18, 1997, in the forest of Fontainebleau, Abdelkader Bouziane, a 16-year Dammarie-les-Lys, was chased and shot in the neck by the BAC of Dammarie the police for "failure driver's license. Djamel, who accompanied him, was beaten like a dog. The police claimed they had forced a dam 140 km / h. It has been shown since he was a speed estimated to be 36 km / h during the recovery. The following days, there was a riot

in the neighborhood. The association "Move to Move" was created after these events. You must see the context in which it happened. Two weeks before the death of Abdelkader, the elected Dammarie had held a safety meeting which indicated that the police should be more effective. Jean-Claude Mignon, the deputy mayor of Dammarie, had just returned from New York where he met with police officials about the "zero tolerance". According to police, two officers who fired on his car considered themselves in self-defense, fearing Abdelkader Bouziane do over. They argued that the lethal bullet had ricocheted off the edge of the driver's window before entering his neck. The passenger in the car, meanwhile, said the car had stopped before any shot was fired. A ballistics report prepared for the magistrate in charge of the judicial inquiry by two experts confirmed that two policemen had fired two rounds each, but have concluded that the fatal bullet, like the three others had been taken after the passage of the car, so from behind. This completely invalidates the argument that the police fired in self defense. However, December 16, 2001, the officer concerned will receive a non-place ...
The Movement for the Community (MPC) established on March 13 1959 by Jacques Dauer [Who?],'s Vocation is political, to reconcile the two Algerian and European communities. This movement quickly covers elements of the former group protection [unclear] "Retaliation," made by the environment and the actions of the underground formations [unclear] as the CDR and the OCC [unclear] use of harsh methods such as blowing up, abductions and torture [What?] [ref. incomplete] Editor Master Lemarchand, a group of 200 fighters are not authenticated by the government in place [What?], Although supported by ministers Roger Frey and his assistant Alexandre Sanguinetti.

Summary [masquer] 1 History 2 Bibliography 3 Sources

4 See also

[Edit] History At the end of the Fourth Republic, an organization of young Gaullists from the RPF will radicalize even be leftist under the label of their newspapers, Paris-Young and The telegram from Paris [ref. Needed]. After the crisis of May 1958 and the return to power of de Gaulle, they form the Front for Progress. These activists have provided the basis of the MPC, although the Front for Progress later adopted a critical attitude [unclear] vis--vis the MPC. [What?] Was relaunched in 1966 as the Front of progress (with the newspaper The telegram from Paris), which later merged with other parties within the Socialist Movement & participation. Jacques Dauer, who died September 3, 2008, was secretary general of the Academy of Gaullism [unclear]. Officers of MPC, activists or mercenaries, were charged under the leadership of Lucien Bitterlin and Andre Goulay [Who?], To deter and dismantle the networks trained by the Secret Army Organization, which took root in the population blackfoot in Algeria and moreover, threatened the political Gaullist. The MPC has carte blanche [Who?] To carry out its actions was renamed Movement for Cooperation for the purpose of its activities but most importantly, he was assigned to infiltrate the movement OAS and eliminate active members. While pursuing the mainland distribution of Gaullism [unclear], Jacques Dauer took his distance Bitterlin and all those who might use the name of the CMP for armed actions, as shown in the statement it published then [ref . needed] [when?]. Based in the Villa Andrea (Dar Es Saada), on the heights of El Biar in the neighborhood of Algiers, the members engaged in this movement made up of police volunteers but also those unsavory and difficult to control were confronted with the violence of the Algerian conflict .

The case Camille Petitjean [What?] Revealed by all newspapers and particularly French newspaper 'L'Echo d'Alger revolt and unworthy French public opinion and especially the political class. Four years later, abductions and torture [unclear], the Interior Minister Roger Frey responds to a question from an MP to the National Assembly on 7 May 1966: "I solemnly affirm, once and for all, there are no police in France and the parallel need to stop these heinous slander, gossip these dishonorable, these stories of thugs who have even more the merit of being funny. Let the country know that there is in France that the regular forces of the Surete Nationale, the Prefecture of Police and the Gendarmerie Nationale. " Moreover, the MPC enjoyed the support of several Algerian independence (disavowed by the FLN), which proved valuable intelligence level [ref. Needed]. The French General Delegation [unclear] published a statement denying the existence of parallel police in Algeria [ref. Necessary], but after this announcement, members of the Movement for the Community (MPC) appointed thugs by the OAS were removed and recalled in France. This return was also the result of fierce fighting between OAS and MPC that led to the elimination of nearly half the members thereof [ref. Needed]. This will cost over 150 million euros in this period [Ref. Needed]. During implantation of MPC mission consisting of 200 police officers sent from Paris will benefit greatly from the observation of the anti-MPC OAS and benefit for serious blows to the terrorist organization of French Algeria [ref . needed]. Bitterlin said later, having been financed from the funds of the General Delegation of Algeria (Jean Morin) [ref. Incomplete] [Edit] Bibliography 1999: Jean Morin-De Gaulle and Algeria - My Story, 19601962: Franois Coulet - Editions: Albin Michel - ISBN 2-22610672-3 -History of Barbouzes Lucien Bitterlin, Editions du Palais Royal, 1972 - We were all terrorists, Lucien Bitterlin, editions of the Christian Testimony, 1983

- The Horseman of the General. Interviews with Stephane Jacques Dauer Giocanti La Table Ronde, 1994. [Edit] Sources 1. Anne-Marie Duranton-Crabol, the time of the OAS, Ed Complex 2. The time of the OAS by Anne-Marie Duranton-Crabol: Ed Complex

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THE HISTORY of Barbouzes

Some books have been written by leaders "thugs":

"GENERAL Barbouze of" by Pierre Lemarchand. Tough, he was arrested by German paratroopers who decimated his bush and narrowly escaped execution summary. Interned in Fresnes awaiting deportation to Germany, he was liberated by the Allies. He immediately embarked the 1st Army, in which he participated in the campaign in Germany. Gaullist Pierre Lemarchand is one of the founders of the RPF, as head of the service order. Voluntarily recalled in Algeria in 1956, he participated in the creation of "black commandos" Colonel Barberot under the command of General Bollardiere. In 1961, Lucien Bitterlin Dominique Ponchardier and ask him to take the lead "Barbouzes" engaged in anti-OAS.

"1000 DAYS MATIGNON" by Constantin Melnik, a member firm of Michel Debre, which entrusts the connection with the "thugs". Melnik has himself a commando "spook" enabling it to another to make a political provocation by blowing up a van bomb inside the Quai d'Orsay (1 killed, several injured) on the orders of Michel Debre.

The nebulous "Barbouze" consisted in Algeria: MPC network Force "C" the SM (Military Security) some units of mobile police the BDL, the mainland, who coordinated the police and some networks 'thugs'

and incidentally: The SAC (Civic Action Service) The OCC (Clandestine Organization of quota) The GAR (Group Action and Resistance) The General Union of Algerian Workers The Algerian Communist Party (BCP) At the head of the nebula:

Jacques Foccart, the eminence grise Roger Frey, Minister of Interior Alexandre Sanguinetti, deputy FREY MORIN Jean, Delegate General in Algeria Pierre Lemarchand (lawyer) and Mrs. Constantin Melnik, the Cabinet of Michel Debre THE TAC Yves and Joel

The MPC

Jacques Dauer was the founding president of MPC (Movement for the Community) founded July 9, 1959 with the aim of creating a 3rd force in Algeria between the FLN and the partisans of French Algeria. The left-wing Gaullist, unconditional De Gaulle was quickly overwhelmed by the Algerian section will change its name under the guidance of Yves Lemarchand and THE TAC October 15, 1961 to become the "Movement for Cooperation". It contains the following characters:

DAUER Jacques (Founder President). SCHMITLEIN Raymond (Vice President, Group President, UNR). Bitterlin Lucien (Leader of the antenna Algiers). Dubuquoy Jean (Head "administrative" branch of Algiers). Ponchardier Dominic (brother of the Admiral)

ANDRE (SM colonel, said "LAWRENCE") ANDREI Jacques (commando "TALION) ALCHEIK Jim said "Lassus" (commando "TALION) AMAR? (father) AMAR? (son) Jo Attia, notorious offender Badin BELAICH Alain (Jewish AFN) BENHOURA Youssef BENHOURA Nouar BIARD (from SAC) Bonardi Charly BUI THE Roger (specialist judo etc. commando "TALION) Clausura (from SAC) Jacques Cohen said "MUSTAPHA" David Christian, SDECE agent who assassinated Commissioner Gallibert). Rochefort, Jean Morin Assistant at Black Rock (eye of Michel Debre) DESPINOY Jacques (aka Colonel HOME) DIRAND Michel DUFOUR Jean aka "father Peysson" FRANCIZATION Marcel, the "middle" Marseille FRANCK (one chief in Algiers) GAUTHIER (from SAC) GAUTRAY (Commissioner) GENTGEN Rene (Colonel retired). GITS Guy (responsible Barbouze Orleansville) Clay, secretary FP Marseille GOULAY Andr (president of ARBA CSP May 13, 1958) HUNGARIAN Marcel, head MPC Ain Taya Hortenzie (Head area in Algiers) JEUNET Henry (General Counsel of Algiers, Socialist Gaullist).

Robert (head area in Algiers) (Chief area in Algiers) Pierre (head area in Algiers) Lemarchand (Mrs.) Lobianco Ettore said "Mario" MARCANTONI Francis (Ben Barka) Frank Masson Gerard Maugueret Meunier said Raymond "Raymond la Science" notorious offender released Nivse (Commissioner) PASAN, managed to infiltrate the OAS PELLETIER (Head area in Algiers) PALACIO Andre infiltrated the OAS, was killed when he discovered Marcel PISANO DOOR (sent by Foccart, killed 3 days after arrival) Quetel Gaston OURABAH Mohan (prefect Orleansville) Ranson (2nd lieutenant colonel office ORAN) RAYBOIS Claude (secretary of the Association in support of General de Gaulle). ROSSELLO Barthelemy, dan infiltrated the OAS, was killed when he discovered Fred Simon (representing Parisian MPC) Simonpieri Angel, the "middle" Marseilles Sungsung a card carrying a Vietnamese police Number 804 TOUITOU Joseph (Jewish AFN) ORCHARD Louis (Deputy Jean MORIN) OLD Claude VIEILLECAZES Claude (Deputy Jean MORIN) VIORME (commando "TALION) VENTURI said Dominique "Nick", the "middle" Marseille Gerard ZEMMOUR

LAVIER Lavoie Lecerf

End of summer 1961, meeting with Jacques Louis JOXE Dauer, Raymond and Lucien Bitterlin SCHMITTLEIN to implement the 3rd force in Algeria between the FLN and the OAS. October 1961, at the lawyer's office in PARIS master Lemarchand, are put in place new guidelines on the fight against the OAS. Present: Roger Frey, Alexandre Sanguinetti, Lucien Bitterlin Andre GOULAY and Fred Simon.

November 2, 1961, meeting important to Black Rock near Algiers: Jean Morin, Andre GOULAY Louis VERGER, Claude VIEILLECAZES). Jean Morin listens to his interlocutors is approved "for a one-month trial in the departments of Algiers and Orleansville. He eventually unlock a budget of 60 million old francs and authorize recruitment of a hundred people.

Mid November, 9000 posters printed in France by Jacques DAUER arrive in El-Biar. They like themes, Peace in Algeria, self-determination, cooperation, ...

January 10, 1962, Dominique Ponchardier (brother of Admiral Ponchardier and friend of Roger Frey) takes over the MPC. Stewardship: Colonel Andre said "LAWRENCE" of the SM (Military Security) provides the MPC: weapons taken FLN, explosives, thirty vehicles and forged documents of all kinds (mission orders signed by Colonel RIVIERE big boss of the SM which would later be signed by the name of an imaginary character). Other official documentation (pass, permit to carry weapons ...) Were insured by the government delegation (Morin and yards). The SEDA (European Society of Broadcast Africa) is responsible among other things, ensure the pay of thugs. And finally this table there is a hoard of 60 million old francs released by Jean Morin. Very quickly, the MPC has permanent fifty plus drivers and bodyguards provided by the Algerian Sheikh ZEKIRI, with or without official permission of FLN. The FLN, through Smail Madani, Alilat LARBI ABDELHAMID and Shawki, provide thugs (Bitterlin) and FORCE "C" many intelligence on the OAS. It is by abduction, followed by interrogation, that the thugs will get the information they need to dismantle smuggling networks. These activities will be spectacular but not decisive. ALGIERS is squared by LAVIER, Dubuquoy, Lecerf, GOULAY, PELLETIER, Lavoie, FRANCK, Hortenzie

Orleansville Guy GITS is responsible and will work closely with the Prefect Mohand OURABAH. There will be two industry leaders, eight officers and twenty-eight militants. The shock group was comprised of six fighters. In Oran, they were based in "New Castle, headquarters of Lieutenant-Colonel Ranson, head of the 2nd office that was executed by the OAS and college Ali Chekkal protected by the police. Following the response of the OAS, which began tracking down Barbouzes GOULAY LECERF and ask for reinforcements from Paris. Dominique Ponchardier care of this new recruitment was described as "unwise" and Madame Lemarchand transfer the new "packages" for which it underwrites life insurance. Thus, December 6, 1961 arrived in Algiers on Peysson father (Jean Dufour), Claude OLD, ANDREI Jacques Marcel PISANO, eight judo, four Jews including Joseph AFN TOUITOU Alain BELAICHE two Muslim fathers and Amar's son, four Vietnamese commanded by Jim ALCHEIK said "Lassus", VIORME Roger BUI-THE. All specialists of combat sports, they form the commando "TALION. Sometimes the "middle Marseilles" MARCANTONI, bodyguard Alexander Sanguinetti and notorious mobster, Angelo Simonpieri Marcel Francisci VENTURI said Dominique "Nick", Clay (Secretary FOR Marseille). They will be staying at Villa ANDREA.

STRENGTH "C"

Commissioner GRASSIEN, Deputy Director of the PJ Algiers in spring 1961, under his orders a dozen metropolitan police. She will lose the Inspector JOUBERT (down) and leave Algeria, November 9, 1961. He will be replaced by the Commissioner GUEPRATTE. November 26, 1961, inception "C" (decision by Roger Frey) commissioned by Michel HACQ, aka Professor HERMELIN. This force anti-OAS has 200 inspectors of the PJ (110 police in Algiers, 60 in Oran, Constantine 30 more than 30 policemen) Appointed November 26, 1961 at the head of the entire mission "C", Michel HACQ flew to Algiers with Jacques Dauer and former tennis champion Robert ABDESSELAM, became an MP. A rank before them, Lucien Bodard, a reporter who had been warned of this mission, picks up the scraps of conversation the three men. The same evening in his room at the Aletti, Lucien Bodard is typing paper builds on the plane, with the word "Barbouze. Here are some passages: "The impact force will be independent ... the new training antiOAS shall not form part of any classical hierarchy. They will be autonomous, without subjection to the authorities against normal, acting through their own means and depending only on the highest authorities. They operate outside the military and the police ...." Inspector Rene Chazottes, aka "Renato Hernandez, liaising with the MPC.

From the statement of Mr Lemarchand in his testimony before the commission to shed light on the SAC: "The President: And the 200 police mission C? "Lemarchand: They were playing cards in their room, you know. There were ten of effective, that's all."

Military Security (SM)

Safety Military whose leader is Charles in PARIS FEUVRIER, unconditional Gaullist, is responsible for tracking the leaders of the OAS. In Algiers, the official is Colonel Andre says "LAWRENCE" and it is Colonel Oran Ranson (who was killed by the OAS). It is no more "stingy" on the police recruitment. His rookie lighthouse is one Jean AUGE, a second knife, the resistance became Kaid mid Lyon. "Little Johnny" was ordered to shoot Algiers SDECE two agents accused of "treason." Later, in 1965 Colonel Andre will be used to recognize the expertise of AUGE "in various circumstances," without further details. AUGE died June 15, 1973, killed during a settling of accounts of undetermined nature.

THE MOBILE POLICE

Its leader, Colonel Debrosse, vowed a boundless hatred for Blackfoot since the affair of the barricades. The barracks located in "Tagarins" on the heights of Algiers will be a place of terror where everyone will stay that torture "regular" had been unable to speak. He was among others under his command the platoon captain LACOSTE who previously fought against the FLN. Fifteen men who had primary mission is to stop General Salan. torture against supporters of French Algeria was not a unique specialty of thugs: Constables Colonel Debrosse, guards mobile school Police Hussein Dey

and police mission "C" in the famous Barracks "Tagarins" were also guilty of crimes against humanity.

5 - THE BDL (anti OAS in mainland)

In metropolitan France, the Liaison Bureau (BDL) was established in December 1961 to coordinate the actions of police officers from the DST, General Intelligence (RG) and SM. His boss Alexandre Sanguinetti, the business of being BDL Commissioners BOUH Lahorgue, Duranton, GUEPRATTE, Cabanne, and HARSTRISCH PARAT. The main task of Alexandre Sanguinetti is the struggle against the OAS. He earned the nickname "Mr. Anti-OAS. Note the speech given by Alexander and Colonel SANGUINETTI BOURGOIN July 7, 1957 at memorials of Algiers "Two million veterans of the city are by our voice, French, sworn to oppose by all means any measures which threaten the integrity of territory and the French unit. Constantin Melnik liaise between Prime Minister Michel Debre and Michal HACQ Alexandre Sanguinetti, Colonel Laurent (2nd Office), Mr. de Rochefort (The Black Rock). The fight on the ground against the OAS on the mainland was conducted by Ponchardier in conjunction with the police, John Quail in the Prefecture of Police and Mr. Honore GEVAUDAN for National Security.

SAC

The SAC was created December 15, 1959, under the guise of an association type "1901 Act", declared to the Prefecture of Police January 4, 1960 (No. 34511). Its creators: Jacques Foccart, Roger Frey, Jean Bozzi, Dominic Ponchardier Paul COMITI Alexandre Sanguinetti and Charles Pasqua (who denies ...). It is an extension of the service order of the RPF created April 7, 1947 which was responsible Dominique Ponchardier. The article 2 of the Statutes states: "This association aims to bring together all persons wishing to support action General De Gaulle .... this purpose, the association will conduct a civic, cultural and social, without any political action. " The first President was Peter Debizet who quickly found himself in disagreement with the Algerian political and De Gaulle resigned in 1960. In 1958, Roger Frey, Alexandre Sanguinetti, Dominique Ponchardier Charles Pasqua and decide to throw the bag in the fight against the FLN which Willaya metropolitan accumulated acts of terrorism. For this task they will recruit in the "middle". The anti FLN Service Civic Action does not last long because some twenty months, after which the power politics have changed, it must raise more troops to fight against a new subversion: the OAS. The same men, recruited from the same depths, are reused and secret funds conquer reluctance. SAC seems not to play very active role in the fight against the OAS from 1960 to 1962. The few actions that are due have been by "free riders". Here are excerpts from the statement of Pierre Lemarchand before the inquiry being conducted on the SAC after the killing of AURIOL: Mr. Lemarchand: "There have been attempts to establish in Algeria made directly by Mr. Foccart which included sending in Algeria, DOOR, companion of the Liberation, was murdered three days after his arrival. But I can assure you that Algeria SAC has never been any activity. I do not speak ill of the SAC members were my fellow political struggle, but never, never, in any manner whatsoever, he has participated in the fight against the OAS in Algeria. And I personally have never been active in Metropolis. There was an association policy that has tried to do in Metropolis that we did in Algeria with the MPC: the Association for Support of General de Gaulle, with PERNOT. It's so simple. In 1958-1959, the SAC was moderated by Mr. Debizet that after the speech of General on self-determination, rose up against him up to write in a leaflet distributed to members of the SAC General would end in the ditches of Vincennes. It was from that moment we joined the MPC. The SAC will participate actively in 1963 in the kidnapping of Colonel Argoud at the Hotel Eden-Wolf of Munich, the Ben Barka affair and the scandal Markovitch. Le SAC a t dissout par une ordonnance du Conseil des Ministres, le 3 aot 1982, la suite de la tuerie d'Auriol. (Un des responsables de l'organisation, l'inspecteur MASSIE, sa femme, ses enfants et d'autres membres de sa famille ont t sauvagement massacrs par un commando du SAC.)

LES HOSTILITES

Le FAF, anctre de l'OAS, est dissous en dcembre 1960 L'OAS est cre officiellement le 10 fvrier 1961 suite une runion en ESPAGNE entre SALAN et LAGAILLARDE. 31 Mars 1961, bombe OAS au domicile du Maire d'EVIAN, qui est tu. 22 Avril 1961, le Putsch d'ALGER. SALAN et JOUHAUD entrent en clandestinit et se rpartissent les zones d'action. 19 Mai 1961, 19 plasticages ALGER. 31 Mai 1961, assassinat par l'OAS du commissaire GAVOURY Alger. 5 Aout 1961, 1re mission pirate tlvise de l'OAS, 21 Aout 1961, 1re dition pirate de journaux par l'OAS. Ds sa naissance, l'OAS est infiltre par les dnomms Barthlmy Rossello, Andr Palaccio et PASANI, qui ont le temps de faire des dgts avant d'tre dmasqus et abattus. 7 Septembre 1961, arrestation de Maurice GINGEMBRE par le colonel DEBROSSE. Entering multiple documents causes the arrest of Colonel BLIGNERES, generals and VANUXEM CREVECOEUR, etc. .... 8 Septembre 1961, attentat manqu de l'OAS Pont sur Seine contre De GAULLE. 22 Septembre 1961, premire grande soire de concert "casseroles" Alger. 30 Septembre 1961, assassinat Alger par l'OAS du commissaire GOLDENBERG. 2 Octobre 1961, l'OAS "liquide" le "milieu" truand d'ALGER souponn de collaboration avec le MPC. 31 Octobre 1961, assassinat par l'OAS Alger du commissaire PELLISSIER. 10 Novembre 1961, assassinat Alger par l'OAS du commissaire JOUBERT.

12 Novembre 1961, un scout car de la gendarmerie mobile est attaqu par l'OAS rue Michelet en plein centre d'Alger : 4 gendarmes mobiles tus.

Le 13 novembre 1961 0 heure le MPC dclenche les hostilits. A hundred men are released into the city to infiltrate networks OAS and cover the walls with posters. Plus a brainwashing campaign media reproduce and distribute news releases MPC encouraging Europeans to stand out from the OAS. L'action politique et psychologique se transforme en activits de renseignements et action sur le terrain. 20 Novembre 1961, l'OAS assassine Alger LEVY William, dirigeant SFIO. 20 novembre nouvelle tactique des barbouzes : le plasticage d'endroits frquents par les europens en faisant croire que c'est l'OAS qui a frapp, afin de dsorienter la population Franaise. "RAYMOND LA SCIENCE" est la base de ces attentats l'explosif. Il a une double vie car il renseigne galement l'OAS. Il restera actif longtemps. Du 20 au 21 novembre 1961, cinq commandos en voiture font sauter l'Otomatic, le Tantonville et le Cheval Blanc. Two days later, Joinville le Coq Hardi and the Viaduct jump turn. Considerable damage, especially psychologically. All these institutions were frequently visited by Europeans. 22 Novembre, nuit bleue Paris : 22 plasticages par l'OAS. 6 Dcembre 1961, le Conseil des Ministres dissout l'OAS. On December 11, 1960, at the residence of General De Gaulle in Algeria broke out in Algiers violent protests of Muslims who make 61 dead including 6 European murdered. This is the first mass demonstration of its kind in town. The MPC was behind the uprising and advised Muslims to shout the name of head of state. December 12, 1961, the first major operation carried out by commandos Deltas. A villa at La Redoute, Severine Street, home makers "thugs", Bitterlin, GOULAY and more ... is contested.

13 dcembre 61, Villa B. A European who seems a little too curious is bluntly snapped inside. An officer Bitterlin, a Muslim nicknamed Nasser seems to recognize the passing, he told Bitterlin: "It is a technician SN Repal and the OAS. He must know who shot you the other day" . Called by Bitterlin Colonel LAWRENCE ordered "to speak" the prisoner. Too happy, Jim ALCHEIK Vietnamese and start working. Tortured, the man eventually gave the names of two fellow supporters of the OAS. The next day, two thugs on expedition and bring the two technicians oil. "Treaties" by the executioners, they pass the "confessions". Deception: they clearly know very little, being in the secret organization that subordinates. They will be "cleared" live in El Biar. Fernando Lopez, Realtor, then kidnapped for the same reasons. December 14, 1961, the OAS blew in the port of Algiers the ship that was used to relay radio authorities. December 16, 1961, Colonel Ranson, head of Military Security (2nd office) ORAN is killed for his collusion with the "thugs". On December 22 Claude Veillard, "spook and gorilla" Vice President of the General Council of Algiers blew up the restaurant "The Great Rock 'den of the OAS. Twelve dead were collected in the rubble. On December 24 evening, four Vietnamese kidnapped Square Bresson, Paul Sintes, the owner's son Coffee consulates and his girlfriend Angela. Their bodies will be recovered by the police on the beach of Castiglione. Paul's face was unrecognizable SINTES, his mouth was a huge gaping hole, part of his body had been eaten by the shrimp. His hands were only two stumps. Both killed by a bullet in the neck, the girl she was raped and impaled, she had their nails pulled out and the nipples cut with razor ...". They were both twenty years. On December 29, 1961, Dauer instructs Bitterlin to suspend the activities of the MPC. Refusal of Morin and Bitterlin. DAUER dissolve when the MPC but officials of Algiers will not swallow it. Night of 30 to 31 December 1961, Marcel HUNGARIAN dynamite coffee appointment of the OAS and addresses of its representatives. December 31, 1961, attack on the hideout bazooka "thugs" from the street Faidherbe six commando deltas. After dropping out of the deltas, the deputy Brigadier Francois Paoli was killed by "thugs" who confuse it with a reinforcement OAS. Fourteen dead and two injured side thugs who declare one wounded. 1st January 1962 MASSENET Michel, Deputy Degueldre, was killed by a bare hand Vietnamese. January 3, 1962, deadly clash between the FLN and the OAS to ORAN: 19 dead.

January 4, 1962, attack on the Communist Party headquarters in Paris by the OAS. January 8, 1962, Colonel CASTLE JOBERT took command of the OAS Constantine area. January 12, 1962 Michel LIEVIN commando delta is captured and tortured by the Vietnamese ALCHEIK. It will be in such a state that the "Misson C" will make him sign a waiver before incarceration. January 18, 1962, Blue Night in Paris: 17 OAS blowing up. January 19, 1962, the OAS eliminated 2 of its key members who had contacts with "enemy" to create a partitioning of Algeria. January 22, 1962, blowing up the Quai d'Orsay by the OAS in Paris. Le 23 janvier 1962 nouvelle mission ordonne par le ministre de l'intrieur : Dtruire l'metteur pirate de l'OAS Alger. Jos SALORD is abducted and tortured and Albert coronal to be tortured for several hours. Le 24 janvier 1962, les barbouzes enlvent pour l'interroger (ou pour faire du chantage sur son pre) le fils du commandant des territoriaux des barricades, SAPIN-LIGNERE. Le 26 janvier 1962, des troupes de l'arme franaise lors d'un accrochage avec l'ALN font prisonnier un homme dont l'armement tait d'origine franaise avait t "donn" par Marcel HONGROIS, le responsable du MPC d'An Taya.

Le 27 janvier 1962 Henri VINENT est captur et atrocement tortur dans la cave de la villa "Andra". The chief torturer is a Vietnamese by the name of "Sungsung. It is a map of the National Security 804. Tmoignage Henri VINENT : "Arrt le 27 janvier 1962 vers 20h30, j'ai t emmen El Biar par les barbouzes. Ils m'ont descendu au fond d'une cave et m'ont d'abord frapp sans me poser des questions pendant plusieurs minutes. A la suite des coups et des tranglements subis, je me suis vanoui. Ils m'ont rveill l'lectricit. Ils m'ont dclar qu'ils savaient que je participais aux missions pirates, et que j'tais depuis deux jours sous leur surveillance. Ils m'ont nouveau tortur, puis menac un couteau sous la paupire, de m'arracher un il si je ne parlais pas.... ALCHEIK dirigeait les interrogatoires... on m'a attach par des menottes un radiateur de chauffage central et j'ai subi d'autres tortures physiques et morales... ALCHEIK m'a dclar : "Nous pouvons vous tuer, personne ne nous en demandera compte. Nous dpendons directement de la Prsidence du Conseil "... J'ai t dlivr par l'explosion de la villa... Le grand patron est arriv c'tait LEMARCHAND, c'est lui qui dcida le repli vers le Rocher Noir... ". Remis la Police lgale de Hussein Dey il fut examin par les mdecins Henri de Jolinire et Maurice BOURHY qui constatrent et certifirent les tortures subies. Plainte fut

dpose Alger le 2 fvrier 1962, puis Paris la prison de la Sant. ELLE N'ABOUTIRENT JAMAIS. 28 Janvier 1962, Alexandre TISLENKOFF, technicien radio des missions pirates est son tour kidnapp. He is tortured twenty four hours. Malgr ces traitements inhumains, TISLENKOFF rsiste ses bourreaux durant vingtquatre heures. He tore the nail, then a look .. He was rescued after the explosion of the villa Andrea. He died in France of a heart attack many years later. One of his collaborators is also intercepted. It will be completed by a bullet in the neck and buried in the garden. The complaint filed by Lemarchand Pierre cons TISLENKOFF, February 17, 1966 does not even longer if an investigation was ordered. He wrote a book in 1966 entitled "J'accuse LEMARCHAND" who never received permission to publish. C'est ensuite le tour de M. QUIDET, le propritaire du studio de TISLENKOFF. Allong sur le sol, la tte recouverte d'une cagoule macule de sang, un " spcialiste " vietnamien le travaille au corps par des prises extrmement douloureuses tandis que SUZUKI lui brle la plante des pieds. M. QUIDET ne dit rien parce qu'il ne sait rien. A ses protestations d'innocence, une des barbouzes LEMARCHAND lui rpond : " Ici, j'ai tous les droits. Nous dpendons directement de la Prsidence du Conseil. Nous nous foutons perdument de la police lgale ! De toute faon, elle est incapable de faire son boulot ! et l'on nous a chargs de la suppler plus efficacement...

Puis c'est Jacques GOSSELIN chef de chantier l'UATP (Union Algrienne des Travaux Publics) qui est arrt le 29 janvier 1962 vers 8h et tran la villa. On le jette au sous-sol, et le visage recouvert d'une cagoule, le passage tabac commence. Comme il nie son appartenance l'OAS, on l'attache sur le fauteuil et on l'asperge avec le contenu d'un seau d'eau. Au moment o le courant

commence

passer,

une explosion

terrible

retentit : la

villa

saute.

29 janvier 1962, des dmnageurs BEDEL livrent deux caisses lourdes et volumineuses (262 kg) La cargaison, trs attendue, est accueillie avec joie il s'agit de tout un matriel de composition et d'impression qui va permettre de enfin fabriquer tracts et affiches sans sous-traiter. La douane assiter l'ouverture ... doit assister l'ouverture des caisses mais le temps passe ... Jim ALCHEIK n'y tient plus. Impatient de devenir diteur part entire, il porte le fer entre deux planches de sapin et imprime un dlicat mouvement de bas en haut... Enorme explosion ; champignon de fume au-dessus des hauts d'Alger. 180 kilos d'explosifs plus quelques grenades dfensives dtruisent la villa Andra. Bilan : dix-neuf barbouzes calcines. Parmi les rares survivants, trois prisonniers, dont deux membres de l'OAS, qui ont t torturs dans la cave et que l'arrive de l'imprimerie a sauv de justesse. Il s'agit de Henri VINENT, aide-radio, d'Alexandre TISLENKOFF, responsable ses missions Pirates de l'OAS, et d'un chef de chantier Jacques GOSSELIN. Un commandant de la gendarmerie mobile s'opposa leur excution sommaire par Christian DAVID "le beau serge". 7 Fvrier 1962, le capitaine LE PIVAIN, de l'OAS, est tu par les gendarmes mobiles, probablement sur renseignements. 12 fvrier 1962, des barbouzes s'installent l'htel "RADJAH". 13 Fvrier 1962, un commando Delta mitraille le nouveau repaire. The thugs retaliated four Deltas are killed. 14 Fvrier 1962, violents combats entre commandos OAS et Gendarmes Mobiles Alger et Oran.

le 15 fvrier 1962, partir de 6 h 30, Roger DEGUELDRE vient en personne et en force, avec half-tracks lance-roquettes et mitrailleuses. Nombreuses victimes parmi les "Barbouzes". Les blesss "barbouzes" seront "attendus" aux abords de l'hopital maillot, mitraills et achevs par la foule.

18 fvrier 1962, deux pilotes OAS mitraillent et bombarde les camps FLN OUJDA au MAROC avec des avions T6. 27 Fvrier 1962, la caserne de la gendarmerie mobile de Maison Carre est attaque au bazooka par l'OAS. Stocks of gasoline and ammunition exploding. le 27 fvrier 1962, des "barbouzes" dont plusieurs Vietnamiens, firent irruption dans les locaux du service du personnel des Usines Berliet Rouiba, brandissant des cartes de police (nous avons vu que le MPC possdait des cartes de la Sret, primes il est vrai). Ils emmenrent l'ingnieur PETITJEAN souponn tort d'appartenance l'OAS, qui sera tortur et retrouv prs d'Orlansville coup en morceaux. Reconnu peu aprs par des tmoins, arrt, l'un des assassins est relch par le procureur de la Rpublique, cause d'une erreur de nom. PETITJEAN se retrouva vis, car aux yeux du FLN il passait pour un "lment dangereux". Un de ses subordonns, C..., tait un adjoint de Si Azzedine la Zone Autonome FLN d'Alger. Mari une franaise C.... fit surveiller Petitjean par son pouse, employe du Service Social de l'usine. Il lui confia des filatures

dans le quartier d'Hydra o son physique europen n'veillait pas de suspicion. C'est Mme C... qui servira d'agent de liaison entre le FLN et les "barbouzes" pour cette affaire. Si Azzedine avait dcid de ne pas faire intervenir ses hommes aux usines Berliet et de confier le cas PETITJEAN aux gens du TALION, alors abrits l'htel RADJAH. Si avare de dtails en d'autres cas Si Azzedine en fournit des dtails dans son livre "et ALGER ne brlat pas ..." pages 276 278. Il indique que c'est Mme C... elle-mme qui conduisit les "barbouzes" aux usines Berliet. Elle fut appele ensuite par eux l'htel RADJAH pour l'interrogatoire du prisonnier, "en tant que tmoin" prcise-t-il. Voici dcrite la scne laquelle elle assista : Il (Petitjean) est attach une chaise. Sur son front de l'acide coule goutte goutte d'une bote de conserves suspendue au-dessus de sa tte. La confrontation a lieu. Elle reprend mot pour mot la conversation surprise dans le bureau du directeur et les menaces relatives la solution dfinitive pour le personnel algrien. PETITJEAN nie. L'acide coule, creusant d'atroces rigoles..."

Une grve fut dclenche par le Syndicat des Transporteurs pour obtenir la libration de l'ingnieur. M. CAMATT directeur de l'usine multiplia les dmarches. Without success. Un mois plus tard, des petits bergers arabes jouant dans un terrain vague entre Orleansville et Charon alertrent la gendarmerie. Ils venaient de dcouvrir un sac en plastique contenant le corps d'un homme dcoup en morceaux. Les gendarmes venus sur les lieux, identifirent la victime : Petitjean. Ils firent un rapport et reurent l'instruction de ne pas bruiter l'affaire. L'un des gendarmes ayant men les investigations tait un sympathisant de l'OAS Il prvint les amis qu'il avait dans l'Organisation et transmit des photos du corps supplici. Une journaliste de L'Echo d'Alger les reproduisit et constitua un dossier de presse qu'elle envoya ses confrres franais et trangers. La responsabilit des "barbouzes" fut mise en cause. L'affaire fit du bruit Alger. En mtropole, la plupart des journaux se contentrent de petits entrefilets. La Dlgation Gnrale publia un communiqu o sans voquer le cas PETITJEAN elle raffirma qu'il n'y avait pas de polices parallles en Algrie. A l'poque o fut faite cette dclaration, aux environs du 16 mars, ce n'tait pas inexact, en ce sens que l'quipe du MPC tait termine et que les survivants avaient t rexpdis en France. Autres confidence de SI AZZEDINE sur l'usine Berliet : "Aux usines Berliet rgnait un climat de tension d aux vnements. L'entreprise avait t implante dans le cadre du Plan de Constantine, et elle cotisait alors tant au FLN qu' l'OAS Ainsi, les directeurs des succursales d'Alger , Ouargla et Constantine circulaient librement sur le territoire algrien sans tre inquits. Cette situation irritait l'OAS qui voyait dans cette unit de production, une adepte du double jeu. PETITJEAN et la direction BERLIET Algrie auraient fait pression sur la direction de Berliet France pour qu'elle renvoie ou rtrograde les cadres musulmans de la matrise. L'pilogue fut rsum par une dpche AFP du 23 mars 1962 : Elle annonait que le directeur des tablissements Berliet avait fait connatre sa dcision d'interrompre toute activit du groupe jusqu' nouvel ordre : " ... Un ingnieur de notre socit M. PETITJEAN a t apprhend aux fins d'interrogatoire dans nos tablissements le 27 fvrier. Malgr nos protestations nergiques et ritres auprs des diffrentes autorits, il n'a pas t possible de connatre les raisons de son arrestation et le lieu de sa dtention. Nous apprenons aujourd'hui que son

corps aurait t dcouvert, le 1er mars, CHARON dans la rgion d'Orleansville... ". Mr MESTRE, porte-parole de la Dlgation Gnrale, aujourd'hui ancien ministre, dclara : "Il est possible que M. PETITJEAN ait t victime d'un rglement de comptes au sein de l'OAS" 2 Mars 1962, l'OAS pntre dans les prisons d'Alger et d'Oran et "liquide" les prisonniers FLN. 5 Mars 1962, nuit "bleue" Alger, 130 explosions de plastic.

Le 7 mars 1962 Roger Frey donne l'ordre Jean MORIN de mettre fin aux activits des "barbouzes" du MPC et de rapatrier discrtement en mtropole les survivants. C'est donc la fin officielle des "Barbouzes" . Le cot financier sera de l'ordre d'1 milliard et demi d'ancien francs, le bilan humain de 100 barbouzes tus (la moiti de l'effectif) et 200 cents morts ou disparus cot OAS. The thugs killed will be buried without fanfare in cemeteries Sainteny Champigny and random places. Il est probable que quelques lments restrent en Algrie aprs cette date. 10 Mars 1962, Une camionnette pige explose Issy-les-Moulinaux, trois morts, nombreux blesss. Le gouvernement s'empresse de mettre cet attentat au compte de l'OAS qui dment et accuse les barbouzes gaullistes de provocation. Trois individus sont arrts le 31 mars, mais immdiatement remis en libert, le ministre de l'intrieur refusant de confirmer un fait connu de tous les journalistes qui faisaient les commissariats. The three men then disappeared from all proceedings, and no suspects will be arrested or questioned on the subject. A car bomb explodes in the yard of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, one dead and 33 wounded. The OAS has been accused by the media but so far we know it at the request of Prime Minister DEBRE that Melnik came up this action with his henchmen. He recounts in detail in his book "1000 days at Matignon. Melnik in his memoirs, claims to have detonated the car bomb on the Quai d'Orsay, but says nothing of the van to Issy Les Moulineaux. Torture perpetrated by the thugs were mainly psychological and physical. Blows, chokes, power, torn nails, gouged eyes, burns, are the daily lot of horror What had to suffer the unfortunate prisoners.

The torturers used the "electric chair". This is a chair where the backrest and seat are replaced by two spring leaves and a coil wire. The patient is undressed and tied, ensconced on the record. We then engaged the current between the seat and back and adjust the voltage: 110 volts, then 220, if the subject resists, 500. The springs of the seat and backrest red and unhappy roasted slowly. The excavations in the gardens of the villas in 1968 helped to update some thirty skeletons some of which had pierced his skull. With hindsight one can say that maybe the Barbouzes have inadvertently served to disperse the work of the OAS on secondary targets. The "thugs" Survivors will be reclassified as election agents, bodyguards, committed to the ESDP (eg Simonpieri become bodyguard of Mrs. Lemarchand MARCANTONI that of Alexandre Sanguinetti, Christian DAVID spy revolutionary groups in South America on behalf the ESDP).

1963 Removal of Colonel Argoud: Remaining active since the failed coup in Algiers, Colonel Argoud leader of NRC / OAS, counteracts the echelons of power. It circulates freely in Europe and "visits" are followed in their tracks. Argoud strives to contact officers deployed in Germany in order to recruit them. The cause inspires sympathy, certainly, but no commitment. Pierre Messmer, Armed Forces Minister, followed closely by General de Gaulle, is quite favorable for an operation "physical elimination" of Argoud. He has talked to General FEUVRIER responsible for the DSM. Between trips, Argoud resides in Rome with his family. His last trip was a visit to Hamburg to meet Alex Springer, a magnate of the German press. He will use this trip to see Basil Liddell-Hart, famous British historian. At the hotel, 2 men appear to Argoud with a map of the policing allemenade and ask him to follow them. Out of the hotel, the two men push Argoud in the back of an Opel then stuck between them and run. Argoud reflected. "If they're" thugs I have more than a few hours to live. "He must decide quickly. He collapses on the type of left foot and gives over the right one. Error, the glass resists ... He begins to scream, attracting the attention of a group of pastors arrested on the sidewalk. They do not react. This is the full carnival time in Munich ... A few punches rained violently and calm was restored, leaving few traces on the face Argoud. As a precaution he was handcuffed but nobody thinks of him blindfolded. He later identified one of his captors as Boucheseiche in a diary recounting the Ben Barka affair. They change their car (new belongs to the Air Force). Boucheseiche said: "You can still yell, we're in a military car." Passage to Karlsruhe, then finish the neighborhood Lattre de Tassigny in Baden-Baden, proving the involvement of army service. Changing car full of petrol. During a stop en route, Argoud excuse a natural need and succeeded in get rid of a small address book. A little later, Boucheseiche in the digging, he poked his portfolio. Laughing, he said: "I will table in the office ...". Argoud not see again not the content. In suburban Paris,

the colonel was transferred to a van which was abandoned near the

Archbishopric of Notre-Dame de Paris. Summarily tied, he will get the peacekeepers and a civilian official, warned by an anonymous phone call ... It was delivered! Brought to Commissioner Bouvier, though annoyed, he then saw Mr. Fernet, department head, who told him: "You go to Fresnes, but it evades easy ...". Another device was expected. A plane was waiting in a parking Lahr with Colonel FLAMANT few NCOs of the 11th Shock and a large wastebasket transport. Tried and sentenced to "life sentence" Argoud had interesting encounters. An assistant cook at Fresnes said: "I do not know, but I heard you at the bar 'Le Gavroche' in March 1963. In a corner of the room, there were several guys who sanding champagne, but I have heard several times pronounce your name, sir. " The skipper of the "Gavroche" was Jo Attia. A few years later, while "Jo" died of throat cancer, his widow went to Argoud to Damey to tell her that her husband in prison, had, as an exchange of courtesies been instructed to provide the world to care for Argoud ... And behind Jo Attia there was Pierre Lemarchand .....

Following the Ben Barka affair and the "slaughter of AURIOL" where a family was murdered by members of the SAC, a commission of inquiry into the activities of the SAC was created by the National Assembly December 17, 1981. This committee was intended to shed light on the activity of the Civic Action Service (SAC). His report was published in the Official Gazette of June 18, 1982. The hearings will provide little information with the following exceptions:

Hearing Lucien Bitterlin

Lucien Bitterlin: I have never had any dealings with the SAC, with the exception that we received at the end of 1961 three members of SAC have also been killed in the explosion of a villa which we served as a PC January 29, 1962. At first, Pierre Lemarchand sent us political activists acceding to the UNR or MPC, but gradually we had to appeal to young people who were not necessarily political beliefs. I always found it curious that the SAC has spoken about the anti-OAS, because I do not recall having seen many of its members with us. The President: The low participation of SAC in the fight against the OAS reflects Does the fact that its secretary general, Mr Debizet, was a supporter of French Algeria? Lucien Bitterlin: I do not know if he still had that responsibility at this time The President: We have the feeling you've been abandoned by everyone and you could count on neither the army nor the police ... Have you not had a moment of hesitation? Lucien Bitterlin: ... Laches, we were not by the Delegate General Jean Morin, nor by two senior members of his cabinet but they were completely isolated. They could not even rely on the CRS because they asked us once in early 1962 to protect the Black Rock, what we did with 30 activists since we learned of a project of Removal of the Delegate General Jean Morin ... ... There were some who wanted us to make noise like Dominique Ponchardier ... He has served us without our knowledge. It was in relationship with Frey and Lemarchand. The other trend, that of Jacques Dauer, Raymond SCHMITTLEIN, asked us to create a political climate not beat us. However, by necessity, we have been led to fight, to do cons of blowing up. Otherwise, he would have had to leave. But we wanted to finish our thoughts, the FLN to understand that the French government really wanted self-determination and independence, he was not convinced and Europeans that they should dissociate themselves from the 'OAS ... One day we saw the arrival of a group of Vietnamese judo did not go unnoticed! From there, there was a tension between DAUER who supported our departure and Lemarchand and Ponchardier other hand, who wanted to maintain our place .... In addition there was also tension within the Government, the Minister of Interior being supported our action there, but the Prime Minister there has become hostile. We served with abscess for commandos Degueldre ... . This label spook me since remained glued to my skin and my political career ended in 1962. No party is from within its ranks a former spook ...

... I left Algiers in January 1962 and I was allowed to return and Lemarchand and DAUER. I went back there after the Evian agreements. Lemarchand had been back before, but it was not at the villa Fabre Street on the evening of the attack on January 29, 1962. The President: An officer of SDECE said Jean AUGE (notorious offender) had worked with the ESDP in the fight against the FLN el OAS. It seems that people like him have benefitted from protection because they had agreed to do things that the police would not or could not do. Lucien Bitterlin: I am surprised to hear that the ESDP has contributed to the fight against the OAS! As for AUGE, I heard his name for the first time when an inmate named Santelli said that I had given money to Roland AUGE, but he later retracted. le Prsident : Qui faisait la liaison entre votre quipe et le cabinet de M. Roger Frey, ministre de l'Intrieur ? Lucien BITTERLIN : La liaison tait faite par Lemarchand et Ponchardier Le Prsident : Lemarchand est un personnage tonnant. On le voit qui va, qui vient, qui entre, qui sort, qui revient, qui ressort... Lucien BITTERLIN : Andr Goulay avait demand Pierre LEMARCHAND d'tre notre reprsentant Paris.... Ponchardier a tir son pingle du jeu, il a t nomm Ambassadeur .... Lemarchand, lui, voit son nom cit dans tous les articles de presse. Le Rapporteur : Qui a dcid de vous envoyer en Algrie mettre sur pied le MPC ? Lucien BITTERLIN : Je suis all Alger pour une mission de trois semaines la radio. Dauer qui m'a dit : "il faut rester l-bas, voir ce qui se passe ". C'tait deux mois aprs les Barricades ; les choses taient devenues plus claires. Il y avait eu en septembre le discours sur l'autodtermination. J'ai trouv un emploi la radio. J'ai compris qu'il fallait une transformation totale menant l'Algrie vers l'indpendance. La violence ayant pris une grande importance, nous avons russi convaincre Jean MORIN de nous donner des moyens pour dvelopper une contre-offensive. ... l'administration tait gangrene. Lorsque Jean Morin a reu une lettre de Michel Debr selon laquelle un terme devait tre mis aux activits du MPC, il l'a mise dans sa poche en disant qu'il ne pouvait pas la laisser dans son bureau. Nous circulions sous de fausses identits, car nous tions la merci de nos adversaires. Un militant UNR de Champigny, venu identifier le corps de son frre, aprs l'attentat du 29 janvier 1962, a sign un registre la SNCF pour assurer le retour du corps. Il a t assassin peu aprs, alors qu'il n'avait jamais mis les pieds en Algrie auparavant. Le Rapporteur : Qui est coupable de l'explosion de la villa d'El Biar ?

Lucien BITTERLIN : Nous pensons que l'OAS avait repr sur les docks le matriel d'imprimerie qui y est rest trop longtemps. Vraisemblablement, des spcialistes de l'arme passs l'OAS ont remplac les machines par des explosifs, mais je ne pense pas que la trahison soit venue du gouvernement. le Rapporteur : Pourquoi l'enterrement des huit victimes de l'attentat du 29 janvier s'est-il droul en catimini ? Lucien BITTERLIN : A Santeny on est tomb dans le fief d'un dput Algrie franaise, Lefebvre d'ORMESSON. Paulette NEVOUX : Savez-vous qui officiait Santeny ? Lucien BITTERLIN : Non, j'avais t mis l'cart. Paulette NEVOUX : C'tait Mme Lemarchand. Pourquoi Madame Lemarchand ? BITTERLIN : pour identifier les victimes. Franois LONCLE : Le ministre de l'Intrieur, Mr Frey, tait-il avec vous, avec l'OAS ou les deux ? Lucien BITTERLIN : Sans quivoque possible, Mr Frey tait contre l'OAS. Peut-tre ses collaborateurs n'ont-ils pas toujours fait le maximum. Mr Frey a t loyal, je n'en dirais pas autant de tout le monde au Gouvernement. le Prsident : Quand vous laissez entendre que tout le monde n'avait pas t loyal au Gouvernement, faisiez-vous allusion GISCARD d'ESTAING ou PONIATOWSKI, qui auraient t l'origine de certaines fuites ? Lucien BITTERLIN : Je n'ai jamais pu vrifier. Il est vident qu'il ya eu des fuites.... Je raconte dans mon livre que l'OAS savait immdiatement quand quelqu'un tait mis sur coute, il y avait des complicits extraordinaires. le Prsident : Pourquoi cette priode difficile et trouble est-elle tombe dans l'oubli ? Votre ouvrage est peu prs le seul qui traite de la lutte contre l'OAS. Lucien BITTERLIN : En effet J'ai d'ailleurs eu du mal trouver un diteur. Maintenant il a disparu et personne ne veut faire rditer mon livre. Il ne faut pas revenir l-dessus, semble-t-il Le problme de l'Algrie a entran des divisions et des dceptions parmi les gaullistes, cela mriterait une trs longue analyse. le Prsident : On vous a donc utilis quand vous serviez quelque chose ? Lucien BITTERLIN : C'est de bonne guerre. J'aurais seulement prfr que l'on nous trane moins dans la boue et qu'on nous accorde un peu plus de considration. Le reste n'a pas d'importance.

Audition de M. Pierre LEMARCHAND.

Pierre LEMARCHAND : Il ya bien des ministres qui ont particip des attentats contre le Gnral de Gaulle. L'un d'eux est mme devenu Prsident de la Rpublique. Le Prsident : La police officielle tait si peu sre que cela ? Pierre LEMARCHAND : Oui, Absolument. En Algrie tous les policiers taient OAS. C'est pourquoi il a fallu en faire venir de la mtropole. Personne ne voulait prendre la tte de la mission et il a fallu que ce soit le directeur gnral de la PJ lui-mme, M. Michel HACQ, qui aille Alger. Alain VIVIEN : Est-il vrai que parmi ceux qui ont combattu EI Biar il y avait Jim AL CHEICK, un voyou notoire ? Pierre LEMARCHAND : Oui . C'tait un cas spcial.... Le Prsident : Pour l'enlvement d'ARGOUD, on a parl de Jo ATTIA. Pierre LEMARCHAND : ... ARGOUD a t enlev par des gendarmes. le Prsident : Comment le savez-vous ? Pierre LEMARCHAND : Parce qu'on me l'a dit (sourires). C'est tout simple : Georges Bidault tait tomb amoureux fou d'une trs belle allemande qui tait manipule par nous, Par elle, nous apprenons qu'une srie d'attentats contre le gnral de Gaulle tait en prparation et qu'ils finiraient bien un jour, par russir. Nous en sommes mus, nous en parlons au gnral qui ne veut rien savoir. Mais quelqu'un, qui d'ailleurs est devenu ministre et dont je tairai le nom parce que c'est trop frais, suggre d'enlever Argoud, car c'tait le seul dirigeant de l'OAS qui n'tait pas un farfelu. Argoud, je l'ai connu en Algrie en 1956, C'est un vrai fasciste, le seul type dangereux qu'il y ait eu en France ces dernires annes. Simple sergent L'ARBA, on avait russi, sans exaction, rduire de moiti le nombre des attentats. Argoud nous succde. Les attentats reprennent. Pour les faire cesser, il prend au hasard une vingtaine de jeunes Arabes, les fait excuter et les expose en plein soleil sur la place principale pendant huit jours. C'est cela ARGOUD. Il ne faut pas rver. C'est un danger public. Nous dcidons donc d'enlever ARGOUD car, si on l'avait tu, le gnral n'aurait pas pardonn. L'enlvement a d'ailleurs eu lieu avec l'assentiment des autorits allemandes et, je le rpte, il a t arrt par des gendarmes et ramen dans une estafette de la gendarmerie. Sinon comment expliquerait-on qu'il ait pu facilement passer la frontire ? Pierre LEMARCHAND : Jean MORIN tait mur au Rocher noir, sous la garde de harkis et non de soldats franais parce qu'ils se mfiaient de ses fonctionnaires.

Le Rapporteur : Et l'excution de l'ingnieur PETITJEAN, vous en avez entendu parler ? M. Pierre BOURGUIGNON : Il a t enlev Alger et la voiture, aprs son excution par les barbouzes, a t retrouve. Son numro avait t relev. Elle tait utilise par des gens du Rocher noir. M. Pierre LEMARCHAND : Ce n'est pas possible. Franois LONCLE : Selon vous, M. Marcellin faisait du zle au profit du Gnral ou il travaillait dj pour Giscard d'Estaing ? Pierre LEMARCHAND : Il travaillait pour Giscard d'Estaing. A l'poque PONIATOWSKI tait dans l'ombre. Pour moi, PONIA tait l'un des matres de l'OAS. Je hais ces gens-l, qui d'ailleurs me l'ont bien rendu. Savez-vous que j'ai t l'objet de trois contrles fiscaux pendant le septennat de Giscard ? Bien entendu, je ne dis tout cela que parce que la commission est tenue au secret. le Prsident : Vous aviez t radi vie par le conseil de l'ordre ? Pierre LEMARCHAND : Il y avait dans ce Conseil, TIXIER-VIGNACOUR, sa collaboratrice Mme BOUCHER, les btonniers POIGNARD,qui a dfendu Zeller, et TOULOUSE, qui a dfendu CHALLE. le Prsident : Que pensez-vous finalement du SAC ? Selon vous, quoi at-il servi ? Pierre LEMARCHAND : Je pense qu'il n'a servi rien. Je suis persuad que la lgende du SAC s'est cre par la faute de certains officiers de police qui ont protg des hommes qui avaient adhr cette association pour faire des btises, dans le but d'avancer plus vite dans leur carrire. ... Le SDECE tait beaucoup plus OAS que gaulliste. Il est pratiquement tabli que nos 39 ou 40 tus l'ont t par ce service. On a mme tabli pratiquement le nom de l'officier responsable. On a galement eu la preuve formelle qu'un ministre donnait des renseignements sur les dplacements du gnral de Gaulle. On pense mme que le premier attentat qui fut commis contre lui a t rendu possible par ces indiscrtions. Averti de ce fait par M. Frey, le Gnral a dit propose de GISCARD D'ESTAING : "C'est un bon comptable, on le garde. Pour les choses srieuses, on en parle entre nous." Le Gnral tait parfois un homme curieux. Vous savez, il aimait mme les communistes ! (Rires).

Audition de M. Jacques DELARUE. Ancien Commissaire la Direction centrale de la police judiciaire, historien.

le Prsident : Vous avez particip la lutte anti-OAS.

Jacques DELARUE : ... J'ai racont dans mon livre comment nous avions eu la preuve absolue que quelqu'un, l'Elyse, renseignait trs prcisment l'OAS : sur les dplacements du Gnral. Il ya mme eu plusieurs personnes successivement ; un moment donn, c'tait un gendarme. Je n'en sais pas plus ; ce n'tait pas quelqu'un d'important, mais il tait plac un point stratgique. De mme, chez nous, nous tions srs que certains de nos collgues trahissaient. ... j'ai racont mon histoire Douai, dans laquelle, Philippe de Massey nous a fil sous le nez, transport en Suisse par le SDECE, qui lui a trouv un emploi chez le marchand d'armes bien connu Burley-Oerlikon. ARGOUD raconte aussi comment il a t transport plusieurs fois par les avions spciaux du SDECE. Il donne le nom des officiers, le gnral LORILLOT par exemple. le Prsident : Avez-vous entendu parler de LEMARCHAND ? Jacques DELARUE : C'est un peu grce lui qu'on a identifi les corps trouvs dans la villa Radjah ; c'est lui qui avait fait les contrats d'engagement. Sa femme est venue au cimetire et a permis d'identifier les corps. le Prsident : Comment se fait-il que, participant la lutte contre l'OAS, vous n'ayez pas eu plus d'lments d'information sur ce sujet ? Jacques DELARUE : Nous nous intressons essentiellement aux trs grands personnages. Par exemple, c'est dans notre service qu'a t prpare l'arrestation de Salan et l'on a russi empcher toute une srie d'attentats. Mais nous n'avons eu aucun moment traiter avec des gens du SAC. Jacques DELARUE : ... Un bateau avait mme t coul dans le port et les Allemands taient furieux. Il y avait l une prtendue intervention de "la Main rouge". En fait, il s'agissait d'une action du SDECE qui liquidait des trafiquants d'armes. Les Allemands ont compris et l'affaire en est reste l.... mais d'autres affaires ont mal tourn : ainsi Hambourg, ils ont rat un trafiquant d'armes, et ont tu la mre ; puis, lors d'une seconde tentative, ils ont tu la secrtaire.... M. le Rapporteur : Peut-on accorder ARGOUD quelque crdit dans son livre ? M. Jacques DELARUE : Sur ce point, oui. Mon grand regret a toujours t de n'avoir pas pu l'arrter, tant donn qu'il vitait d'entrer en France. Argoud n'hsite pas raconter en dtail ses exploits en Algrie, les excutions sur la place publique devant tout le village rassembl. Mais il est honnte. De la mme faon, il parle de l'aide qu'il recevait du SDECE. Pas seulement aide de sympathie, mais en faux papiers, en avions de transport. A la PJ, nous avions d'ailleurs l'poque un grand patron, Michel Hacq, qui a pris l'initiative de faire perquisitionner au SDECE, aprs avoir retenu trois jours en garde vue le copain de de Massey qui l'avait fait partir en Suisse. Nous voulions bien marquer que le SDECE ne jouissait pas du privilge d'exterritorialit. Le gnral GROSSIN s'tait mis en grand uniforme pour assister cette perquisition. Cela dit, il y avait certainement aussi au SDECE des gens opposs l'OAS

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ALGERIA POLICY - History of the OAS

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1 - PREAMBLE:
At that time, it was ALGERIA FRANCE 5 times and counted 1,200,000 inhabitants of French European origin and 8,000,000 Muslims. When General de Gaulle came to power following the insurrection of May 13, 1958, the war lasted 4 years. For another 4 years many people will die without knowing that high place we decided to abandon Algeria. Against this abandonment of part of the National Territory there were several revolts, the last of the OAS that lasted 17 months.

2 - THE PREMISES OF REVOLT

We can go back to February 6, 1956. That day ALGER down the street to express his despair to the President, Guy Mollet, who clearly intended to leave Algeria in appointing General CATROUX the post of Governor. The French in Algeria realize then that the worst can happen is to tell the Exodus, and also, they represent a force that could turn the fate. And the Army understands that for the umpteenth time political power is ready to compromise. February 1957: l 'a bazooka attack against General SALAN (death of Commander Rodier). Among those arrested: Troncy, KOVACS, CASTILLE, Fchoz, Dellamonica, ORTIZ, LAURATOUR, CALLE, Wattine, RIZZA, etc. .... names that are found later in the OAS. These cons-terrorists will recognize a total of 14 attacks. This case was a funeral of 1st class. By order of the chancellor, Franois Mitterrand, the Attorney General of Algiers was taken off the case in favor of military justice. The defendants will be released quietly and alone flight will be sentenced in absentia. At trial the Algiers putsch, Francois Mitterrand affirm that Michel Debre was involved in the attack. Guy Mollet was assigned but the same situation recurs the "May 13, 1958 when Peter PFLIMLIN is known to govern France and does not hide his sense of abandon Algeria. This May 13, again, ALGER bends the government and 4th Republic waver at the magnitude of movement. General De Gaulle came to power thanks to the uprising in Algeria but in the months that followed the Blackfoot and the Army will explore the ambiguities of the Gaullist thinking. In the various submissions that have appeared since it says that Algeria was a "bullet" for General de Gaulle and it thwarted his plans for a policy of "greatness" for France. For 4 years a lot of people will die for a lost cause without knowing it. These ambiguities will gradually lead to confrontation between De Gaulle and the partisans of French Algeria. - On November 11, 1958, Joseph Ortiz, feeling the beginning of the end, creates the FNF (French National Front), a paramilitary organization based on UT (territorial units, military units composed of Blackfoot). It is surrounded by Dr. Perez, Marcel RONDA (Industrial), Laquire (Lawyer), Jean Jacques Susini (student), FIRLIGNIERES,. This activist organization to take lead MASSU Ortiz as the interlocutor of the French Resistance and Commander Navarro serve as liaison between the 2 men.

- On September 16, 1959, De Gaulle part shade cards by providing for selfdetermination referendum, calling into question the integrity of what was French territory of Algeria.

3 - THE BARRICADES

- The sacking of General MASSU causes January 24, 1960 an insurrection in Algiers we will call the week of the barricades. A meeting April 23 at Captain ROUY meet General FAURE, Argoud Colonel Colonel Gardes, ORTIZ. They decide the insurgency scenario leading to the shootings (20 dead, 47 injured) and Barricades Street Michelet. Army reluctant to brave De Gaulle (Challe still believe) and the hundred men who had holed up will go. - On June 14, 1960 was founded the FAF (Front for French Algeria) on the initiative of John Brown, Seguin, Tabarot, Peter Bruno and Dominique ZATTARA. The FAF unites all shades of French Algeria. It will be chaired by the Bachaga Boualem, surrounded by 5 members IOUALALENE, OAULI, LARADJI, and CASSOU PORTOLANO. - On October 30, 1960, General Salan, who had settled in Algiers, was expelled and chose exile in Spain. - On December 9, 1960 General de Gaulle made a provocative journey in Algeria [1]. Jean Morin via UAA Belcourt (Captain Jean Bernhardt) revealed Muslims shouting "Vive De Gaulle". It is the burning of Muslim and French events that will culminate in a bloodbath. The damage is done. Muslims have finally realized that France abandoned Algeria.

4 - CREATING THE OAS

- January 1961: Creation of scrub Captain Soutre near Mostaganem. - The FAF is dissolved and the OAS is officially created February 10, 1961 at a meeting between Spain and SALAN Lagaillarde. .

- March 31, 1961, OAS bomb at the home of Mayor of Evian is killed. EVIAN is the city where discussions take place between the FLN and De Gaulle.

5 - The coup

- The coup in Algiers April 22, 1961. Challe's unwillingness to use force and went after 4 days. The failure of the Putsch condemns Algeria. It's so tragic (for those who believe that France should remain in Algeria) that despair leads them in the OAS, the last and final battle to keep Algeria in France. In the weeks following the waves of successive treatment, the quota being called to denounce the officers "French Algeria". De Gaulle accelerate negotiations with the FLN and meanwhile the OAS organized. At the head of the OAS are: SALAN, JOUHAUD, GARDY, GODARD, PEREZ, DEGUELDRE, Susini, LEROY, GUARDS. SUSINI will somewhat aloof, shunned by his colleagues. It will mount its own network (the commandos "Z" with Michel Leroy, Ren Villars, ZAGAMME and Lieutenant DELHOMME). Lagaillarde went into exile in Spain and Col. ARGOUT. Captain SERGEANT own view was that the decisive battle is on the mainland and settled in the Paris region.

6 - The Confrontation

- May 19, 1961, 19 blown up in Algiers. - May 20, 1961: Resumption of negotiations with the FLN and France decide to back a unilateral truce. - May 31, 1961, murder by the OAS Commissioner GAVOURY in Algiers. - June 2, 1961: At Camp Valdahon in the Doubs, 200 captains in training conspuent Colonel who welcomed the failure of Putsh (information to be verified). - July 7, 1961: Ailleret replaces GAMBIA. - July 11, 1961: Events, pro-FLN: 80 protesters killed, 250 wounded. - July 12, 1961: verdicts PUTSCH: ... General Challe, Zeller, BIGOT ........... 15 years ... General NICOT ............................ 12 ... General FAURE and VAUDREY ................ 10 years ... Commander Helie de SAINT MARC ........... 10 years ... Colonel MASSELOT and LECOMTE .............. 8 years ... General Gouraud, Colonel De La Chapelle .. 7 years ... Bernard NEDDE ......................... 7 years - 18 to 22 July 1961: TUNISIA attack the naval base at Bizerte. Unexpected reaction to De Gaulle: 650 dead, 1,500 wounded among Tunisians.

- July 21: Hanging around BOUIRA (22nd BCA): Among the injured, if SALAH chained. A statement declared that he died fighting, enn is assassinated on orders from the Elysee by the 11th shock. - August 5, 1961, 1st Pirate TV broadcast of the OAS. - 6 to 26 August 1961: Start of the 4th Congress FLN Tripoli attended by European 2: LOCUSOL (who was killed by the OAS) and CHAULET. BEN Khedda replaces Ferhat Abbas as head of the GPRA. - August 8, 1961: If MOHAMED (If SALAH case) is killed by the 11th Shock. - August 16, 1961: End of the unilateral truce. - August 21, 1961, 1st edition pirate newspaper by the OAS. - August 31, 1961: Murder by the OAS Commissioner OUAMRI. - Since its birth, the OAS has been infiltrated by the so-called Bartholomew ROSSELLO Andre Palaccio PASAN and who have time to do damage before being unmasked and killed. - September 5, 1961: De Gaulle yield on the Sahara. - September 7, 1961, arrest of Maurice GINGER by Colonel Debrosse. Entering multiple documents causes the arrest of Colonel BLIGNERES, generals and VANUXEM CREVECOEUR, etc. .... - Friday, September 8, 1961: Attack of Pont sur Seine cons De Gaulle. Arrest "by chance" of Villemandy who made a full confession. Arrest Rouvire, Barbance, MANOURY, BELVISI De la Prade. Only the head is uncovered, a certain "Germain" which could be Bastien Thierry .... - September 20, 1961: the mole "Benedict" is its service offerings to Alexandre Sanguinetti fee. It will rage for several years without being unmasked and cause the dismantling of OAS metropolitan networks. - September 22, 1961, the first major concert evening "pots" in Algiers. - September 30, 1961, assassination in Algiers by the OAS Commissioner Goldenberg. - October 2, 1961, the OAS "liquid" the "middle" of Algiers mobster suspected of collaborating with the MPC.

- October 17, 1961: Important demonstration pro-FLN PARIS cons on curfew was only for Algerians. 25,000 people with green and white flags etc. ... Clashes with the police: a hundred deaths and 11,000 arrests. - October 31, 1961, murder by the OAS in Algeria Commissioner Pellissier. - November 10, 1961, assassination in Algiers by the OAS Commissioner JOUBERT. - November 12, 1961, a scout for the Gendarmerie Mobile is attacked by the OAS Michelet Street in the heart of Algiers: 4 policemen killed mobile.

- On November 12, 1961 at midnight "Barbouzes" trigger hostilities. A hundred men are released into the city to infiltrate networks OAS and cover the walls with posters. Plus a brainwashing campaign media reproduce and distribute news releases MPC encouraging Europeans to stand out from the OAS. - November 20, 1961, the OAS murdered in Algiers William Levy, Socialist Party leader. - November 20, 1961, new tactics of thugs: the bombing of places frequented by Europeans in believing that it was the OAS that hit to confuse the French population. 20 and November 21, 1961, five commandos blew up the car Otomatic the Tantonville and Cheval Blanc. Two days later, Joinville le Coq Hardi and the Viaduct jump turn. Considerable damage, especially psychologically. All these institutions were frequently visited by Europeans. - November 22, 1961, Blue Night in Paris: 22 blown up by the OAS. - November 23, 1961: De Gaulle 5000 officers met in Strasbourg. When singing the Marseillaise, one officer will accompany him. The discontent of officers will go no further. - November 28, Andre Palaccio who was in charge of tracing of General Salan, is seriously wounded by gunfire in Algiers. His brother was killed the same day at Maison Carree. - December 6, 1961, the Cabinet dissolved the OAS. - December 12, 1961, the first major operation carried out by commandos Deltas. A villa at La Redoute, Severine Street, home makers "thugs", Bitterlin, GOULAY and more ... is contested.

- December 14, 1961, the OAS blew in the port of Algiers the ship that was used to relay radio authorities. - December 16, 1961, Colonel Ranson, head of Military Security (2nd office) ORAN is killed for his collusion with the "thugs". - December 19, 1961: Anti-OAS demonstration in PARIS, severely repressed 100 wounded. - On December 22 Claude Veillard, "spook and gorilla" Vice President of the General Council of Algiers blew up the restaurant "The Great Rock 'den of the OAS. Twelve dead were collected in the rubble. - On December 24 evening, four Vietnamese kidnap Square Bresson, Paul Sintes, the owner's son Coffee consulates and his girlfriend Angela. Their bodies will be recovered by the police on the beach of Castiglione. Both killed by a bullet in the neck, the girl she was raped and impaled. She had fingernails pulled out and the nipples cut with a razor. They were both twenty years. - Night of 30 to 31 December 1961, the Barbouze Marcel HUNGARIAN dynamite coffee appointment of the OAS and addresses of its representatives. - December 31, 1961, attack on the hideout bazooka "thugs" from the street Faidherbe six commando deltas. After dropping out of the deltas, the deputy Brigadier Francois Paoli was killed by "thugs" who confuse it with a reinforcement OAS. Fourteen dead and two injured side thugs who declare one wounded. - 1st January 1962 "Michel Massenet", Deputy Degueldre, was killed by a bare hand Vietnamese. - January 3, 1962, deadly clash between the FLN and the OAS to ORAN: 19 dead. Implementation of the Communist Locussol to Alencon. - January 4, 1962, attack on the Communist Party headquarters in Paris by the OAS. - January 8, 1962, Colonel "CHATEAU JOBERT" took command of the OAS Constantine area. - January 12, 1962 Michel LIEVIN commando delta is captured and tortured by the Vietnamese ALCHEIK. - January 18, 1962, Blue Night in Paris: 17 OAS blowing up. - January 19, 1962, the OAS eliminates two of its key members (Leroy and Sarradet) who came into contact with "enemy" to create a partitioning of Algeria.

- January 22, 1962, blowing up the Quai d'Orsay by the OAS in Paris. - January 23, 1962 The new mission ordered by the Minister of Interior: Destroy the pirate transmitter OAS Algiers. Jos SALORD is abducted and tortured and Albert coronal to be tortured for several hours. - On January 24, 1962, the thugs to kidnap the query (or blackmail on his father) son of the commander of the territorial barricades, FIR-LIGNERIS in Paris. - End January 1962: Arrest of Marcel Bouyer and its network GEVAUDAN, BARBERA, Vilar, CASTILE ..... - On January 27, 1962 Henry Vinent is captured and cruelly tortured in the basement of the villa "Andrea". The chief torturer is a Vietnamese by the name of "Sungsung. It is a map of the National Security 804. - January 28, 1962, Alexander TISLENKOFF technician pirate radio broadcasts in turn is kidnapped. He is tortured twenty four hours. Despite these inhumane treatment TISLENKOFF resists his tormentors. He tore the nail, then a look .. He was rescued after the explosion of the villa Andrea. He died in France of a heart attack many years later. One of his collaborators is also intercepted. It will be completed by a bullet in the neck and buried in the garden. The complaint filed by Lemarchand Pierre cons TISLENKOFF, February 17, 1966 does not even longer if an investigation was ordered. He wrote a book in 1966 entitled "J'accuse LEMARCHAND" who never received permission to publish. - January 29, 1962: The movers Bedel deliver two crates heavy and bulky to headquarters Barbouzes: Huge explosion and mushroom cloud of smoke above the top of Algiers. 180 kilos of explosives plus a few grenades destroyed the villa Andrea; Review: Forty thugs burned. Among the few survivors, three prisoners, including two members of the OAS, who were tortured in the cellar and the advent of printing just saved. This is Henry Vinent, using radio, Alexander TISLENKOFF responsible emissions Pirates of the OAS, and a foreman Jacques Gosselin. A commander of the gendarmerie mobile opposed their summary execution by Christian DAVID "Le Beau Serge". - February 7, 1962, Captain "THE PIVAIN" of the OAS, was killed by the mobile police, probably on information. - February 8, 1962: political and trade union demonstration in Paris for peace in Algeria: 8 dead, 100 hurt in subway Charonne. - February 12, 1962, the spooks moved to the hotel "Raja".

- February 13, 1962, Delta commandos shot the new lair. The thugs retaliated four Deltas are killed. - February 14, 1962, heavy fighting between OAS commandos and mobile police in Algiers and Oran. - 11 to 18 February 1962: Talks of ROUSSES in the Jura. - February 15, 1962, from 6: 30 pm, Roger DEGUELDRE comes in person and in force, with half-tracks rocket launchers and machine guns to attack the hotel Raja. Many casualties "Barbouzes" whose injuries are "expected" in the vicinity of the hospital jersey, strafed and completed by the crowd. - February 18, 1962, OAS two pilots strafed and bombed the camps FLN OUJDA in MOROCCO with T6 aircraft. - February 22, 1962: FLN attacks in Algeria: 23 dead. - February 25, 1962: The OAS and FLN attacks in Algiers are 70 dead. - February 27, 1962, the barracks of the gendarmerie mobile Maison Carree is attacked by bazooka at the OAS. Stocks of gasoline and ammunition exploding. - February 27, 1962, the "thugs" which many Vietnamese, burst into the offices of the personnel department at Mills Berliet Rouiba, brandishing charts and take them to police the engineer PETITJEAN wrongly suspected of belonging to the OAS . He was tortured and found near Orleansville cut into pieces. Recognized soon after by witnesses, arrested, one of the assassins was released by the prosecutor, because of a misnomer. - 1st March 1962: The FLN massacre horribly family who kept the stage of LA MARSA (children have their heads smashed against the wall). The OAS blew ORAN 2 car bombs in the Muslim quarters: 23 dead, 32 wounded. - March 2, 1962, the OAS entering prisons of Algiers and Oran and "liquid" FLN prisoners. - March 5, 1962, night "blue" in Algiers, 130 explosions of plastic. - March 7, 1962: opening of negotiations EVIAN. - On March 7, 1962 Roger Frey gave the order to "Jean Morin" to stop activities of "thugs" of the CMP and repatriate discreetly metropolis survivors. So the official end of "Barbouzes. The financial cost will be around 1 billion and a half old francs, the human toll of 100 thugs killed (half of the total) and 200 hundred dead or missing side

OAS. The thugs killed will be buried without fanfare in cemeteries Sainteny Champigny and random places. It is likely that some elements remained in Algeria after that date. - March 10, 1962, A truck bomb explodes in Issy-les-Moulinaux three dead, many wounded. The government hastened to the attack on behalf of the OAS, which denies and accuses the thugs Gaullist challenge. Three individuals were arrested March 31, but immediately released, the Interior Ministry refused to confirm a fact known to all journalists who were the police. The three men then disappeared from all proceedings, and no suspects will be arrested or questioned on the subject. - A car bomb explodes in the yard of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, one dead and 33 wounded. The OAS has been accused by the media but so far we know it at the request of Prime Minister DEBRE that Melnik came up this action with his henchmen. He recounts in detail in his book "1000 days at Matignon. - March 15, 1962: 6 Muslim intellectuals loyal to the FLN carried by the OAS in BEAUTIFUL STRAWBERRY - On March 19, 1962, the OAS has reached the zenith of its power particularly through the benevolent neutrality of the Army. The Evian agreements were signed (and Joxe Krim Belkacem), there is nothing left to lose. SALAN directs the war. In some different decisions will be negative: The establishment of scrub which have an ephemeral life and order to disarm the army units which penetrated in Bab El Oued. Signature of Cease-fire - March 20, 1962: OAS General strike in Algiers and Oran. - March 21, 1962: Confrontation in SAINT DENIS GIS Harkis between FLN and 100 dead on both sides. - March 22, 1962: OAS takes 6 mortar shells on the bottom of the CASBAH: 24 dead, 50 wounded. The convicts were pardoned FLN. An armored patrol of the police mobile was attacked in the center of Algiers: 18 policemen killed, 25 wounded. - March 23, 1962: Hold up to OAS ORAN: 2 billion francs (former) stolen. BAB EL OUED: the dsarmemnt more patrols by the OAS turned to confrontation in several deaths among the military. At noon total closure of Bab el Oued by the Army. Battle all day with the intervention of tanks and aviation: 15 killed and 77 wounded among security forces, 18 killed and 58 wounded among civilians. Bab el Oued remain blocked for several days, the police devastate the apartment under the pretext of search and arrest are many (15,000). The commandos manage to escape before the closure with the help of deltas DEGUELDRE and a sympathetic colonel who soon to lock the side of St Eugene.

A ORAN fighting between policemen and ASOs are 10 dead. the prefect of police takes refuge at Mers El Kebir. - March 25, 1962: Arrest (by chance) to ARSO General JOUHAUD of Lieutenant Guillaume ( "The CRAB DRUM") and the commander Gamelin. Officers supporters, turning away a cordon to enter the pirate transmitter of the OAS, are perquisionner building waterfront which was number 2 of the OAS. JOUHAUD who had proper papers is still recognized in extremis by a policeman. - March 25, 1962: Creation of the OAS to scrub "the OUARSENIS". A hundred men embarked on a train "chartered" by the OAS, headed by Captain POUILLOUX accompanied by Colonel GUARDS. The objective is to control a territory that seems proprice with inside the 15,000 men bachaga Boualem, a battalion of riflemen commanded by Commander Bazin and many officers SAS acquired movement. The support would occur Parcieux, aviation reacts vigorously, the French army allied to the FLN guerrillas to fight ... Commander Bazin, injured, will be performed by the FLN, a dozen guerrillas killed and 91 captured. This results in bleeding frameworks: Among those arrested: the captains POUILLOUX, Montagnon, the lieutenant DELHOMME, BERNARD, "MADAOUI", DOOR ....

- March 26, 1962: In Algiers Europeans demonstrators marched on BAB EL OUED circled. The procession preceded tricolor flags sang the Marseillaise when a unit of the 4th RTA consists of hostile Muslims (they have already painted their green helmets) opened fire on the crowd, 80 dead, 200 injured. 8 of these sharpshooters are subsequently murdered, others will be decorated with the cross of the military value with quotation. The use of sharpshooters Muslims poorly supervised and hostile provocation was probably intended. The survey shows that 102 riflemen used their weapons in the slaughter which sounds the death knell of the struggle of French Algeria. The Blackfoot understand that the Army has shifted against them. "Exodus" which had already started growing. March 26 is that the fighting partisans of French Algeria collapsed. - March 29, 1962: End the blockade of Bab El Oued: 15,000 civilians arrested, 7,000 apartments searched and ransacked. - March 30, 1962: The OAS created the CNR (National Council of Resistance). BIDAULT takes the presidency. - March 31, 1962: 1670 desertions in March in the French Army. - April 2, 1962: start of the mass exodus of Blackfoot. - April 5, 1962: The 15,000 people arrested in Bab El Oued are released.

7 - THE BEGINNING OF THE END

- April 7, 1962: Arrest of Lieutenant DEGUELDRE, head of Delta commandos of the OAS, probably given by a person arrested in the Ouarsenis .. - April 8, 1962: Referendum in Metropolitan (only) on the Evian agreements: 91% YES. - April 9, 1962: Bombing of heavy weapons from the Summer Palace in Algiers by the OAS. - April 10, 1962: Establishment of a local force "ATO" composed of armed Muslims. - April 11, 1962: End of the OAS scrub OUARSENIS attacked jointly by the FLN, the French Army and Air Force: a few killed and 50 prisoners. - April 12, 1962: Start of mass kidnapping of Europeans. We have a total of 4,000 or more. - April 13, 1962: JOUHAUD sentenced to death. - April 14, 1962: Geryville: clash between the French army and the FLN: 2 soldiers killed and 26 FLN. - April 19, 1962: The Council of Ministers rejected the proposal of fetching Harkis. - April 20, 1962: SALAN and Captain FERRANDI stopped at Algiers. SALAN thought he could ally with Messala, discarded Evian agreements. In this case, the Kaid Messalists Belhadi. Salan believes farm. Is it not in correspondence with the big shot, through a former Chief Warrant I0e DP: Jean-Marie Levanceau. This April 20 to 12 h in the small studio in the Rue Desfontaines this last event by a general report on his contacts. They are promising. The conversation turns to the situation in the metropolis on Andre Canal on Georges Bidault. "Ferrandi, make sure that our friend has the permission of the OAS, to leave Algiers smoothly. Goodbye," said Salan. Levanceau: "My respects, sir." Levanceau took leave. The police were behind the door. Brought by Levanceau. In the evening, "SALAN" slept Health. - April 25, 1962 - replaces FOURQUET Ailleret and Christian FOUCHET becomes the High Commissioner in ALGERIA FRANCE replacing JEAN MORIN.

- April 30, 1962: Deserts and attacks are increasing. - May 2, 1962: Car bomb OAS on the port of Algiers and bombing Muslim quarters: 140 Muslims killed and 300 wounded. - May 5, 1962: Arrest of "CANAL" responsible OAS Metropole. - May 8, 1962: General Katz said :"... give me a battalion of the ALN and I reduce the OAS to ORAN ...". - May 11, 1962: 6,000 feet black youth aged 18-20 are included automatically in the armed forces and sent to Montreal. - May 12, 1962: In a ministerial note, Messmer specifies that arrived in France of Harkis "due to individual initiative ..." represent a clear infringement. JOXE Louis did so by threatening sanctions against French soldiers who organize the retreat of their mother in Harker and even ordered fetching those who had just landed. - May 14, 1962: Strafing of coffee by the FLN in Algeria: 17 dead. - May 15, 1962: Responding to the OAS: 56 Muslims killed. - May 18, 1962: At trial SALAN Francois Mitterrand involves MICHEL debris in the case of Bazooka. Interview FARES-SUSINI to a tentative agreement FLN-OAS. The Bachaga Boualem left Algeria with his Harkis. - May 20, 1962: At the request of the FLN, 112 French soldiers and policemen are deployed in France. - May 23, 1962: SALAN sentenced to life in prison, sparking anger from De Gaulle. The High Military Court, considered too "soft" is replaced by a Court of Justice (by order). - June 12, 1962: disbanding the East who wanted to kill De Gaulle VESOUL (Operation "CHAMOIS" intended to kill De Gaulle in Limousin: arrest the commando came specially Algiers (BLANCHY, SLIEBODA, ....) - June 3, 1962: Birtouta: 27 kidnappings, including 8 in Europe. - June 7, 1962: Albert Claude DOVECAR and PIEGTS, sentenced to death were shot. - June 11, 1962: The president of the new Court of Justice, LARMINAT, commits suicide.

- June 14, 1962: General KATZ escapes an assassination OAS General GINESTET is killed in his place. Assassination of Colonel MABILLE by the OAS. - June 15, 1962: Politics of land burned in Algiers ordered by Dr. Perez and Jesus of Bab el Oued: The mayor of Algiers was destroyed by a bomb OAS: 40 victims, schools, university, hospital Mustapha The Prefecture of Police, etc ... were dynamited. The Summer Palace was bombed. The Black Rock will not drop due to an error of one who was driving the action. - June 17, 1962: "Agreement SUSINI-FLN" (Chouki MOUSTEFAI) comdamns by other officials of the OAS. - June 19, 1962: SALAN rallied SUSINI agreements. - June 20, 1962: 1800 Auxiliary Muslims replaces 1500 European guardians. Dispute the FLN on the agreement with SUSINI. - June 21, 1962: A directive prohibits police from conducting operations on behalf of those threatened. - June 25, 1962: OAS puts fire on the port of Oran at a fuel depot, which will burn 3 days. - June 26, 1962: French military trucks urged by speakers civilians to mingle with European Muslims. - June 27, 1962: Last broadcast pirate OAS to ORAN. GARDY and OAS commandos ORAN leave for Spain. GARDY be killed in a road accident in 1975. - June 28, 1962: DEGUELDRE is sentenced to death. - June 30, 1962: BEN BELLA dissociated himself with the GPRA. - 1st July 1962: Referendum "bogus" in Algeria, 99% approved. Messali HADJ MNA dissolved and replaced by PPP.

8 - THE EXODUS

- July 2, 1962: The last of the commandos' "OAS" leave ALGER

- July 3, 1962: De Gaulle recognizes independence of Algeria. Mass desertions of Muslims of the French army. - July 5, 1962: Proclamation of Independence by Ben Khedda to be the 1st President. He will be replaced soon by BEN BELLA. - July 5, 1962: "The Agony of Oran". Massacre of European civilians helpless to ORAN (2 to 3,000 deaths and missing), while the French army remains the weapon at the feet on the orders of General KATZ. One exception: Lieutenant KELIFF Rabah, of Muslim descent, who with 300 men, 400 frees kidnapped European. - A general amnesty .... only for the FLN. - July 6, 1962: Lieutenant Roger DEGUELDRE was shot at Fort d'Ivry. 18 officers who had objected to form the firing squad were punished (John Verner, Michel Cabanes, Michel MARTET, etc. ...).

9 - The Genocide HARRIS

- July 8, 1962: Start of massacres organized HARRIS (over 100,000 dead) in atrocious conditions: some will be crushed by trucks, others murdered, others will be employees with their families in border clearance, etc. .. ..). HELIE SAINT MARC said in his book "Fields of embers": "... we talked a lot about the stalk of Veld'hiv, we ignored the genocide of" HARRIS "....". - July 15, 1962: Louis JOXE continue hunting those who have helped to return to harkis metropolis. - July 17, 1962: Consul of France in France in Agrie is sodomized on the beach of Sidi Ferruch. - July 23, 1962: Shootout in central Algiers: many deaths among Europeans. - July 27, 1962: Ben Bella and Boumedienne overthrew Ben Khedda. - July 30, 1962: Mohamed Boudiaf is arrested M'SILA. Released he will live in exile in France before returning to Algeria and as President will be assassinated. - August 9, 1962: 4 unarmed Legionnaires are killed near Laghouat.

10 - THE CNR

- August 10, 1962: international arrest warrant against Georges Bidault who created the NRC, the successor of the OAS. - August 20 to September 30, 1962: Fighting between Willayas in the Aures and Kabylia: 1,500 dead. - August 21, 1962: The memorial of Algiers is concrete because they can be destroyed easily. - August 22, 1962: assassination attempt at Petit Clamart, 3rd test seems he BastienThierry. The network was dismantled following an anonymous phone call. - August 28, 1962: 2 French patrols that come to the rescue of a farmer is attacked: 6 killed, 15 wounded. - February 14, 1963: Arrest of the commando who wanted to kill De Gaulle at the military school.

11 - THE END

- February 20, 1963: dismantling commando Gilles BUSCIA (20 detainees). Gilles BUSCIA escape from Fresnes. - February 26, 1963: kidnapping of Colonel Argoud Germany. - July 1963: dismantling of the printing of the OAS. - October 10, 1963: Nationalization of all properties in French Algeria.

- March 11, 1963: De Gaulle shot Lieutenant Colonel Bastien-Thiry executive head of the OAS

- November 15, 1963: dissolution of the 11th SHOCK, suspected of sympathies OAS. - November 23, 1963: Arrest of CURRUTCHET Dakar and transfer to Paris. - January 3, 1964: Assassination of Mohamed KHIDER in MADRID. - January 20, 1964: neutralization of a commando MCR (Colonel Chateau-Jobert) in the Orleans area: Michel Naud + 6 others. - February 1964: the dismantling of a network master SERGEANT. - 13 MAI 1964: The leaves France and Reggane COLUMBUS-BECHARD. - November 1965: The arrestaion Gilles BUSCIA sounds the death knell of the military operations of the OAS.

12 - CASUALTIES in ALGERIA

Casualty francaises In combat .................. dead: 23,400 Wounded: 35,600 Accident ................... Kills: 7900 wounded: 29,400 disease .................... 1,100 Military missing ........ 900 Deserters ................. 10,000 Europeans killed civilians ..... 5,000 Injuries Europe .......... 7,500 Injured Muslims .......... 14,000 Europeans abducted missing. 4,000 Muslims abducted missing. 150,600

Losses FLN ................. 160,000 killed

Killed by the OAS ............. 1,800 Wounded by the OAS .......... 5,000 Blowing up ................ 12,300 Members of the OAS killed ...... 100 Members of the OAS imprisoned 2000

Distribution of repatriated to Algeria: - Metropole .......... 1,100,000 including 100,000 Muslims - CORSICA .............. 17,000 - SPAIN ............ 50,000 - ISRAEL ............. 10,000 - Miscellaneous ............. 15,000

GNP (Gross National Product per capita) in Algeria

- 1960 ................. 1276 dollars - 1993 ................. $ 2 GDP in France in 1993 .. 22,360 dollars

PROFESSIONS OAS militants arrested: - Students ............... 32% - Military .............. 18% - Liberal Professions ... 15% - Merchants, craftsmen ... 10% - Employees, workers ...... 17% - Miscellaneous .................. 6%

13 - Other articles to read on this subject:

"the site of French Algeria" "The site ADIMAD" [Http://www.armand-belvisi.com/ "The site of Armand Belvisi"

14 - Books to READ .... [2]

The reference book .... OAS Pascal Gauchon BUSH ... and Patrick [3] The book of truth ... A historical evidence ... "The Attack" by Armand Belvisi [4]

15 - Memorial stone of French Algeria ... [5]

16 - Ceremonies July 5 through France

- LYON: [6] - PARIS: The police prohibit access to the triumphal arch [7] - SAINT RAPHAEL: [8] - VENCE: [9], Some pictures: [10]

Former producer of radio in France to Algiers V, Lucien Bitterlin He was formerly the Secretary General of MPC (Movement for the Community), created July 9, 1959 by the Gaullist movement to provide cover for operations activities "thugs" to to fight against my members of the OAS at the end of the war Algeria. In "History of thugs" (Editions du Palais Royal, 1972): The author recounts the actions of teams and cites those died in operations reminiscent of the later careers of those will become election officials or guards, or will further intelligence for the secret services. They settled in a villa area El Biar, Algiers. A case that would contain a machine to print the leaflets was trapped in the local Customs. Its explosion in the house killed 19 thugs. The wounded were treated at the hospital, but the convoy that brought them back to the house was attacked and burned two cars. Witnesses danced the dance around the car while passengers died. The government decided to repatriate the survivors in France. They had 87 deaths out of 200.

The Barbouze Lucien Bitterlin at the f Commissioner Police Gavoury June 2, 1961 at the Police Hussein Dey

Now, six months after the coup, all companies in third force is abandoned by the government. Bitterlin and his men targeting their action against the OAS. And it only cons. Also, those we call the thugs they are moving away soon posters and glue pots for direct action against supporters of French Algeria, designated in the contemporary press as "militants". The Deputy Bitterlin, Goulay, puts him in contact with the lawyer and Ponchardier Lemarchand, two veterans of the war from the shadows, which provides men. The money is paid by the delegate general in Algeria, Jean Morin. The explosives and weapons by military security. Cafes, restaurants Algiers, held dens of the OAS, are bombed, activists of the OAS or suspects are abducted. First initiatives in an area where they will flourished from April 17, 1962, under the responsibility of both the FLN commandos (they took 3 018 people). Colonel Andrew, military security, application of thugs to collect information on the OAS. But members of the latter were not slow to react. A villa of thugs, located on the heights of Algiers, was blown up January 29, 1962 at the initiative of Lieutenant Degueldre. The sequence of operations conducted by the OAS eventually weaken considerably Bitterlin of thugs. However, the transaction is not completed. On February 12 next Ponchardier and his assistant Robert Morel take over and launch a group of cons-terror, retaliation, including one who takes charge of the OAS, a known Petitjean, brother of General Mery, that one even that will become responsible for the military cabinet of Valry Giscard d'Estaing. Petitjean is found tortured and nearly Orlasnville, cut into pieces. Many questions arise about the work of thugs, whose effectiveness as the methods were highly questionable. What these men have served the few poorly armed and whose opportunities facing the

OAS commandos were very thin? Some argue that the thugs were used to lure the OAS by leading to secondary targets, while establishing itself discreetly Mission C, managed by Michel Hacq, director of judicial police. It was at the head of two hundred officers handpicked, government officials, which, aided by the police captain's Lacoste, would bear hard blows to the clandestine organization. This theory of the decoy was supported by the journalist and historian Yves Courrire. Many leaders of the OAS, as Dr. Perez deem valid. However, Jean Morin, delegate general in Algeria, like Vitalis Cros, then prefect of police in Algiers, one conclusion: the role of decoy, the thugs they have been by chance. IN Barbouzes-FLN, an unspoken alliance http://www.historia.presse.fr/data/thematique//76/07605201.html By Jean Monneret

1. History
The Secret Army Organization (OAS) was the first to borrow the term to designate the three hundred men, to assist law enforcement official, under cover of an organization, the Movement for Cooperation (MPC), have engaged in anti-OAS. This name has been strengthened by the journalist Lucien Bodard, who had overheard a private conversation between Michel Hacq director of police and judicial Jacques Dauer, unveiled in France-Soir. In October 1961 the lawyer Pierre Lemarchand, former resistance movement in the "Defense of France, former head of the Gaullist RPF in the Seine, establishes the

procedures for fighting against the OAS, with Roger Frey, Minister of the Internal and Alexandre Sanguinetti, deputy cabinet. The network steering committee will be represented by Charly Bonardi, Youssef Benhoura his brother Nouar, and Father Badin, the head of this service action will Barthelemy Rossello. Pierre Lemarchand will head to Algiers for these three hundred men, charged to fight against the secret army organization.

1. 1. Responses anti-Barbouzes
In late November 1961, the first thugs arrive to Algiers. They commit their first attacks against bars frequented by supporters of the OAS. On December 2, FranceSoir revealed the presence of these thugs and their actions nebulae operations. As of December 12, the first major operation was carried out by commandos Deltas of the OAS. A villa Severine Street, the neighborhood La Redoute, the residence of thugs responsible, as Lucien Bitterlin, Andre Goulay and more ... The villa is in a difficult place to access: A house being built nearby to observe and identify patterns of occupants. On several occasions, a Mercedes driving either Bitterlin or by Goulay and by Jim Alcheik (judoka) enters the garage of the house well guarded. At eight o'clock in the morning, the garage door opens, the Mercedes released in reverse. The Deltas commandos opened fire. The occupants of the Mercedes, and Bitterlin Goulay are met. Goulay quite seriously injured, slightly Bitterlin, owe their salvation to the neighbors come to rescue them believing an attack FLN. This case was first listed as such against the thugs, but added to the assault at the Villa Street Faidherbe the December 31 1961, and various other cons ordered these "police", forced the spooks to questioning their missions. The thugs thought they were there to destroy the organization OAS, but now it was for them to survive and to ward off the blows of this subversive organization.

1. 2. Realignment
Jacques Dauer, disapproving the turn taken by terrorist Algeria by his "movement for cooperation," dismisses Lucien Bitterlin on January 10 1962. This group renames its retaliation always with the consent of the Delegate General Morin and Colonel Andre military security. Roger Frey, Minister of the Interior prohibits Bitterlin and his two deputies reach Algiers. The troops Bitterlin however, continue their efforts, especially by asking loads plastics in public places deemed to be supporters of the OAS. The main interest of the thugs was to enable police official links with the FLN, bonds prohibited until an agreement of cease-fire was not signed. But it was not without protests, the problem that put the case Sidi Youssef Ben is an illustration of the ambiguity surrounding these men. Troops of the French army in a clash with the

NLA took him prisoner on January 26 1962 with his commando. The weapons available to the prisoners was of French origin, "given" by Marcel Hungarian, responsible for Cooperation Movement, the false coverage of the real thugs, d 'Ain Taya. The origin of this armament is to look for in the agreement between the thugs and called Sidi ben Youssef. The action that may be considered fatal to men Bitterlin was probably the case of parcel bomb the house of El-Biar, Favre Street on 29 January 1962. "I was forwarding. For the inevitable box arrived in the company where I worked. (...) They arrived the next day, I had meanwhile reported to Degueldre, who told me to leave, and noted that clearance would be material. They arrived, there was Jim Alcheik, to clear the printing machine [1] and have it delivered to the address given. From there, we built this business. It is I who have cleared, open, put everything that he needed it, and then transported. The fund actually delivered to the villa of Andrea in El-Biar exploded and injured at least nineteen of the men Bitterlin. (...) The explosion also permitted to release three men detained and tortured by the group. Jacques Gosselin (who did not belong to the OAS) Vinent Henri and Alexandre Tislenkoff member of the OAS technician responsible for the dissemination emissions pirates Algiers. Losses caused by the explosion that decimated the ranks of the Police parallel Bitterlin was compelled to request the dispatch of reinforcements, which appear to have been provided by Ponchardier who recruited his men from the Marseilles underworld. But the methods of action "police" began to be embarrassing for the government. Also, after encouraging these men, law enforcement officials seeking to reduce their potential. The government could continue to protect officers who committed unofficial becoming more smearing that made it impossible to leave with impunity in government service. Among the most notorious blunders, the problem that put the Ben Youssef is an illustration of the ambiguity surrounding these men. Another case illustrates the methods used by the thugs. The kidnapping of three engineers of the company SN-Repal, suspected to belong to the OAS. The kidnapping triggered a general strike of the company to Hassi Messaoud.

1. 3. The case Camille Petitjean

The case illuminates Petitjean modes of action of thugs: Petitjean was a Metropolitan came to work Overseas Mediterranean where conquered by the atmosphere of the country, he became an ardent defender of the French presence. Dr. Perez [2] indicated that he was a member of the OAS and the Deputy Jean Lalanne Central Office of Information. But the February 27, the "thugs" which many Vietnamese, burst into the offices of the Personnel plants Berliet to Rouba brandishing cards police (MPC had maps of the security, outdated it is true). They took Petitjean. No one would see him alive. A strike was triggered by the Syndicate of Transporters for the release of the engineer. In vain. Mr. Camatte plant manager multiplied the proceedings. Without success. A month later, Arab shepherd boys playing in a vacant lot between Orleansville and Charon alerted the police. They had just discovered a plastic bag containing the body of a man cut into pieces. The gendarmes came to the scene, the victim identified him: Petitjean. They made a report and were instructed not noise abroad the affair.

The General Delegation issued a statement that without mentioning the case Petitjean it reaffirmed that there was no parallel police in Algeria. At the time this statement was made, on or about March 16, 1962, it was not incorrect in the sense that the MPC was fitted over and the survivors were shipped back to France. What happened to Petitjean? To find out, we must refer to the memoir has written Azzedine If the head of the Autonomous Zone of Algiers, the FLN: [3] Petitjean found himself targeted, because the eyes of the FLN, it was considered a "dangerous element . However, the engineer did not know that one of his subordinates, C, was an assistant to Azzedine If the Autonomous Zone. Married to a French, C Petitjean was monitored by his wife, an employee of Social Service of the plant. He did not hesitate to entrust him spinning in the Hydra district where his physical European aroused no suspicion. Ms. C is ... who will serve as liaison between the FLN and the "thugs" in this case. Indeed, if Azzedine decided not to involve men in its mills Berliet and assign the case Petitjean people of retaliation (eg MPC), then housed in the hotel Radjah. Why? The nationalist leader did not say he is satisfied with a pithy phrase: "Impossible for us to intervene without jeopardizing the delicate balance of our relationship with Black Rock." What does it mean? We are reduced to the assumptions we're still a month before the Evian agreements and announcing the cease-fire, but already those who are still theoretical opponents to spare because they provide the when they become full partners. It does not say if Azzedine, but that guess is that tacit agreements exist with regard to industrial production. Just as one does not touch the oil, and the release of technicians SN Repal was fast, so should we not touch Berliet. On the French side, we think of future exports, the Algerian side, economic development in the future independent state. Then the FLN commando not interfering, but their leader believed to act through intermediaries. Here are described the scene in which Mrs. C was present in Hotel Raja: he (Petitjean) is tied to a chair. On his forehead acid drips from a tin can hanging over his head. The confrontation took place. Michele repeats word for word the conversation overheard in the office of and threats on the final solution to the Algerian staff. Petitjean denies. The acid flows, digging ditches atrocious (page 278). Petitjean The case does not serve the prestige of retaliation already chipped at the time. The atmosphere of scandal that followed was able to accelerate their disgrace . In Le Monde of March 24 1962 which reports the discovery of the body, we can read a statement by Mr Philippe Mestre, at the time a spokesman for the General Delegation, now former minister: "It is possible that Mr. Camille Petitjean has been the victim of a settling of scores within the OAS. "

1. 4. Hotel Raja
The last redoubt where the thugs were removed, the Raja Hotel, had been rented to men Bitterlin by the FLN near the bachaga Bouabdellah. Installing the hotel Radjah dated February 12 1962. Commandos Delta of the OAS, knowing the position of their enemy immediately sent a team of three men to meet the twenty-five new tenants, February 14. The second attack was conducted February 18, from 6 pm 30. This February 18 two half-tracks kindly lent by the army, loaded with soldiers in uniforms of navy commandos (actually the Deltas of Jesus of Bab El-Oued) opened fire at the bazooka and FM. This attack sounds the death knell for these men. The police showed no intention of counter attack by the Deltas. The survivors stayed in the

hotel, while a team accompanied the wounded to hospital jersey. This team was wiped out the next day right out of the hospital by an ambush by a Delta who had followed the path of the police.

1. 5. Dissolution
The mission of these men will end on the orders of Interior Minister Roger Frey on March 8 1962.

2. Trivia
Dominique Ponchardier, Special Adviser to address the OAS during the war of Algeria, was the pseudonym of Antoine Dominique, created the character The Gorilla of the Black Series, and reuses the name of spook to describe the secret agents.

3. Internal Links

Civic Action Service Secret agent, generic (non-French context)

4. Filmography

The film the Barbouzes of Georges Lautner with Lino Ventura.

5. Bibliography

If Azzedine Algiers And do not burn. Lucien Bitterlin, History of "thugs", Editions du Palais Royal, Paris, 1972. Patrice Chairoff, B ... like thugs, Editions Alain Moreau, 1975. (Made from the
archives of the SAC, confiscated Charles Lascorz by the Spanish police)

Jean Monneret, the final phase of the war Algeria, Harmattan edition, (ISBN 27475-0043-8).

Jean-Claude Perez, Standing in my memory Alexander Tislenkoff, J'accuse Lemarchand, Editions Saint-Just, 1966. (This
book has never been authorized for publication and is not for sale. It was published at the author and the editions have Saint Just was closed after looting after that.)

6. Citations

"I solemnly affirm, once and for all, there are no police in France and the parallel need to stop these heinous slander, gossip these dishonorable, these stories of spies, who were even more the merit of being funny. Let the country know that there is in France that the regular forces of the National Police, the Prefecture of Police and National Gendarmerie.

Roger Frey, Minister of the Interior, to the rostrum of the National Assembly May 7, 1966

7. References
1. 2. Commandos Delta Guibert Curutchet editions, ISBN 9 782912 932266 Perez, Standing in my memory page 106

3.

Azzedine And Alger does not burn (pages 276 and 277)

19 22 26 MARS 1962: THE SPRING OF ASSASSINS The veil is finally up on last page of our history for too long remained silent. The official line describing the events that marked the destiny of a people resist less face access now given to archives of information that tell the end of French Algeria. The time is past, the look is more mature, the last survivors of this dark chapter of history to keep the record straight by bringing a new light. The objective is to perform a legitimate duty to remember the eyes of the generations that succeed them. One consequence is certainly an attempt to exorcise their painful memories. How many statements uttered in order to build an official history? How about unjustified peddled by the media held by the authority, repeated consistently in order to permeate the popular imagination? Goebbels said: "A lie repeated many times becomes a truth ' "The turbulent and inconsistent" of Blackfoot is one of the causes of their exile, nothing is less true. This exile was scheduled well before the beginning of 1962. It was the result of a carefully orchestrated strategy. The objectives of General De Gaulle were clear: Personify the end of colonization. Have the budgets to Algeria in order to fund research on nuclear defense. Develop ways to establish the authority of France against the United States. Symbolize the defense of Europe through the development of deterrent. To achieve this it must get rid of the "Algerian problem". Speeches, promises and media blinded, led a destabilized French people to vote for a positive response to the referendum of April 8, 1962. A change of flag does not represent yet a certainty of swift return of French in Algeria in France. The Evian Accords, resulting referendum guaranteed dual citizenship to those who wished to remain. We think that 600 to 800,000 of us were ready to try. This contradiction with the presidential goals outlined above was unacceptable and it was a difficult prospect, given that newly independent state. Yet the candidates were determined to experience and they were tough. On March 19, 1962, there were only 100 days before independence. There was to compel them to leave, bring them to cross the Mediterranean to the rate of 10 000 per day. It should develop a level of terror that left the population only one form of hello: flight. In order to achieve this result, every means would be implemented. (I mean ALL MEANS) The OAS, about which he has said everything and anything, was the last alternative. Theoretically constituted about 500 fighters, and between Guyotville Matifou, 120 to 150 of them could be truly operational. The others were rather warriors bistros, tapeurs pots and a handful of miserable in the style of the murderers of Jacques Roseau. These few business have been carefully supervised by French officers, posing as deserters from the French army to serve the cause of the OAS

Nobody actually knew who they were and whence they came. They were all the prestige of their title and it ensured their obedience. In these last moments before independence, anxiety, uncertainty and confusion had reached their peak. It needed a little insurance, some weapons, some story, some anecdotal references to immediately glean the stripes "RESPONSIBLE OFFICER" and well deserved his induction in the OAS According to this tactic, the organization has quickly found infiltrated by spies, the people of the SAC and the MPC. Men and equipment carefully identified, they directed operations commandos, carefully orchestrated in order to better engage and isolate those who participated, often with reluctance. Execution of Algerian civilians in the street, killing the dock in the port of Algiers, mortar attack in place of the government ... These free transactions, useless, criminal, never led to anything other than commit the irreparable develop communities in the presence of irreversible, add a notch to the level of terror. The membership has been demonized, Roger Degueltre, Generals Salan and Jouhaud neutralized, the organization was decapitated heads of its history. Since the ceasefire of 19 March, the thugs had decided to disarm the OAS commandos and the people of Bab El-Oued. To accomplish this goal, was ordered by 'the French officers deserters' to all sections of the great Delta Algiers to collect all their men, their weapons, ammunition and explosives in Bab El-Oued by announcing: 'The big day is tomorrow' During 4 days of 18 to 21 March 1962, all commandos carried out the orders to the letter. What a great day! Confusion ... What could it lead to such naivete? How to explain that during those four days, cars heavily loaded with illegal equipment, were able to move freely in a city crisscrossed by security forces on teeth without the least bit worried? 'In Bab El-Oued, the evening of March 21, we could see, drinking anisette, not worried about a penny, all these supposed leaders sought. Their relaxation gave us confidence, we were happy, everybody was there, we waited for the big day '. 3 days after the cease fire, Friday, March 22 at 13heures 30 bursts of automatic weapons and machine guns sounded the death knell of French Algeria. The majority of men who are the commandos were still at table, arms are rolled in blankets, cartridge not supplied. French gendarmes, backed by the Zouaves, a few moments took possession of Bab El-Oued, locking the doors with a portcullis and barbed wire, machine guns with cars, taking in the adjoining neighborhood streets. On the heights of a building ARMAF is targeted by the police. Claiming to have been fired, without confirmation, and without warning, they opened fire on the building through several cars guns. This popular building is inhabited by poor families. The projectiles fly from side to side. On the other hand, from the Triolet, a patrol of heavily armed Zouaves deducted receiving fire from the same building. They replicate with guns, punching holes so big in the building that the tank shells, even slowed by the walls, the planes struck the buildings nearby and doused the police. Constables in contrast, not knowing they were dealing with a patrol of Zouaves, imagining having discovered Fort Chabrol OAS called for reinforcements and derive more beautiful on this property, regardless of the unfortunate prisoners families of this hell. The Zouaves do the same, calling for reinforcements. Thus, for over two hours

this building serves as a target for these excited troops, backed by shooting hedgehopping Aviation also called to the rescue gendarmes and Zouaves. This has created such a panic among the soldiers, who forsook their positions, releasing all the intersections they had locked to rescue their colleagues. Thus all OAS commandos escaped from Bab El-Oued. They have never been arrested, but had to abandon their weapons on site. These were recovered by police. During the 8 days of raids that followed, all weapons held by the public official were seized. The raids were a rare violence, trashed apartments, civilians beaten. Men 14 to 70 years still present have all been arrested, some deported in BeniMessous Paul Gazelle Berrouaghia, others deported to France, violently and without trial. It has never been possible to assess accurately the number of dead civilians, the bodies were never returned to their families, scattered the wounded in hospitals of the department. With many reservations authorities reported 60 dead and 200 wounded. 7 days after the cease fire, Friday, March 26, 1962, it is beautiful, the sky is deep blue, it's still live in Algiers. Bab El-Oued, under a total curfew, 24 hours on 24 from March 22, is deprived of basic necessities. Food and medicines are no longer available. The population of Algiers, anguished by this blockade which it can not guess the outcome was decided to make a great walking fraternity to provide moral and material support to members of their families and isolated seek clemency authorities ( Fouchet, Debrosse, Ailleret) Since 3 days, residents of Bab El-Oued working outside the district are without news of their family. The phone was cut before the start of military operations, and they do not know what they'll find on returning home. Do they still? Several thousand people, men women and children on the shoulders of their father, retired, Christians Jews and Muslims side by side have decided to gather on the plateau Glires at the great Post. The authorities are aware, they have organized leadership of the march peaceful and friendly. The area is more than "secure". Haf-tracks, tanks, GMC, barbed wire at every street corner within a radius of over a mile, hundreds of soldiers of the colonial are posted on all the terraces on the roofs of buildings and windows of the Great ext. They are supported on the ground by a thousand men of the 4th RTA supplied weapons, bullet in the gun, it shows the position of the cylinder heads, and wearing several belts of ammunition. The crowd this has no clue. She walks towards a certain death and knows nothing of what awaits. The power and the army, them know. The soldiers were drowned in a friendly crowd, turned toward the hope of finding those for whom they care. We're going to visit family in Bab El-Oued. Men's 4 RTA suddenly, without reason, without warning, opened fire on civilians who are within one meter of each other and continue to shoot in the back of the crowd fled. Cries of pain, fear, supplication to stop the fire burst forth from all sides. It draws on ambulances, in relief, completing the wounded on the ground, shooting stretches 12 long minutes. Of peaceful and unarmed civilians were shot in the back and finished with a bullet in the head.

The authorities indicate 80 dead over 300 injured. The body will never be returned to families. (Unofficially, is 127 killed and 500 injured) We had reached the climax. The power had achieved its objectives: the OAS and the people of Bab El-Oued disarmed the terror was at its height, the glorious French army had finally dared to fire on unarmed civilians in Europe, the police were absent. In the days that followed, kidnappings and killings have increased, we were more than during the 8 years of war that had preceded it. The Gaullist forces, especially the mobile gendarmerie and police forces responsible for parallel we used it to shoot down turn terrorist techniques or by direct action: plastiquage, arbitrary arrests, torture and assassinations, or indirectly by allying purely and just after the cease-fire with the FLN No one was protected. The large-scale robberies were committed by thugs, members of SAC turned into bounty hunters out, and by the military in civilian MPC The opportunity was too good to fill the coffers of their commandos. Some villains have imitated. All have been posing as members of the OAS, which was filling his pockets. The last member of an organization disarmed, drained, purged of its historic leaders were in despair and abandonment, even stumbling on the orders of his alleged inconsistent leaders. Yet every day there were attacks, plastiquages of supposedly strafing patrolling gendarmes or CRS victimless ... Today the distance with these events left to believe that this boom was also fueled by the thugs in order to give no respite to the people, thus undermining a little morale by making him believe in a pseudo activity OAS Repatriation to France, including the pace at the beginning of the year might seem moderate is quickly transformed into a desperate flight. To accelerate the pace of departures, it was necessary that everything be done for the referendum of July 1, it was necessary to create a form of shortage of transport. At the airport of White House Algiers, families had to sleep on the ground for nearly a week. The situation was identical in Oran-La-Senia. In ports and docks, he was required to sleep on the spot even the street in defiance of the curfew to try to get tickets. Some have gone on trawlers. We now know that several nations have provided us with their means of transportation, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, are all available. All these offers were declined by France. The lack of organized transport, the hotbeds of violence have kept artfully eventually carry out the will of those who wished, nevertheless, expect independence to come and see, even those were panicked. Fear of dying for lack of a seat on the plane or boat. Difficulty to find a morning departure from the family, neighbors, friends in the chaos of flight. From the sadness at the stores that are closing one after the other, see the streets become alive and animated almost empty. From the fear of not being able to find accommodation in France that they did not know. The government and its president might finally be welcomed, they had to get on time the desire for permanent exile of the entire French population of Algeria. Public opinion in the metropolis was also prepared. The power and the media had ensured that the Blackfoot who had nothing to reproach himself had had the choice to remain in their country. It was indeed one of the safeguards agreements signed at Evian.

Only those who committed crimes were forced to flee. In France, our population was neither expected nor desired. Employers were reluctant to candidates suspected unstable, because very shocked. This mass exodus on the mainland has had an impact on land prices, houses, shops. Thus was greeted our arrival in France. Our only chance was to be forged metal which makes it the pioneer ... Jos Arnau Ref: Algeria-French by Ph. Heduy. - The blood of Algeria JC Perez. Viewpoint

March 1961

page of the site March 1, 1961: After the meeting Bourguiba de Gaulle at Rambouillet, Hassan 2, Bourguiba, aders met in Rabat say: "France is ready to discuss selfdetermination with all trends, including the FLN. In Blida, a police officer murdered. Plastics in Mostaganem, one of them is devastating the local "association for the support of the policy of General De Gaulle," the official coverage of thugs. March 2, 1961: Judgment barricades at trial, which lasted four months. All these defendants are acquitted, especially the military. Only those tried in absentia were sentenced in particular Ortiz Lagaillarde to death ten years' imprisonment. During the trial, if the origin of the first shot could not be determined with precision, it was clearly noted that the policemen were killed between, most of the dead and wounded having been shot in the submachine gun held by the police and pulled from the forum, indiscriminately spraying people in the barricades and the police were loading.

Rat hunt in Oran, after the funeral of Mrs. Kyrios, burned the day before in his car by a Muslim mob, young people engage in attacks against Muslims, 8 wounded. The world is outraged, he blandly approved piednoirade Madame Kyrios. March 3, 1961: Nothing. March 4, 1961: Nothing. March 5, 1961: Muslims come to blows with fundamentalists close FLN wishing to observe the Ramadan fast with force. The military came to sort are overwhelmed, they shoot into the crowd, 7 wounded. Grenade into a bar in Algiers, one wounded. Three plastic in Algiers. March 6, 1961: Plastic in Birmandreis. The FPA has (the harkis of paris) determine the 5 members of a shock (the killers) of the FLN in the 18th arrondissement.

March 7, 1961: Two prefects of police near the French left are named in Algiers and Oran, their mission is to fight against "extremists". In a Renault factory at Billancourt, two people pull on a worker of 44 years, Messala well known. The latter draws his pistol from his pocket and replicated, it kills one of the assailants and put the other in flight.

March 8, 1961: Note by the Minister of Defense (Mesmer Academy) "suspending" the conscription of Muslims and establishing the conditions for release of harkis (premium, six-month

contract, transfer to France for those who feel threatened).

March 9, 1961: The following document: . SHAT, IH 2026 / I, PRIME MINISTER, EMODN, PLANS AND OPERATIONS, Briefings March 9, 1961, the figures of the time is taken up by Kayanakis, "Algeria 1960 victory betrayed Atlantis Editions, ISBN 3 -- 932711-16-5 " It was in this atmosphere that the Army deploys its action in depth formation of units of local government, special delegations "entrusted to Muslims often reserve officers, local schools, sports clubs and, for teenagers selected schools of management and finally, medical teams conflating female mixed European and Muslim. The accountability and the need for budgetary allocations have left the military archives of the masses of statistics that can make a precise mathematical analysis of different interventions Army baptized in areas outside the military "because under normal the civilian sector. Analysis of the figures led to clearly distinguish four periods. Before 1957, the economic and social achievements are insignificant in volume: France has not yet responded. From January 1957 to May 1958 - second time - actions "non-military", parallel to military operations, are developed in all areas. The political shock of May 1958 resulted in a third time to move up a gear. Then came the recession, in places perceptible current 1960, but also delayed, especially in the corn, to the latest month of French sovereignty. Interventions Army mainly the administration of Algeria, the health and welfare, education and youth, the grouping of people, all achievements that accompanied the recruitment of Muslim armed forces. We not back here on the local government of Algeria as a remark: the establishment of administrative machinery had to anticipate the actions of social and economic order, and indeed the SAS Masters works these interventions, whose numbers peak in March 1961, with 737 locations, covering more than half the territory in January 1957, early in the second period, with 419 SAS, brought the third period to 584 in May 1958, then 709 in January 1960. Conversely, the dismantling of SAS will naturally be late: 688 SAS are still in place, 93% of the total in October 1961, at a time when only the illusion that because then the OAS, can imagine the maintenance of French administration. The health action in the form of the AMG, free medical care, according to the traditions of intervention overseas, was the first action peacemaker accompanying military operations and implementation of SAS: the number of medical officers in charge the AMG follows fairly closely the number of SAS (312 doctors from 1 January 1957 to 419 positions SAS in 675 to 1 July 1959 to 718 SAS) and eventually surpass them; 787 doctors when the SAS peak in March 1961. More than one doctor

in three is an aspiring performing his service doctors are lined by a number roughly equivalent nurses, secretaries, about 750 in 1960. The number of medical visits reflected vividly the reconquest of corn. Based on the number of visits per month to turn in May 1958 (549000), which already multiplied by four visits in January 1957 (147.000), the subsequent bond is constant: number of visits per month doubled a year later (1060. 000), tripled in March 1961 (1624000). During the last years of French Algeria, the number of visits per year will be significantly more than the general population. The France leave Algeria in a state of wellness health unknown anywhere else outside Europe and America. The health agenda is complemented by a social action through the Muslim women, whose original instrument consists of a section of psychological services, EMSImedico-social homeless - numbering 123 in November 1959, brought to 222 in March 1961 to 248 in December 1961, and then composed of about three hundred assistants, 170 European and 106 Muslim women, lined by 313 Harket. For the advancement of women, these teams will put up women's clubs to number 110 in April 1959, 150 in January 1960 and increased to 600 in March 1961. In the field of public education, the extent of negligence made the previous shortterm success impossible but now all the more necessary, the Army released its ranks of all young people able to teach. Personnel of all ranks are involved, since 1956. Thus the 1st DI opener does, in the northern Constantine (West Zone) thirteen schools assigned to a sergeant Djidjelli, two lieutenants and a 2nd class to Kerrata, two corporals and four sergeants Candle . We improvise but the following result: in May 1958, the Army had already opened 515 primary schools with 706 teachers military in January 1960 these figures were doubled: 1101 schools and 1493 teachers. The number enrolled in the Army had almost tripled in the same eighteen months, from 37,000 students to 107,000, he would go to 139,000 in March 1961. The training began to follow at an accelerated rate that would not even be slowed by the downturn: 35 centers organized in Algeria in 1368 with students in January 1959, 87 centers and 3422 students in January 1960, 1088 centers and more than 5,000 students December 1961. Three centers in the metropolis to ensure improvement, Rivesaltes, Fontenay-le-Comte and Alencon, the center of Rivesaltes is surrounded by 7 officers, 26 NCOs and 220 enlisted men, one of Fontenay has a similar framework, that of 'Alenon is much smaller. But perhaps the participation of French-born North African coaching youth that is most significant. Sooner launched the recruitment of student-instructors Muslims has fueled the CEMJA Center Training Instructors Youth Algeria, based in Issoire, metropolis, which has provided Algeria with a series of promotions monitors Youth: 461 in June 1957, 197 in January 1958, 444 in July 1958, etc.. through which 411 households were formed in January 1959 athletes, 638 in January 1960, supervised by some three hundred officers and up to 1,500 monitors ANSF These statistics probably imperfectly express the abundance of activities in the years 1957 to 1960 the campaign draws to an Algerian secular sleep occasionally disturbed by the noise of weapons. The social revolution that is accomplished then perhaps best by aligning in a specific region of all activities undertaken.

East Zone Constantine, the rebels supported the Franco-Tunisian border, is one of the regions with the military conquest was the most difficult, but it is entrusted to a leader of exceptional value, Vanuxem, one the "marshals" De Lattre Indochina. She received 73 specialized administrative sections, including 4 urban SAS only two remain to be implemented to improve the administrative coverage area. With 67 physicians, medical consultations have increased fivefold in a year: 20,000 in July 1957, 102,000 in July 1958, especially those concerning women, who then began to leave their mechtas, rose from 25 to 33 100 the total and multiplied by seven medical teams Four female mixed ESF (Blackfoot) and ANSF (Muslims), crisscross the region. In five months, 34 monitors, trained Issoire were established in 11 sports centers supported by military units. 113,000 were grouped in 111 clusters of sites. The consequences of this abundance of activity are quickly evident: 54 harkis were created and 12 Groups Mobile Security (GMS), these formations are composed of more than 2,000 combatants of U. T Territorial Units, composed of European reservists were formed in 9 sectors, framed by 299 reserve officers, in Bone, the UT are 3 battalions and ANSF are beginning to join them. Eleven teams of psychological enliven the area and are composed largely of Harkis. The results speak clearly in 1958 in political terms: the area once supported the rebels is 107 CSP Committees Hi Public, including 32 women's sections at La Calle, Bone, Tebessa, Guelma, Sedrata and Ain Beida.

March 10, 1961: The FLN, which took control of areas abandoned by the French army, has changed its tactics, instead of killing the fields, they kidnap their victims and kill in areas controlled (especially Moorish baths). Two new abductions in Algiers.

March 11, 1961: Rue de Chartres, the FLN attacked a patrol of the APF (the harkis) and simultaneously against the police station 29, rue de la Goutte d'Or. Three attackers were wounded and arrested, the FPA has no loss. March 12, 1961: Nothing. March 13, 1961: The deputy prefect of Frenda narrowly escaped an assassination attempt.

Continued contact between the FLN and the French government. March 14, 1961: Unsuccessful attack against a caf in Saint Ouen, probably the MNA. March 15, 1961: A woman found murdered in his apartment, Cheraga. Grenade into a bar in Algiers, 5 seriously injured. The Algerian affairs committee of the day focuses on measures to facilitate full employment, particularly those required on the day where people can join the prohibited areas. A small plastic explosive power in the toilet of the control of the FPA, rue des Gardes. Nobody was injured but the building suffered heavy damage. The machine has apparently been made by a newly joined, which returns to the FLN.

March 16, 1961: Two plastics in Algiers. For the first time the acronym OAS appears on the walls of Algiers. March 17, 1961: A carpentry contractor murdered in Setif. A farmer, father of seven children, Bone. A taxi driver Philippeville. "Our research at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the records compiled for negotiations in Evian, have a better grasp of the problem of nationality. The text of the Secretary of State for Algerian Affairs grouped into sub-series under the Agreements numbers 97, 109, III in particular, include different grades for negotiators French Evian. They emphasize three points on which the French delegation shall seek to obtain satisfaction:

- Formal commitment of our partners FLN not to continue their condemnation of those who are committed to our sides. e requirement that any Muslim can retain French nationality. "This," the sheet says, "must be unique, ie exclusive of Algerian nationality. - In addition to traditional diplomatic assurances, the French Muslim should be able to leave at any time, the Algerian territory to enjoy in France of French nationality. Consideration of this document shows that these three requirements considered essential for the category "Muslim faithful to our cause" (a term used in the note) only the first was obtained in Evian. The second has not been obtained or sought elsewhere. The third has been a very general reference. According to the President of the GPRA, Ben Khedda, commitment not to take revenge was taken by the FLN at the second meeting in Basel, November 9, 1961: It should be noted that in fact everything went from there, as if the key had been obtained and as if, therefore, the question of retention of faithful Muslims in French nationality had lost its raison d'etre. It is important to note that Bernard Tricot had indicateed to him a "generous provision of inspiration certainly, but illusory and dangerous to the people themselves" ( A note of principle dated (File No. 97 SEAA) stresses that Europeans acquired the nationality Algerian right without having to perform any positive act. Thus, adopting the opposite system, that of an option for Muslims who want to keep French nationality would weaken the government's position. The "dual citizens" of Europe that should suffer any discrimination, even for Muslims who remain "in respect of France, a French citizen and in turn are dual nationals, the France can not claim any discrimination to establish their counter without the risk of the Algerian authorities to imitate aussit6t practicing at the location of the Algerian minority a discriminatory policy. "This argument extremely sophisticated, to the limits of plausible, therefore, put into relief the difficulty of safeguarding the Muslim faithful, a Says it while negotiators have abandoned all legal recognition of defending these people? In the following note to the principle of 961, a special supplement on the protection of Muslim believers, said that they keep French nationality. Their protection, therefore, follows from the general commitment of non-retaliation and non-discrimination. This view seems to be sufficient. The weakness of the arguments contained in this note, is that nothing shows how and under what agreements, nationality and rights thereunder, may be required to Algerian authorities, apart from the above general commitment that can appear very fragile. The note added that France "must take special care to respect the absolute freedom for all inhabitants of Algeria, to leave the Algerian territory." This is considered as an additional guarantee for the pro-French Muslims. Applying this principle generally included in the text of the Agreements, was so special that the French side in Algeria. (We shall see the obstacles, including the departure of former auxiliaries to the mainland).

Volume 97 of Archives of SEM searchable by researchers contains another note due to Roland Cadet and who seems almost a response to the previous one. It is dated uary 27, 1962 and is titled: protection of certain Muslims. This very interesting document shows a very strong focus on the Muslim fmatter of honor." It measures a contrario how the final position of negotiators has moved away from these recommendations. Monneret, "the final phase of the war in Algeria, the harmattan, ISBN2-7475-0043-8 ~~ We admire particularly in the text Monneret, the fact that retention of right of French citizenship by the "faithful Muslims" to which benefited since May 58, has not even been sought. During a demonstration of the National Front of the Fighter, the Le Pen's deputy was wounded by police. Soustelle was struck prohibiting residence in Algeria. Plastic in paris. One policeman killed in Garges by two North African.

March 18, 1961: Morin, Chief Executive, said: "Peace, yes, but not at any price." Four plastic in paris.

March 19, 1961: Opening fanfare negotiations France / FLN FLN delegation was led by Krim (well named) Belkacem, Joxe by the French. Mine on a road, an office worker killed near Philippeville. Attacks bel Abbes Oran and four wounded. Riot in Mostaganem, a hundred arrests. The body of a metropolitan discovered on a beach in Douala. This is murder by the OAS of Rossello, a member of the MPC, the secret police. March 20, 1961:

Aions In the case of association with France: 375,000 people. In the case of neutrality of the new masters towards them: 550.000. In the case of hostility towards them, one mi L what our staff see things realistically. Not a word about the pro-French Muslims.

March 21, 1961: A man and a woman (the latter after the usual tributes) found slain Miliana. March 22, 1961: A military patrol stopping for identity check a suspicious individual is faced with incipient riot. Plastic in paris.

2 March 3, 1961: In Tunis Ferhat Abbas said: "The negotiation is not peace."

March 24, 1961: nothing. March 25, 1961: Two plastics in Algiers. March 26, 1961: xe in Algiers to discuss the problems posed by the FLN during the negotiations. Grenade into a bar of Constantine, 16 wounded including 9 soldiers. March 27, 1961: The results of last 48 hours is 13 dead and 60 injured due to terrorism.

Among the most important strafed a wedding in Tlemcen, 4 dead, including the bride, 20 wounded. Strafing the output of a football stadium in Oran, slaying of a young man and raping his fiancee always Oran In the Paris region a police bus was machine-gunned. Great meeting with Regard (known as Challe 11 in his book "Our Revolt"). There all the conspirators, civil and military, everything is ready, it is said to Challe, everyone agrees, must go immediately to Algeria to take command of a military revolt. Challe judge does not yet have all the elements, he asks them to wait April 11, new discourse of De Gaulle.

March 28, 1961: The GPRA announces the resumption of negotiations and said that it is the beginning of their great victory.

March 29, 1961: One killed in Setif. March 30, 1961: Two very heavy loads of plastic in Evian, between City Hall and the residence of the mayor, who is killed. Plastic also el biar. Grenade Oran (three dead) and Tiaret (one dead, six injured). While in Oran, Joxe indicates that discusses not only with the FLN, but with Messala. This is the Algerian Front for Democratic Action (FAAD) MNA half and half spook, in any case by the armed struggle against France and the FLN, especially in the Paris region and southern Oran. The FLN immediately cancel his attendance at the next negotiations Evian. The FAAD be left to the murder and torture, on 21 September 61, ahead of a year on the other.

At the end of March when 61 Muslims involved in the side of France were at their peak: 225,000 men including 60,000 harkis (strictly), 60,000 members of groups for self defense, 45.000 different auxiliaries (moghaznis, GMS. .) and 60,000 in the regular army which three quarters called the rest of labor. Let a population of eight million inhabitants, 20% of the male population in age to bear arms. In March 1961 the number of Muslims curve peaked. 9 regiments of sharpshooters, comprises of 21 battalions, 8 regiments Spahis (some of which are European and 80%), 10 groups and 10 companies Saharan are then in action. The number of Muslims in the regular army amounted to 85,000, including 300 officers, 3,900 NCOs and 57,000 known, about 20,000 are affected in metropolitan France and French Forces in Germany (FFA.) There are 2030 Group Self Defense with 62,000 guards armed with 32,800 rifles, 62,000 harkis in 800 harkis, 8,600 guards in 100 GMS, 19,000 moghaznis to 740 SAS and UAA, 1000 and 4100 reservists Asses units of a reserve. It must be remembered that most harkis were very operational, especially those commandos hunting nomads in areas inhabited rebel. Knowing the ground as their pocket, moving quickly and silently, the harkis were day and night ambush and "chouf" (observation from a concealed location). 44% of harkis and 37% of moghaznis are involved in the Corps of Constantine, where the insurgency is strongest. Exceptions, Maghzen and supermarkets were not great operational skills, which explains the decision of General de Gaulle, who confused and harkis moghaznis, ridiculed "those soldiers who did shoddy parade before the door of SAS ". It should be added to actual armed veterans and dignitaries, including 48 MPs, 790 special delegates (appointed mayors) and their advisers, and part of the 10,000 staff members. In 1961, then at least 250,000 Muslims, with one million families who are engaged in the fight against the FLN. The magnitudes quoted contradicts the legend of a population totally subservient to the FLN. The figures thus show that there were three to four times more Muslims into the arms of the French side than on the side of the liberation army. Faced with 200,000 loyalist fighters, the NLA has never exceeded 50,000 men, of which 32.0000 Tunisia and Morocco, from the inside, it remains 3400 regular and 12,000 auxiliaries in early 1962, half of which equipped with shotguns . These figures, taken from historical works and French archives of the 2nd Bureau, differ significantly from the Algerian, the most serious source indicates a strength of 60 to 70,000 mujahideen inside in 1958, 30 to 35,000 in 1961. This assessment takes into account all the helpers who are not armed and who represent nearly 60% of the workforce. Another element of discretion, often controversial, is that of fidelity to their original commitment of French Muslims subject to conflicting pressures of the army and the FLN. There was certainly defections in connection with the success of the FLN in 1955-56. However there was more rallies than desertion in 1958-59. So March 21,

1959, a 156 katiba djounoud with their weapons and their supervisors, crossed the dam and Tunisian rallied near the 3rd Hussars of Ouenza. Until the end of 1961, counting 9355 deserters (5368 without weapons), including 5000 and 3000 called auxiliaries, or 2.5% of auxiliaries, 6100 rally against, with and without weapons, or 10% of staff achieved the 'NLA interior. Regarding losses, it is wrong to claim that the harkis served as "cannon fodder" to save the lives of those called metropolitans. About 23,196 combatants killed during the war, 4500 only are Muslims, auxiliaries or regular. under "A village harkis" Maurice Faivre, L'Harmattan, ISBN: 2-7384-2938-6 Directive of the zone 44, March 30, 1961 Contacts Muslims enlisted in the enemy ranks Promise them firmly pardon if they regained the NLA with arms and baggage. The ALN know they were deceived by the enemy and the remorse of conscience does not stop the attack. .. Explain to those that lost their ALN experienced mental suffering, injustices they suffer every day, the distrust they have been in the enemy barracks. March 31, 1961: nothing.