Study Guide - Probability and Counting Rules 1. What is the set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment?

outcome sample space events Venn diagrams 2. How many possible outcomes would there be if three coins were tossed once? 2 4 6 8

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

3. What type of probability uses sample spaces to determine the numerical probability that an event will occur? A) classical probability B) conditional probability C) empirical probability D) subjective probability 4. If a sportscaster makes an educated guess as to how well a team will do this season, he is using what type of probability? A) classical probability B) conditional probability C) empirical probability D) subjective probability 5. The staff at a small company includes: 4 secretaries, 20 technicians, 4 engineers, 2 executives, and 50 factory workers. If a person is selected at random, what is the probability that he or she is a factory worker? A) B) C) D)
1 4 1 8 5 8 2 5

6. If a red suit is drawn from an ordinary deck of cards, what is the probability that the card is a diamond? A) B)
1 2 1 3

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C) D)

1 4 1 5

7. A compound event consists of two or more outcomes or simple events. A) True B) False 8. Classical probability was the first type of probability studied formally by mathematicians. True False 9. A child gets 22 heads out of 30 tosses of a coin. This would be an example of ____________ type of probability. 10. If one tosses a coin enough times, the number of heads and tails will tend to even out. This is an example of the ______________. 11. If a die were rolled, the event of getting an even number would be called a simple event. A) True B) False 12. What are the odds against drawing a card from an ordinary deck of cards and getting a spade? 13. In a recent study, the following data was obtained in response to the question, Do you favor recycling in your neighborhood? Yes No Males 25 15 10 Females 30 10 10 If a person is picked at random, what is the probability that the person is either male or has no opinion regarding recycling?

A) B)

A) B) C) D)

3 5 3 10 4 5 7 10

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14. Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time. A) True B) False 15. A jar contains four white marbles, five red marbles, and six black marbles. If a marble were selected at A) B) random, the probability that it is white or black would be True False
2 3

16. Given the following Venn diagram, which of the following equations would be used to calculate the probability of either event A, event B, or event C occurring.

A)

P ( A or B or C ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) + P (C ) P ( A and B ) P ( B and C ) P ( A or B or C ) = P( A) + P ( B) + P (C ) + P ( A and B ) + P ( A and C ) + P ( B and C ) P ( A and B and C ) P ( A or B or C ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) + P (C ) P ( A and B and C ) P ( A or B or C ) = P( A) + P ( B) + P (C )

B)

C)

D)

17. If a single card is drawn from an ordinary deck of cards, what is the probability of drawing either a heart or a 6? 17 A) B) C) D)
Page 3 52 4 13 9 26 5 13

18. If one card is drawn from an ordinary deck of cards, what is the probability that the card will be an ace, a king of hearts, or a spade? 19 A) B) C) D)
52 9 26 17 52 11 26

19. When the outcome or occurrence of the first event does not affect the outcome or occurrence of the second event in such a way that the probability is changed, the events are said to be dependent. A) True B) False 20. Two events A and B are ______________ if the fact that A occurs does not affect the probability of B occurring. 21. When two events are independent, the probability of both occurring is: P( A and B) = P( A) P( B) A) P( A and B) = P( A) + P( B) B) P( A and B) = P( A B) C) P( A and B) = P( A + B) D) 22. A gumball machine contains 300 grape flavored balls, 400 cherry flavored balls, and 500 lemon flavored balls. What is the probability of getting 1 grape ball, 1 cherry ball, and 1 lemon ball if each ball was removed and then replaced before choosing the next from the machine? A) 0.0264 B) 0.0531 C) 0.0347 D) 0.0482 23. A recent poll by the American Automobile Club found that 30% of those surveyed are worried about aggressive drivers on the road. If three people are selected at random, what is the probability that all three will be worried about aggressive drivers on the road? A) 0.900 B) 0.027 C) 0.081 D) 0.300 24. If a coin were tossed three times, the probability that the coin will land on heads at least one of those three times would be 7/8.
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A) B)

True False

25. If a card is drawn from an ordinary deck of cards, not replaced and then a second card is drawn from the same deck, these two events are ________________. 26. The ______________ probability of an event B in relationship to an event A is defined as the probability that event B occurs after event A has already occurred. 27. It has been reported that 3% of all cars on the highway are traveling at speeds in excess of 70 mph. If the speeds of four random automobiles are measured via radar, what is the probability that at least one car is going over 70 mph? 28. On an eight question true-false quiz, a student guesses each answer. What is the probability that he/she gets at least one of the answers correct? 29. Given eight students, three of which are females, if two students are selected at random, without replacement, what is the probability that both students are female? 30. A box contains blue chips and red chips. A person selects two chips without replacement. If the probability of selecting a blue chip and a red chip is
5 16 32 128

, and the probability of selecting a blue chip

on the first draw is , find the probability of selecting the red chip on the second draw, given that the first chip selected was a blue chip. A) B) C) D)
1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5

31. The number of different arrangements of four pictures from a selection of ten pictures is 5,040. A) True B) False 32. The __________ rule is the number of ways that r objects can be selected from n objects when order is not important. 33. How many times was the coin tossed in the figure below?
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A) B) C) D)

3 6 4 2

34. Box A contains the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4. Box B contains the numbers 5, 6, 7, and 8. A number is first drawn from Box A and then another number from Box B. Using Figure 4 2, how many outcomes are possible if both numbers are even?

A) B) C) D)

16 4 6 8

35. When drawing cards from a box, if the selected card is replaced, then repetitions are not allowed. A) True B) False 36. Evaluate the following: 7P3. A) 210 B) 35 C) 5,040 D) 6
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37. A business has seven locations to choose from and wishes to rank only the top three locations. How many different ways can this be done? A) 5,040 B) 210 C) 840 D) 420 38. Evaluate the following: 7C3. A) 210 B) 5,040 C) 35 D) 6 39. A club has 10 members. There are 1,260 ways that a chairperson, a secretary, and a treasurer can be selected from these 10 members. A) True B) False 40. There are 2,368 possible ways that a committee of eight people can be selected from a group of 14 people. A) True B) False 41. There are __________ possible ways that eight pictures can be hung on a wall. 42. If the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F are to be used in a five-letter code, how many different codes are possible if repetitions are not permitted? A) 625 B) 720 C) 7,776 D) 1,296 43. When a die is rolled twice, there are __________ outcomes. 44. How many different ways can four people: Andy, Betty, Cindy, and Doug, sit in a row at the opera if Andy and Betty must sit together? A) 24 B) 12 C) 6 D) 18

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45. In how many ways can a student select five questions from an exam containing 12 questions if he must answer the last question? A) 330 B) 7920 C) 40,320 D) 95,040 46. There are four instructors, nine assistant professors, and five associate professors in the Math department. A committee of five is selected to choose new textbooks. There are 1,440 ways that a committee can be selected, if there must be one instructor, two assistant professors, and two associate professors on the committee. A) True B) False 47. A small school bus contains eight first-graders and ten second-graders. If two children are ill, what is the probability that at least one of them is a second-grader? 28 A) B) C) D)
153 125 153 16 153 27 306

48. If five cards are drawn from a deck of cards without replacement, what is the probability that at least one of the cards is a heart?

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Answer Key
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
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B D A D C A A A empirical law of large numbers B 3:1, 75%, 0.75, or A A A A B C B independent A C B A dependent conditional 0.11
255 256 3 28 3 4

D A combination D B B A B C B B 40,320 B 36 B A

46. A 47. B 48. 7411

9520

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