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DevelopmentofConcreteContainingWaste Glass
G.D.Perkins,CivilEngineeringResearchUnit,DivisionofCivil&MechanicalEngineering, FacultyofAdvancedTechnology,UniversityofGlamorgan,Pontypridd,CF371DL
AbstractThe large scale production of Portland cement andtheacquisitionofaggregatesfromdredgingandquarrying have a dramatic impact on the environment. Consequently extensiveresearchisongoingintotheuseofPortlandcement replacements,usingmanywastematerialsandindustrialby products,forexample,pulverisedfuelash(PFA)andground granulatedblastfurnaceslag(GGBS).Thecontinuingdebate relatingtoUKgovernmentpolicyonlandfilltaxdictatesthat theuseofwastefromothersourcesishighonthepoliticaland researchagenda. Inadditiontotheuseofbinderreplacementmaterialsfrom waste, there is somewhat less regard given to the subjectof usingwastematerialtoreplacethefineaggregatecontentof concrete. Glassfromvaryingrecyclingprocessesisconsideredtobea materialwhichcouldbeusedasbinderandalsoasaggregate replacement.Glasswhichismostconsideredforrecyclingin terms of environmental protection is that from containers, architecturalandendoflifevehicleglass.Thisstudyoutlines theuseofsuchrecycledglassasabinderandfineaggregate replacementanddetailsworkabilityandstrengthdevelopment of concrete containing glass as partial replacement of traditionalmaterials.
PercentagePassing
ProcessedglassELV,containerandarchitectural glassoffractionsize5mmdust Glass powder a much finer material which is collected in the air filtration system whilst producingtheprocessedglass
The glass powder is being used for partial binder replacementinproportionsof10%,20%and30%binder replacementwhereastheprocessedglassisbeingusedfor 100%replacementoffineaggregate.Thecoarseaggregate componentoftheconcreteisstandardisedat10mmcrushed limestone. Each of the materials has been analysed to establish chemical composition and size. The particle size of the processed glass was established by sieve analysis and a comparisonmadebetweenitandthenaturalsandbeingused incomparative mixes (Figure 1). The particle size of the glasspowderwasestablishedusingaMalvernInstruments, Mastersizer2000unit(Figure2). ParticleSizeDistributionChart
NaturalSand 100% 90% GlassSand
IndexTermsconcrete,wasteglass
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 0.063 0.15 0.212 0.3 0.425 0.6 1.18 2 3.35 5 ParticleSizemm
Figure1Particlesizedistributionchart
ManuscriptreceivedOctober26,2007. GaryD.PerkinsisaResearchStudentCivilEngineeringResearchUnit, Division of Civil & Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology,UniversityofGlamorgan,Pontypridd,MidGlamorgan,CF37 1DL,UnitedKingdom(email:gperkins@glam.ac.uk).
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Glasspowderparticleanalysis 100 80 %passing 60 40 20 0
Figure3Workabilityofofstandardconcretevs.glass derivedsand
0.212
0.150
0.063
0.030 Sievesize
0.010
0.001
0.000
Figure2Glasspowderparticleanalysis Shi[1]citesothers[24]ascommentingthatverylimited workhasbeenconductedfortheuseofgroundglassasa cement replacement in concrete, and it is considered that there is only very scant research in the area of replacing 100% of the fine aggregate component of concrete with glassorcombiningbothlevelsofreplacement.Someofthe workthathasbeenreportedindicatesthattheuseofglass aggregateimprovestheflowpropertiesoffreshconcreteso thatveryhighstrengthscanbeobtainedevenwithouttheuse ofsuperplasticizers [5].However,theworkcarriedout to date in this respect shows that this is not necessarily the case.
Further to establishing a mix design that produced an acceptablelevelofworkability(determinedataw/bof0.5) additionalmixeswereproducedusingvariousquantitiesof thetworeplacementmaterialsandcomparisonsmadewith thecontrolmix(composedofPC:naturalsand:limestone aggregate.Theconcretewasusedtoproduce50mmcubes and 100mm cubes, which were watercured at 20C. Compressivestrengthwasdeterminedforcuringperiodsof 7,14,28,90days.Inaddition,thelargercubeswerecored andslicedtoproducediscswhicharecurrentlybeingusedto determinevaluesofsorptivity.
III.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION The initial testing of the processed glass and the glass powderindicatethatbothmaterialsaresomewhatdifferent despite being derived from the same source. This is particularlyevidentwithregardtothesolublesilicacontent ofthetwomaterials,butisconsideredtobetheresultofthe differenceinparticlesizeofthetwomaterials.Onanalysisit was establishedthat thecrushedglass providedcontained contaminantsintheformof: tracesofpolymers polyvinylbutylene (PVB) from the ELV glass content traces of acrylic from the architectural glass content. Ninetypercentofthecontaminantmaterialwasconsidered tobePVB.
II.EXPERIMENTATION Chemical composition and soluble oxide content of both materialswasdetermined. Arangeofconcretemixeswas manufacturedincorporatingprocessedcrushedglassorglass powderorboth.Testmixeswereundertakentoestablishthe effectoftheglassmaterialsonthemix,duringwhichtimeit quicklybecame apparent that the processedcrushedglass hadamarkeddetrimentaleffectupontheworkabilityofthe fresh concrete when used to replace 100% of the fine aggregatecomponentofthemix(Figure3). Workability
Naturalsand 140 120 Slump(mm) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 Glasssand
Itwasestablishedthattherewasasmallamountoforganic materialpresentinthecrushedglass,butthiswasconsidered tobepaperresiduefromthelabelsonthebottleglass.The moisture content of the glass as supplied was considered insignificantat0.29%.Followinglossonignitionanalysis,a 0.02%losswasrecorded.Thefreelimecontentofcrushed glassandglasspowderis1.22%and0.26%respectively.
Binderreplacementlevels(%)
Onincorporatingcrushedglassintotheconcretemixinlieu of the natural sand, workability became impaired significantly when compared to the control mix. Several factors have been considered in this respect and this phenomenoncanbeattributedinpartto: Theangularinterlockingnatureoftheparticles Suctionbetweenthelargerparticlesontheaddition ofwater
Despite the reduced fluidity of the fresh concrete, its workability was prolonged when compared to the control duetothelackofabsorptionoftheglassparticles;however, thiscouldcreateproblemsincertaincircumstances. Strength development of the concrete containing 100% crushedglassasthefineaggregatecomponentofthemix comparedfavourablywiththatofthecontrolat thesame age.Thecontrolat28daysachievedacompressivestrength of 49.1N/mm2 (Figure 4) whereas the concrete containing glass aggregate achieved a compressive strength of 49.5N/mm2 (Figure5).Strengthtestingisongoing.Despite the favourable strength results obtained, the visual appearanceoftheglassaggregateconcretedemonstrateda lack of physical bond between the cement paste and the glassaggregate.However,researchiscontinuinginthisarea andtheareaofthechemicalbondbetweenthesame.
Strengthdevelopment(naturalsandfineaggregate) 0 60 CompressiveStrength(N/mm2) 10 20 30Replacementlevel(%)
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
50
40
30 7 14 Days 28 90
IV.CONCLUSIONS The conclusion that has been drawn from the research programmetodateincludes:
Crushedglassisasuitablematerialforuseas100% replacementforfineaggregate. Glasspowderexhibitspozzolanicpropertiesbutis dependantuponfinenessofthepowder. Concrete containing glass as fine aggregate can achievecomparablestrengthstothatofnaturalsand aggregates. Fluidityofthefreshconcreteisinhibited.