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Motor is a device that converts any form of energy into mechanical energy, especially an internal-combustion engine or an arrangement of coils and magnets that converts electric current into mechanical power. An electric motor is an electromechanical device energy into mechanical energy. that converts electrical

Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and currentcarrying conductors to generate force. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo; some electric motors can also be used as generators, for example, atraction motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines.

Parts of a Motor People often use the word "motor" to describe the engine in their car, but the term usually refers to electric motors. The development of these devices revolutionized society and helped pulled the world into the modern technological era. Electric motors come in all sizes and configurations, but they all function on the same principle with the same fundamental parts. Basic Principles Motors work through electromagnetism. If you run electricity through a wire, it creates a magnetic field. If you coil the wire around a rod and run electricity through the wire, it creates a magnetic field around the rod. When you surround that rod with other magnets, the rod will rotate as the magnets attract and repel each other.

The Stator Every electric motor has two essential parts: one stationary, and one that rotates. The stationary part is the stator. Though configurations vary, the stator is most often a permanent magnet or row of magnets lining the edge of the motor casing, which is usually a round plastic drum. The Rotor Inserted into the stator is the rotor, usually consisting of copper wire coiled around an axle. When current is applied to the coil, the resulting magnetic field interacts with that created by the stator, and the axle begins to spin. The Commutator An electric motor has another important component, the commutator, which sits at one end of the coil. It is a metal ring divided into two halves. It reverses the electrical current in the coil each time the coil rotates half a turn. The commutator periodically reverses the current between the rotor and the external circuit, or the battery. This ensures that the ends of coils do not move in opposite directions, and ensures that the axle spins in one direction. Brushes and Terminals At one end of the motor are the brushes and the terminals. They are at the opposite end from where the rotor exits the motor casing. The brushes send electrical current to the commutator and are typically made of graphite. The terminals are the locations where the battery attaches to the motor and sends the current to spin the rotor. Armature In electrical engineering, an armature generally refers to one of the two principal electrical components of an electromechanical machinegenerally in a motor or generator, but it may also mean the pole piece of a permanent magnet or electromagnet, or the moving iron part of a solenoid or relay. The other component is the field winding or field magnet. The role of the "field" component is simply to create a magnetic field (magnetic flux) for the armature to interact with, so this component can comprise either permanent magnets, or electromagnets formed by a conducting coil. The armature, in contrast, must carry current so it is always a conductor or a conductive coil, oriented normal to both the field and to the direction of motion, torque(rotating machine), or force (linear machine). The armature's role is twofold. The first is to carry current crossing the field, thus creating shaft torque in a rotating machine or force in a linear machine. The second role is to generate an electromotive force (EMF). In the armature, an electromotive force is created by the relative motion of the armature and the field. When the machine is acting as a motor, this EMF opposes the armature current, and the armature converts electrical power to mechanical torque, and power, unless the machine is stalled, and transfers it to the load via the shaft. When the

machine is acting as a generator, the armature EMF drives the armature current, and shaft mechanical power is converted to electrical power and transferred to the load. In an induction generator, these distinctions are blurred, since the generated power is drawn from the stator, which would normally be considered the field.

The mechanical power developed by a motor results from the interaction between the magnetic fields created by the armature and the field poles. A motor is made of many individual parts, as shown in this exploded view.

End bells Two end bells form the housing that encloses the internal parts. In addition to being a mechanical support to the internal parts, the end bells provide protection for anyone attempting to touch the moving parts. The end bells also prevents particles or liquids from falling into the internal windings and damaging them. The end bells have open slot to allow air flow to cool the internal parts.

Bearings Bearings are used at each end of the motor to mount the rotating assembly to the fixed housing and to provide minimal friction between the assembly and the housing.

Field pole and housing The housing for the field pole consist of a drum. Mounted onto the drums internal surface are magnets that provide one of the two primary magnetic fields of the motor. This magnets are either the permanent type or electromagnets with wire wound around iron course. The drum is made of steel, which magnetic flux lines pass through easily. The steel enables the magnetic field to be strong. Armature The armature rotates inside the fixed motor housing. The armature consists of a cylindrical core made of sheet-steel laminations that are attached to the shaft. The outer surface of the core has slots were armature loops are placed. The ends of the armature loops are soldered to the commutator that also mounts on the shaft. A fan with blades keeps the motor cool, as the armature spins by blowing outside air over the parts inside the housing.

Brushes and commutators To produce a magnetic field, direct current passes through the armatures loops of wire. Brushes are fixed conductive metal pieces. Tension springs press the brushes onto the surface of the rotating armatures commutator segements. As the brushes ride on the rotating surface of the commutator segments, they provide the electrical connection between the DC power source and the armatures wire loops.