University Mhamed Bougara ,Boumerdes Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Electronics

Done by -Oussama Gassab

-hammouya houssam Groupe 01 - Achraf Djerida

E T

very moment when we take a look to our universe we discover that the universe is amazing more than we expected , every phenomena happens under organized manner and can be formulated mathematically with beautiful equations . when this equations is understood , it can be used to build devices works with this phenomena under the human control . that is mean we can use the concepts of the universe to build appliances that help us 1- to make our life easy 2- to enhance our devices to understand the world .

he oscillation phenomena exist everywhere around us ; in light , wires , hanging objected that is mean the oscillation can exist with different kind of signals . our purpose is to build electrical oscillators with specified amplitude and frequency. to build this oscillator we will use passive , active elements and feedback theory concept .

Objectives : The purpose of this set of experiments is to enable us to design a RC oscillators . the important design parameters for this design are : The output signal frequency The frequency stability The signal purity The signal amplitude

We have the following circuit of Wien Bridge oscillators :

i1 i2

i2

i1

Answers to questions : Question I : - Finding the frequency of oscillation and the relation between R1 R 3 when the bridge is at the equilibrium We have VA = 2 ( || ) And VB = 1 1
1

VA = 2 +1

So we have VA VB = 0

1 = 2

+1

(1)

by taking the outer upper side loop we got the following

VB + VA + 2 + 2 3 1 = 0 By using equation (1) and some simplification we got the following result

VB VA =

( )2 2 + 2 3 + 1
1

( + 1)

At the required frequency 0 we have VB VA = 0 So at S=j0 the difference must be zero so we have
( )2 ( 0 )2 + 2 3 0 +1 1 0 ( 0 +1)

= 0 that is mean

( )2 0 2 + 2 3 0 + 1 = 0
1

So we have

1 ( )2 0 2 + 2 3 0 = 0 this implies that

2

1 ( )2 0 2 = 0 3 2 = 0 1 0 0 = 1 RC

3 =2 1

So the frequency of oscillator is 0 = RC and the relation between 3 1

3 1

=2

Question II : We have the open loop gain circuit, we have obtained by cutting off the feedback loop

By applying the divider rule we have

VA = So we have VA =

1 1

1 + +

1 2 + 3 +

1 ( )2

VA = 0 And we have

2 + 30 + 0 2

VB =

1 1 +3

VA VB =
R

R 1 R1 + R 3

R S 2 + 0 2 R 3 S + 0 2
1

2 + 30 + 0 2

Since = R 3 2 we got the following result

1

1 S 2 0 S + 0 2 VA VB = 3 + 2 + 30 + 0 2 So 0 = VA VB

The open loop gain is = 0 so

A S 2 0 S + 0 2 = 3 + 2 + 30 + 0 2 Finding the poles and zeros of this open loop gain

The zeros : 1 =
2

S 2 0 S + 0 2 = 0 2 =
0 ( + 2 4) 2 R

0 ( 2 4)

The zeros are real when R 3 > 4 the zeros are complex when
1

0<

R3 R1

<4

to build oscillation we must have complex zeros

at the open loop gain in order the root locus across the jw axis at non zero point .

The poles : P1 =
(3+ 5) 2

2 + 30 + 0 2 = 0 0 P2 =
(3+ 5) 2

0 so the poles are real

Question III : We will obtain the closed when the output of op-amp is connected to the top of the bridge .

Vi

AL (s)

The closed loop gain is = 1

( ) ()

We have =

3+

The poles of the closed loop

1 = 0

So 3 + + = 0 so we have 3 + 2 + 30 + 0 2 + S 2 0 S + 0 2 = 0 so + + 3 2 + 9 + 3 0 + 3 + + 0 2 = 0 Pure imaginary poles that is mean 9 + 3 = 0 So 0 = 9 + 3

We have an '' the indirect frequency stability '' coefficient SF = 0 where is the phase of the open loop gain AL ()

Showing that SF =

2 1 2 1 + 2

Where 1 , 2 are the poles of since we have from previews analysis P1 = So

2 1 2 1 + 2 2 3+ 5 2

P2 =

3+ 5 2 1

= 3 and by definition we have =

2 + 2 0 0 2 2 +3 3+ 0 0

We have AL =

2 So = arg( AL ) = arg 2 0 + 0 2 arg 0 2 + 30

= =

0
2 2 0

3 0
2 2 0

0 2 2 0

3 0 2 2 0

2 2 0 22 2 2 2 0

1+

0 2 2 0

2 2 0 22 30 2 2 2 0 + 2 30 1+ 2 2 0

2 0 2 + 0 = 2 2 2 0 + 0

2 30 2 + 0 + 2 2 2 2 0 + 30

=
= 0

2 2 2 1 2 = 2 3 1 + 2

Which is the desired relation

Practical part 1. oscillator without automatic gain control ( AGC ) a) design : * computing SF for = 1 we have SF =
2

3 SF =

8 6

* the necessary gain is 0 =

+ 3 = 12

* The op-amp gain is A= 200 000 we can considered as infinite and the closed loop poles are superposed on the zeros of the open loop gain The poles are : 0 ( 2 4) 1 = 2 0 ( + 2 4) 2 = 2 We have = 1 so 1 = 0 ( j 3) 2 =
2 1 0 (2 1

+ j 3)
0 3 2

So the output is = 0

0 2

cos

+
0 2

Where 0 is so small because the zeros and poles are near each other so the final amplitude is = 0 op-amp will saturate . so for a long time the

*The output will be square wave with amplitude Vsa t = 10 *The output frequency is =
0 3 2

Remark : at the beginning the wave is sinusoidal with increasing amplitude after a certain time when the op-amp is saturated the output will be (square wave = distorted sinusoidal wave).

b) implementation :

* we have 0 = =

1
0

= 2 1000 .

1000

= 0.160

R1 = 10 R 2 = 30 We have connected the following circuit as shown below

By using the oscilloscope we have got the following graph

The result is as we expected *So the amplitude of the suquare wave is 10 v *And the frequecy is 866.725 Hz Algebricly is
0 3 2 1000 3 2

= 866.025 which maches the expermintal

one

we have obtained the total harmonic distortion as shown in the right picture 23.962%

2- AGC using FET transistor a)design :

*explaining : the resistor R1 start with small value .in this case the amplitude of the oscillation increases and that makes the start to increase that result R1 increases all this will effect on the poles and pull them to jw axis this will stiblize the oscillation and will result perfect sinsuadual wave .

Drawing the the curve of We have =

2

2 ( + )

by taking
5 ( +4)

= 2 = 0.4 we have = So the grath as shown below

 0 1 =
1 = 1

2 = 0

6 + =

2 by doing simplification we have

) 3 (53 91 2 1 3

got the following relation = 53 >0 so 21 3 > 0

91 5

so that must
5

1 < 9 3 1 > 3 2 10 9

so

3 2

< 1 < 9 3 since

3 = 20 we have 0 < 1 < 1 = 1.10

0 we can select

*the circuit at the input of the FET analysis :

2 ( + 5) ; 0 < 5 4 = 6 + 2 0 0 ; 0 > 5

since 2 6 so we can write

-5

4 =

(0 + 5) ; 0 < 5 0 ; 0 > 5

When we take R 0 = 11 1 = 1.1 11 = 12.1

R 6 = 1011 = 110 So we have R 3 = 2R 0 = 22 K by using this value We will find that = And =
5 ( +4)
) 3 (5 3 91 2 1 3

= 11

4 = 3.54

b) implementation We have built the following circuit

We have got the following results

So the result is perfect sinusoidal wave with very small distortion with frequency 994.278 1kHZ So the saturation of the op-amp is the amplitude of the resulting wave When we choose vcc15 for the am-amp will got sinusoidal wave with amplitude 15 v

e have learnt how to design and build a perfect sinusoidal wave with specified amplitude and frequency by using the feedback theory and the stabilization concept .

T I

o do that we have dealt with mathematical calculation by using some physical theories , and we have verified the results by using simulation program .

n order to make this world work with us we have to understand its phenomenas and its realities to do that we have to use its language which is the mathematic .