Modul 3 SmallScaleFading - WCS Edited RPA

Modul 3
Small Scale Fading

Wireless Communication System
1
Faculty of Electrical Communication
IT Telkom
October 2012
Modul 3 Small Scale Fading
Subject
a. Introduction Fading Channel Manifestations
b. Small Scale Fading
c. Klasifikasi Small Scale Fading
2
c. Klasifikasi Small Scale Fading
Multipath Components
Component 2
Component 1
Radio Signals Arriving from different directions to receiver
3
Component N
Receiver may be stationary or mobile.
Multipath Components
At a receiver point
Radio waves generated from the same transmitted signal
may come
from different directions
with different propagation delays
with (possibly) different amplitudes (random)
4
with (possibly) different amplitudes (random)
with (possibly) different phases (random)
with different angles of arrival (random).
These multipath components combine vectorially at the
receiver antenna and cause the total signal
to fade
to distort
5
6
Multipath Propagation
In general, the received signal at the receiver point is the sum of the direct
signal and the number of signals reflected from various objects. In mobile
communication, reflection will be caused by:
Surface terrain
Buildings
Moving objects as an example vehicle
Wave reflection magnitude and phase will change, depending on the
reflection coefficient, the wave trajectory, and also depending on the angle of
arrival of the wave. Thus, the direct signal and reflected signal will vary in
arrival of the wave. Thus, the direct signal and reflected signal will vary in
terms of:
Amplitude, depending on the magnitude of reflection coefficient
Phase, depending on the phase change of reflection and the
path distance difference between the direct wave and the
reflected wave
The worst condition occurs when the direct wave and reflection wave has
the same magnitude and different phases 180o. In such conditions, between
the direct wave and the reflected waves will occur eliminate each other
(complete cancellation)
7
Phase difference of 180
o
occur if there are differences in the path distance
traveled by the waves as follows:
=
2
) 1 n 2 (
d
The best condition is achieved if the direct wave and reflection wave has the
same phase or a multiple of 360
o
(In Phase Combination). Difference distance
direct wave and reflection on this condition can be expressed as follows:
Multipath Propagation
= n d
where:
n = 1,2, 3, etct
= wave length
The variation of wave amplitude and phase depending on the
variety of conditions and due to various factors, which cause
Fading occurs, we will discuss in this module.
Amplitudo
Amplitudo sinyal terima
tergantung dari lokasi dan
frekuensi
Jika antena bergerak,
maka lokasi x akan
berubah linear terhadap
waktu t (x = v t)
Small Scale Fading
8
Frekuensi
Waktu
waktu t (x = v t)
Parameters:
probability of fades
duration of fades
bandwidth of fades
9
Delay Spread Model dan Time Varying Model
Fokus pada multipath fading, disebabkan 2 hal:
Time spreading sinyal Akibat sinyal datang
dengan delay yang berbeda-beda, dianalisis dengan
Delay Spread Model
Time varying of channel akibat pergerakan,
dianalisis dengan Time Varying Model
Karakterisasi Kanal Multipath
10
dianalisis dengan Time Varying Model
Evaluasi/analisis biasa dilakukan dalam
Domain waktu, dan
Domain frekuensi
11
Delay Spread Model
To know the characteristics of channel delay, usually conducted Channel
sounding (with impulse response)
Maximum excess delay digitize into N groups of paths, each path separated
by an interval of .
Multipath channel
Small Scale Fading
by an interval of .
The model used to analyze signals with BW < 1/(2 ).
The total power received is the sum of all multipath components, if the
components can be resolved / processed.
If the signal BW <<BW multipath channel can be overcome
If the signal BW>> BW al multipath channel can not be overcome
SIRCIM (Simulation of Indoor Radio Channel IMpulse response)
SMRCIM (Simulation of Mobile Radio Channel IMpulse response.)
12
h(d,t)
x(t) y(d,t)
Received signal, is a function of distance (d) and time (t)
+

= = d ) t , d ( h ) ( x ) t , d ( h ) t ( x ) t , d ( y
Since d = v.t , causal system h(d,t) = 0 for t < 0
Small Scale Fading - Multipath Channel Impulse Response Model
Since d = v.t , causal system h(d,t) = 0 for t < 0

=
t
d ) t , t . v ( h ) ( x ) t , t . v ( y
Assumption of constant v, then d is only a function of velocity (v) and
time (t)

= =
t
d ) t , t . v ( h ) ( x ) t , t . v ( h ) t ( x ) t ( y
( ) ( )
=
+ =
N
1 k
k 0 k r
t f 2 cos a t e
Received signal can be expressed as follows :
Where,
f
0
= carrier frequency
Multipath Signal Analysis, Assumptions: Vehicles without moving
Small Scale Fading multipath signal analysis 13 13
10/3/2012
13
f
0
= carrier frequency
N = number of track multipath
a
k
,
k
= amplitude and phase of the kth
multipath component-k
( ) ( )
=
+ =
N
1 k
k 0 k r
t f 2 cos a t e
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k 0 k 0 k 0
sin t f 2 sin cos t f 2 cos t f 2 cos = +
Recall :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= =
=
N
1 k
k k 0
N
1 k
k k 0 r
sin a t f 2 sin cos a t f 2 cos t e
( ) ( ) ( ) t f 2 sin Y t f 2 cos X t e
0 0 r
=
X
Y
r
10/3/2012
14
Asuming :
N Large N (many paths) theoretically infinite, practically > 6
k
uniformly distributed in (0 to 2)
a
k
respectively can be compared (no one is quite dominant)
X and Y are mutually independent identical distributed Gaussian
Then :
2 2
Y X r Envelope Sinyal + = =
RAYLEIGH distibuted!!
Identically Independently Distributed (IID)
Basic Theory _Small Scale Fading
multipath signal analysis
Mobile Radio
Propagation
The received signal is a sum of real
signals that have experience
attenuation, reflection, refraction
and diffraction according to its path.
Mobile station movement
15
Rayleigh Distribution
( )
( )
( )
<

|
|
\
|
=
0 0
0
2
exp
2
2
2
r
r
r r
r p
Rayleigh distribution has the probability density function (pdf), as follows :
( )
( )
( )
<

|
|
\
|
=
0 r 0
r 0
2
r
exp
r
r p
2
2
2
Probability
Density p(r)
Amplitude (r)
Threshold
Where,
= rms value of the received signal before envelope detection
10/3/2012
16
= rms value of the received signal before envelope detection
2
states the average power of the envelope detection
Then, the probability that the signal envelope does not exceed a specified value
R, can be derived as follows :
( ) ( )
|
|
\
|
= = =
R
0
2
2
r
2
R
exp 1 dr r p R r P ) R ( P
This is the CDF
(Cumulative Distribution
Function) !
r
mean
(mean value) of the Rayleigh distribution is expressed by
[ ] ( ) 1.2533 =
= = =
0
mean
2
dr r p r r E r
While the variance of Rayleigh distribution,
r
2
, said ac power signal envelope
[ ] [ ] ( ) = =
2
2 2 2 2

dr r p r r E r E
10/3/2012
17
[ ] [ ] ( )
2
0.4292 =
|
\
|
=
= =
2
2
2
2
0
2 2 2 2

dr r p r r E r E
r
The median value can be resolved,
( ) 1.177 = =
median
r
0
median
r dr r p
2
1
How is DISTRIBUTION RICIAN ?
TX RX
line of sight
reflections
Rician distribution occurs when there
is a dominant signal component In
the above model, the dominant signal
10/3/2012
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( ) ( )
=
+ + =
N
1 k
k 0 k 0 r
t f 2 cos a t f 2 cos C t e
Signal equation model :
the above model, the dominant signal
component is the LOS signal
component (line of sight)
Where C = amplitude of the LOS signal components
a
k
,
k
= amplitude and phase of the k_th multipath signal
RICIAN distribution is given by the following equation :
( )
( )
( )
( )
<

|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
0 r 0
r , 0 A
Cr
I .
2
C r
exp
r
r p
2
0
2
2 2
2
I
0
() is the modified Bessel function of first-order n
10/3/2012
19
Rician distribution is often described as K factor, where:
2
2
2
C
K
=
or , in dB
( )
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
C
log 10 dB K
K = 4 ... 1000 (6 to 30 dB) For micro-
cellular system
Infinite K (K ), means :
dominant component is very
strong compared to other components
Rician PDF has a Gaussian
K Values
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20
Rician PDF has a Gaussian
shape PDF approach with a small
Severe Fading (K = 0): Fading occurs
with severe and very dominant
Thats Rayleigh Fading
SMALL SCALE
FADING
FLAT FADING
Berdasarkan
atas multipath
Time Delay
Spread
FREQUENCY
SELECTIVE FADING
FAST FADING
BW sinyal < BW koheren
Delay spread < periode
simbol
BW sinyal > BW koheren
Delay spread > periode simbol
Klasifikasi
Small Scale
Fading
21
Berdasarkan
atas Doppler
Spread
FAST FADING
SLOW FADING
Doppler spread >>
Coherence time < periode
simbol
Variasi kanal lebih cepat dari
variasi sinyal baseband
Doppler spread <<
Coherence time > periode
simbol
Variasi kanal lebih lambat dari
variasi sinyal baseband
22
%------------------
% fading parameters
%------------------
c_light = 3E8; % speed of light (m/s)
v = 10; % vehicle's speed (kph)
B = 40; % number of bit per slot
R = 60; % bit rate (kbps)
T = 1/(R*1E3); % symbol duration (s)
f = 1.8; % carrier frequency (GHz)
fd = (v*1E3/3600)*f*1E9/c_light; % Doppler freq (Hz)
N = 34;
N0 = (N/2 - 1)/2;
alpha = pi/4;
xc = zeros(len,1);
xs = zeros(len,1);
sc = sqrt(2)*cos(alpha);
ss = sqrt(2)*sin(alpha);
ts = 0:len-1;
ts = ts'.*T + round(rand(1,1)*10000)*T;
wd = 2*pi*fd;
xc = sc.*cos(wd.*ts);
xs = ss.*cos(wd.*ts);
Fading Simulator : Jakes Method
22
%-----------------------
% variable in simulation
%-----------------------
Tp = 1000; % number of data slot
len = B*Tp; % number of symbol (B
symbols/slot)
% function y = fading(len, fd, T)
%--------------------------
% parameter in Jakes Method
%---------------------------
xs = ss.*cos(wd.*ts);
for lx =1:N0
wn = wd*cos(2*pi*lx/N);
xc = xc + (2*cos(pi*lx/N0)).*cos(wn.*ts);
xs = xs + (2*sin(pi*lx/N0)).*cos(wn.*ts);
end;
y = (xc + i.*xs)./sqrt(N0+1);
%plot fading signal
figure(1);
plot(ts*T,abs(y));
title('Fading Signals')
xlabel('time (sec)')
ylabel('amplitude')
Simulation Result (1)
Signal Analysis on Rayleigh Channel
Mobile station speed 5km/hour,fd=4,023Hz
mobile station speed25km/hour, fd=20,27Hz
23
Mobile station speed 100km/hour, fd=80,52Hz
Amplitude fluctuation (Fading) will increase as
the mobile station (MS) speed increase, it can
be seen as follow:
MS speed 5km/hour, fd=4,023Hz.
Received signal will achieve maximal
attenuation 11db, amplitude fluctuation is not
occurs many times.
Received signal will achieve maximal
attenuation 13dB, amplitude fluctuation is more
often than MS 25km/hour.
Maximal attenuation 17dB, amplitude
fluctuation is the most often in this three
experiment.

Modul 3 SmallScaleFading - WCS Edited RPA

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Modul 3

Small Scale Fading

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