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a b

One world

Inversion Reporting questions, intentions & advice

The environment Holidays Rhetorical expressions

Expressing doubt Waste / rubbish Letter to the editor

Something in the air

Reading
1 Work in pairs. Read the following opinions and
discuss whether or not you agree with them.
1 Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere do not cause climate change. 2 Reducing carbon emissions may have a negative effect on developing countries. 3 Global warming is not caused by the greenhouse effect. 4 Nature is responsible for a lot more carbon emissions than human activity. 5 High levels of industrial activity do not cause atmospheric temperatures to rise.

Vocabulary & Speaking

1 Work in pairs. Look at the photos and link them to the
expressions in the box. Then answer the questions.
the greenhouse effect carbon emissions climate change global warming water shortages loss of biodiversity 1 What environmental problem does each picture represent? 2 To what extent is your country affected by each problem? 3 Which of these problems are you most concerned about? Why?

2 Read an article from a scientific website. Which of

the opinions above are mentioned?

http://www.globaldebate.com

No one disagrees that the Earths climate is changing, and always has been, nor that it is getting warmer at the moment. But while some believe that human activity is responsible for global warming, others take the view that it is a natural phenomenon. The main claim of environmental sceptics is that carbon dioxide released as a result of human activity is not responsible for global warming, and that higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are not the cause of climate change. Others worry that focusing on the need to reduce carbon emissions may prevent development in Third World countries, which in turn will hinder efforts to overcome poverty and disease. One Kenyan development expert says, I dont see how a solar panel is going to power a steel industry or a railway network. We are being told dont touch your oil, dont touch your coal. That is suicide. The generally accepted model of the greenhouse effect suggests that the suns rays generate heat, which is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere making the Earth warm enough for life to flourish. According to this theory, if human activity leads to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases, then the atmosphere will heat up more quickly than the planets surface, causing global warming. However, scientific data collected from satellites does not support this theory.

The sceptics argue further that carbon dioxide is produced naturally in quantities which are far higher than those resulting from human activity via volcanic eruptions, decaying vegetation and bacteria. Some even go so far as to accuse humanity of arrogance in believing itself to be more destructively powerful than nature. They point out that climate data shows that in the last 10,000 years, the warmest periods occurred long before humans began to produce carbon dioxide on an industrial scale. And when industrial carbon dioxide emissions increased sharply in the postwar industrial boom, atmospheric temperatures actually fell. Global warming clearly requires some kind of explanation, though, and if human activity is not held responsible then one possibility is that it is the result of solar activity. At different points in the Earths history, solar activity has led to reductions in cloud formation. Since clouds protect the Earth from the suns rays, the result has been higher atmospheric temperatures. Whether this in itself fully explains global warming is debateable, but it does suggest that humanitys guilt has yet to be proved beyond all reasonable doubt.

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Try the internet activities for this unit at www.webframework.net

One world

3 Read the text again and answer the questions.

1 In what way has global warming divided opinion? 2 How could pressure to reduce carbon emissions affect developing countries? 3 Why is the greenhouse effect essential for life on Earth? 4 What evidence is there against the theory that an increase in greenhouse gases is causing global warming? 5 What does climate data for the last 10,000 years suggest about global warming? 6 What do some scientists believe is the explanation for global warming?

3 Are these statements true (T) or false (F) according

to the reviewer? If false, explain why.
1 2 3 4 The film is a little hysterical at times. The information in the film is very convincing. Al Gore is a scientific expert on climate change. The film spends too long talking about Gores involvement in the project. 5 The message of the film is not entirely pessimistic. 6 It is not clear if the film will have a long-term effect on environmental policies.

4 Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions.

1 What criticism do you think the film has received from Gores political enemies? 2 In what way do you think state-of-the-art graphics help Gore to present his argument? 3 What aspects of climate change do the photographs and animations in the film show? 4 What aspects of the film might make it more successful than similar ones on the same subject?

4 Work in pairs. Which of the words in the box would

you use to describe the following. Give reasons for your answers.
disbelieving angry despairing astonished suspicious sceptical neutral open-minded 1 the authors attitude to environmental sceptics 2 the attitude of the Kenyan development expert 3 your own reaction to the text

Listening & Speaking

1 Work in pairs. Look at the film poster and discuss the
questions.
1 What truth do you think the title refers to? In what way might it be inconvenient? 2 Why do you think the film is so terrifying?

Listen to a radio review of An Inconvenient Truth . Is the review generally positive or negative?
7.1

TAKEAWAY ENGLISH: Expressing doubt

1 Use these words to form four phrases which the film reviewer uses to express doubt.
1 2 3 4 if / surprised / be / Id whether / I / but / doubt not / chance / much / theres / of I / see / really / cant many people watching it more than once. anyone finds it easy to ignore the evidence. anyone who has seen it remaining unaffected by its message. hes ready to put his feet up just yet.

2
.

7.2

Listen to four conversations in which people express doubt. What is the topic of each conversation?
the weather an accident a relationship

a business deal

3 Listen again. Which phrase from part 1 is used in each conversation? What doubts do the people express? 4 Write four sentences expressing your doubts about the following topics.
1 2 3 4 life on other planets world peace the existence of the Loch Ness Monster the weather next weekend

5 Work in pairs. Read your sentences to each other. Do you share the same doubts?

Ways to save the Earth: Try the interactive activity for this topic on your CD-ROM

Unit 7: One world

63

Majorca
Voluntourism
Vocabulary & Speaking Holidays
1 Look at the photos of people on holiday and match
them to the types of holiday in the box.
camping holiday cruise inter-rail holiday sightseeing holiday package tour skiing holiday family holiday

t300!
e

from

sightseeing holiday b
2 Discuss the questions in pairs.
1 Which of these types of holiday have you been on? 2 Which ones would you like to try? Why? 3 Which would you prefer to avoid? Why?

Reading
1 Work in pairs. You are going to read some advice for
people considering a type of holiday called voluntourism. Before reading, discuss these questions.
1 What sort of places do people go to on a voluntourism holiday? 2 What kinds of activities does voluntourism involve? 3 What preparation would you need to do before going on this type of holiday?

2 Read the webpage and check your answers. 3 Without looking back at the text, write down...
1 three things to do before choosing a voluntourism holiday. 2 three questions to ask once youve chosen a project.

4 Work in pairs. Compare your lists. Then read the text

again and check.

www.volunteerholidays.com

Forget package tours or luxury cruises. No more sightseeing trips to the local castle or hours spent wandering round souvenir shops. These are holidays of the past. Or at least they might be, if the latest trend to hit the travel industry takes off. Combining a holiday abroad with volunteering on local projects is one way for travellers and holiday-makers alike to immerse themselves in local cultures and really make a difference. Many returning travellers say its a life-changing experience. But is volunteer travel or voluntourism for you? Here are our tips to help you decide. 1 Look for something you feel passionate about. There are numerous ways to help the environment, from helping to protect endangered animals to providing much-needed assistance to victims of natural disasters. 2 Be honest with yourself about the kind of person you are. Living and working in unfamiliar cultures, with people whose views may differ greatly from yours, can be alienating and stressful, even for the most open-minded of people. 3 Remember that this is your holiday and there will be times when you want to be a tourist, not a volunteer. Its a good idea to choose a company which includes both volunteering and sightseeing.

4 When youve identified some interesting projects, it is advisable to find out exactly what your volunteering duties might involve in each case. You may not be suited to construction work, for example, or you may lack the confidence to teach a class of schoolchildren. Make sure you take your skills and physical fitness into account. 5 Contact the organiser of the trip you choose and ask for more information about the region and the project. It may be in a large city with modern comforts available, or it may be in an isolated village with no plumbing facilities. 6 It is strongly recommended that you check what the cost of the trip covers. It may just pay for you to participate in the project, but not for your accommodation or food. You may also have to pay extra for the assistance of local staff in the country you are going to. 7 The company should provide you with information about what vaccinations you need, but if not, make sure you ask directly. The best companies will also provide an information pack about the project and the country you are going to. Find out what guidance is available during and after the trip, too.

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One world

3 Work in pairs.
Student A: Turn to page 119. Student B: Turn to page 125.

4
f g

7.4 Listen to four people giving their opinions about these holidays and complete the table.

Preferred place Lorna Dave Shona Majeed You Your partner

Reasons

done a bit of diving already Tanzania

5 What reasons do Lorna and Majeed give for not

choosing the other two holidays?

6 Which of the holidays would you most like to go on?

Complete the corresponding row of the table.

Listening & Speaking

1
Listen to a description of one of the voluntourism holidays below. Which one is being described?
7.3

7 Work in pairs. Ask your partner about his / her

preferences and complete the final row of the table.

Country: Type of project: community work Main responsibilities: Free-time activities: Benefits to the volunteer:

Country: Type of project: Main responsibilities:

The Real Thing: 1 3

Rhetorical expressions

7.5 Listen to these sentences from Transcript 7.4 and complete the gaps.

1 So thats the one Id go for, although I think Ill be going to the Costa del Sol again, as usual. 2 , though, helping the children of poor families in Africa is such a worthwhile thing to do. 3 But it all sounds a little too much like hard work to me. 4 Ive always had a thing about elephants, .

t locals, Free-time activities: walk into town to mee

Benefits to the volunteer:

2 What is the function of each of these four

expressions? Do you have similar expressions in your language?
7.6 Listen to two dialogues. Which other expressions did you hear? Why did the speakers use each of these expressions?

Country: Type of project: Main responsibilities: Free-time activities: Benefits to the volunteer: helping to conserve

4 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions using the

expressions from parts 1 and 3.
1 Do you think voluntourism is an effective way to raise awareness of environmental issues? Why? / Why not? 2 What kinds of people would be most suited to a voluntourism holiday? 3 Would you like to go on a holiday like this? Why? / Why not?

2 Listen again and complete the corresponding

information card.

Unit 7: One world

65

Waste not, want not

Speaking & Listening
1 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions and tick (  )
the answers that apply to you. Compare with your partner.

3 Listen again. Are these statements true (T) or false

(F)? Correct the false sentences.
1 Owen now separates his rubbish into four different categories. T 2 He thinks recycling should be easier for him than for the family next door. 3 Leonard is dubious about the councils motives for raising environmental issues. 4 He believes that the councils campaign will be a long-term one. 5 Maggie does not mind walking for ten minutes to the recycling containers. 6 She feels that a realistic proposition would be for the council to collect the rubbish separately from each persons house. 7 Robert was surprised to discover how much rubbish people throw away. 8 He is sure that individuals can make a big difference.

C i t y C o u n c i l S u r vey

Recycling
1
H o w o f t e n d o y o u re c y c l e t h i n g s ?
K Always. K Whenever something can be recycled. K As often as possible, but it depends how busy I am. K Occasionally, when I feel particularly guilty about the environment. K Never.

Vocabulary Waste / rubbish

1 Match these definitions to either waste or rubbish.
a) Things that you throw away because they are no longer required. b) Useless material or substances left after you use something. c) Something which is nonsense or of no value.

W h y d o p e o p l e re c y c l e t h i n g s ?
K Government advertising and publicity campaigns. K Availability of resources for recycling (e.g. containers for separating rubbish). K Friends and neighbours. K The media. K Their conscience.

2 Which of the words below can be used with waste

(W), rubbish (R) or both (B)?
industrial W nuclear recycle throw out collect dump hazardous smelly absolute toxic total

3 Junk can also be used to modify nouns: you can say

junk food and junk mail. Can you think of any more?

4 What other words can be used in the same way as

rubbish ?

5 Complete the sentences with one of the collocations

in Exercises 2 and 3. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct.
1 I think that campaign is . 2 They havent come to today, the streets really smell. 3 Some of the neighbours are so rude they just wherever they like. 4 Theres never anything in my inbox, just . 5 The only way to keep the planet green is to .

Listen to four people explaining their views on recycling. Which of the factors in question 2 of the recycling survey above are mentioned by Owen (O), Leonard (L), Maggie (M) and Robert (R)?
7.7

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How ecological are you?: Try the interactive activity for this topic on your CD-ROM

One world

Language focus Inversion

How is this sentence different from the one highlighted in the article about waste?
Zero waste not only helps the environment, but it can also make money.

Speaking & Reading

1 Work in pairs. Make a list of the different ways waste
can be dealt with.

Inversion is a technique used to add emphasis to an argument.

Complete the rule:

If you put Not only at the of a sentence, you have to the subject and the auxiliary verb. When there is no auxiliary verb, use the appropriate form of do.

You can bury it. You can dump it in the sea.

2 Read the article and underline the different ways
of dealing with waste.

Look at the phrases in the box. What do they have in common?

lthough waste disposal is a huge problem for many countries, there is hope on the horizon. New rules mean that countries have to reduce landfills because of the threat they pose to public health, and, while incineration seems attractive, there are political and financial problems with this option. Indeed, only if countries actually reduce the amount of waste they generate in the first place will the problem of waste disposal become manageable. Many are in fact already turning to a system called zero waste, which it is hoped will bring about the end of landfills and dramatically reduce the need for incinerators.

No sooner than Not only ... but (also)... Only if... Never / Rarely... Not even...

Find two more examples of these phrases in the article. Which auxiliary verb is used to make the inversion in each case? See Reference Guide, p.1 4. See Workbook, p. 45, exs.12.

The idea is that everything should be made from materials that can be repaired, reused or recycled, with governments, councils and industry working together to find ways either to turn waste into a profitable resource or to design it out of the system completely. Many cities around the world have introduced a three-level waste collection system, separating organic waste, dry recyclables such as bottles and plastics, and dangerous materials such as batteries. No sooner do they introduce these systems than they suddenly find that they are recycling more than 50 per cent of their waste. Not only does zero waste help the environment, but it can also make money. Small businesses that recycle waste can create jobs in areas of high unemployment. Twenty per cent of waste is difficult or expensive to recycle, but zero waste proposes a system that simply removes such materials from the system.
3 Read the article again and make a list of the
advantages or disadvantages of these ways of dealing with waste.

Practice
1 Complete these sentences with no sooner (than), not
only (but also), never or not even .
you find yourself in a world of peace and relaxation. 2 with a significant pay rise will our workers consider returning to work. The company must improve our working conditions. 3 in my life have I experienced such rudeness and appalling service in a restaurant. 4 has inflation increased under the present government, unemployment is rising. 1

No sooner do you arrive

2 Where might you find each of the sentences in

Exercise 1? Match them to the situations.
a) a letter of complaint b) a political speech c) a holiday brochure d) a union strike

3 Work in pairs. Choose one of the situations in

Exercise 2. Write three more sentences to go with the situation.

4 Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions.

1 What do you think is the best way to deal with waste? 2 Do you think a policy of zero waste would be successful in your country? Why? / Why not?

No sooner had we sat down than the waiter moved us to a different table. Not only did the waiter put his thumb in my soup, but he also

Inversion after not only: Try the interactive activity for this topic on your CD-ROM

Unit 7: One world

67

The best alternatives

c d

Vocabulary & Speaking Alternative energy

1 Look at the photos. What do they have in common? 2 Match the photos to the alternative energy sources
in the box.
biomass wave power solar power wind power geothermal power e

3 Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions.

1 What do you know about how these different energy systems work? 2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system?

Listening
1
7.8

Listen to experts talking about four of the alternative energy sources above. Complete the first column of the table.
Advantages Enough produced annually to meet Costs much Considerable impact on Can be Important for Great benefits for They are less Equipment needed is Disadvantages

Form of energy 1

Biomass

Large turbines are ugly and spoil the natural beauty of the countryside

2 Listen again and complete the notes in the second column. 3 Listen one more time and make notes in the third column. 4 Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions. Give reasons for your answers.
1 Which speaker do you think sounds least positive about his / her form of energy? 2 Which of these forms of energy do you think will be used most in the future?

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Being green: Try the interactive activity for this topic on your CD-ROM

One world

Language focus Reporting questions, intentions & advice

Match the extracts (14) from Transcript 7.8 to the functions (ad).
1 We suggest that modern society move away from excessive dependence on fossil resources 2 we advise politicians to consider the longterm benefits 3 many scientists are wondering if geothermal reservoirs will last long enough 4 many Western governments have promised to investigate its potential more thoroughly. a) b) c) d) reporting reporting reporting reporting a yes / no question advice a promise a suggestion

2 Work in pairs. Take turns to recommend holiday

destinations, giving reasons.

3 Work with a new partner. Report your conversations

and decide which destination sounds most attractive.

Gabrielle encouraged me to go to Paris and suggested I visit the Louvre.

Writing Letter to the editor

1 Work in pairs. Read the letter to a local newspaper
and discuss these questions.
1 What reason does Richard Tallis give for writing the letter? 2 What arguments does he use to support his opinion? 3 Why do you think the newspaper editor decided to publish the letter?

Complete each rule (14) with one of the structures (ad) below.
1 To report a yes / no question we can use wonder + . 2 To report advice we can use advise + . 3 To report a promise we can use promise + 4 To report a suggestion we can use suggest + . a) someone + to-infinitive b) to-infinitive c) if-clause (if can be replaced by whether) d) that-clause

Aberdeen 6th August, 2010 Dear Sir / Madam

.

Match these other reporting verbs to the structures (ad) above.

enquire recommend encourage offer

See Reference Guide, p.1 5. See Workbook, pp. 4546, exs. 34.

I am writing to enquire whether your readers share my concern about the governments plans to construct ten new wind farms around the UK in the next five years. I understand that wind farms are a good source of alternative energy. However, they are noisy and ugly, and they damage the habitat of a great deal of wildlife. If these farms are built, fewer tourists will visit the coast and the economy will suffer as a result. The future of the planet is obviously important, but we must not ignore the possible negative effects of environment policies. I would be interested to read how other people feel about this matter. Yours faithfully,

Practice
1 Report these examples of direct speech using the
reporting verbs provided.
1 Listen Sophie, the best thing to do is to end your relationship with Dan. Jill advised Sophie to end her relationship with Dan. 2 Excuse me, can you tell me if theres another train before 11 oclock? Joanna enquired 3 You should definitely do that teaching course, Mick. Youd really enjoy it. Gareth encouraged 4 Thanks for lending me that cash, Terry. Ill pay you back tomorrow. Janet promised 5 We need some milk, but I dont know if the supermarket will still be open. Ravi wondered

Richard Tallis
2 You are going to write a letter to a local newspaper
expressing concern about an environmental issue. Think about the following:
your reason(s) for writing the letter the arguments you can use to support your opinion how you can encourage the editor to publish your letter.

3 Write your letter. When you have finished, put all the
letters together to make a newspaper letters page. Read the other letters and choose one that you would like to reply to.

Pronunciation Pronunciation & Spelling I

Do Pronunciation Worksheet 7.
Unit 7: One world

Now do Unit Test 7 on your CD-ROM

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