TAMlLNADU ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION ENGINEERS' ASSOCIATION' A' GRADE (Regn.No.

21 J/I992)
Old No. 82/ New No. 123, LJoyds Enclave, Avvai Shanmugam Road, Royapettah, Chennai - 600 014.
Phone: 28111300/2811 4886/2811 5978 Fax: 2811 0162 /28111908 E-mail: tneleengrassn@vsnl .net
ISSUE NO. 48 VOL: No. 5/2010 MONTHLY ISSUE NO.2 PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY FEBRUARY 2010
SIR
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iSIS - Solid Insulated Switchgear From EASUN REYROLLE
Wins THE BEST PRODUCT A WARD At Elecrama 2010
Power Mmistcr awarding best product award Sri Hari Easwaran & Sri J.n.N. Sharma willi the award
Easun ReyrolJ e has been awarded the prestigi ous
award for the OveraU Best Product displayed - by
an overseas or Indian exhibitor - a\ the Elecrama
2010 in Mumbai for its revolutionary Solid Insulated
Switcbgear - the iSIS. This award has been presented
by Mr. Bbaratsinh Solanki, tbe Hon' ble Union Minister
of State for Power to Mr. J .D.N. Shamla, C ~ i e f
Execut ive of Easun Reyrolle Limited and Mr. Detlef
Lange, tbe inventor of this revolutionary product.
This innovative and path breaking product iSIS,
developed by Switchcraft Europe Gmbh Germany,
whi ch is a . ub idiary of Easun Reyroll e, has been
launched for the first time in the world at Elecrama
2010.
Elecrama is the largest exhibition for the Electrical
Power Transmission and Distribution (T&D) products
and solutions in the entire Asia and is among the largest
in the world in thi' category, Spr ad over 600,000 sq
feet of area, Elecrama 2010 attracted participati on of
more tban 2000 nat ional and international companies
who showca, ed thei r latest developments at this
exhibition, and more than 200,000 people attended this
exhibition. Easun Reyrolle, bas won t ~ i s prestigious
award (for the best product) for the second time in the
la t three edition of thi exhibition, proving its
technological leadership.
Wherever space is a constraint, hitherto, Gas Insulated
Switchgear (GIS) wa considered as uitabl e because
of its re lative ly s mall footprint compared to
conventional air insulated switchgear. However, GIS
uses SF6 gas which is a toxic green house gas that is
dangerous and pollutes the environment.
On the other hand, iSIS 1S now the switchgear (up to
40,5 kY) with the smallest foot pr int in the world,
reducing the foot print LO 50% of GIS switchgear, iSIS
is also tbe gr eenest swi tcbgear as the insulation is
provided by patented solid insulation technology and
as such eliminates completely the use of green house
gas of SF6. It has other patented features like phase
segr egated, independently earthed and metal clad
poles, and all active components are insulated wi th
spe ci a l patented epoxy mater ial , maki ng iSIS
extremely safe from fire, explosion and water. Thus
iSIS will be an ideal replacement for the GIS around
the world, in all applications where space is critical
like in large metropoli tan cities, windmil l applications,
offshore platforms etc, where safety is paramounllike
in oi l, petrochemical , chemical and pharmaceutical
industries and in all countries wllieh are increasingly
banning the use of SF6 gas in switchgear.
iSIS apart from winning the bes t prod uct award,
attracted the seri ous interest a large number of Indian
as well as internationaJ customers, who evinced keen
interest in the unique features of iSIS and highly
apprec iated t he i nn ovative and breakthrough
technology of this product. Easun Reyrolle will be
exhibiting this award winning product at the Middle
East Electric Exhibi tion at Dubai in February, Hanover
exhibition in April and thereafter at the prominent
exhibition ' in USA and South America, iSIS is sure
to attract world wide demand. Keeping this in mind
and to cater to its growing presence in the fi eld of
mediu m voltage switchgear, Easun Reyrolle is
planning an investment up to R ] 00 crOTes (Rupees
One Billion) and set up a global manufacturing facility
at Bangalore and another ba e at its Subsidiary
Switchcrafl in Germany to assemble this product foe
select markets.
In addition to is [S , ERL ha also launched at Elecrama
20 10, a new range of mc 61850 compliant Protection
Relays for EHV, HV and MV markets, Smart Metering
Solutions, Smart Grid Technologies, a new range of
Vacuum Circuit Breakers up to 40 kA ratings, Ring
Main Units etc., besides showca ing its increasing
prowess i n delivering Turnkey Projects.
DW'ing Elecrama 2010, Easun ReyrolJe Lirnited, India,
has also launcbed "ERL" as its global brand. lts famjly
of global companies, under this mother brand, consists
of
ERLPbase Power Technologies Limited, Canada;
Switchcraft Europe Gmbh, Germany;
Switchcraft Limi ted Hong Kong;
ERL Marketi ng International FZE, Sbarj ah;
ERL Int mational Pic., Singapore,
RL has a number of marketing and customer support
locations across USA, Canada, L atin and South
America Europe, Afri ca, West Asia, Middle East,
India, ASEAN, Far Easl, SAARC and Australia. Ea un
Reyrolle is constantly expanding its international
presence.
Eleclricallnstallation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010
TAMILNADUELECfRICALINSTALLATION ENGINEERS'ASSOCIATION 'NGRADE
1--____E_<_D_'l_T_'O_RlAL ______--I We have received very valuable Technical Books for our Library from the
Dear Members and Friends,
SEASONS GREETINGS!
In the M{) nl h of February we al. 0
remember Darwin on the 12' h and
Celebrate Science Day on the 28
th
both of
which are of significance to us. In one of
th e recent TV Adverti sements, the
evolution of civi lilation of Man is shown
with his discovery of Fire by rubbing of
stones, then lighting torches with the help
of fi re and then moving on to invent
Wheel and cart for transport This, in fact,
represent<; he beginning andgrowth of use
of Energy as Heat. Light and Mechanical
Energy. Wjth the later inventi ons and rapid
growth the use of Energy in general and
Electrici ty in parti cular exploiting all
sources of Energy like fossils bas brought
following persons.
We thank them for their contributions.
1. Name Mr.S. RAMANI,
Address Flat A, Udhayam Roayl Terrace,
New No. 13, Old No. 8. Tanjore Road,
T.Nagar, Chennai - 17. Ph: 28143801.
Worked for Siemens as Project Head for 20 Years
2. Name Mr. N. HALASYANATHAN,
Address 7, Vinayagam Street,
West Mamba!am, Chennai -33.
Ph: 24890626
Worked for Best & Crompton Engineering as Manager. Contract Division.
Mr. M. Anantbaraman, Senior Electrical lnspector Head Quarters
retired on 31.12.2009 and Mr. S. Appavoo. took charge as Senior
Electrical Inspector Head Quarters in his place.
Mr. M. Sadasivam. took charge as Electrical Inspector,
Kanchipuram South as Additional charge
Mrs. K. Selvam, took charge as Electri cal Inspector, Technical.
lot of problems and concerns. These are 1------------------------1
being addressed and tackled at global level
and our role as EuO'i neering Professional s
in helping solve these problems is also of
Paramount importance. It is apt to
remember that Effi ciency' is the key to
Success i..n any Endeavour and essence of
Efficiency are eli mination of wastes and
reduction of losses. Our continued efforts
in these areas can go a long way in
addressing the Energy concerns and
Conservation.
We thank all those members who have
helped us by p articipating in the
advertisements appearing for tIlt! issue
/ allUary 2010 - Rowsons Marketing
Private Limited, Esennar Transformers,
Wils on Power and Distribution
Technologies Private Limited, Nagoba
Switchgear, Asllutosh Shiv/aI, IDC
Technologies, Gopi Electri cals,
Universal Earthing Systems Pvt. Ltd.,
Easu,. ReyrQlle Limited, Geko Powertek
(P) !Jd., Power Links, C& S Ef acec MY
India Pvt. Ltd, Elmeasure India Pvt.
Ltd., Supreme & Co. , Ash/ok Safe
Earthing Electrode lid.
EDITOR
CORRECTION
Januar! NEWSLETTER Page no: 7
"Events Stress on Energy Conservation"
(Organised by the Inspectorate)
We refer to the news items in our January issue NEWSLETIER on page no:7, on
"Events Stress on Energy Conservation". The above news item w a ~ actually reproduced
from the Newspaper which states that the rally by School and College students with
special TShirts. printed with Energy conservation slogan at the Marina Beach, Chennai
on Saturday 19,h December 2009, was arranged by the TNEB instead of the
INSPECTORATE HEADED BY THE CHIEF ELECTRICAL INSPECTOR OF
TAMIL NADU ER. N. THlRUVAZHl MARPHA PILLAI.
PLEASE READ AS BELOW:
Entire rally was organized at the Marina Beach by the Electrical Inspectorate on
Saturday 19
0h
December 2009, where in hundred s of School and College students
were participated. Th e rally was tlagged off by Er. N. THlRUVAZHl MARPHA
PILLAI Chief Electrical Inspector 10 Government of Tamil Nadu
I-W_e_re_g_re_t f_or_t_he_s_am_e_.-----------------1
Mr. U. Baskaran,
Balaji Electrical, Chennai.
Celebrated his daughter' s Wedding
Selvi: B. Suganyaa, M.A. , Comm.
with
Selvan: N. Kirubakaran, MBA.,
on Wednesday, 27'h January 20] 0 at Chennai.
We wish the young couple for a
((long alld happy married life".
One Unit Saved is Two Units Produced.
Eleclrlcallnslallation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 5
Editor-in-Chief :
S. SITARAMAN
Editor:
T.M. BHIKKAJI
Printer:
M. VENKATARAMAN
Advisor:
S. MAHADEVAN
CONTENTS
PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
iSIS - Solid Insulated Switchgear From Easun Reyrolle Wins
The Best Product Award at Elecrama 2010
Editorial
Contents
NEWSLETTER Tariff
High Power Users May Be Charged More
Know Thy Power Network - 29
TNEB to Set up Data Centre
Inspection and Testing
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy: Potential,
Uses and Prohlems
lIT-Madras Team Wins New York Competition
A Smart Idea to Supply POWcf
Reincarnated: Superbrain Yoga
Arthritis
Book Price List
Earthing, Lighting & Surgc Protection
Electrical Energy Excellence Series - 9
Planning the Installation
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
The Invaluable Contributions to the World of Indians
Cost Approach
The Employees' State Insurance (Amendment)
Bill 2009 (Highlights)
What Great People Say About India
Humour
Difference Between Focusing On Problems And
Focusing On Solutions
Wisdom of Kural
ru.mru.ollillL6TT ~ r r L D r r ~ r r
ADVERTISEMENTS
4
5
6
6
7
8-10
10
12-20
21-23
23
23
23
24
25
26-33
34-36
37-40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
44
45
PAGE NO.
YOUR CONTRIBUTION
TOWARDS NEWS LErrER
(A) FOR BLACK &
WHITE ONLY
1. Full Page (Per Issue)
Rs.2000
(8) FOR FOUR
COLOUR PRINTING
1. Full Page only (Per Issue)
Rs. 4000
Same Size Positives
CDlZip
to be supplied
by the Advertiser
Apex Powertek Pvt Ltd.
AshIok Safe Earthing Electrode Ltd.
Ashutosh Shivlal
Easun ReyrolJe Limited
Elmeasure India Pvt. Ltd.
Esennar Transformers (P) Ltd.
Gopi Electricals
roc Technologies Private Limited
Power Links
Rowsons Marketing Private Limited
Deep Sea Electronics PLC
Universal Earthing Systems Pvt. Ltd.
Vol tech Transformers
Wilson Power and Distribution Technologies Pvl. Ltd.
C3
48
7
C2
46
2
36
11
33
1
47
Cl
C4
3
Demand Draft be draw" i" favour of
the "TNEIE Association 'A' Grade"
payable at Chennai.
Eleclricallnstallation Engineer - Newsletter - January 2010 6
HIGH POWER USERS MAY BE CHARGED MORE
Movie theatres, studios, private colleges and domestic
consumers, who use more than 200 units a month, may
soon have to shell out more for power. The Tamil Nadu
Electricity Board (TNEB) on Tuesday submitted a
proposal to the Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory
Commission (TNERC) seeking to increase the tariff
for these users.
With the TNEB facing monetary losses, running into
over Rs 5,000 crore, power managers feel the only
way out is to increase tariff, last hiked seven years
ago.
According to an official press release, the TNEB has
sought an increase in tariff for cinema theatres, studios
and private colleges. The tariff for industries, which
consume less than 1,500 units, and commercial
establishments, which consume up to 200 units, will
not be increased.
Proposed tariff hike may earn TNEB Rs 234 cr
more
The TNEB has sought an increase in power tariff for
cinemas, studios and private colleges. In the domestic
sector, the tariff for those who consume up to 400 units
bi-monthly will not be increased. "There are over 2. ] 5
crore service connections in the state. Of this, 1.38
crore are domestic connections. Those who consume
less than 200 units a month are 1.2 crore. So nearly
90% of the domestic connections will not be affected
by the increase," a TNEB official said.
He said Tamil Nadu had the lowest power tariff among
all the states. "Due to the low cost, the EB is reeling
under monetary loss . We purchase power at a high cost
and distribute it free to agricultural consumers and the
poor. Hence, we were forced to send the proposal for
hike," he said.
The proposal will first be studied by TNERC; a
decision will be taken only after a public hearing is
conducted. There will be no change in the provision
of free power to farmers, while the tariff structure for
religious places, powerlooms and handloom units will
remain unchanged.
In 2001, the power tariff was hiked for various
categories of users. There was an attempt again for a
revision in 2003. But due to public resentment, the
government partially rolled back the hike. The
projected profit in the case of a revision would be
around Rs 234 crores. But even then it will take a
minimum of 10 years for .the board to recover.
ASHUTOSH SHIVLAL
#166, Mint Street, Chennai - 600 079.
Tel: 25383871, 2538 2269, 421 6 5808, 4216 1234
E-mail: dagacc@yahoo.co.i n
AUTHORISED DISTRIBUTORS
r UNisraR
.,mt-
aN IS f 1101001 COMPANY
U l ' F L " ' ~
_u,.'
U.C.ai'
DelIO.
Flu ""
11 p nl C '1CIUIIQ.FUI" P.v.c.. INIULAnD WIAf.S CABLES
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsletter February 201 D 7
KNOW THY POWER NETWORK29
"How safe are your equipment'!"
1.1 How maTty of you, especially Plant Engineers can
answer this question without any hesitation or second
thought? I fee l that YOlt can not give a direct ClllS wer.
If is becau. e you have your own doubts about the safety
of your equipment. FUr/he,. all things c.:onneeled with
the equipment can 1101 be made pelfeet al ways.
Moreover, you may not have (J clear pi ture/ vision 0/
all the players in volved. Now do YOIl want to know the
health status of your plant? Then read this article
further.
1.2 To begin with, please introspe<:t yourself and
answer these questions sincerely. It will help you to
diagnose the symptoms of the ailments suITered by
the electrical system in your plant and take timely
treatment/remedial measures.
).> Did you ever perform a comprehensi ve study of the
ondition of your electrical system?
, Do you know the present fault level and insu lation
level of your electrical system?
~ How many changes were made in your system ince
it was in talJed'? If new equipment has been added,
has it been coordinated with the oriainal system?
Do you know that if additional transformers, feeders
and devices have been added withoullaking the time
to ensure that the sy tem i still coordinated, your
plant is exposed to costly trouble?
~ Have you conducted "Security Audit' of all the
equipment in your plant? Ifso when did you perfonll
ilia t?
~ Has the Electricity Supplier changed his System or
Equipmem? Did the Supplier furnish lhe technical
detai l s of the hanges made in the feeding
arrangements to your plant? If they did not tell you,
please try to get the details early. There are good
chances that your Plant premises may get a higher
fault curr nt than the antiCipated one because of the
changes made in their , ubstation. Either large
capacity breakers or different trip settings, or both,
may be required in your plant. (In Tamil Naciu this
situation occurs to the con wners f ed off Tondiarpet
y Are you keeping in step with the changes made in
the electrical de livery system of your supplier
especially the capacity addition to it., generation?
Do you st udy i ts im pact on the "Protect ion
Capabi lity" of your Plant Electrical System?
~ When did you inspect thoroughly all the components
of your electrical system and coordinate the settings
of all the protecti ve devices?
1JO/ 33/ ] J KV substation because of the
concentration of various generating stations in the
N0I1h Chennai area).
~ What is the frequency of overhauli ng or servicing
of your prot ction equipment like circuit Breakers.
Fu es and Relays? It is agreed that it aries, but it
sho ul d m eet the rigors of the preva iling
environment. Kindly see whether it conforms to the
minimum level as given below
(i) All types of Circuit Breakers Remove dirt and contamination once a month
(ii) Moulded Case Circu it Breakers Service it once in two years. Test it with a Circuit
Breaker Tester which checks its Operating Speed while
providing an overload current to the Breaker
(iii) Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Mechanical l nspection- every six months
Electri cal testing-Two years. Shorter periods are
preferable in a contaminated atmosphere
(iv) High Voltage Circuit Breakers These breakers are operated by the signals gi ven by the
relay during overloads, short circuits or other abnormal
conditions. Test these protecti e rel ays by qualified
personnel-every six month '
Two years depending upon the plant atmosphere.
All these maintenance works may be carried out even if there has been no operation of the Breakers
under an overload or fault.
(v) Fuses (RewireablelHRC Fuses) They need to be free of the dust/contami nants.
Otherwise it will experience overheating. Please note
that the fuses under this condition will operate
prematurel y cau ing a needles' shutdown of part of the
system. Cleaning of fuses-Si x months to one year
depending upon the worki ng atmosphere.
Electri cal Install ation Engineer - NewsleHer February 201 0 8
(vi) How do you perform inspection/testing of If you adopt the latter method, please avoid it. Only
the Power Distribution Equipment in your through system coordination studies, relay and
plant?- "As a system or simply as a series breaker settings/fuse settings can be selected to provide
of isolated components" maximum protection for the equipment and also trip
selectively during fault conditions
(vii) Are there enough devices in your system Your distribution system which consists of complex
to permit "opening" only the faulted section. buses, cables, terminals, switches, circuit breakers,
thus allowing continued functioning of the fuses and other devices should be designed in
rest of the system's healthy portion? i.e. such a way to permit opening only the faulted portion
your distribution system should be designed during a fault. If this situation does not
for flexible and selective power routing to exist in your plant, kindly re-engineer
optimize flow after a fault. it immediately.
(viii) Have you made the proper choices and If not kindly do it by conforming to the relevant
settings for Fuses, Circuit Breaker Trips, stipulations laid out in the National Electrical Code
relays and other Protection current
sensors to ensure a selected power routing
as stated in Para (vii)?
(ix) Do you have too many nuisance trips in
your plant?
This pertains to the symptoms as described in Para i-vi
~ Have you measured the actual losses in the
transformers in your plants, contact resistance
of circuit breakers, operating condition of AB
switches, Leakage current of a GappediGapless
Surge Arrestors, Tan delta of HV bushings and
the settings of the spark gaps provided for
transformer and HV Circuit Breakers
bushings? If done, whether these
measurements conform to the levels (including
the tolerance values) furnished by the
equipment manufacturers.
~ How frequently the recording of the Surge
Monitors/Counters provided to the HV Surge
arrestor installed on is noted? The recordings
should be done daily if not on every shift. If
your plant gets HV supply, is there any Line
Entrance Surge Arrestors to the incoming
feeder?
~ How do you perform the maintenance of the
equipment in your plant? Does your schedule
conform to "Preventive Maintenance or
Proactive Maintenance Programmes"?
~ When did you perform Energy Audit last? It
gives a picture of the current status of the
equipment in your plant. When did you
measure the earth pit resistances in your plant?
It should be carried out atleast once a year. The
earth resistances thus measured should be less
than five ohms. If it is on the high side then
necessary corrective measures have to be undertaken.
~ Have you conducted the specialized studies as listed
below in your plant?
o Harmonic analysis
o Voltage regulation-need for the provision of Voltage
Regulator or Booster
o Location of shunt capacitors, if any proposed
o Power factor correction by provision of shunt
capacitors or any other methods
o Motor starting if high capacity motors are employed
o Adequacy of grounding system
o Insulation coordination (over voltage protection or
Surge Voltage Protection)
o Load shedding
o Voltage flicker
Over voltage/under voltage operation ofthe equipment
as a consequence of supply voltage variations.
Over frequency/under frequency
o Operation of the equipment and corresponding
increase in losses
o Critical losses
o Voltage unbalance-need for servo stabilizers
o Ferro resonance
"Best is not the end point but a starting point for innovation." - Larry Page, Google
Eleclricallnstallalion Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 9
o Parallel operation ofthe Transformers ifmore thun
.:. Provides a clear path for upgrading/expansion of
one transformers are in service
the plant's electrical System.
o Correctness of the Tap settings adopted on the
.:. Optimization of electrical equipment for load
Transformers. If the Tap settings (both OLTC and
distribution.
off TC) is not done properly it will lead to over
fluxing of Transformers and its subsequentfailure
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
o Other studies.
4.1 Finally, it is requested that the cost of long down
time experienced in your plant may be compared
2. I hope by now you would have replied all these
with the cost of the proposed/suggested
questions and you would have got a clear idea
investigative studies. It may also be noted that the
about the present operating status of the equipment
consequence of a mistake will be very costly and
in your plant. Then as a Plant Engineer you may
also harder to predict than the study cost i.e. these
be interested to transform this picture by
studies form the basis and facilitates the healthy
understanding the main study areas that need focus.
working environment for the equipment in the
In general, it is suggested that the typical areas
plant. It offers necessary momentum to move from
furnished below require focused attention.
"Here to There" .
:. Short circuit Protection
4.2 It is not out of context to state that in this world,
.:. Overload protection
things are never perfect and all the equipment
suffers changes from the date of their inception
.:. Overvoltage Protection (insulation
and the changes, if any occur usually for the worse
coordination)
constantly. The odds favour equipment failure and
.:. Protective device coordination
gloom. Then why take chances and invite the
.:. Load now
trouble?
.:. Earth fault Protection and Potential rise during
4.3 Kindly spare a moment before I sign off. In
every sense, the electrical systems in your plant
earth faults.
are the "life line" of your plant. Do you give
In addition, the special studies as recommended the "care" it needs? If not, atleast now, kindly
in earlier Para, may also be carried out depending initiate necessary actions for its upkeep and
upon the prevailing situation in the plant. care and see that all your plans are carried out
3. Now you may be curious to learn the benefits that
would accrue to your company by performing "this
care". The benefits that you are entitled to include
successfu]Jy. Don't make poor maintenance/
sloppy housekeeping is one of the causes for the
failure of Electrical equipment in your plant.
Whenever possible, kindly get connected/
.:. Monetary savings due to the reduction in the down networked to the experts on this field and get
time their advice/suggestions.
.:. Enhanced Reliability of Equipment Will you start working in the right direction ?
:. Better protection to your Plant against all kinds of
Please stay tunedfor myforthcoming technical article .
faults and adverse forces.
(To be continued)
.:. Validation and updating of present maintenance
V. Sankaranarayanan B.E., FIE,
programmes, fault location and rectification
Former Add!. Chief EngineerrrNEB
programmes, training and trouble shooting
e-mail: vsn_4617@redi ffmail.com
processes practiced in your plant.
TNEB TO SET UP DATA CENTRE
The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) will While the main server will be maintained in Chennai,
establish a data centre to store information on the power a back-up centre will come up in Madurai. The Board
consumption pattern of consumers of 110 urban areas will invite tenders for the proposed data centre and
in the State. the information technology implementing agency by
the month-end.
Energy Conservation - Need of the day for a better tomorrow
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 10
Popular 2-day
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INTRINSIC SAFETY at HAZARDOUS AREA
COURSE AT CHENNAI
Don't miss this opportunity to learn from our expert. Mr. Ramaswamy Dy. GM (Retd .) Bhilai
Steel Plant (SAIL) who is an Instrumentation Engineer with decades of experience and has
worked as the head of plant Instrumentation group. He has spearheaded the efforts for mod
ernization of the plant instrumentation systems. He has also served as the head of two of the
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Eleclrical lnslall ation Engi neer - Newsl etter - February 2010 11
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
REVISION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE
PART I - GENERAL AND COMMON ASPECTS
CHAPTER 112 - INSPECTION AND TESTING
SECTION 1121 - INITIAL VERIFICATION
Note: The requirement stated in t 092.8.2.1 0
"Protection by non-conducting location" is verifiable
1121.1 INTRODUCTION
1121.1.1 Scope
only where the installation includes only permanently
This part of this section 1121 Jays down requirements
wired equipment.
for the verification, by inspection and testing, of the
- presence of fire barriers and other precau tions
compliance of the installation with the relevant
against propagation of fire and protection against
requirements of other parts of this section 1121.
thermal effects (see Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part
Criteria for testing are given and tests described.
1, and Section 1131, Chapter 113, Part 1);
This part is concerned only with new installations; it
- selection of conductors for current-carrying capacity
is not concerned with the inspection and testing of
and voltage drop (see Section 1131, Chapter1l3,
exi sting installations. However, the criteria for
Part 1);
inspection and the tests described may be applied, if
thought appropriate, to existing installations. - choice and setting of protective and monitoring
devices (see Section 1112, Chapterll1, Part 1);
1121.1.2 General
- presence of suitable isolating and switchi ng devices
Every installation shall, during erection and/or on
correctly located (see Section 1112, Chapter] t I,
completion before being put into service by the user,
Part I);
be visually inspected and tested to verify, as far as
practicable, that the requirements of this standard have - selection of equipment and protective measures
been met. appropriate to external influences (see Section 1131,
Chapter 113, Part I and );
The information required by Sections or Part. 1:
SELECTION AND ERECTION OF EQUIPMENT - neutral and protective conductors identification (see
shall be made available to the persons carrying out the Section 1111, Chapter lll, Part 1);
verification.
- presence of diagrams, warning notices or other
Precautions shall be taken to avoid danger to persons similar infolmation (see Section 111 t, Chapter 111,
and to a void damage to property and installed Part 1);
equipment during inspection and testing.
- identification of circuits, fuses, switches, terminals,
Where the installation is an extension or alteration of etc. (see Section 1111, Chapter Ill, Part 1 );
an existing installation, it shall be verified that the
- adequacy of connections of conductors (see Section
extension or alteration complies with this standard and
1131, Chapter 113, Part 1);
does not impair the safety of the existing installation.
- accessibility for convenience of operation,
Verification shall be made by a skilled person,
identification and maintenance.
competent in verification. On completion of the
1121.3 Testing
verification, a report shall be prepared.
1121.3.1 General
Note: Information on periodic verification is given in
The following tests shall be carried out where relevant
the Annex 1121-F
and should preferably be made in the foll owing
1121.2 VISUAL INSPECTION
sequence:
1121.2.1 Visual inspection shall precede testing and
- continuity of the protective conductors and of the
normally be done with the whole installation dead.
main and supplementary equipotential bonding (see
1121.2.2 The visual inspection. shall be made to
1121.3.2);
confirm that permanently wired electrical equi pment
- insulation resistance of the electrical installation
is in compliance with the safety requirements of the
(see 1121.3.3);
relevant equipment standards;
- protection by separation of circuits (see 1121.3.4);
1121.2.3 Visual inspection shall include at least the
- floor and wall resistance (see 1121.3.5);
checking of the following, where relevant:
- automatic disconnection of supply (see 11 21.3.6);
- method of protect ion against electric shock,
- polarity test (see 1121.3.7);
including measurement of distances, concerning, for
example, protection y barriers or enclosures, by - electric strength test (see 112 1. 3.8);
obstacles or by placing out of reach (see 1092.8,
- functional tests (see 1121.3.9);
1092. 3.3.2,1092.3.3.3, 1092.3.3.5 and 1092.8.2. 10
- vol tage drop (see 1 121.3. 1O)(under consideration).
of Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part 1);
Electricallnslallati on Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 12
In the event of any test indicating failure to comply, shall be verified by a measurement of the insulation
that test and any preceding test, the results of which resistance. The resistance values obtained shall be in
may have been influenced by the fault indicated, shall accordance with Table 1121-1, with the appliances,
be repeated after the fault has been rectified. as far as possible, connected.
The test methods described in this part are gi ven as 1121.3.5 Floor and wall resistance
reference methods; other methods are not precluded When it is necessary to comply with the requirements
provided they give no less valid results. of 1092.8.2.10 of Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part I,
1121.3_2 Continuity of protective conductors, at least three measurements shall be made in the same
including the main and supplementary location, om: of these measurements being
equipotential bonding approximately 1m from any accessible extraneous
A continuity test shall be made. It is recommended conduc tive-part in the loca tion. The other two
that the test be carried out with a supply having a no- measurements shall be made at greater distances.
load voltage of 4 V to 24 V, d.c. or a.c., and with a The above series of measurements shall be repeated
minimum current of 0.2 A. for each relevant surface of thc location.
1121.3.3 Insul l1tion r esist ance of th e el ectrical Annex 1121-A offers a method for measuring the
installation insulating resistance of f loors a[] d walls.
The insulation resistance shall be measured: 1121.3.6 Verification of conditions for protection
a) between li ve conductors taken in tum two by two; by automatic disconnection of the supply
Note: 10 practice lhis measurement can only be 1121.3.6.1 General
carried out during ereclion of Lhe installation The verificalion of the efficacy of the measures for
before the connection of the appliances. protection agai nst indirect contact by automatic
b) between each live conductor and earth. disconnection of supply is effected as follows:
Note 1: In TN-C systems, the PFN conductor is a) For TN systems
considered as part of the earth. Compliance with the rules of 1ISI.13(i ii) of Section
Note 2: Duri ng this measurement, phase and neutral 115] , Chapter 115, Part I , shall be verified as follows:
conductors may be connected together. I) measurement of the fault loop impedance (see
'1able 1121-1 Minimum value of Insulation 11 21 .3.6.3);
resistance Note 1: Compliance may be verifi ed by measurement
I-N-o-m-i- na"-I-' cui-' of the resistance of protecti ve conductors under the - ci-'r--' t
condition described in the Annex l121E.
V voltage resistance
V MQ Note 2: The above measurements are not necessary
where the calculations of the fault loop impedance or
SELVand functional extra-low of the resistance of the protective conductors are
voltage, when the circuit is supplied available and when the arrangement of the installati on
from a safety transformer 250 0.25 permits the verification of the length and cross
(411.1.2.1) and also fulfils the sectional area of the conductors, in which case the
verificat ion of the continuit y of the protective
I-re--,q,-u_ir_em_en_t_s_o_f4_1_1_._1._3_.3___-+__-+____--1 conductors (see 11 21.3.2) is sufficient.
Upto and including 500 V, with the 500 0.5 2) verification of the characteri stics of the associated
exception of the above cases protective device (i.e., by visual inspection of the
nomi nal sfu an etting fodr CDd )the
current rat ing or ses an a so y test lor s .
The insul ation resistance, measured with the test
Note: Examples of met hod for testing RCDs are
voltage values indicated in Table 1121-1 is satisfactory
shown in Annex 1121-B.
if each circuit, with the appliances disconnected, has
In addition, the effective earthing resistance RB shall
an insulation resistance not les than the appropriate
be designed where necessary according to
value given in Table 1121-1.
Rn 50
Measurements shall be carried out with direct current.
<
The testing apparatus shall be capable of supplyi ng
the test voltage specified in Table 1121-1 when loaded
RE
wi th 1 rnA.
W here,
When the circui t includes electroni c devices, only the
Rs is the earth electrode resistance in ohms of all earth
measurement between phases and neutral , connected
electrodes m parallel
together, to earth shall be made.
is the minimum contact resistance with earth in
Note: This precaution is necessary because carrying
ohms of extraneous c nducti ve parts not connected Lo
out the test without a connection between live
a ' prO[ecti ve' conduc tor, through whi ch a faul t
conductors could cause damage to electronic devices.
between pha. e and earth may occur
I Ul.3.4 Protection by separation of circuits
U is the nominal a.c.r. m. s. oltage to earth in volts.
o
The separation of the live parts from those of other
b) For TT systems
circuits and from earth, according to clauses 1092.3.2.2
Compliance wi th the mles of] 151.1.4(iii) of Section
and L092.3.4. 6 of Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part I,
1151, Chapter 115. Part I, shall be verified by:
Eleclricallnslallation Engineer - Newsletter - Februarv 2010 13
1) measurement of the resistance of the earth
1121.3.6.3 Measurement of fault loop impedance
electrode for exposed-conductive-parts of the
Measurement of the fault loop impedance shall be
installation (see 1121.3.6.2);
effected at the same frequency as the nominal
2) verification of the characteristics of the associated
frequency of the circuit.
protective device.
Note 1: Annex 1121-D provides examples of methods
This verification shall be made: for measunng fault loop impedance.
for RCDs by visual inspection and by test; The measured fault loop impedance shall comply with
1IS1.1.3(iii) Section l1S1, Chapter 115, Part I, for TN
Note: Examples of methods for testing RCDs are
systems and with 1151.1.5 (vi) for IT systems.
shown in Annex 112t-B.
Note 2: When the fault loop impedance value might
for overcurrent protective devices by visual
be influenced by significant fault currents, results of
inspection (i.e., current setting for circuit-breakers,
measurements made with such current in the factory
current rating for fuses);
or laboratory may be taken into account. This
for the protective conductors by inspection of their
particularly applies to factory-built assemblies,
continuity (see 1121.3. 1 ).
including bus bar tmnking systems, metallic conduits
c) For IT systems and cables with metallic enclosures.
Calculation or measurement of the first fault current. Where the requirements of this subclause are not
satisfied or in case of doubt and where supplementary
Note 1: This measurement is not necessary if all
equipotential bonding according to 11S1.1.6 is applied,
exposed-conductive-parts of the installation are
the effectiveness of that bonding shall be checked by
connected to the power system earth (see clause (g)
the method of 1151.1.6( ii).
Annexure 1100-1 of Section 1] 00, Chapter 110 of Part
1) in the case where the system 15 connected to earth 1121.3.7 Polarity test
through an impedance (see Il51.1.5(i) of Section 1151,
Where the rules forbid the installation of single pole
Chapter 115, Part I).
switching devices in the neutral conductor, a test of
Note 2: The measurement is made only if the
polarity shall be made to verify that all such devices
calculation is not possible, because all the parameters
are connected in the phase only.
are not known. Precautions are to be taken while
1121.3.8 Electric strength test
making this measurement in order to avoid the danger
1121.3.8.1 General
due to a double fault.
A test shall be applied on equipment built or modi fied
Where conditions which are similar to conditions of
on site.
TT systems occur in the event of a second fault (see
Not e: Test methods are under considerati on.
11Sl.1.5(v)(i) of Secti on 1151. Chapter 115, Part I),
veri fication is made according to point b) of this 1121.3.8.2 Values of the test voltage
subclause.
Under consideration.
Where conditions similar to conditions of TN syste ms
] 121.3.9 Functional test')
occur (see 1151. 1. 5( v)(ii) of Section 1151 , Chapter
Assemblies, such as switchgear ami controlgear
115, Part I), verification is made according to point a)
assemblies, drives, controls and interlocks, shall be
of this subclause.
subj ected to a functjonal lest to show that they are
Note 3: Duri ng the measurement of the fault loop
properly mounted adjusted and installed in accordance
impedance, It is necessary to establish a connection of
with the relevant requirements of this standard . .
negligible impedance belween the neutral poi nt ofthe
Protective devices shall be ubmi tted to functional
system and the protective conductor at the origin of
tests, if necessary, in order to check whether they are
the Installation.
properly installed and adjusted.
1121.3 .6.2 Measurement of the resistance of the
Note: Methods for verification of the operation of
earth electrode
residual current protective devices are given as
Measurement of the resistance of an earth electrode,
examples in Annex 1121-B.
where prescribed (see 1 151. 1.4(iii ) Section LIS I,
1121.3.10 (1121.3.11) Verification of voltage drop
Chapter 115, Part 1, forTI systems and 1151.1.3(iii)
Section 1151, Chapter 115, Part 1. for TN systems and
Under consideration. See section - Part 1
1151. 1. 5(j ii) Section 11 5 I , Chapter 11 5, Part 1, for IT Annex U21-A
systems) , is made by an appropri ate method.
(normative)
Note 1: Annex 1121-C gives, as an example, a
Method for measuri ng the insulation re i tance of
description of a method of measurement using two
floors and walls
aUlOliary earth electrodes and the condition to be
A magneto-ohmmeter or battery-powered insulation
fulfi \led.
tester providing a no-load volLage of approximately
Note 2: Where, in a TT system, the location of the 500 V (or 1000 V if the rated voltage of the installation
installation (e.g. in towns) is such that it is not possible exceeds 500 V) is used as a d.c. source.
in practice to provid the two auxiliary earth electTodes,
The resistance is mea ured between the test electrode
meas urement of the faul t loop impedance (or
and a protective conductor of the installation.
resistance) will give an excess value.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 14
The test electrodes may be either of the following
types. In case of dispute, the use of test electrode 1 is
the reference method.
Note: It is recommended that the test be made before
the application of the surface treatment (varnishes
paints and similar products).
Test electrode 1
The electrode complises a square metallic plate with
sides 250 mm and a square of damped water absorbent
paper or cloth from which surplus water has been
removed with sides approximately 270 mm which is
placed between the metal plate and the surface being
tested.
During the measurement a force of approximately 750
Nor 250 N is applied on the plate, in the case of floors
or of walls respectively.
Test electrode 2
The test electrode comprises a metallic tripod of which
the parts resting on the floor fonn the points of an
equilateral triangle. Each supporting part is provided
with a flexible base ensuring, when loaded, close
contact with the surface being tested over an area of
approximately 900 mm
2
and presenting a resistance
of less than 5000 n.
Before measurements are made, the surface being
tested is moistened or covered with a damp cloth.
While measurements are being made a force of
approximately 750 N or of 250 N is applied to the
tripod, in the case of floors or of walls respectively.
Ii mm lkiminium
pa.te
R20
View from .bow fTofile
~ 3 3
Section of oontect
$Iud in COClductive rubber
Attached bv screw.
washer and nut
Contact stud III
conduc:tiv-e rubber
Vicw from ~ I o w
Dimensions in millimeters
Fig. 1121.A-l- TEST ELECTRODE 2
Annex 1121-B
(normative)
Verification of the operation of residual current
protective devices
The following methods are given as examples.
Method 1
Figure 1121B-1 shows the principle of a method where
a variable resistance is connected between a live
conductor on the load side and the exposed-conductive
part. The current is increased by reducing the value of
the variable resistance R .
p
The current II!. at which the RCD operates shall not be
greater than I
6n
, the rated residual operating current.
U
L3
N
Note: Method 1 can be used for TN-S, TT and IT
systems. In the IT system, it may be necessary to
connect a point of the system directly to earth during
the test to obtain the operation of the RCD.
Fig.1121.B-l - EXAMPLE OF METHOD 1
Method 2
Figure 1121.B-2 shows the plinciple of the method
where the variable resistance is connected between a
live conductor on the supply side and another live
conductor on the load side.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsl etter - February 2010
15
II
The current is increased by reducing the value of the
Note 1: Method 3 can only be used when the location
variable resistance R .
allows the auxiliary electrode.
p
Note 2: Method 3 can be used for TN oS, TT and IT
The current I II at which the ReD operates shall not be
systems, In IT systems it may be necessary to connect
greater than 1&1' The load shall be disconnected during
a point of the system directly to earth during the test
the test.
to obtain the operation of the ReD.
( f Load d"""nnacted
Note: Method 2 can be used for TN-S, TT and IT
systems.
Fig. 1121.B-2 - EXAMPLE OF METHOD 2
Method 3
Figure 1121.B-3 shows the principle of the method
using an auxiliary electrode. The current is increased
by reuucing the value of the variable resistance Rp'
Then the voltage U between the exposed-conductive
parts and an independent auxiliary electrode is
measured. The current I II which shall not be greater
than I
lln
at which the ReD operates, is also measured.
The following condition shall be fulfilled:
I II
U ~ U L X - -
I/1n
where U is the conventional touch voltage limit.
L
It
L2
U
H
Figure 1121.B-3 - EXAMPLE OF METHOD 3
Annex 1121-C
(normative)
Measurement of earth electrode resistance
As an example, the following procedure may be
adopted when the measurement of the earth resistance
is to be made (see figure 1121.C-J).
An alternating current of a steady value is passed
between the earth electrode T and an auxiliary earth
electrode T
j
placed at a distance from T such that the
resistance areas of the two electrodes do not overlap.
A second auxiliary earth electrode T
2
, which may be a
metal spike driven into the ground, is then inserted
half-way between T and T
1
, and the voltage drop
between T and T2 is measured.
The resistance of the earth electrodes is then the voltage
between T and T
2
, divided by the current t10wing
between T and T
1
, provided that there is no overlap of
the resistance areas.
To check that the resistance of the earth electrodes is
a true value, two further readings are taken with the
second auxiliary electrode T2 moved some 6 m from
and some 6 m nearer to T, respectively. If the three
results are substantially in agreement, the mean of the
three readings is taken as the resistance of the earth
electrode T. If there is no such agreement, the tests
are repeated with the di stance between T and T
j
increased.
If the test is made with current at power frequency,
the internal impedance of the voltmeter used must be
at least 200 ON.
The source of the current used for the test shall be
isolated from the mains supply (e.g. by a double-wound
transformer).
---,
T%
x'
y'
" I, "
"
" "
"II "
11 "
"
" II "
, " I
" II
" II II
,
, , I ,
;
;
,
,
,
" II I I ,
.
,
\(
"
I I
I
,
I
.
I I
, I
, d
... -- ...
Re'l4s.woo. ar..,
(nolo""_"111
"Curiosity is the key to Creativity." - Akio Morita, Sony.
Eleclricallnslallalion Engineer Newsl elter - February 201 0 16
Key
T Earth electrode under test, disconnected from all
other sources of supply
T
j
Auxiliary earth electrode
T2 Second auxiliary earth electrode
X Alternative position of Tl for check measurement
Y Further alternative position of T 2 for the other
check measurement
Figure 1121.C-1- MEASUREMENT OF EARTH
RESISTANCE
Annex 1121-D
(normative)
Measurement of the fault loop impedance
As examples, the following methods may be adopted
for TN systems when the measurement of fault loop
impedances is to be made.
Note 1: The methods proposed in this annex give only
approximate values of the fault loop impedance as they
do not take into account the vectorial nature of the
voltage, i.e., of the conditions existing at the time of
an actual earth fault. The degree of approximation is,
however, acceptable provided that the reactance of the
circuit concerned is negligible.
Note 2: It is recommended to make a continuity test
(see 1121.2.2) between the neutral point and the
exposed conductive parts before carrying out the fault
loop impedance measurement.
Method 1: Measurement of the fault loop impedance
by means of voltage drop (Fig.1121.D-J)
Note 1: Attention is drawn to the fact that the present
method presents difficulties in the application.
The voltage of the circuit to be verified is measured
with and without connection of a variable load
resistance, and the fault loop impedance is calculated
from the formula:
Z=
Where,
U
Z is the fault loop impedance;
j
is the voltage measured without connection of the
load resistance;
U
2
is the voltage measured with connection of the load
resistance;
IR is the current through the load resistance.
Note 2: Th difference between U) and U
2
should be
signi ficant.
t-____.......-
.--__--- L1
- L2
.............-+---u
t----+-- N
- + - . . . . - . - ~ - - PE
Fig.1121.D-1- MEASUREMENT OF FAULT
LOOP IMPEDANCE BY IMPEDANCE DROP
Method 2: Measurement of the fault loop impedance
by means of a separate supply
The measurement is made when the normal supply is
disconnected and the primary of the transformer is
short-circuited. The method uses a voltage from a
separate supply (see fig. 1121.D-2), and the fault loop
impedance is calculated from the formula:
v
Z=
I
Where,
Z is the fault loop impedance;
V is the measured test voltage;
l is the measured test current.
l2
N
- + - ~ - - - - - - PE
Fig. 1121.D-2 - MEASUREMENT OF FAULT
LOOP IMPEDANCE BY SEPARATE SUPPLY
Annex 1121-E
(informative)
Guide 00 the application of the ruJes of Section
1121 Chapter 112 P art I : Initial verification
The numbering of the clauses and subclauses of this
a n nex 1121-E follows the numbering of the
corresponding clauses and subclauses of Section
1121, Chapter 112, Part 1.
Electricallnslallation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 17
13
The absence of reference of clauses or sub clauses
Tenth dash of 1121 .2.3
means that no additional explanation is given to them.
Adequacy of connections of conductors
E.1121.2 Visual inspection
The purpose of tills verification is to check whether
E.1121.2.2 This verification is intended also to check
the clamping means are adequate for the conductors
that the installation of the equipment is in accordance
to be connected and whether the connection is properly
with the manufacturer's instructions in order that its
made.
performance is not adversely affected.
In case of doubt, it is recommended to measure the
E.1121.2.3
resistance of the connections: this resi stance should
Second dash of 1121.2.3 not be higher than the resistance of a conductor having
a) Presence of fire barriers (Section 1131, Clause:
a length of 1 m and a cross-sectional area equal to the
Sealing of Wiring System Penetrations) and other
sma llest cross-sectional area of the conductors
precautions against propagation of fire and
connected.
protection against thermal effects (Section 1131, Eleventh dash of 1121.2.3
Clause: Sealing of Wiring System Penetrations)
Accessihility for convenience of operation
The installation of the seals is verified to confirm identification and maintenance.
compliance with the erection instructions associated
It shall be verified that the operating devices are so
with IS type test for the relevant product (under
arranged that they are easily accessible to the operator.
consideration by ISO).
For devi ces for emergency switching (including
No other test is required after this verification.
emergency stopping), see Section 1112, Chapter 111 ,
b) Protection against thermal effects (Section 1092,
Part 1.
Chapter 109, Part I)
For devices for switching off for mechanical
The rules of Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part I, maintenance, see Section 1112, Chapter Ill , Part 1.
concerning the protection against thermal effects apply
E.1121.3 Tests
for normal service, i.e. in the absence of a fault.
Note: Information on the requirements of measuring
The overcurrent protection of wiring systems is the
and monitoring equipment is given in the series of
object of Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part I and Section
standards IEC 61557.
1112, Chapter Ill, Part 1.
E. t 121.3.2 Continuity of protective conductors,
The operation of a protective device resulting from a
including the main and supplementary
fault, including short circuits, or from overloads, is
equipotential bonding
considered as normal service.
This test is required for the verification of the
c) Protection against fire (Section 1092, Chapter 109,
protection conditions by means of automatic
Part 1)
disconnection of supply (see 1121.3.6) and is
The requirements of Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part considered as satisfactory if the device used for the
I, for locations with fire hazards assume that protection
test gives an appropriate indication.
against overcurrent is in compliance with the rules of
Note: The current used for the test should be low as
Secti on 1092, Chapter 109, Part 1.
not to cause a risk of fire or explosion.
Third and fourth dashes of 1121.2.3
E.1121.3.3 Insulation r esistance of the electrical
Selection of conductors for current-carrying capacjty
installation
and voltage drop and choice and setting of protective
The measurements shall be carried out with the
and monjtoring devices.
installation isolated from the supply.
The selection of the conductors including their
Generally the insulation measurement is carried out
materials, installation and cross-sectional area, their
at the origin of the installation.
erection and the setting of the protective devices is
If the value measured is less than that speci fied in
verified according to the calculation of the designer
table 1121-A, the installation may be divided into
of the installation in compliance with the rules of tills
several circui t 'groups and the insulation resistance
standard, particularly Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part of each group shall be measured. If for one group of
I, Section 1131 , Chapter 113, Part I, Section 111 2, circuits the measured value is less than that specified
Chapter 111 , Part 1, and Section 1141 , Chapter 114,
in table 1121-A, the insulation resistance of each
circuit of this group shall be measured.
Part 1.
When some circ uits or parts of ci rcuits are
Eighth dash of 11 21.2.3
di sconnected by undervoltage devices (for instance
Presence of diagrams, warning notices or other similar
contactors) interrupting all live conductors, the
information.
insui ati on resistance of these circui ts or parts of
A diagram, as specified by Section 11 1J , Chapter 11 1.
circuits is measured separately.
Part J, is particularly necessary when the installation If some appli ances are connected, it is permitted to
comprises several distributi on boards. carry out the measurement between live conductors
and earth.
El ectrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 18
If, in this case, the value measured is less than that b) (of 1121.3.6.3) Measurement of the resistance of
specified in table 112I-A, these appliances shall then ' protecti ve conductors
be disconnected and the measuremenl repeated.
The measurement of the fault loop impedance may be
E.1121.3.4 Protection by separation of circuits
replaced by the measurement of the resistance R
When equipment includes both a separated circuit and
between any exposed-conductive-part and the nearest
other circuits, the required insulation is obtained by
point of the main equipotential bonding, under all the
constructing the equipment in accordance to the safety
following conditions:
requirements of the relevant standards.
- the protective conductor is contained in the same
Tn the case of a fixed separation source, it should be
wiring system as the phase conductors, with no
verified that its secondary circuits are separated by a
ferromagnetic parts interposed (so rendering the
doubJe or reinforced insulation from its enclosure (for
relevant reactance negligible);
mobile sources, see 413.5. 1.1 of IEC 60364-4-41),
unless the separation source is adequately marked.
Note: Protective conductors include metal conduits
E.1121.3.6 Verification of conditions for protection
and other metal enclosures for conductors in the
conditions defined in 543.2.
by automatic disconnection of the supply
E.1121.3.6.3 Measurement of fault loop impedance - the cross-section of the PE conductors does not
Annex 1121-D describes, as examples, methods for exceed 95 mm
2
Cu.
the measurement of the fault loop impedance.
It is recommended that the measurement be carried
a) (of 1121.3.6.3) Consideration of the increase of the
out with a supply having a no-load voltage of 4V to
resistance of the conductors with the increase of
24 V, a.c. or d.c., and with a minimum current of 0.2
temperature
A.
As the measurements are made at room temperature,
The measured resistance R shall meet the following
with low currents, the procedure hereinafter described
conditions:
may be followed to take into account the increase of
I) when the impedance of the supply is negligible:
resistance of the conductors with the increase of
temperature due to faults, to verify, for TN systems,
the compliance of the measured value of the fault loop m V
impedance with the requirements of Section 1092,
R - - X -'-' for TN systems
Chapter 109, Part I and Chapter 115, Part 1. m+l 1
a
The requirements of Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part I
and Chapter 115, Part I are considered to be met when m V
the measured value of the fault loop impedance R ~ -- - x --for IT systems where the neutral
satisfies the following equation: m+1 21
a
Un
is not distributed
Zs(m) ~ 2/3 X - (n)
1
m V
Where,
a
R :5 --x --
o
for IT systems where the neutral
Zs(m) is the measured value of phase-earthed neutral
m+l 2/a
loop impedance, in ohms;
U is the phase to: ealthed neutral voltage, in volts; is distributed
l a 0 is the current causing the automatic operation
of the protective device within the time stated in table where,
41 A or within 5 s according to the conditions stated Vo is the nominal voltage between phase and
in Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part I and Chapter 115, neutral, in volts;
Part 1. U is the nominal voltage between phases, in volts;
fa is the current ensuring the automatic operation
Where the measured val ue of the fault loop impedance of the disconnecting protective device within the time
exceeds 2Uo/ 3Ia, a more prec ise assessment of stated in tables of Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part I,
compliance with 4 13.1 .3 may be made evaluating the for TN systems, or table of Section 1092, Chapter 109,
value of the fault loop impedance according to the Part I and Chapter l IS, Part I, for IT systems, or, under
following procedure: the conditions stated in Section 1092, Chapter 109,
- the supply phase-earthed neutral loop impedance, Part I, within 5 s;
Ze, is ftrst measured at the origin of the installation; m is the ratio between R and R :
ph
- the resistance of the phase and protective conductor
of the distribution circuit(s) are then measured; R
m = the resistances of the phase and protecti ve conductor
of the final circuit is then measured;
- the values of these resistances are increased on the
basis of the increase of the temperature, taki ng into Where,
consideration, in the case of fault currents, the
Rpb is the resistance of the phase conductor placed
energy let through of the protecti ve device;
in the same wiring as the protective conductor;
- these increased values of the resistance are finally
R is the resistance of the protective conductor
added LO the val ue of the supply phase-earthed
between any exposed-conductive-part and the nearest
neutral loop impedance, Ze so obtaining a realistic
point of the main equipotenti al bonding.
value of Ze under fault conditions.
Electri cal Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 19
Note: The above condition to be met by the measured
resistance R is justified, for example in the case of a
TN system, by replacing the fault loop impedance Z
by R and writing: '
s
1 m +]
R
s
= R + R
ph
=R(l +-)=R-
m m
The condition to be met by the fault loop impedance
(according to Section 1092, Chapter 109, Part I, for
TN systems) may then be written as follows:
v V m
1a ~ _ 0_ =_ _ x _ _ _ 0
R, R m + J
or as follows:
m
Va
R ~ - ~ - x - -
m + 1 I
a
When m = 1, the condition to be met becomes:
V
R ~ _ a _
21
a
With m increasing, the value which is admitted for the
measured resistance R also increases.
For example when m = 2, the condition to be met
becomes:
Va
R ~ - -
1.51
a
2) when the impedance of the supply side is not
negligible:
For example, for TN systems
0.8 X m Va
R ~ x -
m + 1 I
a
Note: The factor 0.8 is a conventional value based on
the ratio, that experience has shown as valid in the
majority of cases, between the impedance of the
protected circuit and the impedance of the fault loop.
If the actual value of the above ratio is known, the
factor 0.8 is to be replaced by that actual value.
Annex 1121-F
(informative)
Periodic inspection and testing
F1121.1 General
Periodic inspection and testing of the electrical
Installations is carried out to determine if the
installations and parts of the installations have not
deteriorated to the extent that renders them unsafe to
use and is in compliance with the installation rules,
unless otherwise required by national rules or by
national statutory requirements.
In addition it includes the examination of the effects
of any change in use of the premises from that for
which the installation was previously provided.
Note: The guidance information given for initial
verification is in principle valid also for periodic
inspection and testing.
F1121.2 Interval between periodic inspection and
testing
After the initial verification, the periodic inspection
and testing of the electrical installations should be
carried out with a minimal interval which is
determined by the characteristics of the installation,
usage and environment. The maximum period between
inspections may be laid down by national statutory
requirements.
Note 1: The interval may be, for instance, three years,
with the exception of the following cases where a
higher risk may exist and shorter periods may be
required:
- working places or locations where risks of
degradation, fire or explosion exist;
- working places or locations where both high- and
low-voltage installations exist;
- communal facilities;
- construction sites;
- locations where portable equipment is used.
For dwelling, longer periods may be appropriate.
Note 2: Periodic inspection and testing may be
replaced, in case of extended electrical installations
(e.g. in large industries), by an adequate safety regime
of continuous monitoring and maintenance of
equipment and installations by skilled persons ..
F1121.3 Extent of the periodic inspection and
testing
The periodic inspection and testing should include at
least:
- visual inspection, including the protection against
direct contact and protection against fire;
- test of the insulation resistance;
- test for continuity of the protective conductors;
- tests for protection against indirect contact;
- functional test of RCDs, see annex 112I-B.
- functional test of SPDs
- functional test of RCMS, RCCBOS, MCBS,
RCCBS.
F1121.4 Report
On the occasion of every periodic inspection and
testing a report must be prepared, which should
include, in addition to all information concerning the
visual inspections and the tests made, records of the
relevant results, information about any modifications
or extensions and any non-compliance with the rules,
specifying the parts of the installation concerned.
Use Always lSI Approved Products
Electrical lnslallation Engineer - Newsletter February 2010 20
NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
POTENTIAL, USES AND PROBLEMS
Abstract:
With the increasing demands for energy and the
threats associated with the known conventional sources
of energy, non-conventional sources offer considerable
advantages to developing countries like India.
However, inspite of their vast potential, their practical
use presents a large number of formidable obstacles,
restricting adopting on a mass scale. In this paper, the
author presents a review of the same and suggest that
studies relating to their efficiency/inefficiency to the
operators may be taken up to correct the drawbacks to
bring about wider acceptability.
Key Words: Non-conventional energy sources,
advantages, applications, difficulties.
Introduction:
Per capita energy consumption of a country is regarded
as a measure of standard of living in that country.
Inspite of a growth rate of about 5.5% per annum of
commercial energy consumption in India during the
last five years, its per capita energy consumption was
only 310 kWh in 2004-05, which is only about 3% of
that of USA and 9% of that of Korea. This also varies
widely between rural and urban population.
On the whole, India's additional requirement of power
by the turn of the decade is estimated at around 11,192
MW. However, conventional sources of energy present
a number of problems for India:
India has a very small fraction of the world's reserves
of coal, oil and natural gas, its chief sources. At the
current level of production, they are expected to last
for only 245, 21 and 38 years respectively
For dearth of pipelines, over 30% of natural gas is
flared
With heavy dependence on oil imports, there is
always the threat of imbalances due to oil price
increases in world market
Due to obsolete technologies employed, barely of a
third of the primary energy input in thermal power
stations is available as electricity
About 21 % of electricity is lost every year due to
transmission and distribution losses
Nuclear safety is always a significant factor in the
exploitations of India's uranium resources
Combustion of fossil fuels and worldwide
deforestation have increased concentration of
greenhouse gases in earth's atmosphere, exerting
pressure on India's energy policy for adjustment
At present day costs, an investment of about
Rs. 17, 63,430 million towards developing coal, oil
and electricity would be required by 2006 A.D.
Energy consumption in rural areas consists chiefly
of non commercial energy, resulting in large scale
disturbance in environment
Thus, other avenues of energy generation such as
the non-conventional sources of energy (NCSE)
need to be explored.
Advantages:
Today NCSE is 13% of the world annual energy
consumption of about 9000 million tones of oil
equivalent. A substantial potential is believed to exist
in the world for these, roughly half of these in
developing countries. These are believed to offer a
number of advantages, especially to countries such as
India:
Being tropical, there is a good resource of solar and
wind power
Being smaller in scale, they are more able to meet
the needs of rural communities
Expertise and industrial infrastructure demanded
might be lower than conventional sources
They are more environment friendly
Their generally modular nature might require less
initial capital investment
Local transmission requirements lower costs as well
as transmission and distribution losses
They may be more compatible with the social and
cultural conditions of the society.
Potentials and Uses:
An attempt is made in Table 1 to list the various NCSE
with reference to India- their potential, uses and
problems. A brief outline of these follow:
1. Solar Energy: The average annual availability of
solar radiation is in the range of 2100 kWh/m2/year to
1600 kWh/m2/year. The world market is predicted to
be 5.1 GW per year during 2010 AD to 2015 AD,
including 800 MW/ year potential for India. Solar
Thermal Power Generation (STPG) plants can also
operate in stand alone mode in decentralized
applications like rural electrification and remote
islands. India has already initi ated a 140 MW solar
project at Mathania near Jodhpur.
2. Wind Power: Potential windy locations have been
identified in the flat coastal terrains in Southern Tamil
Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat, Lakshadeep and Maharashtra.
Favourable sites have also been identified in some
island locations of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh. Yet to be explored areas are the
mountainous and hilly areas of north and N.E. India.
Wind farms appear to be most feasible and cost
effective for supplementing conventional means of
power generation. Their short gestation period for
installation and modular structure, non-polluting nature
augur well for widespread use of wind power by the
corporate sector. Apart from these, wind mills appear
"Intellectuals solve problems, geniuses prevent them." - Albert Einstein
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 21
Lo be feasible for mechanical pumping, mill ing,
urban locale
grinding and other applications.
awareness in academic and planning
3. Biomass: In India, the organi c matter derived
bodies to understand the dynamics of technology
directly or indirectly from fores try and agricultural or
adoption
livestock activities (wood, agricultural residues, animal
No effecti ve steps to ensure local participation and
wastes, etc.,) and municipal wastes is the main sources
of biomass and biogas. Three specific areas have been
sensitise the local mind on energy related issues
identified for biomass power generation:
Shortage of funds for establishment of marketing
Bagasse based cogeneration in sugar mills with a
and other infrastructure, R&D acti vity
potential for surplus power generation at 3500 MW Technological factors of de si gn, fun ct ion and
in 420 sugar mills performance aspects, durability maintenance and
Biomass waste from agricultural operations or agro
ultimately costs
industries
Network of support systems for R&D, man power,
Biomass gasifiers for power generation training, tec hnology transfer eLc., are still in
4. Improved wood stoves: This was initiated to developing stage.
improve the efficiency of biomass utilization for
Conclusions:
cooking and the working condition in kitchen. About
Inspite of a great need of and the vast potential for
21 million have already been installed out of an
various applications of NCSE, a omplex inter-
estimated potential of 120 million.
relationshi p of various factors prevent the adoption of
5. Wave Energy: Free from environmental pollution
these technologies on a vast scal e. This call for
and continuous as waves are never goi ng to cease, th is
judicious compromises, adj ustments and trade-offs for
can be viable especially for remote islands.
proper adoption among different groups. As such,
Problems:
future research may like to focus on studying the
Inadequate appreciation of location and cultural
inefficiencies of their adoption to the operators,
specific constraints in technology adoption of
removal of which might make them more attractive.
different agro-economic units
Institutional mechanisms tend to originate from
Table 1: Potential, Uses and Problems of some Non-Conventional Energy Sources in India
Sources/ System Approximate Uses Problems
Potential
Solar Energy 20 Water and space heating, desalination, High capital costs, intermittent
(MWIkm2) drying, refrigeration, power generation, supply, storage costly and inefficient,
dis@ation , photovoltaic systems lack of awareness, defective designs,
improper implementation
Wind Energy 20000 Water pumping, milling, grinding, threshing, Costs, location specific, design,
(MW) power generation, small industry implementation, etc.,
Biogas (MW) 17000 Cooking, power generation, heating, Financial constraints, high capital
lighting, small industry (pottery, brick investment, collection logistics
making, smithy)
Improved Wood 120 Cooking Low efficiency, defective design,
Stoves (In millions) inadequate number of trained builders
Small hydro 10000 Power generation for cooking, heating, Dam requirements, distribution
power (MW) irrigation, lighting, etc.,
Wave Energy (MW) 60000 Power generation, integrated aspects High costs, si te con traints
Table 2: Applications of Photovoltaic Systems:
Sl. No. Area Applications TvPical Ratinl!s
l. Community Centres TV, radio, night schools for adult education, etc., 8W to few KW
2. Health Centre Refrilreration vaccine storage emergency lilrhts. small water heaters 300W to I KW
3. Water Pumping Shallow and deep level pumps for micro-irrigation 300W to 3 KW
4. Cathodic Protection Protection of petroleum and gas pipelines, special cables, etc., from Upto 500 W
effects of corrosion
5. Railways Distant signaling, interlocking systems, track circuits, unmanned level 8W to 70W
crossings
6. Power Plants Central power plants for small community centres in remote places 5W to 30 KW
7. Telecommunications Rural radio phones, microwave repeaters, small telephone exchanges Various
8. Lighting Street lights, outdoor signs. garden lights, tower lights, portable lantern s J lW to 400 W
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter February 2010 22
Table 3: Wave Energy Potential along Indian Coast
Grid AlmuaJ MeaD (kW/m) Coast Length (km) Total Power (MW)
West Coast (l 6N-24N Lat) 12.9 1788 23065
West Coast (8N- 16N Lat) 9.2 1265 11638
East Coast (8N -16N Lat) 7. 8 1403 10943
East Coa. t (l6N-20N Lat) 10.5 1458 15309
R. Sundara Raman
Lecturer - Department ot' Mechanical Engineering.
lndi an Naval Academy, Mi nistry of Defence.
Governmenl of India. Ezhi mala - 670 31 0.
(e-mail: sll ndarararnan79@yahoo.co.in)
G. Sankara arayanan
Professor - Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Adhiparasakth i Engi neering College, Melmaruvathur.
(e-mail: gs2000narayanan@ gmail.com)
lIT-MADRAS TEAM WINS NEW YORK COMPETITION
For devising a new system to store, distribute energy "New York city doesn't have to hope. We are that
through remote sites place. Just look at the talented t ams fro m the world' s
A lhree-member team of lIT-Madras students, called
lead in g business and engineering schools that
"Greenext Technology Solutions," ha won the NYC
pat1icipated in our NYC Next Idea inaugural gl obal
Next Idea 2009 20 10 in aug ur al global plan
business plan competi tion," Mr. Bloomberg added.
competition here, New York city Mayor Michael The lIT team would be offered free space within one
Bloomberg announced on Friday. of the Ci lY' S new business incubators for two years.
Ju dges from NYC's venture capi tal co mm uni ty Teams from 10 leading international business and
awarded the team of Aashish Dattani , Vi nayshankar engineering schools in Europe, Asia and Latin America
Kul karn i and Sriram Kalyanaraman, of the TIT submitted their fmal proposals for the competition that
Madras, $20,000 for devising a new system that allows was launc hed in 2009 to strengthen the city 's
utility companies and energy producers to store and entrepreneurial community .
distribute energy through remote sites across the five
NYC boroughs safely and effi ciently.
The three final proposals were from India. France and
Spain.
The winni ng product, XEslor, serves as a common
''But it's not enough Lo be a place en trepreneurs want
interface to store energy from any source across New
York city into large battery storage sites.
to go to. Wc also have to make. ure our ci lY and our
country is a place they can go to. That' s why we are
"Ci t ies around the world hope to be a place of comm itted to working with thc Obama administration
innovation where entrepreneurs want to go to launch to purs ue se nsib le i mmi gralion reform, "
bu inesses," he said.
Mr. Bloombergsaid.
A SMART IDEA TO SUPPLY POWER
lIT team to set up shop in New York to
commercialise product
A fu ndamental idea taught to electrical engineering
students is that energy may be stored, but not power.
And this has been seen as a primary obstacle to
ensuring sufficient peak power supply, even when the
installed power capacity can easily handle non-peak
conditions.
The solution could be install ation of "smart grids,"
which will store excess energy whenever there is
sur pl us and d i stribute it when required usin g
information technology in power transmi ssion and
di tribution networks.
REINCARNA TED: "SUPERBRAIN YOGA"
Much to the amusement of many Hindus, the anci nt
Practitioners claim they have documented its positive
practice of crossing the arms to grasp the earlobe and
effects on learning-disabl d autistic children and
squatting 'everal times, known in Tamil as Thoppu
Karanam, has emerged on the pop health scene. The
depressed, forgetful adults. Most Hindus know thi s as
an ol d form of discipli ne performed as an act of
renowned New Age teacher of Pranic Healing, Master
worship before Lord Ganesha.
Choa Kok Sui [date oflife], co-opted the practice and
copyrighted the label "Superbrain Yoga". A CBS piece
Althougb once again our cultural heri tage ba been
on the exercise found its way onto You Tube, and now
openly pirated for profi t, clinicaJ validation is always
people are bobbing up and down all over the world.
good for the Hi ndu faith.
"Imagination is more important than knowledge" Albert Einstein
Electrlcallnslallation Engineer Newsletter - February 2010 23
ARTHRITIS
Know your facts to lead a pain free life
1. What is arthritis?
The word arthritis actually means joint inflammation.
2. Who is at risk for arthritis?
Certain factors are associated with a greater risk of
arthritis. Some of these risk factors are modifiable
while others are not.
Non-modifiable risk factors
Age: The risk of developing most types of arthritis
increases with age.
Gender: Most types of arthritis are more common
in women; 60% of the people with arthritis are
women. Gout is more common in men.
Genetic: Specific genes are associated with a higher
risk of certain types of arthritis, such as rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE), and ankylosing spondylitis.
Modifiable risk factors
Overweight and Obesity: Excess weight can
contribute to both the onset and progression of knee
osteoarthritis.
Joint Injuries: Damage to a joint can contribute to
the development of osteoarthritis in that joint.
Infection: Many microbial agents can infect joints
and potentially cause the development of various
forms of arthritis.
Occupation: Certain occupations involving
repetitive knee bending and squatting are associated
with osteoarthritis of the knee.
3. What causes arthritis?
Elevated uric acid levels cause gout, and specific
infections can cause certain forms of arthritis. The
causes of many of the other forms of arthritis are
unknown. Scientists are studying the role of factors
such as genetics, lifestyle, and environment in the
various types of arthritis.
4. What are the most common types of arthritis?
The most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis
followed by gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
5. What are the symptoms of arthritis?
The pattern and location of symptoms can vary
depending on the type of arthritis. Generally, people
with arthritis feel pain and stiffness in and around one
or more joints. The onset of arthritis symptoms can
develop gradually or suddenly. Arthritis is most often
a chronic disease, so symptoms may come and go, or
persist over time.
6. What should I do if I think I have arthritis?
If you have pain, stiffness, or swelling in or around
one or more of your joints, talk to your doctor. It is
important to keep in mind that there are many forms
of arthritis, and a specific diagnosis of the type you
have may help to direct the proper treatment. Although
there is no cure for most types of arthritis, early
diagnosis and appropriate management are important,
especially for inflammatory types of arthritis. For
example, early use of disease-modifying drugs can
affect the course of rheumatoid arthritis. An early
diagnosis and appropriate treatment can make a
difference in pain and joint damage.
7. Can I prevent arthritis?
Depending on the form of arthritis, there are steps that
can be taken to reduce your risk of arthritis .
Maintaining an appropriate body weight has been
shown to decrease the risk of developing osteoarthritis
and gout. Protecting your joints from injuries or
overuse can reduce the risk of osteoarthritis.
8. How is arthritis diagnosed?
Diagnosing arthritis often requires a detailed medical
history of current and past symptoms, physical
examination, x-rays, and blood work. It is possible to
have more than one form of arthritis at the same time.
9. What are the treatments for arthritis?
The focus of treatment for arthritis is to control pain,
minimize joint damage, and improve or maintain
function and quality of life. The treatment of arthritis
might involve the following:
Medication
Nonpharmacologic therapies
o Physical or occupational therapy
o Splintsorjointassistiveaids
o Patient education and support
o Weight loss
Surgery
Courtesy,' Apollo Hospitals
"Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important
than anyone thing." Abraham Lincoln.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 24
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,/II Any Range of battery chargers are supplied
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Our Valued Customers:
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POWERTEK PVT L TO
(Formerly Geko Powertex (P) Ltd.) Cell No : 9841025705, 9841061872. E-mail : geko555k@yahoo.com.
VOlTECH T R SFORMEAS PVT. LTD.
VOLT:CH
(An ISO : 9001 - 2000 Certified Company)
UCfllE tt IN UGI"tUIHG " SUVICES
Power Transformer
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Factory : Survey No: 21211.2. 21313, Plilaipakkam Village,
Sriperumpudur Taluk. Kanchlpuram DislricL
Ph . 044 24330021 Fax : 044 24362576
wNw. voltechgroup.com , Iransformers@voltechgroup.com
Marketing Office : KHEC Towers, 2nd Floor. No.42,
1st Main Road, C.I.T. Nagar, Nandanam. Chennal - 35.
Ph . 044 42864545 Fax : 044 42864546
transformers@vollechgroup.com
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TAMnNADUELECfRlCALINSTALLA1l0N ENGINEERS'ASSOCIATION 'A'GRADE
Old No. 82/ New No. 123, Lloyds Enclave, Avvai Shanmugam Road, Royapettah, Chennai - 600014.
Phone: 28111300/2811 4886/2811 5978 Fax: 2811 0162 /28111908 E-mail : tneleengrassn@vsnJ.net
BOOK PRICE LIST
S.No Title-Description of the Books
Cost
(Rs.)
1 Electrical Design of Medium Voltage
Bus Bars/Connections/Duct. 300
2 Guidelines On Electrical Installations
For Practicing Contractors. 200
3 CEIG - Extra High-High Voltage Electrical
Installations-Indian Electricity Rules
Pre-commissioni ng Tests of Electrical
Apparatus And Equipments. 150
4 (1) Installation of Captive generator (2) Electri'City
H.V & M.V. Installation Proposals (3) Precautionary
Measures to be taken in design & Installation of 75
building services including Services.
(4) The Indian Standard Specification.
5 Self Certification Procedure 50
6 1. Allowable Current Density in Bus Bar
Installations.
2. Electricity-Details on Implementation of
renewable Energy Devices.
3. Electricity-Electrical Inspectorate service
Rendered by Inspectorate scale of fees.
4. Electricity-Captive Power Plant of Industries
and other consent. 40
7 1. Electricity Guidance Notes for New, Extension
to Existing or Modification of Electrical Work.
2. Indian Electricity Act 1910 & Rules 1956.
Statutory Appeal. 75
8 Abstract I Electricity-Policy on Captive
Power Generation Plant. 30
9 Abstract -II Electricity-Electrical Inspectorate-
Services rendered by Inspectors-Scale of fees
Revised-Orders-Issued. Energy (B1) Dept. 50
10 Electricity Code of Practice of Earthi ng
(IS-3043-1987) 50
11. T.N. Tax on Consumpti on or sale of Electricity
Act 2003 and Rules made there under. 75
121
Guidelines for Installation of Transformer
SUb-station oil filled equipment etc. in the Buildings 60
13. Technical Hand Book on Electrical Information 10
14. Indian Electricity Act 2003, Indian Electricl!Y_Rules 1956 60
15. Electrical Data 50
16. Electricity Pack 400
N.B. Packing & Forwarding Charges Extra.
PLEASE NOTE: Out-station members are requested to send the payment by
D.O. only in favour of TNEIE Assn 'A' Grade
Electrical Installation Engineer' Newsletter - February 2010 25
EARTHING, LIGHTNING & SURGE PROTECTION
Ref.: (1) IS 3043, Code Practise of Earthing
What is Earthing? To earth is to connect any conductor
(2) British Standard 7671, Wiring regulation
(3) IEEE 142 Grounding industrial &
Commercial Power System.
or conductive part with the general mass of earth,
which serves here as an important and very large
(4) IEC 60364 Electrical Installation in
equipotential bondi ng and a reference potential point
building (What ever connected to earth is at that referen e
(5) lEC 613 ] 2 Internal S urge Protection
voltage).
(6) TEC 6]024 External Lighting Protection
(7) ABB Swi tch gear man ual
The letters used in Earthing have their origin in from
(8) Siemens El ectrical Installation hand book French terms.
METHODS OF EARTHING Fir t Letler: - Indicates the rel ationsh.ip of
th e su pply system Neutral Earth
(Functional Earth)
r
CO Terre (F) Earth (E) Direct Connection
I
of supply Neutral with earth
I I
(I) Isolate (F & E) : the li n parts isolated
from earth
LT. T.T. T.N. Second Letter:- Tndicates the relation ship
of the exposed conductive parts of the
I Installation to earth
(T) Terre (F) Earth (E) Di rect Electrical
r
connection of expo ed conduction parts to
earth / independent earth
I
T.N -S T.N-C-S T.NC
(N) au tre (F) Neutral (E) The direct
Electrical connection of the ex posed
conduction parts to the earthed point of the
(PME)
power system i.e., Neutral point.
Subsequent Letters
TN System: - The Source of energy neutral directl y earthed hence the
letter T, and the exposed conductive parts of all installation are
(S) Sepere (F) Separate (E) Neutral
connected to that earthed point, by a PEN conductor in TN-C, by a
and Protective functions provided
separate conductor in TN-S and partly by PEN conductor and partl y by
by separate conductor.
separate conductor in TN-C-S. Conditi on is Zs Ia ::; 230 vol ts where Zs
- Earth Fault loop impedance and Ia = Current required to operate the
(C) Combine (F) Combined (E)
protective system.
Neutral and Protecti ve functions
are combined in a single
TN-C ystem
conductor. TN-C System Ale t:l
R
u
. ,-f
The choice of earthing system is
based upon the pennissible touch
voltage (Protection against indirect
contact for human) i.e., 50 volts
Alc & 120 vol ts Alc for 5 minutes
(Max) according to world health
organization (Electropathology of
/
~
PEN Combined
.....
ro
..-4
-
... N
ro
.....
IIJ
s::
-
1 Y
-4
ro
v
human) - (Details attached) and
.....
,..
performance of li ve stock. The
design of earthi ng system based on
f r\
.....
:l B
u
W
--t
thermal loading and the potential
~
which may appear on it. The
thennal loading is determined by
the current that flows through the
part of the earthing systems in
N & PE combined so PEN
question under fault conditions &
by the cl eari ng time of the
protective system.
"Everything is Practice." Pele
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsletter - February 2010 26
TN-S System
1N- C System D/C
L +.
-

-
LI
LI &PE
Comb ined
Fault current return back to source through defined metallil: path.
E
-=;
.
.
T
TN-C-S System
'rn-S Sys tern A/C
R
N
y
B
PE
1N-S Sys t em D/C
-=:
I
-
.,
N & PE Separate
L+
LI ____


Neutral and PE combined in suppliers distribution & separate in consumers install ation.
General for TN system there is a definite metallic path is available for the fault current to return back to
source.
"We must use time wisely andforever realize that the time
is always ripe to do right." Nelson Mandela
Eleclricallnstallation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 27
TT System
ThI-C-$ System we
-! R
PEN N
/

N
PE
i Y
r "\
i B
l2istdbJt.im
Ir m,q]Jatirn
-+- COmb i -it
.-tf- -ft
+-TN - C --ia
looef
1N-S -+
-'-
-= E
Thl-C-S Sys tem D/C
1N - C---PP 1+-11'1 s--+-I
--t----..,-------.!....--r------!...- L +
LI
-.


L---i---t--;--- P E
System earth & exposed conductive parts are earthed separately.
In TT system fault current has to return back to source via General Mass of earth, hence soil resistivity is very
important.
Condition Fa Ia < 50 volts
IT Systems we
/

{
l\
-
'--
Ra _
.
.
Path of fault current through
o earth ro &uil G3neral ID3SS f
resistivity it ism:st irrp:rt.ant
. R
N
:l Y
1 B
-
_ Rb
.
... ...
II>
.. . .... . ......
"It is possible to fly without motors, but not without knowledge and skill. "
Wilbur Wright
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 28
--
--
IT Syst ern D/C
+

.
IT System
SYSlem earth is not there and neutral floats only conduction parts are earthed.
In a single fault, fault current can't return back to source, since source is isolated.
R
.. N

:I. Y
i B
I. T. System A/C
-
L...
1.T. Systfn IYe
+

.
-
Area of Applications
1. TN-C:- Not Recommended by standards, since parallel current paths all
disturb ITlMeasurement systems.
TN-S System
Recommended by all standards throughout the world for industries with
dedicated substation.
TN-C-S
Recommended for L.T.
consumers suitable for
Industrial, Residential and
Commercial utilisation
voltage. I.E. Rules 1956,
Insists this type of supply to
all L.T. consumers.
T.T. Systems
Recommended for
construction sites and cattle
farms. Ra Ia < 50 volts Alc.
New construction sites
where full equipotential
Bonding is not possible
and a 0.5 amps (500
milliamperes) current can
substantially reduce the
lactation of live stocks
so T.T. system is
recommended.
I.T. System
Recommended for Industries
where supply continuity is
important (for continuous
process industries. Hospital
life saving Equipments, for
control of sea going vessels
and aircrafts ...... etc. Main
disadvantage - Insulation
monitoring must be there for
throughout the period to
monitor insulation failure.
Ra Id 50 volts Alc
Equipotential Bonding
Electrical connection putting
various exposed conductive
parts & extraneous
conductive parts at a
substantially equal potential
(allowed difference is 50
volts Ale and 100 volts Ole).
By Bonding we are
preventing dangerous flow
of current through human
body. Electric shock is not
due to voltage but due to
flow of current.
Effect of current flowing
through conductors
1. Thermal effect, it is
proportional to square of the
current and time (The effect
of Electrical heating is
proportional to F')
2. Dynamic effect, it is
proportional to square of the
current, length of the
conductor and distance
between paraller conductors.
The effect of Electro
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 29
mechanical forces are Bus Bar Bending, fly off of
E xtraneous conductive part
windings .... etc. in short circuit and lightning.
That the part of Electrical equipment, but can be alive
Protective Earth:
incase of fault. eg:- Ducts of Alc Plant .... .. etc.
This is the earthing conductor of exposed conductive
parts (that doesn't belong to the normal operatin
a
Reference Earth:
circuit conductors) for the protection of persons from Suffi iently remote Earth appro x 20 mtrs away from
excessive touch voltage (Colour Yellow/Green). your earth electrode under test.
Functional Earthing (System Earthing)
Earth Electrode resistance Ra is the resistance of
This is the earthing of a point in the operating circuit
earth bet \ een an earth electrode and a reference earth
which is necessary for the satisfactory operation of
(remote earth)
equipment or system. The value of this ea11h is limited
to < 2 ohms.
Reference Earth ( eutral Eal'th) is part of earth,
Exposed conductive Parts
Part of the Electrical Installation normally not alive,
but incase of fault these parts get live. Eg:- Motor
Yoke, frame of tube light, mechanical structure .... . .
etc.
especially the earth' llrface outside the area of
influence of an earth electrode or earthing system, is
part of earthing . y. t m at which no appreciable
voltages due to earth curr ms appear between any two
points.
Type of Earthing
Plate Pipe Rod Strip I Ring
conductor
Matt I Mesh Foundation
Earth
(through proper
Isolators)
Radial Ring
Combined
- K : . ~ : ; 0
Area of Application
3. Rod Earthing:- Universally accepted method. Deep
1. Plate Electrode:- Where current density is more
driven Rods can reach the distribut d ubstrata of
(more than 6 KA & duration is more or equal to 3
minutes) in T. T. system.
earth. In tropical climate thi ub {fa( i always moist
throughout the year. Rods doe not initiate corrosion,
Disadvantages
since Rods are norrnall made out f stainless teeL.
1. Excavation is necessary, so greater depth can't be
In Rocky and hard latrite area. bore 10 cm di a hole,
achieved, so it is expensi ve.
place the rod and fi ll it with Bantonite.
2. Areas like rocky & hard latrite soil practically
4. Strip I round conductor earthing
impossible for plate earth Installations.
3. Very difficult to get the desired value or back fill
must be suitable to get desired value and the back fi ll
should not initiate corrosi on and it. should be eco
Accepted for Rock. / hard latrite areas, since
excavation of trench depth limited to 4.5 cm. But not
accepted in PoLar regions (Northern Europe & North
friendly (should not spoil nearby vegetation)
Ameri an ounrrie ). In Polar region depth of Trench
2. Pi pe Earthi ng:- Sui table where current density is
must be greater than frozen ground level it is usually
less than 6 KA in TT system.
I mtr. - 1.5 mtr. Resi tivity of ice is very large and
Di sadvantages are as above for Plate Electrode
frozen soil i treated as ice in Electrical Engineering).
Electrical Install ation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 30
s. Mat (Mesh) earthing
Accepted for large substation & generating station
accepted in polar region a10ng with deep driven rods.
Good to handle large fault levels. Trench back fill must
be bentonite (a mixture of bentonite and soil without
broken stones, dirts .. ... etc. must be used to fill back
its trench).
SELECT]ON OF EARTHING MATERIALS
1. It should be mechanically robust.
2. Should not corrode for a reasonable period (for 30
. ears or more) and should not initiate corrosion to
()ther buried metal structures & cables. (Generally
chosen Electrode must be compatible to other buried
metal parts). The electrode and buried metal parts
should not connect if they are widely separated in
Electrochemical series. (Copy auached)
3. Thermal with stand capability to handle fault current
for the given time.
The earth electrode resistance Ra is a measure of the
effectiveness of the earthing system. It is in turn
depends upon the length of the earth electrode and the
soil resistivity. The length of the electrode is much
more significant in this respect than cross section.
To get low electrode resistance, current density must
be low. This can only be achieved, if one dimension is
larger than other two dimensions.
For very low earth electrode resistance are necessary,
combination of various type electrodes are used. They
are deep driven rods with radial system / deep driven
rods with ring electrode . ..... etc
Identification Marks
1. Green in meant for earth and associated connection
up to Bonding Bar
2. Yellow / Green is the colour meant for protective
earth conductor (IS 3043) and VDE 0100 part 540.
Equipotential Bonding:
Bonding is to ensure that if a fault develops, then the
potential on all exposed conductive metal work is
virtually at the same level.
Reference Earth:- Minimum 20 mtrs is required to
have a reference point / remote earth.
Tinned Copper Electrodes
No use of tinned materials as earth electrodes. Bul
tinned PE conductors are used where dissimilar
materials are connected together or in corrosive
chemical areas.
Back fill of earth
Bentonite, Marconite, Concrete encased Electrode, Salt
Energy in a 200 KA

,
down conductor
impedance
iss:IY 20
xxxx
50
Earth resi.St.En:e
(iIrp3dance)
Ohm's law V =IR
Voltage drop on down conductor
Conductor 200 x 1000 x 2 =400000 volts =400 KV
Voltage drop on Earth Electrode
200 x 1000 x 5 =1000000 =1000 KV
Effective Time of lightning 500 )1s
Calculation of Energy in KWH (Kilo Watt Hour)
Note: 1 KWH =3.6. x 10
6
Joules 3.6 million Joules
Effective Time of lightning 500 )1s
Proportionate Lightning
Energy dissipated by down
Conductor to shunt down
200 KA at 10/350 )1s wave
400000 200 x 1000 500
H= x x ----
1000 10
6
x 3600
Voltage drop in volts x current in amperes x time in hours=KWH
1000
= 11.11 KWH
200 KA 10/350 J1S Wave
& Charcoal (in General back fill must be damp and
slightly alkaline).
EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION
IEC 61024
Energy in lightning is almost nil (KWH is almost Nil) .
Maximum accepted current 200 KA at 10/350/)1s and
frequency is 20 KHz accepted by International
tandards li ke IECIIEEE and VDE. Voltage of strike
is not known since arcing resistance depends lot of
other atmospheric factors.
200
180
100

10 350
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 31
Proportionate lightning energy shared by earth
electrode
1000000 x 200 x 1000 x 500
H= - -
1000 1000000 x 3600
Voltage drop in volts xcurrent in amperes xtime in hours = KWH
1000
= 27.78 KWH
(Earth is very huge and this energy is nothing for this
mass)
Important thing is, we must reduce the inductance of
down conductor by adopting proper method of laying
and proper selection of conductor. NEC recommends
50 mm
2
is max. size of down conductor.
Methods of External lightning protection
1. Faraday cage 100% guaranteed.
2. Rolling sphere, lightning sphere method almost
100%. guaranteed and suitable for any size of
structure, cost is less.
3. Franklin rod suitable only up to 20 mts hei ghl
structure cost is less
4. Active Rods, cost is high and protection is almost
like Franklin rod. These systems are not approved
by nations other than France / Spain & Australia.
Type of active rods 1. ESE terminals, 2. CSE
terminals, 3. Ion Generators
Method of Working
1. Neuclear Powered (Totally Banned)
2. Voltage Pulsating
3. Voltage Sparkling
SIDE STRIKE & SIDE FLASH
Side Strike
Downward leader is stepped type and maximum length
is 50 mtrs and minimum length is 25 mtrs.
If the structures / Towers are not properly protected
by proper design of finials and down leaders though
protection for external lightning is provided on top,
the 1 eader can strike on the sides of structure / Towers.
Side Flash
If enough voltage is dropped on down conductor due
to improper method of laying, this voltage seeks low
independence other paths and flashes I strikes to that
point. To prevent this bonding is the only way.
Advantage of Tinning Earth plate I Electrode
There may be Electro Chemical Advantage by tinning
Eatth Electrodes and if done, is not proper it gives you
more problems like heating, burning of joints .... . . etc.
Tinning is advantage for Earth conductors (PE) in
lightly corrosive areas like chemical Industry, Thermal
Plants....... etc.
General recommendation for External lightning
protection
1. Bonding must be done.
2. Selected down conductors must be suitable to
reduce skin effect.
3. Redu e the impedance by adopting correct method
oflaying (Ie avoid sharp bends & turns ..... .
etc)
4. Elcctroch mical series must be checked before
selecting Earth Electrode materials.
5. Concrete of rur must be used for earthing
and it must be b n d with electrodes by adopting
suitable method .
EXTERNAL SURGE PROTECTION
Ref IEC 61312. Ie troDic . . Protection hand
book.
Wave of Surges
1. Due to switching inducti \e & apa ' 11 \ ' 10 < d .
2. Due to lightning
Lightning effects due to
I
Galvanic Capacitive
Inductive
Coupling Coupling
Coupling
Switch surge voltages are valid for 1.2/50 Ils & current
rated for 8120 fls
Lightning surge voltages are rated for 1.2/50 fls &
current rated for 10/350 flS
Protection for Switch Surge Waves and Lightning
Waves
Switch Surge Wave Protection
This limits the voltage and give Equipotential bonding
(A General surge protection concept is SPD i ' diverting
all unwanted current to the earth. It is only possible if
earth resistance is absolutely Zero)
j
....
,;,
350
-p tirre
8 10 20
Il
s
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsletter Februarv 2010 32
Lightning Wave Protection Zones
1. LPZoA - External lightning, here protection is only
possible with earthed metal part max. rate is 200 KA
at 10/350 !l s
2. LPZo
B
- Surgt:;$ due LO extemallightning here we do
face li ghtning current due to Galvanic, inductive and
capaCi li\'e coupling max. rated 50 KA at 10/350 ).l.s
detector class B arrestor (spark gap)
3. LPZ - I effect further reduced max. expected current
oKA at 8/20 ).l.s Protector class 'C' arrestor (MOV)
4. LPZ - 2 further reduced its rate of change of current
with respect to time (dildt) Protector class 'D' arrestor
(MOV) (Fine Protector)
Residual voltage, Threshold Voltage, Voltage
Protection level of MOV:- Voltage released by MOV
by diverting surge current.
Voltage protection level of class 'B' arrestor. It is very
less something about 80 volts.
Follow on current
The current followed the surge due to the source
voltage. This is only applicable to spark gap arrestors
and its quenching capacity should not be less than
1OKA.
Type of Switching
Mechanical switching against lightning is not possible
since breaker opening time is in Milli Seconds, only
static switching is possible.
1. Spark gap & GDT, response time < 100 NS
2. MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) response time < 25
NS
3. ASD (Avlanche silicon diodes) response time < 5
NS
Following are further to read
1. Design of Earthing System (part 1& 2)
2. "Earthing and Earth Leakage - "Chapter 5""
3. "Earthing & EMC A systems Approach to Earthing"
"Chapter 6.1" in Power Quality Application Guide
by CDA.
4. "Earthing & EMC :
Earthing Systems - Fundamentals of Calculation
Design "(Chapter 6.3.1)". Power Quality
Application Guide by CDA.
5. "Earthing & EMC"
Earthing Systems - Basic Constructural Aspects
chapter 6.5.1" Power Quality Application Guide by
CDA
6. "Earthing arrangements and protective Conductors"
(Extracts of Chapter 54: Part 5: IEC 60364 Electrical
Installation of Buildings)
7. "Earthing arrangements and equipotential bonding
for information technology installations
Extracts of section 548: Chapter 54 Part 5: IEC
60364: Electrical Installation of Buildings
S. Subramanian, Energy Consultant
fonnel" CEIG, Ph : 044-2490 3086
i ) i m o n ~
POWER LINKS
ISO 9001
94/95, Triplicane High Road,
Chennai ~ 600 005.
Ph : 28420695, Mobile : 9282143549
<t> HEAT SHRI KABLE&
EPOXY CD PDU D TYPE
CABL DINTI G ITS
From
I. I KV (LT) to 33 KV (HT)
FREE I ST ATION SERVICE
Electrical Installation Engineer' Newsletter - February 2010 33
Lightning Wave Protection Zones
1. LPZoA - External lightning, here protection is only
possible with earthed metal part max. rate is 200 KA
at 10/350 /ls
2. LPZofl - Surge due to external lightning here we do
face lightning current due to Galvanic, inductive and
capaciti \' oupling max. rated 50 KA at 101350 /ls
detector cia s B arrestor (spark gap)
3. LPZ - 1effect further reduced max. expected current
i 40 KA at 8/20 Ils Protector class 'C' arrestor (MOV)
4. LPZ - 2 further reduced its rate of change of current
with respect to time (dildt) Protector class 'D' arrestor
(MOV) (Fine Protector)
Residual voltage, Threshold Voltage, Voltage
Protection level of MOV:- Voltage released by MOV
by diverting surge current.
Voltage protection level of class 'B' arrestor. It is very
less something about 80 volts.
Follow on current
The current followed the surge due to the source
voltage. This is only applicable to spark gap arrestors
and its quenching capacity should not be less than
10KA.
Type of Switching
Mechanical switching against lightning is not possible
since breaker opening time is in Milli Seconds, only
static switching is possible.
1. Spark gap & GDT, response time < 100 NS
2. MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) response time < 25
NS
3. ASD (Avlanche silicon diodes) response time < 5
NS
Following are further to read
l. Design of Earthing System (part 1& 2)
2. "Earthing and Earth Leakage - "Chapter 5""
3. "Earthing & EMC A systems Approach to Earthing"
"Chapter 6.1" in Power Quality Application Guide
by CDA.
4. "Earthing & EMC :
Earthing Systems - Fundamentals of Calculation
Design "(Chapter 6.3.1)". Power Quality
Application Guide by CDA.
5. "Earthing & EMC"
Earthing Systems - Basic Constructural Aspects
chapter 6.5.1" Power Quality Application Guide by
CDA
6. "Earthing arrangements and protective Conductors"
(Extracts of Chapter 54: Part 5: JEC 60364 Electrical
Installation of Buildings)
7. "Earthing arrangements and equipotential bonding
for information technology installations
Extracts of section 548: Chapter 54 Part 5: JEC
60364: Electrical Installation of Buildings
S. Subramanian, Energy Consultant
fc.mner CEIG, Ph : 044-2490 3086
POWER LINKS
94/95, Triplicane High Road,
Chennai - 600005.
Ph : 28420695, Mobile: 9282143549
(i) HEATSHRI l AB E&
EPOXY CO POUND TYPE
CABLE JDI TI G KITS
From
I . I KV (LT) to 33 KV {HT)
FREE I ST TION SERVICE
Eleclricallnslallalion Engineer - Newsletter February 2010 33
- -
- -
- -
ELECTRICAL ENERGY EXCELLENCE SERIES - 9
Biomass as a Source of Electrical Energy:
...: '0,'\11'",. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
In a recent National Seminar on Energy, there was an
Appeal that similar to the 'Solar Mission' taken up and
declared by Government ofIndia, Biomass Mission should
also be taken up as our Country has a Large Potential. In
fact it is the opinion of the Experts that the Potential is
much bigger than the so far identified and declared
Potential by the different agencies.
Biomass Resource
Global Primary Energy needs presently is around 10,000
MTOE
Solar Energy that is biologically absorbed in Biomass is
estimated as 150,000 MTOE India has 141 million
Hectares of arable land and Agricultural and Horticultural
output is close to 800 million tons, which generates 700
million tons of waste. Hence, even after deducting
approximately 450 million tons of waste which is used as
fodder, 250 million tons of surplus Agricultural waste
could be used for Biomass Power Generation.
India has 250 Million live stock and 500 million Poultry
birds, which produce nearly 1300 million tons of animal
waste. After deducting the waste used by rural households
as cooking fuel etc., there is significant amount of animal
waste to be used as Biomass Energy Source. Conservative
estimate of Potential for Power Generation through
productive utilization of agricultural residues and livestock
waste generated could be put at about 25,000MW.
70 million hectares of Forest land result in growth and
waste as follows:
Assuming forest stocks of 1 OOCumlhectare and dead waste
generation of 5% p.a., annual generation of forestry waste
is 350 million cum or 280 million MT. Only a small
fraction is put to use as cooking fuel or fuel wood.
Assuming annual growth of 3 curnJ year, there would be
210 million cum or 160 million MT annual growth in forest
stocks. For both the above institutional Mechanism could
be created for selective and sustainable use of Biomass
for Power Generation in normal and remote and tribal
areas.
-I
Energy
Electrical
Energy Source c:;) Conversion c:::;;
Energy
Process
.,.

In w proal} of pholOSyl'ltN:s.h,. pI..13 (onwn niliant anl!l'V)' from
th JWI illIG tlwmiuf anc'lD' fann 01 gluCOle or Jug_r.
w&ter .- arbon dioxlck .. HI: gfll -- glucose . OIC)'g,,-n
6 l-1A -+ 6 CO, - lid c.H"O, . 6 0 ,
Types of Biomass
Crops
Wood
Garbage
l andfill Gas Alcohol Fuels
Animal and Poultry
wastes as Source of
Energy
Eleclricallnslallalion Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 34
Electricity Generation using Biomass and Livestock wastes:
Present Methods whi ch are tested and proven world over comprise of 3 Basic Routes, namely:
1. Anearobic Digesti on for Producing Biogas and using it for Running of Engine and Generator
2. Gasification Process by which ' Producer Gas' is produced whk h i used for RUnIDng Engine and Generator
BiDBCIS System for Farm Industry
igaz
Eleclricall nslallalion Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 35
3. Combustion of the Biomass as fuel in Boilers for Generation of Steam to Run Turbine and Generator
All the three Routes will be discussed in the later Parts ofthe Presentation analyzing the Capacity, Efficiency,
and various oth r factors to understand the suitability of different options.
(To be cOfltiflued)
S.Mabadevan, BE, Fill, MBA,
Consultant, Energy and Energy Efficiency
Cell : 98401 55209
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eat S rinkable Type Cable Joint Kit
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Joint.
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Indoor & Outdoor.
GOPI ELECTRICAL
(Round Th
Indoor Termination Kit Outdoor Termination Kit
Right angle Boot
El eclricallnslallation Engineer ' Newsletter - February 2010 36
PLANNING THE INSTALLATION
Drawings and specification
The first concept of what the electrical installation is
to be like is gained by the electrician when looking at
the specification and drawings for the first time. In
simpl terms the specification will give him details of
the L pc and quality of the materials and the standards
of workmanship required, while the drawing will show
him details of the location of all the items of equipment
and enable him to determine the quantity of materials
required.
The types of drawings most commonly encountered
by the electrician are:
circuit diagrams:
wiring diagrams:
block diagrams:
layout drawings.
Cir cuit diagrams A circuit diagram shows clearly
the way that components are connected for a given
piece of equipment. It will use BS 3939 symbol s to
depict the components, and the layout and
interconnections will bear no relation to the way that
these will actually be on the equipment but will be
drawn in the simplest and clearest way.
Wiring diagrams Wiring diagrams show how the
components are to be wired and how and where the
connections are to be made. The components are often
drawn to physically resemble the items they represent
and are often placed on the drawing in the positions
that they will actually take up in the equipment.
Block diagrams Block diagrams, sometimes referred
to as line diagrams, use square blocks to represent plant
or equipment. Lines are drawn showing
interconnections but these will not represent the actual
wiring as in the two examples above. Detail of what
the blocks represent will either be written in the block
or to one side. The interconnecting lines will have
details written at the side indicating what cables these
represent.
Examples of circuit, wiring and block diagrams are
given on Information Sheet No. lB.
Layout drawings An architectural plan of the building
will have, had the layout of plant and equipment added
to it by the electrical designer as detailed above. The
symbols representing this will be to BS 3939; these
are different, however, to the ones used in circuit
diagrams so care should be taken not to confuse the
two.
A representative selection of the most widely used BS
3939 symbols is shown on Infonnation Sheet No.IC
and they are built up from certain basic shapes. For
example, a switch socket outlet with an indicating light
wi ll be depicted by the drawing of a socket outlet
) rub I wi th the symbol for a lumi naire point added
to it.
An example of a layout drawing IS given on
Infonnation Sheet No. I D.
Preparation of material lists
The electrician will often be asked to prepare a list of
materials that are required for a particular section of
the contract. These materials fall into the two main
categories below.
Numbered items These are materials that can be
counted, for example switch sockets, lighting switches
or ceiling roses. The best way to approach this is to
make yourself a 'Take off sheet'. This consists of a
sheet of paper divided into columns for each of the
items, which are indicated by drawing the symbol for
each item at the head of each column (see Information
Sheet No. IE) . The items are then counted for each
section of the work and a total arrived at for each item.
Measured items These are materials such as cable,
trunking or cable tray. These will require measuring
either by visiting the site and physically measuring
them, or by taking the measurements from the 'layout
drawing'. If it is required to measure a length of a
cable for example, a look at the drawing will show the
route that the cable is taking. If the cable route is not
shown, then this can be established by reading the
specification and looking at the layout drawing. The
drawing wi ll be to scale so any measurement that is
obtained wi ll have to be multiplied by this. For
example, a measurement of 200 nun on a drawing with
a scale of 1: 100 would represent on site 200 x 100 or
20,000 mm, which is 20 m of cable.
Look at the drawing on Information Sheet NO.1 D; it
shows a layout drawing for a house extension. Using
the BS 3939 on Information Sheet No.IC, make
yourself a take off sheet and count the number of
different items shown on the layout drawing. The
quantities should match those on the take off sheet on
Information Sheet No.1 E. You must not forget that
each accessory will require a backing box, and that
the consumer unit will want protective devices and
meter tai ls.
The scale of the drawing is I: 100 so 1 mm on the
drawi ng will represent 100 mm on site. Measure the
run of cable from the consumer unit to the cooker unit.
This should be close to the measurement given on
Information Sheet No. IE. Do not forget to allow for
the cable rising from the consumer uni t to the ceiling
void and al ' 0 dropping down to the cooker unit at the
other end. It is customary to allow an additional
amount for termination of the cable at either end and
in this case a total of 0.5 m was allowed for this.
Finally the materials should be written out clearly on
a requisiti on s heet simi lar to the one shown on
Information Sheet No. IF. This is either forwarded to
your company's office or taken directly to your stores.
Some companies allow their senior site staff to order
materials di rectly from the suppliers ; in this case the
detai ls would be made out on a company' s order form.
Electrical Installation Engineer' Newsletter February 2010 37
Information Sheet No. IB Circuit, block and
wiring diagrams. 2 Bl k D'
. oc lagram
1. Circuit Diagram
Service cable
3. Wiring Diagram
r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 ~ r - CPC
N
- - 0() P
J
Cooker unit
"
'---i---+-...J I
Cooker
LAYOUT DRA WING - HOUSE EXTENSION PLANNING A REWIRE UPSTAIRS
,
.....
>'< - '.
Left: Start with a plan of the outlets and
fittings you require, show lights and switches
on a different set of plans from the socket
outlets if this is easier. Add in fused connection -+
units and other types of outlet, plus any
non-mains wiring outlets. Include large
current users which will need their own
circuits.
I
I c,",
I
I I
I 0 I
L _____ .J
DOWNSTAIRS
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 38
ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS
Types of Diagrams
The diagrams used in electrical engineering are
classifi ed according to the purpose and the method of
represenlHti on.
Classification of diagrams according to purpose:
Di agram. rna be classified, depending upon the
purpose as follows:
, \ iri ng diagram.
, Circuit (or schematic) diagram.
(a) Wiring diagram: A wiring diagram shows
the connections of an installation or part of
an installation. It shows how the connections
are actually made and also gives the layout
of the wiring.
IS: 2042 (Part-I) defines a wiring diagram
thus: "The wiring diagrams are intended to
guide the execution and checking of the
internal and external, or both, connections
of an installation or part of the installation.
The drawings may sometime show the
layout of the different parts and accessories,
such as terminal blocks, and the wiring
between them."
(b) Circuit (or schematic) diagram: This is an
explanatory diagram meant for easy
understanding of the operation of an electric
circuit. The diagram is arranged in such a
way that as far as possible every circuit is
drawn in a straight line in order that it may
easily be followed. While designing an
electric circuit it is easier, and therefore
usual, first to draw a schematic diagram. A
schematic diagram should, therefore, be as
simple and clear as possible.
IS: 2032 -1962 defin es a circuit (or
schematic) diagram thus: "An explanatory
diagram intended to facilitate the
understanding of the details of operation. It
shows by symbols on an installation or part
of an installation all the el ec tri cal
connections concerned in its opermion. "
Examples of wiring diagram and schematic
diagram
Figure 1 shows the wiring diagram of two lights
controlled by two individual switches and one fan
controlled by one switch and a fan regulator. Figure 2
hows the schematic diagram for the electrical circuit
of the wiri ng diagram of figure 1.
ompari on of figures 1 and 2 makes it clear that
th wiring diagram shows how actually the connections
are made and how the wiri ng is laid out indicating the
location of witches, lamps, fans, regulators, etc. The
schematic diagram on the other hand is an explanatory
diagram from which the details of operation can be
easily understood. Power wiring used in domestic and
commercial buildings is not always so complicated as
to require that a schematic diagram be drawn first.
-
1'1-
.. . ..
. -,
:
I .... f'
J
I
I
C
P
)1,1
:ili
l.
I
.\.
I
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Figure 1: Multiline wiring diagram.
L ---.----t----'1r-
N- - - 4 - - - - ~ - _ _ ' _ __
Figure 2: Schematic diagram.
However, wiring used fofcontrol circuits, as will be
seen later in this course, can be very complicated. It
makes it far easier to arrive at an appropriate control
arrangement by first drawing a schematic diagram
from which follows an appropriate wiring diagram.
The following important points should be kept in mind
while drawing a schematic diagram (refer figure 2).
(i) The supply lines should be drawn horizontal while
the different circuit connections should be drawn
vertical.
(ii) Branched circuits of equal importance should be
drawn similar to one another.
(iii) Switches, push buttons and contacts should be
drawn in such a way that their movement is from
left to right.
(iv) Switches, pu h-buttons and contacts should be
drawn in non-actuated posi tion.
(v) When there is a sequence of operations the circuit
which is actuated fIrs t should be drawn more to
the left.
(vi) Crossing of lines should be avoided as far as
possible.
METHODS OF REPRESENTATION FOR
WIRING DIAGRAMS
A Wiring diagram may be shown in multil ine
representation or in a single line representation.
Figure 1 shows a wiring diagram in mul tili ne
representation. The same diagram can be represented
in single line as shown in figure 3.
Electricallnstaliation Engi neer - NewsleHer - February 2010 39
,4
slanting lines marked over the single line. If the number
4
of wires running together is more than three, it is
sufficient to draw only one crossing line over the single
line and indicate by means of a figure the number of
wires (figure 3). Several similar accessories mounted
;- -- -fi- i
I l' I
side by ide in one figure are represented by one single
symbol along with a figure which indicates the number
of such accessories used. This will be clear by reference
1
L _______ ...J
to figure were two switches have been represented by
symbol for one ' witch.
This will be noted from Figure 3 that those lines
which run together in the multiline representation
of figure 1 are in a single line representation
represented by a single line. The number of wires is
represented by an equal representation of short thin
Actual practice it is not u. ual to draw multiline wiring
diagrams. Single diagram give 'ufficient information
to the wireman to indicate the diagram required and to
actually carry out the installation.
EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER
It can be seen that the human body is
so feeble to be protected from an
electric circuit. At the same time, the
improved measures on electrical
installation practices with the advent
of developments in technology and
other safety measures obviate the fear
of electrocution. If shock currents can
be kept below these values by a
carefully designed earthing and
protecti ve arrangements, injury can be
avoided.
Earth leakage circuit breaker is one of
such a life saving device and it has to
be utilized at the appropriate locations.
The principle of operation of this
device is explained below:
HOW AN ELCB (GFCI) WORKS
ELCBs are devices that sense when
current-even a small amount
passes to earth through any path other
than the proper conductor. When this
condition exists, the ELCB quickly
opens the circuit, stopping all current
flow to the circuit and to a person
receiving the earth-fault shock. Thus
ELCB de-energizes a circuit when a
current to ground could result in
electric shock. The ELCB interrupts
power before it reaches a level that
would cause injury.
The following figure shows a typical
circuit arrangement of an ELCB
designed to protect personnel.
Differential transformer continuously monitors circuit to ensure that
aLL current that flows out to motor or appliance returns to the source
via the circuit conductors. If any leaks to afault, the sensing circuit
opens the circuit breaker and stops all current flow.
GrouQd
Fig: How an ELCB (OFCI) Works
The incoming two-wire circuit is connected to a two-pole, shunt-trip
overload circuit breaker. The loadside conductors pass through a
differential coil onto the outgoing circuit. As long as the current in
both load wires is within specified tolerances, the circuit functions
normally. If one of the conductors comes in contact with a earthed
condition or passes through a person's body [0 earth, an unbalanced
current is established. This unbalanced current is picked up by the
differential transformer, and a current is established through the
sensing circuit to energize the shunt tri p of the overload circuit breaker
and quickly open the main circuit. A fuse or circuit breaker cannot
provide this kind of protection. The fuse or circuit breaker will trip
or open the circuit only if a line-to-line or hne-to-earth fault occurs
that is greater than the circuit protection device rating.
ELCB-protected circuits is one way of providing protection of
personnel using electric hand tools on construction sites, damp
locati ons individual houses etc.
Electricallnstaliation En!lineer - Newsletter - March 2010 40
THE INV ALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORLD OF
INDIANS - Lived Thousands of Years Ago
ACHARYA KANAD (600 BCE) FOUNDER OF ATOMIC THEORY
As the f ounder of 'Vaisheshik Darshan '
one ofsix principal philosophies of India
- A charya Kanlld was U Reni us in
philosophy. He is believed to have been
born in Prabhas Kshetra near Dwarika
in He was the pioneer expounder
of realism, law of causation and the
atomic theory. He has classified all the
objects of creation. into nin.e elemen.ts,
narnely: earth, water, light, wind, elher,
time, space, miTld and sOltl. He says,
'EvefY objeCT ofcreation is made ofatoms
which in tum connect with each other to
f orm molecules. ' His statement ushered
ill the Atomic TheOlyfor theftrst time ever
in the world, nearly 2500 years before
John Dalton. Kallad has also described
the dimension and motion of atoms and
their chemical reactions with each other.
The eminent historian, T.N. Colebrook,
has said, 'Compared to the scienti ts of
Europe, Kanad and other Indian scientists
were the global masters of this field. '
COST APPROACH
Such information as is available suggests that there are two
Although the cost method of prici ng is extremely popular,
basic approaches to price making. The first might be described
there is reason to question its economic soundness. It is
as the cost approach and the second as the market approach
obviously true that in the long run the prices a company
to price making. The cost approach seems to be the more
receives for its products must equal or exceed company costs.
popular of the two. The cenlral idea of this meLhod is very
If the price is less than cost, the company will gradually go
simple. The price maker adds together the individual cost items
bankrupt. However, the mere fact that buyers wi ll not pay a
as detennined by cost-accounting methods. These unit costs
price equal to full average costs does not necessari ly mean
would include such items as raw material, direct labor, indirect
that a company should hold out for that price or quit
labor, machine time, factory overhead, warehousing, sales,
producing. In many situations a seller will be better off to
advertising, transportation, office costs, and general overhead.
sell for a time at less than his full average costs in order to
To the total of such costs, the price maker adds an amount
carry a part of his overhead than to refuse to sell at less than
representing his desired profit, and this figure represents his
cost. Where a company is producing a line of products, it
pnce.
may even be advisable to sell one or more of them pennanently
At times the cost approach to pricing is reduced to a fonnula.
at less than cost. This might be true for example, if the
The price maker observes that there seems to be a defi nite, company could not find a more profitable product to make
rather pennanent relationship between certai n of the costs and
wi th its faci lities or if the products being sold at less than full
the prices he has been setting. For example his price may
costs are helpful, from a sales point of view, in selling other
consistentl y have been approximately twice his raw-material products that are profi table. Thus, although the cost approach
and direct-labor costs. Therefore, instead of adding the
to pricing is popular and can be justified under certain
individual costs, he will use the fonnu !a of doubling his raw
circumstances, it should not be used inflexibly or under all
material and direct-labor costs. So long as the relationship
circumstances. A price based on cost cannot succeed for long
between costs and prices is close and the relative importance
in a competitive market if it is out of line with value, since
of the cost categories does not change, the method works well
competitors will force the price down to the value level.
and is a simple variation of the cost method of pricing.
Also, the purchasing agent should not be deceived into
However, one should keep in mind that cost relationships
thjnking that he is getting a bargain simply because the price
chan!!e over time, and an uncriti cal adherence to fonnula
i et at cost or less. The price should be measured by the
may uLtimately lead to noncompetitive pricing. The
value of the product to the buyer, not by its cost to the seller.
fonnula method of cost pricing is primarily applicable to a
This is a fundamental principle for the purchasing agent to
company that makes one product wit hout substantial
keep in mind in his buying.
variations.
Electricallnstallalion Engineer - Newsletter February 2010 41
THE EMPLOYEES' STATE INSURANCE
(AMENDMENT) BILL 2009 (HIGHLIGHTS)
The Central Government has decided to introduce the the People or Deputy Chairman of the Council
Employees' State Insurance (Amendment) Bill 2009, of State or when he ceases to be a member of
introduced in the Lok Sabha incorporating certain Parliament;
proposing to amend the ESI Act, 1948
(8) it enables the Employees ' State Insurance
Features: Corporation to appoint consultants and specialists
(1) it enhances the age li mit from the existing on contract without refeni ng the matter to the
eighteen years to twenty-one years for the Cenrral Government for better delivery of super
purpose of giving benefits to dependents; - speciality services;
(2) it includes an apprentice appointed under the (9) it increases public accountabili ty by valuation of
standing orders as an employee for the purpose assets once in three year from existi ng once in
of this Act; five years;
(3) it provides benefits to workers for the accidents (0) it re-designates the Insurance Inspector as Social
happening while corrunuti ng to the place of work Security Officer;
and vice versa; (11) it simplifies the determination of employer's
(4) it enables the Central Government to make rules contribuLion;
to decide dependency of the parents on the basis (12) it empowcrs the Central Government to specify
of income; by rules the other conditions for medical
(5) it provides for a new definition of "Factory" to treatment of an insured person who retires under
provide that when ten or more persons are Voluntary Retirement Scheme or takes premature
employed or were employed in the preceding retirement.
twelve months irrespective of the use of power. (13) it empowers the ESIC to enter into an agreement
(6) it empowers the Central Government to include with any local authority, or local body or private
the Director General of Employees' State body for commissioning or running ESI hospitals
Insurance Corporation as the ex-officio Chairman through third party participation for providing
and Director General, Health Services as the ex medical treatment and attendance to insured
officio Co-Chairman in the Mcdical Benefit persons; and
Council; (4) it empowers the quality of its service delivery
(7) it provides for cessation of Membership of the and raise infrastructural faciliti es by opening
Employees ' State Insurance Corporation for medical colleges and traini ng facilities in order
member of Parliament when he becomes Minister to increase its medical and para-medical staff.
or Speaker or Deputy Speaker of the House of
WHAT GREAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT INDIA,
INDIAN WORK AND GREAT INDIA
(t) Voltaire, Author and Philosopher,
(1694-1778):
"It does not behove us, who were only
savages and barbarians when these
Indian and Chinese peoples were
civilized and learned, to dispute their
antiquity. "
(u) Adam Smith, Father of economics,
and author of 'Wealth of Nations": (1723-1790)
"The difference between the gen ius of the British
constitution which protects and governs North America,
and that of the mercantile company [British East India
Company J which oppresses and domineers in the East
Indies[lndial, cannot perhaps be better illustrated than by
the different state of those countries. "
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 42
HUMOUR
Some Quotes on 'Humor'
That is the saving gra e of humor, if you fail no one is
laughing at ou. \ hitney Brown
Humor i. th only le. l gravity, and gravity of humor;
for a ubj e 'L which i ll not bear raillery, is suspicious,
and a jest which will not bear serious examination is
fal e ,- it.
Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC)
Total b-ence of humor renders life impossible.
Colette (1873 - 1954)
A sense of humor is part of the art of leadership, of
getting along with people, of getting things done.
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890 - 1969)
Humor is by far the most significant activity of the
human brain.
Edward De Bono
The world is a tragedy to those who feel, but a comedy
to those who think.
Horace Walpole (1717 - 1797)
The wit makes fun of other persons; the satirist makes
fun of the world; the humorist makes fun of himself.
James Thurber (1894 - 1961)
Defining and analyzing humor is a pastime of
humorless people.
Robert Benchley (1889 - 1945)
Life is tough, and if you have the ability to laugh at it
you have the ability to enjoy it.
Salma Hayek
Humor is also a way of saying something serious.
T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965)
There's no trick to being a humorist when you have
the whole government working for you.
Will Rogers (1879 - 1935)
HOSPITAL BILL
HEART ATTACK
A man suffered a seriolls heart attack and had an open
heart bypass surgery. He awakened from the surgery
to find himself in the care of nuns at a Catholic
Hospital.
As he was recovering, a nun asked him questions
regarding how he was going to pay for his treatment.
She asked if he had health insurance.
He replied, in a raspy voice, "No health insurance."
The nun asked if he had money in the bank.
He replied, "No money in the bank."
The nun asked, "Do you have a relative who could
help you?"
He said, "I only have a spinster sister, who is a nun."
The nun became agitated and announced loudly, "Nuns
are not spinsters! Nuns are married to God.
The patient replied, "Then send the bill to my brother
in-law."
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOCUSING ON PROBLEMS
AND FOCUSING ON SOLUTIONS
WHAT GREAT PEOPLE SAY
CASE 1
When NASA began the launch of astronauts into
space, they found out that the pens wouldn't work at
zero gravity (ink won' t flow down to the writing
surface) . To solve this problem, it took them one
decade and $12 mi ll ion.
They developed a pen that worked at zero gravi ty,
upside down, underwater, in practically any surface
incl uding crystal and in a temperature range from
below freezing to over 300 degrees C.
And what did the Russians do ... ?? They used a pencil.
CASE 2
One of the most memorable case studies on Japanese
management was the case of the empty soapbox, which
bappened in one of Japan's biggest cosmetics
companies. The company received a complaint that a
cons umer had bought a soapbox that was empty.
Immediately the authorities isolated the problem to
the assembly line, which transported all the packaged
boxes of soap to the delivery department. For some
reason, one soapbox went through the assembly line
empty. Management asked its engineers to solve the
problem. Post-haste, the engineers worked hard to
devise an X-ray machine with high-resolution monitors
manned by two people to watch all the soapboxes that
passed through the line to make sure they were not
empty. No doubt, they worked hard and they worked
fast but they spent a whoopee amount to do so.
But when a rank-and-file employee in a small company
was posed with the same problem, he did not get into
complications of X-rays, etc., but instead came out with
another solution. He bought a strong industrial
electric fan and pointed it at the assembly line. He
switched the fan on, and as each soapbox passed the
fan, it simply blew the empty boxes out of the li ne.
Always look for simple solutions. Devise the simplest
pos si ble s ol uti on t hat solves the problems.
Always focus on solutions & not on p roblems.
"It ....in be an unpardonable sin if we do not take immediate and adequate steps to preserve for
posterity the few saakhas and Upanishads which are now available'
.Pujyasri Chandraseklzarendra Saraswathi Swamigal
Electtical illstall alion Engineer Newsletter - February 2010 43
WISDOM OF "KURAL"
PART 2
Each or the 1 cbapters is headed by
one major idea such as 'Friendship',
'Wi sdom', 'J ustice', and so on. The len
verses under each maj or idea gi ve the
poet opportuni ty to expand on each idea
ful ly.
The work is divided into three sections.
The f irs t sect ion, ent itl ed I Aram '
(virtue) deals with ingredients of an ideal fami ly life. It also
give guidelines to spiri lual aspirants . The second sccbon,
broadly entitled 'Poru\' (wealth) deal. with vari ous matters
pertaining to government, like royalty, the parli ament,
politics and all iance. The third section deals with 'Ka mam'
or ' Tnbam' (lovc) and is concerned mostl y with marriage
and love.
The Tirukkural is thus a book of or ethi cs . It ranks
hi gh in the literature of Tamil ado. Cenainl it is one of
the most useful treatises on ethics ever written by man. It
leads humanity to livt:, as it ought to live- in moral punt ,
in spi ritual knowledge, and in per fect health, wealth and
prosperity. Tl is a fai thful fri nd to the family man, 10 the
mother, to childrcn, to workers, teacher, pOliticians, arti sts,
scholars and rulers.
From a persona] fmance perspecti ve, thcre are a lot of lessons
that one could learn from the (; hapters on virtue and on
wealth.
I magi ne the relevance to the cun en! ti nancial tmmoil in
developed I,;ountries to the Kura} No: 113; nandre lharinum
naduvigandhuaam aakathai andre ozhiya vidal'

6l5lL6\) - !D6Tr 113
It says: 'Even when apparently givi ng gains, ways whieh
are not truthful are to be abandoned.'
The sub-prime crisis can be quoted as an example of one
such act ivity. The lenders who got calTied away by the real
estate boom tried to make the most of the situation and ended
up going overboard due to their greed. They wound up
lending money to lower value assets.
Those borrowing were al so in the same mental fr ame to
make the most of some one who is ready to lend to them.
They disobeyed every fundamental law that dictates basic
economics and as the act was devoid of any logic and the
ways of the people involved was not fundamentally truthful ,
it lead to a global crisis costing trillions of dollars.
It should be highlighted at this point that, Indian banks did
not suffer because of the wisdom of the Reserve Bank of
India and the Securities and Exchange Board ofIndia in not
allowing them to take more risk than wananted by their
core businesses .
The fall of the Western financial institutions could be
compared to the get-rich-quick-schemes doing the rounds
regularly now and then making lives mi serable for all the
greedy investors. Wealth created by the righteous means
will not only serve those who earn the wealth but also their
future generations.
Kural No: 112 says 'seppam udayavan aakam sidhaivindri
Echathirkum yemmaapu udaithu'
Q6UULD lLmLUJ6lJrn
6JLDITULj - !D6TT 112
Itmeans: 'Wealth (children, financial wealth, friends, charity
and fame) earned by a person using fair means will protect
not only the person but also his future generations.'
Section]: On Virtue
In this ection, known as the Arathuppaal, Tiruvall llvar
makes (;omments on what is good and what is bad. He
ucscri bes life and lays down a eode of conduct or behaviour.
The first ten verses are in prai e of God.
A! Ihe very outsct, Va lluvar impresses on our mi nd the
supreme aim of human life. It is the attainment of God.
God is the basis of all peace, bli ss and knowledge.
Likewise God is the end of all knowledge. Th goal of
li fe, which is hirthlessness and the end of all pai n and
sufferi ng, can be reac hed only by those who have
surrcnd .red totally al His di vi ne feet.
here are none so great as those who have renounced the
wo ld. They have knowledge of both worlds' , the world of
trial s and hardships, whi ch is the world we live in, as well
al> the world of peace and eternal bliss.
The ascetic contr Is the five senses, namely the senses of
SOllnd, mell. touch and taste. Thi s is thc first step 10
God-vision. It is the seed, whk h eventuall y flowers in
heaven. The full developed Yogi who has mastered the
sense. i trul a ki.ng. The rest or the world, whu are slaves
to their sen cs and passions, are obliged to bow to such a
sage of wisdom.
In a beautifully simple way, Tiruvalluvar wastes no time in
talking about whal is good and what is not. Goodness is
purity of mind, and Ihat which ought to be done. Vice is
that which has to be avoided.
Domestic Virtue
Tiruvalluvar devotes twenty chapters to the important
subject of dome tic vil1ue. The advice given in them is
useful to pradically the whole of humanity. The themes,
beginning with married life and the bliss of having children,
continue with advice relating to hospitality. kindness, sweet
words, gratit ude , self-control and good conduct, and
conclude wi th clear guideli nes on how the householder can
avoid being enviolls, how he can stop the free flow of
vicious gossip and slander, and how he can relate to the
society he Ii ves in through charity and other good deeds.
Valluvar urges u to perform good action at all times. The
Yoga of good action is also a path to God-realisation. Birth
and consequent suffering are not for a true Karma Yogi
who serves God.
The duties of a householder, who earns money and brings
home an income, are just as important as those of an ascetic.
It is he who supports the renunciate, the students and the
needy.
He who lives virtuously as a householder, i sure to make
progress Godward. A home in which love and virtue abound
is truly heaven on earth.
A good wife is one who is virtuoll s and keeps control over
the househo ld budget. She is chaste and honourable, is the
husband's helpmate in everythi ng that he does. Chi ldren
are their parent's greate, t trea 'ures.
Recei ing gue ts and extending ho, pitality to them was
given great importance during Tiruvalluvar's time. A
householder should serve gue ts first before partaki ng of
meals himself. eglect of guest. is considered as something
mean. On the other hand, the Goddess of Fortune smiles
on one who is hospitable.
The ideal householder is courteous in speech, does not lose
his self-control , and i free from envy. He is full of love
and gratitude to those who have helped him in any way .
(End of Part 2)
Electrical Installation Engineer - NewsleHer - February 2010 44
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Eleclricallnslallalion Engineer - Newsletter - February 2010 45
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Printed and Published by S. Sitaraman on behalf of 'Tamilnadu Electrical Installation Engineers'
Association "A" Grade, Chennai - 14. Editor: T.M. Bhikkaji Advisor: S. Mahadevan