6

Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

About this Chapter
0*Cell-to-cell communication 1*Signal pathways 2*Novel signal molecules 3*Modulation of signal pathways 4*Control pathways
5* Response loops 6* Feedback loops

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Overview

7*Physiological signals
8* Electrical signals 9* 10* 11* 12* Changes in cells membrane potential Chemical signals Secreted by cells into ECF Responsible for most communication within the body

13* 14*

Target cells, or targets, receive signals Four basic methods of communication

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Direct contact and local cell-to-cell communication Gap junctions transfer both chemical and electrical signals

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Direct contact and local cell-to-cell communication CAMs transfer signals in both directions

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Paracrine and autocrine are chemical signals

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Long distance cell-to-cell communication

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Neurotransmitters have a rapid effect

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods Signal Pathways: Overview Signal Pathways: Receptor locations
Target cell receptors

Signal Pathways: Receptor locations Signal Pathways: Membrane Receptors

Four categories of membrane receptors

Signal Pathways: Signal Amplification

Transducers convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages which create a response

Signal Pathway: Biological Signal Transduction

Signal Pathway: Signal Transduction

Steps of a cascade Steps of signal transduction pathway form a cascade

Signal Pathway: Receptor Enzymes

Tyrosine kinase, an example of receptor-enzyme

Signal Pathway: GPCR

15* Membrane-spanning proteins

16* Cytoplasmic tail linked to G protein, a three-part transducer molecule 17* When G proteins are activated, they
Open ion channels in the membrane Alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

18* 19*

GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP

The G protein-coupled adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system

GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP GPCR: The Phospholipase C System GPCR: The Phospholipase C System GPCR: The Phospholipase C System GPCR: The Phospholipase C System

GPCR: The Phospholipase C System GPCR: The Phospholipase C System Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel
How ions create electrical signals

Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel Signal Pathway: Signal Transduction
Summary map of signal transduction systems