International Journal of JOURNAL Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6545(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)

ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 75-81 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET
IAEME

OVERVIEW LVRT CAPABILITY OF DFIG TECHNIQUES

Mustafa Jawad Kadhim, Prof.D.S.Chavan Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University. College of Engineering Pune-Satara Road, Pune-411043

ABSTRACT Low Voltage Ride Through is an important feature for wind turbine systems to meet the conditions and requirements of the grid code. In case of wind turbine technologies using doubly fed induction generators the reaction to grid voltage disturbances is very sensitive which considers as a major drawbacks of using the Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG). Protectiontechniques which include hardware or software must be implemented to protect the converter from tripping and provide uninterruptible operation to the DFIG during severe grid voltage faults. Methods for Ride Through operation of such system are presented. Keywords: doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); low voltage ride through (LVRT); grid defaults. I-INTRODUCTION Wind energy generation has been noted as the most rapidly growing renewable energy technology. The increasing penetration level of wind energy can have a significant impact on the grid, especially under abnormal grid voltage conditions. Thus, the power grid connection codes in most countriesrequire that wind turbines (WTs) should participate in grid voltage support in steady state and remain connected to the grid to maintain the reliability during and after a short-term fault [1].The latter requirement means that WTs have low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability and supply reactive currents to the grid as stated in the grid codes. Among the wind turbine concepts, the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is a popular wind turbine system due to its high energy efficiency, reduced mechanical stress on the wind turbine, separately controllable active and reactive power, and relatively low power rating of the connected converter [2], but due to the direct connection of the stator to the grid, the
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

DFIG suffers from a greatvulnerability to grid faults [3] and requires additional protection forthe he rotor side power electronic converter. The structure is as follows. In Section II, the crowbar protection technique isdescribed. FACTs devices are described in section III. Stator current feedback technique is investigated in IV. Aconclusion conclusion closes the investigation of the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.

II-CROWBAR

Fig 1: DFIG using crowbar protection A protection system called active crowbar is one of the methods that used to enhance the DFIG operation eration during the LVRT whichdisconnects which the rotor side converter in order to protect it turningthe generator into a squirrel sq cage induction machine [4-5]. Thecrowbar may comprise of a set of thyristors that will short-circuit the rotor windings when triggered and thereby limit the rotor voltage and provide an additional path for the rotorcurrent. Different values of the crowbar resistors result in adifferent behavior. Using this technology, the DFIG can stayconnected to the grid and resume operation as soon as possible. But the main disadvantage for this system is when the RSC disabled the machine draws a highshort circuit current when the crowbar is activated, as describedin described [6], resulting in a large amount of reactive power drawn fromthe power network, which is not acceptable when consideringactual grid code requirements. Thus, other protection methodshave to be investigated to ride-through through grid faults safely andfulfill the grid codes. III-FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (FACTS) Flexible lexible AC Transmission Systems, called FACTS, got in the recent years a wellwell known term for higher controllability in power systems by means of power electronic devices. Several FACTS-devices devices have been introduced for various applications worldwide. A number er of new types of devices are in the stage of being introduced in practice.In most of the applications the controllability is used to avoid cost intensive or landscape requiring extensions of power systems, for instance like upgrades or additions of substations substations and power lines. FACTS-devices devices provide a better adaptation to varying operational conditions and improve the usage of existing installations. There are three configurations of the FACTS devices, shunt devices, series devices and combined shunt and series s devices [7] 7].

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

A-STATCOM The most used FACTS-device FACTS device is the SVC or the version with Voltage Source Converter called STATCOM. These shunt devices are operating as reactive power compensators. The advantage of a STATCOM is that the reactive power provision is independent from the actual voltage on the connection point. The STATCOM configuration consists of a VSC, a dc energy storage device; a coupling transformer connected in shunt with the ac system, and associated control circuits. Fig. 2 shows the basic configuration of D-STATCOM. D

Fig 2: STATCOM structure and voltage / current characteristic TheVoltage Source Converter (VSC) converts the dc voltage across the storage deviceinto a set of three-phase phase ac output voltages. These voltages arein phase phase and coupled with the ac system through the reactance of the coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of the phaseand magnitude of the STATCOM output voltages allowseffective control of active and reactive power exchangesbetween the STATCOM and the ac system[8]. sy B-Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) The DVR is a powerful controller that is commonly used for voltage sags mitigation at the point of connection. The DVR employs the same blocks as the D-STATCOM, D STATCOM, but in this application, the coupling transformer is connected in series with the ac system. Fig. Fi 3 shows the basic configuration of DVR. The VSC generates a three-phase three phase ac output voltage which is controllable in phase and magnitude. These voltages are injected into the ac distribution system in order to maintain the load voltage at the desired voltage voltage reference. If the DVR device is used to compensatethe faulty grid voltage, any protection method in the DFIGsystem can be left out. The advantages of such an external protectiondevice are thus the reduced complexity in the DFIG system. Thedisadvantages are the cost and complexity of the DVR [9].

Fig3: Basic configuration of DVR

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

C-Unified Power Flow controller ller (UPFC) The UPFC is a combination of a static compensator and static series compensation. It acts as a shunt compensating and a phase shifting device simultaneously.

Fig 4: Principle configuration of an UPFC The UPFC consists of a shunt and a series transformer, which are connected via two voltage source converters with a common DC-capacitor. DC The DC-circuit circuit allows the active power exchange between ween shunt and series transformer to control the phase shift of the series voltage. This setup, as shown in Fig 4, 4, provides the full controllability for voltage and power flow. The series converter needs to be protected with a Thyristor bridge. Due to the high efforts for the Voltage Source Converters and the protection, an UPFC is getting quite expensive, which limits the practical applications where the voltage and power flow control is required simultaneously[10]. D-Magnetic Energy Recovery Switch witch (MERS) One of the series FACTS controllers. It consists of four power electronic switches and a capacitor in aconfiguration identical to the single-phase single phase full bridge converter. Its arrangementin an electric circuit, however, is different, with only two of the convertersterminals utilized and connected connected in series. It has the characteristic of a variablecapacitor and is related to FACTS controllers with series capacitors such as theGCSC and the TCSC.The The investigation of MERS indicated that it is able to increase the LVRTcapabilityof wind farms with w DFIG. This device successfully reestablishedpre reestablishedpre-fault conditions in the whole system and the process of achievingthis was almost identical. However, found that a small 50-Hz 50 Hz distortion inthe generators torque was caused by the MERS. These are most likely the e effectof ffectof harmonic distortion created by the device. It injects some fifth-order order harmonicsinto the system, and it was found that these coincide with the resonancefrequency of the simulation model. How the application of a different MERScapacitor or the operation tion in continuous mode would affect this is uncertain [11].

Fig 5: Typical MERS configuration

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

IV-STATOR CURRENT FEEDBACK TECHNIQUE The proposed technique aims to reduce the rotorcurrents by changing the RSC control instead of installing additional hardware protection like a crowbar in the wind turbine system. The solutionhas been presented in [12]. When a fault affects the generator the measured and transformed statorcurrents are fed back as reference for the rotor current controller (stator currents in stator flux orientation).The objective is to reduce stator current oscillations and thus reduce the rotor currents aswell.If the DFIG system equations are combined as in [13], a Laplace transformation is performed and somesimplifications are assumed, the following equation for the stator currents can be obtained:

s L 1 vsq h ird .........( 1) Ls s2 + 2 Rs s +2 Ls L s s R s+ s Ls L 1 isq = vsq h irq.........( 2) Ls s2 + 2 Rs s +2 Ls L s s

isd =

+ + If the stator currents are fed back as rotor current reference values, i.e. ird = isd and irq = isq the following equation for the stator currents can be obtained and the stator currents are reduced.

isd =

s 1 vsq.......... .(3) Ls + Lh s2 + 2 Rs s +2 L s s R s+ s Ls 1 isq = vsq.......... ..(4) Ls + Lh s2 + 2 Rs s +2 L s s

V-CONCLUSION Low Voltage Ride Through is an important feature for wind turbine systems to fulfill grid code requirements. In case of wind turbine technologies using doubly fed induction generators the reaction to grid voltage disturbances is sensitive. Hardware or software protection must be implemented to protect the converter from tripping during severe grid voltage faults. In this paper the proposed techniques have been investigated to show their effectiveness to enhance the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) capability of Low Voltage Ride through (LVRT).

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

REFERENCES [1]Tsili, M.; Papathanassiou, S. A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms. IET Renew. Power Gen. 2009, 3, 308332. [2] Thomas, A. Wind Power in Power Systems; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2005. [3]Mohseni, M.; Islam, S.; Masoum, M. Impacts of symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags on DFIG-based wind turbines considering phase angle jump, voltage recovery, and sag parameters. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2011, 26, 15871598. [4] L. Shi, N. Chen and Q. Lu, "Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Doublyfed Induction Generator Low Voltage Ride-through", ScienceDirect, Energy Procedia 16 (2012) 1526 1534, doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.239. [5] Christian Wessels, Fabian Gebhardt and Friedrich W. Fuchs, "Dynamic Voltage Restorer to allow LVRT for a DFIG Wind Turbine", IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2010, doi: 10.1109/ISIE.2010.5637336. [6] J. Morren and S. de Haan, Short-circuit current of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generator, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 174180, Mar. 2007. [7] Y.H. Song, A.T. Johns, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), IEE, London 1999. [8] R. Mineski, R. Pawelek, I. Wasiak, Shunt compensation for power quality improvement using a STATCOM controller: modeling and simulation, IEE Proc. on Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 151, No. 2, March 2004. [9] M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems Voltage Sags and Interruptions. New York: Wiley, 2000. [10] Alharbi, Y.M. ; Electr. &Comput. Eng. Dept., Curtin Univ., Perth, WA, Australia ; Yunus, A.M.S. ; Abu Siada, A. "Application of UPFC to improve the LVRT capability of wind turbine generator" IEEE ,Conference Publications, date 26-29 Sept. 2012,in Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), 2012 22nd Australasian. [11] J. A. Wiik, F. D. Wijaya, R. Shimada, An Innovative Series Connected Power Flow Controller, Magnetic Energy Recovery Switch (MERS), in Proc. Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-7, 2007. [12] K. Lima, A. Luna, P. Rodriguez, E. Watanabe, R. Teodorescu, and F. Blaabjerg, Doubly-fed inductiongenerator control under voltage sags, Energy 2030 Conference, 2008. ENERGY 2008. IEEE, pp. 16, Nov. 2008. [13] C. Wessels, F.W. Fuchs "LVRT of DFIG Wind Turbines - Crowbar vs. Stator Current Feedback Solution "Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, (ECCE), 2010, IEEE, conference date 12-16 sep 2010, in Atlanta, GA. [14] Ameer H. Abd and D.S.Chavan, Impact of Wind Farm of Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) on Voltage Quality, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 235 - 246, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [15] Nadiya G. Mohammed, Application of Crowbar Protection on DFIG-Based Wind Turbine Connected to Grid, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 81 - 92, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [16] Nadiya G. Mohammed, Haider Muhamad Husen and Prof. D.S. Chavan, Fault RideThrough Control for A Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine Under Unbalanced Voltage Sags, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 261 - 281, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.
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AUTHORS

Mustafa Jawadkadhim Al-Tameemi, was born in Baghdad, Iraq on

Jan 16,1986. He received B.Sc Degree in department of electrical engineering at University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq in 2007. He is currently M.Tech electrical (Power Systems) candidate in BharatiVidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Engineering, Pune, India.

Prof . D.S. Chavan: Ph D (Registered), ME (Electrical), BE (Electrical), DEE Associate Professor, Co-ordinator (R&D cell), Co-ordinator (PH.D.Programme management) BharatiVidyapeeth Deemed University College Of Engineering Pune 411043. He is pursuing Ph D. He received ME (Electrical)(Power systems) Achieved rank certificate in Pune University for

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