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Caoneo Orientado

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Tecnologas e Ingeniera para El Caoneo Orientado


Alexis E. Mrmol A.
Perforating Domain Champion VTT Schlumberger INTEVEP - Sept 2006

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Schlumberger 2006 An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a mark of Schlumberger. Other company, product, and service names may be trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of others.

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Objetivos del Caoneo


Cualquiera que sea el sistema utilizado, como parte de una completacin, el objetivo principal de una operacin de Caoneo es crear la mejor comunicacin posible entre el Pozo y el Yacimiento para optimizar la eficiencia de la completacin, maximizando el recobro de las reservas asociadas: por medio de la Optimizacin de la Productividad o Inyectividad del Pozo

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Ingeniera del Caoneo y la Recientes Necesidades de la Industria


! PURE o efectiva creacin y control del bajo balance dinmico.
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! Gestin de Produccin de Arena: Control, Prevencin ! Caoneo para Fracturamiento Hidralico ! Caoneo Orientado ! Doble o Triple Completaciones ! Lineas de Control, bajadas con las completaciones ! Pozos Multi-laterales ! Etc
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Para Qu Orientar las Perforaciones ?

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Concentracin del Esfueros en la Formacin


X66

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X67

X68

UBI Imagen Breakout


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Breakout del Hoyo

Caoneo Orientado
PFP

Caonear en una especfica direccin


"

Buenas perforaciones
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En la direccin del Plano Preferencial de Fractura (PFP)

Malas perforaciones - Fallas de Formacin Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo para Fracturamiento Hidralico

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo Orientado
Caonear en una especfica direccin
" "
Buenas perforaciones
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En la direccin del Plano Preferencial de Fractura (PFP) Minimiza produccin de arena

Malas perforaciones

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Prevencin y Control de Arena

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo Orientado
Caonear en una especfica direccin
" " "

En la direccin del Plano Preferencial de Fractura (PFP) Minimiza produccin de arena Disparar evitando (o sobre) elementos de la completacin

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Dobles Completaciones

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo Orientado
Caonear en una especfica direccin
" " " " "

En la direccin del Plano Preferencial de Fractura (PFP) Minimiza produccin de arena Disparar evitando o sobre elementos de la completacin Intersectar fracturas naturales Reparacin de Cemento direccional o sectorizada
PFP WPP

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Reparacin de Cemento Heterogeneidades del Yacimiento


Caonear en una direccin especifica del pozo ! Producir ltimos barriles remanentes de la reserva
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! Reparar cemento (squeeze orientado) Alinear los disparos al canal sin cemento Alinear los disparos al cemento lavado ! Re-entrada en Multi-laterales

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Para Qu Orientar las Perforaciones?


! Alinearlas con el Plano Preferencial de Fracturas (PFP)
! Para el mejoramiento de las estimulaciones con Fracturamiento Hidralico ! Optimiza fracturamiento en rocas duras (hard rock) ! Control de produccin de arena ! Para prevenir produccin de arena (pozos verticales)

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! Caoneo Directional
! ! ! ! Previene production de arena (pozos horizontales, alto ngulo) Mejoramiento de la limpieza de las perforaciones(caoneo lado alto) Intersectar fracturas naturales Disparar el lado bajo del hoyo (bad idea!)

! Caoneo opuesto a componentes de la completacin


! Evitar caonear sarta larga o segunda sarta ! Evitar dispararle y daar cables, lineas de control, sensors, monitoreos
Perforating Domain

Caoneo Orientado en el PFP


! Estimulaciones con Fracturamiento Hydralico ! Fracturamiento para Control de Arena ! Caoneo para Prevencin de Arena
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Fracturamiento Orientado

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Estudios sobre el Proceso de Fracturamiento


Effect of Perforations on Fracture Initiation SPE 20661 Theoretical Model and Numerical Investigation of Near-Wellbore Effects in Hydraulic Fracturing SPE 30506
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SH

SH

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Sh

Efecto al no orientar las perforaciones con el PFP


Minimum horizontal Maximum horizontal
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<300

>300

Micro-annulus Multiple fracs alrededor del pozo

120 phasing
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Re-orientacin de las Fracturas


ReRe-orientation
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<300 <300
Pinch Point ReRe-orientation Maximum horizontal

La fractura tendra una reduccin de espesor en la cercania del pozo generando una reduccin de la production reductor fsico-. Para 60 fase 2 de las perforaciones estan dentro 30 30 con respecto al PFP
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Optimization del Fracturamiento Hydralico


1. Orientar los disparos en la direccin del mximo esfuerzo horizontal
SH SH
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2.

Crear una nica fractura simple en el Plano Preferencial de Fractura (PFP) # Reduce la complejidad tortuosidad en la cercania del pozo
Multiples fracturas compitiendo (half-length, leak-off) Efectos de micro annulus

# Reduce las presiones mximas durante el fracturamiento # Reduce el riesgo de prematuro screen-outs
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo para Fracturas


! Caonear en el Plano Preferido de Fractura ! Orientar las perforaciones o disparos
Minimiza los pinch-points prdida de eficienciaAumenta el nmero de hoyos directos para la fractura Maximiza el ancho de la fractura en la cercania del pozo Permite mayor agresividad en la estimulacion: mayor cantidad y mayor tamao de apuntalante bombeado Menores perdidas de presin, menor presin de bombeo para iniciar la fractura Reduce tortuosidad y micro-annulus Facilita fracturar con fluidos de menor viscosidad (agua, ClearFrac, etc) Intercepta multiples fracturas horizontales Perforating Domain
9/20/2006

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Prevencin de Arena (screenless)


Nueva Zona
! Optimizar caoneo sin tratamiento de fractura ! Orientar el caoneo con tratamiento de fractura, conociendo los esfuerzos ! Caoneo con Fractura, esfuerzos desconocidos
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Zonas previamente ya caoneadas


! Formaciones consolidadas con tratamiento de resina, caoneadas y luego fracturadas
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Prevencin de Arena Nueva Zona-(screenless)


Plano Preferencial de Fractura Conocido
Disparar 180 fase en el PFP (Plano Preferencial de Fractura)
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Realizar un fracturamiento TSO (tip screenout) para cubrir todo el intervalo Incluir control de apuntalador flowback

Plano Preferencial de Fractura desconocido


Disparar 0 fase (para asegurar todo el intervalo disparado) The fracture stimulates production The proppant pack prevents sand production
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Prevencin de Arena Nueva ya disparada


Disparar zona intervalo <20 ft Consolidar cercania del pozo para cubrir todas las perforaciones
Realizar una fracturamiento TSO to bypass la resina y estimular produccin Incluir control de apuntalante flowback

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La fractura estimula la produccin La resina y el empaquetamiento de apuntalante previene produccin de arena


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Ejemplo de Campo Prevencin de Arena


Completacin Screenless -sin Fractura Hidrulica Caoneo Orientado tipo TCP en Venezuela
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Pozos

Disminucin en Produccin Arena (%) 93 93 74 97

Produccin de Arena (lb / 1000 BOPD) <1 <1 3.64 0.39

VLG-3828 (PDVSA) VLG-3834 (PDVSA) VLG-3836 (PDVSA) VLG-3841 (PDVSA)

Antes produccin del campo por pozo: > 10 Lb/ 1000 BOPD

Oriented Perforating for Sand Prevention SPE 57954 (May/June 1999)


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Determinacin de los Esfuerzos In-situ


Registros Elctricos: ! Imgenes Snico Dipolar Cruzado (DSI*, MSIP*)
- Determinacin de la anisotropa de velocidad de Ondas de Cizalla
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! Imgenes Micro-Resistivas de pozo (FMI*)


- Visualiza fracturas inducidas durante la perforacin

! Imgenes Ultrasonicas de Pozo (UBI*)


- Visualiza breakout

! Calipers 4 6 brazos
- Determina puntos de breakout ovalizacin del hoyo

! Registros durante la perforacin, Logging While Drilling (LWD)


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Stress Orientation Maps

Registros de Derminacin de los Esfuerzos


New Directions in Sonic Logging, Oilfield Review, Spring 1998

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Registro FMI muestra Breakout y Fracturas Inducidas durante la Perforacin

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Tcnicas de Orientacin
! Orientacin con Guaya Elctrica - Wireline MOD Dispositivo Mecnico Orientacin POT Powered Orienting Tool WOPT Wireline Oriented Perforating Tool Wireline Perforating Platform (WPP)

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! Tubing Conveyed Perforating Caones transportados con tubera


Orientacin Pasiva Orientacin con Gyro

! Coiled Tubing Conveyed Perforating Caones transportados con Tuberia Flexible


Orientacin Pasiva
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo Orientado con WOPT

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo Orientado con WOPT


Wireline Oriented Perforating Tool
Permite Orientar en pozos casi verticales y desviados Sigue la desviacin-orientacin natural del pozo Requiere dos carreras dentro del pozo:
1era: Encontrar la orientacin con el Gyro 2da : Sin Gyro, indexa caones a la direccin de disparo deseada

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Perforating Domain

Caoneo Orientado con WOPT- I


# Dos corridas son necesarias 1era Corrida
Orientacin y Azimuth Natural W/L Swivel especiales WPIT mide Dev & RB + CCL WPIT Gyro (Gyrodata) w/CCL Permite indexacin hasta de 5 1era carrera incluye un caon HSD (no-armado) Precision Orientacin: +/- 10 Requiere Multiples pases para repetibilidad Largo Hta ~ 23 ft (sin gun)
W/L Swivel
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Gyro Carrier

Upper WSPD

Indexing Adapters

180 Phased HSD Gun

WPIT Log Real-Time


Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Lower WSPD

Caoneo Orientado con WOPT- I


Perforating String 2da Carrera
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Sin Gyro Indexar & Armar Caones Bajar sarta incluyendo el WPIT Confirmar posicin Dispara

Repeat Analysis Log Real-Time


Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo Orientado con WOPT


WPIT corrido en ambas carreras para confirmar la orientacin Chequeo de la Inclinacin (Dev & RB) Incluye registro base de correlacin CCL Precisin en la Orientacin: 10 Requiere Swivel SAH-E swivel, 5 indexing subs & WSPD spring positioning devices

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Perforating Domain

TCP Posicionamiento de la Sarta con Gyro


! ! ! ! ! Caones en Profundidad Gyro colocado en una zapata de asentamiento Sarta es rotada en superficie a la posicion deseada Gyro retirado Caones disparados

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Perforating Domain

Caoneo Orientado con WPP

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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

WPP Basic Modules

Centralizer WP MOtor Tool WP TElemetry Tool WP Press & Temp Tool WP GYro carrier Tool WP Completion Mapper WP Gamma Ray Tool (PTC) WP Shooting Tool
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

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Gracias por su atencin


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Preguntas?
Alexis E. Mrmol A.
Perforating Domain Champion VTT Schlumberger INTEVEP - Sept 2006

Tecnologas Avanzadas de Caoneo Caoneo Convencional vs PURE*


Alexis E. Mrmol A.
Perforating Domain Champion VTT Schlumberger INTEVEP - Sept 2006

Schlumberger Private

Caoneo con Sistemas Convencionales


2500 2000

Initial overbalance = 500 psi

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Casing Cement

1500 1000 500 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

NonNon-PURE

Formation damage

Time (seconds)

Pulso de Presin crea la zona compactada


Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Caoneo con Sistemas Convencionales

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Undamaged (K)

Formation damage

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Damaged (Kc)

Perforating for Ultimate Reservoir Exploitation PURE*


0
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-500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500

PURE

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Formation damage

Time (seconds)

Dinmica de Presiones remueve zona compactad


Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Perforating for Ultimate Reservoir Exploitation PURE*


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Undamaged (K)

Formation damage

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Undamaged (K)

Perforating for Ultimate Reservoir Exploitation PURE*


2500 2000 1500

Initial overbalance = 500 psi


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" " " "

Crea perforaciones lmpias Incrementa productividad o inyectividad Reduce el requerimiento de Bajo Balance inicial
Formation damage

1000 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500

NonNon-PURE

Undamaged (K)

PURE

Minimiza los remedios postcaoneo

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Undamaged (K) Time (seconds)

Control-Prevencin de Arena
Caonear en la direccin de mxima estabilidad del tunel
! Posicionar los caones hacia una direccin especfica ! Orientar los disparos ! Completacin screenless
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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Pozos Horizontales
Orientar los disparos: ! Disparar hacia el lado superio del pozo
Evitar invasin del lodo en el lado inferior del pozo Evitar residuos de los caones, de la roca, y arenamiento Conificacin: contacto Petroleo/Agua
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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Sand Control or Prevention ?


! Degree of consolidation (friable, weakly consolidated, unconsolidated, quick sand). ! Estimated/expected productivity from well (more importantly rate/perforation). ! Prior Experience in the same formation. ! Risk vs Reward. ! Tools Used: ! Sand prediction models. ! Drilled hole studies on core samples. ! Single-shot perforation and flow tests.
Perforating Domain

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Weak and Unconsolidated Rocks


Same problem, different mechanism #different solutions

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Zero strength Dry sand Category 0


Perforating Domain

Very very weak Damp sand Category 1

Very weak Weak-cement Category 2

Weak Stronger cement Category 3

Rock Strength
Very Weak Rocks (UCS < 10 psi) Category 1.
! no perforation cavity. ! high risk of substantial sand production. ! no classical perforation damage region.
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Weak Rocks (UCS between 10 psi and 500 psi) Category 2.


! no perforation cavity. ! perforation damage along perforation track. ! high risk of sand production. ! defined perforation cavity. ! lower risk of substantial sand production. ! defined perforation damage region.

Stronger Rocks (UCS > 500 psi) Category 3.

Perforating Domain

Sand Prevention -Objectives


! Ensuring the required production over the life of well with acceptable risk of sand production. ! Minimize stress induced failure of the rock perforation cavity. ! Keep flow rate per perforation below a critical sand transport value.

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Perforating Domain

Optimum Oriented Phasing


Maximize the minimum perf.-to-perf. spacing for a given spf and .
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350

10 10 20

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Recommendations, Competent Sands


Use DP charges: - To reduce perforation diameter, improve perf.-to-perf. spacing and maximize PI. Orient perforations: - For maximum perforation stability. Optimize phasing: - To minimize perf.-to-perf. failure. Perforate using PURE system: - To maximize production. Maximize shot density:
- To keep rate/perforation below a critical value.

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Lab Studies: - Will help obtain maximum drawdown/rate to prevent sand


production through failure/transport and also know the impact of water-cut.
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Limitations of Downside Perforations


Do not cleanup because of the presence of the gun.
! Need some minimum annular gun-to-casing clearance. ! Suggests need for oriented perforating.
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Stay filled with sand even if crushed zone removed.


! Limits placement of gravel for sand control. ! Limits injectivity.

Downside gun holes provide escape paths for gun debris. Differential sticking of guns (two NS examples).

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

OrientXact* Plus PURE*


Sand Prevention plus Optimized Producer and Injector Solutions
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* Mark of Schlumberger
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

OrientXact The Scene


! Increasing length of extended reach horizontal wells. ! Tortuosity of horizontal wellbores. ! Increased risk of sand production from weak rock strength combined with reservoir depletion. ! Sand production results in high cost of intervention. ! Need for maximum productivity and/or injectivity. ! Conventional gun technology using low debris zinc charge cases has resulted in large reservoir skins and greatly reduced well productivity..
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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

OrientXact The Solution


The system addresses the total completion by; ! Oriented perforating for sand prevention/injectors. ! Deep penetrating charges for maximum productivity.
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! PURE Perforating System for maximum productivity. ! Low Debris Gun System for completion Integrity. ! No Zinc in the gun system to avoid formation damage. ! Maximum wellbore deviations of up to 10 per 100-ft. ! Gun string designed to maintain orientation under high tension and compression loads. ! Gun string includes Orientation Confirmation Devices for post job evaluation.
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Strategy for OrientXact


Swivels used to allow sections of guns to rotate independently and minimize gun-togun alignment errors

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OCDs run in each section to confirm direction of every single perforation tunnel
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

What is OrientXact - Exactly?

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Special Guns With deepest penetration

Alignment Adapters

High Load Low Friction Swivel

Orienting Weight with OCD

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Minimum Debris System


4.5 inch OrientXact

The total quantity of debris captured between the gun and the casing was 31.5 grams, or 21 grams/meter.

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Bent Wellbore Test (5/100-ft)

Angle of gunstring (degree)

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Distance Traveled (ft)

Initial Field Test Results SPE 84910


Job 1; 175 meter interval - November 12, 2001
best water injector well, 5.7 million m3/d.
no debris largest alignment/orientation from zero = 7

Job 2; 1,070 meter interval - December 24, 2001


30,200 stock-tank-bbls/day
only traces of perforating debris flowed back largest alignment/orientation from zero = 11.5 (1,788 ft between swivels)
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Job 3; 492 meter net interval - February 4, 2002


depleted reservoir
no perforating debris flowed back largest alignment/orientation from zero, upper zone = 10.5

Job 4; 2,067 meter interval - March 29, 2002


900 m3/d/bar; 3.6 times better than the next best well.
largest alignment/orientation from zero = 21

Job 5, 1800 meter interval August 2002

largest alignment/orientation from zero = 8

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Production Results
1000

Competition

OrientXact
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Productivity Index (std m3/d/bar)

750

500

250

0 A B C D E F G

Previas Completaciones
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Wells

Statoil & Norsk Hydro_Mar del Norte PURE en Pozos Horizontales Largo Alcance
Hasta los actuales momentos, en el campo Visund: Visund (Junio-2005) ! 26 pozos, todos caoneados con Sobrebalance inicial de 500 psi, con TCP- OrientXact PowerJet-CLEANPERF_PURE CLEANPERF ! Perforaciones Orientadas Top-Side para prevencin de arena. ! Los Mejores Inyectores del Campo. (CI x 8-10) ! Los Mejores Productores del Campo (IP x 3-9) ! Bajo Balance Dinmico medido en cada caso. ! Es el sistema estandar de completacin en el Mar del Norte ! SPE 84910. 84910 Tech Paper Conf. Kristiansand Norway- Sep1618,2002, and SPE-84910 International Improved Oil Recovery Asia-Oct-2003.
Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

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Results NS Well #1Run #1


CT, 2 Tractors CIRP deployed oriented guns. New low-torque swivel.
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3 3/8-in. gun 10, 5 spf. 1st run interval 3047 to 3350 m, 252 m loaded, 51 m blank. 6 swivels used, 1 swivel every 6 to 9 guns, 24 oriented CIRP connectors. Average alignment error < 11.

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Results for NS Well #1Run #2


CT, 2 Tractors CIRP deployed oriented guns. New low-torque swivel. 3 3/8-in. gun 10, 5 spf. 2nd run interval 2750 to 3019 m, 91 m loaded, 178 m blank. 5 swivels used, 1 swivel every 7 to 10 guns, 20 oriented CIRP connectors. Average alignment error <7.5.
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Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Results for NS Well #2


New low-torque swivel. 3 3/8-in. gun 10, 5 spf.
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Interval 3065 to 4090 m, 616 m loaded, 409 m blank. 22 swivels used, 1 swivel every 7 to 10 guns. Average alignment error 4.6.

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

NS Wells Sand Monitoring Results


Both North Sea Wells show no continuous sand production. Bursts of sand are associated with unsteady flow following short platform shut downs.
pptb Sand rates - pounds/thousand barrels
14.00 12.00 Schlumberger Private 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Weekly samples

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

Track record - OrientXact


Until July 2004
Schlumberger Private

Twenty six TCP 4.5 inch Nine WL 4.5 inch Nine CT/TCP 3-3/8 inch One CT/TCP 2-7/8 inch

Perforating Domain 9/20/2006

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