Chapter 8 Applications of Perimeter, Area and Volume

C H A P T E R
Applications of perimeter, area and volume

Syllabus topic MM2 Applications of perimeter, area and volume
Find unknown sides using Pythagoras theorem Calculate the perimeter of simple gures Calculate the area of composite shapes Calculate the area from a eld diagram Calculate the volume of prisms and cylinders Relate capacity to volume
8.1 Pythagoras theorem

Pythagoras theorem links the sides of a right-angled triangle. In a right-angled triangle the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is always the longest side. 8.1 Pythagoras theorem Pythagoras theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. (Hypotenuse)2 = (side)2 + (other side)2 h2 = a2
h Hypotenuse (longest side)
+ b2
235
ISBN: 9781107627291 The Powers Family Trust 2013 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party Cambridge University Press
236
Preliminary Mathematics General
Pythagoras theorem is used to find a missing side of a right-angled triangle if two of the sides are given. It can also be used to prove that a triangle is right angled.
Example 1
Finding the length of the hypotenuse
Find the length of the hypotenuse, correct to two decimal places.

5 cm Solution
1 2 3 4 5
h cm 9 cm
Write Pythagoras theorem. Substitute the length of the sides. Calculate the value of h2. Take the square root to find h. Express answer correct to two decimal places.
h2 = a2 + b2 = 92 + 52
2 2 h = 9 +5 = 10.30 cm
Example 2
Finding the length of a shorter side
A rectangle has a breadth of 5 mm and a diagonal measuring 12 mm. What is the length of the rectangle, correct to one decimal place?
Solution
1 2
12 mm
5 mm
Draw a triangle and label the information. Mark the unknown length as x.
x mm 5 mm
12 mm
3 4 5 6 7 8
Write Pythagoras theorem. Substitute the length of the sides. Make x2 the subject. Take the square root to find x. Express answer to correct one decimal place. Write the answer in words.
h2 = a2 + b2 122 = x2 + 52 x2 = 122 52
2 2 x = 12 5
= 10.9 mm The length of the rectangle is 10.9 mm.
ISBN: 9781107627291 The Powers Family Trust 2013 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
Cambridge University Press
Chapter 8 Applications of perimeter, area and volume
237
Exercise 8A
1
Find the length of the hypotenuse, correct to one decimal place.

a b
5 cm
6 cm
h cm 12 cm 8 cm 24 mm h cm h mm
10 mm
d e f
54 cm
2.5 cm h mm 20 mm
h cm 63.2 cm h cm
4.2 cm
10 mm
Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places.

a
15 cm x cm 12 cm
15 cm
x cm
21 cm
x mm
13 mm
6 mm
d e
2.3 cm
x cm x cm 24 mm 32 mm 4.8 cm
14.1 cm
9.5 cm
x mm
238
Development
3
Calculate the length of the side marked with the pronumeral. (Answer to the nearest millimetre.) a b c y mm 16 mm
42 mm 30 mm 63 mm x mm
35 mm
28 mm
a mm
d
10 mm
33 mm
m mm
8 mm
d mm 27 mm
52 mm
b mm
12 mm
Find, correct to one decimal place, the length of the diagonal of a rectangle with dimensions 7.5 metres by 5.0 metres.
5.0 m 7.5 m
5
Find the value of the pronumerals, correct to two decimal places. a b

90 cm 72 cm 7 cm y x cm
x cm
6
4 cm
6 cm
Calculate the length of x, correct to one decimal place. a b 7 cm

6 cm x cm 4 cm 18 cm
25 cm x cm 14 cm
y cm
239
8.2 Perimeter
Perimeter is the total length of the outside edges of a shape. It is the distance of the boundary.
8.2
Perimeter formulas
Name Triangle
a c a d b c
Shape
b
Perimeter P=a+b+c
Quadrilateral
P=a+b+c+d
Square
P = 4s
Rectangle
l
P = 2(l + b) Circumference C = 2r C = d
Circle
Example 3
Finding the perimeter of a rectangle

3m 8m
Find the perimeter of the following rectangle.
Solution
1 2 3 4
The shape is a rectangle, so use the formula P = 2(l + b). Substitute the values for l and b (l = 8 and b = 3). Evaluate. Write the answer in words.
P = 2(l + b) = 2 (8 + 3) = 22 m Perimeter of the rectangle is 22 m.
240
Example 4
Finding the perimeter of a triangle
Find the perimeter of the following triangle. Answer correct to one decimal place.
Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3.7 cm 4.2 cm
Find the length of the hypotenuse or h. Write Pythagoras theorem. Substitute the length of the sides. Evaluate the value of h. Add the lengths of sides to find the perimeter. Express answer correct to 1 decimal place. Write the answer in words.
h2 = 4.22 + 3.72 h = 4.2 2 + 3.72 5.6 cm
P = 3.7 + 4.2 + 5.6 = 13.5 cm Perimeter of the triangle is 13.5 cm.
Example 5
Finding the circumference of a circle
Find the perimeter of a circle with a radius of 9 mm. Answer correct to two decimal places.
9 mm Solution
1 2 3 4
The shape is a circle, use the formula C = 2 r. Substitute the value for r (r = 9). Evaluate. Write the answer in words.
C = 2 r = 2 9 = 56.55 mm Perimeter of the circle is 56.55 mm.
Example 6
Finding the perimeter of a semicircle
Find the perimeter of a semicircle with a diameter of 4 m. Answer correct to two decimal places.
4m Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6
The shape is a semicircle, use the formula C = d 2. Substitute the value for d (d = 4) to find the curved distance. Evaluate. Add the curved distance to the diameter. Evaluate. Write the answer in words.
C=
d 2 4 = 2
= 6.28 m
P = 6.28 + 4 = 10.28 m Perimeter is 10.28 m.

241
Perimeter of composite shapes

A composite shape is made up of two or more plane shapes. The perimeter of a composite shape is calculated by adding the distances that make up the boundary of the shape. Perimeter of a composite shape
1 2 3 4 5
Sides with the same markings are of equal length. Unknown side lengths of some sides are determined by using the given lengths of the other sides. Pythagoras theorem is used to find unknown side lengths involving a right triangle. Distances that are part of a circle are found using C = 2 r. Add the distances that make up the boundary of the shape to calculate the perimeter.
Example 7
Finding the perimeter of composite shapes
Find the perimeter of each of these shapes.

a
2 cm 6 cm 5 cm 8 cm Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5m 5m
Find the unknown side lengths using the measurements given in the question. Add the lengths of all the edges to find the perimeter. Evaluate. Write the answer in words. Use the formula C = 2 r 4 for the curved distance. Substitute the value for r (r = 5). Evaluate. Add the curved distance to other edges. Evaluate. Write the answer in words.
2 cm 6 + 5 = 11 cm 6 cm 8 2 = 6 cm 5 cm 8 cm
P = 2 + 6 + 6 + 5 + 8 + 11 = 38 cm Perimeter is 38 cm.
b
C=
2 r 2 5 = = 7.85 m 4 4
P = 7.85 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 27.85 m Perimeter is 27.85 m.
242
Exercise 8B
1
Find the perimeter of each quadrilateral. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a b c
7.2 m 5.4 cm 13.4 m 20 m 9.5 m
Find the perimeter of a square with a side length of 12.3 m. Answer correct to one decimal place. Find the perimeter of each right triangle. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a b c
15 m
8m 2 cm 5 cm
7 mm 8.5 mm
Find the perimeter of a right triangle with a base of 10.25 cm and a height of 15.15 cm. Answer correct to two decimal places. Find the perimeter of each circle. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a b c
3m 2 cm 14 mm
What is the circumference of each circle? Answer correct to one decimal place. a Radius of 4 cm b Radius of 19 m c Radius of 34 mm d Diameter of 50 mm e Diameter of 22 m f Diameter of 6 cm
243
Development
7
Find the perimeter of each semicircle. Answer correct to one decimal place. a b c
5m 2.1 m 16 m
Find the perimeter of each shape. Answer correct to two decimal places. a b c
3 mm 7m 5 cm
Find the perimeter of each composite shape. Answer to the nearest whole number. a b c 8 cm 6m
2m 8m 4m 10 m
d
4m 2m 2m
1m 10 cm
1m

6m
4m 4m
3m 6m
4m
5m
10
An annulus consists of two circles with the same centre. Find the perimeter of an annulus if the inner diameter is 3 cm and the outer diameter is 6 cm. Answer correct to the nearest centimetre. A rectangle ABCD has length AB = 12 cm and a width of BC = 6 cm. a Find the value of x. b Calculate the perimeter of quadrilateral AECF. (Answer correct to two decimal places).
3 cm
6 cm
11
A D
E x cm F
B C
244
8.3 Area
The area of a shape is the amount of surface enclosed by the boundaries of the shape. It is measured by counting the number of squares that fit inside the shape. When calculating area, the answer will be in square units. 100 mm2 = 1 cm2 10 000 m2 = 1 ha 1 ha = 10 000 m2 10 000 cm2 = 1 m2 1 000 000 m2 = 1 km2
8.3
To calculate the area of the most common shapes, we use a formula. These formulas are listed below.
Area formulas
Name Triangle
b
Shape
h
Area A= 1 bh b 2
Square
A = s2
Rectangle
l h b a
A = lb
Parallelogram
A = bh
Trapezium
b
A= 1 (a + b)h 2
Rhombus
A= 1 xy x 2
Circle
A = r2
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Example 8
Finding the area of a triangle

5.5 m 8.1 m
Find the area of the following triangle.

Solution
1 2 3 4
The shape is a triangle, so use the formula A = 1 bh . b 2 Substitute the values for b and h (b = 8.1 and h = 5.5). Evaluate. Write the answer using the correct units.
A=
1 bh b 2 1 = 8.1 5.5 2 = 22.275 m 2
Example 9
Finding the area of a trapezium

2.9 cm 3 cm
Find the area of the following shape.
Solution
1
5.1 cm
2 3 4
The shape is a trapezium, so use the formula 1 A = (a + b)h . 2 Substitute the values for a, b and h. Evaluate. Write the answer using the correct units.
1 (a + b)h 2 1 = ( 2.9 + 5.1)3 2 = 12 cm 2 The area of the shape is 12 cm2. A=
Example 10
Finding the area of a parallelogram
Find the area of the following shape.

4 mm Solution
1 2 3 4
6.5 mm
The shape is a trapezium, so use the formula A = bh. Substitute the values for b and h (b = 6.5 and h = 4). Evaluate. Write the answer using the correct units.
A=b bh = 6.5 4 = 26 mm 2 The area of the shape is 26 mm2.
246
Example 11
Finding the area of a circle
Find the area of a circle with a radius of 5 metres. Give your answer correct to one decimal place.
5m
Solution
1
The shape is a circle, so use the formula A = r2. Substitute the value for r (r = 5). Evaluate correct to one decimal place. Write the answer using the correct units.
A = r2 = 52 = 78.5 m 2 The area of the circle is 78.5 m2.
2 3 4
Area of composite shapes

A composite shape is made up of two or more plane shapes. The area of a composite shape is calculated by adding or subtracting the areas of simple shapes. Area of composite shapes

Composite shapes are made up of more than one simple shape. Area of composite shapes can be found by adding or subtracting the areas of simple shapes.
Finding the area of a composite shape
12 cm 10 cm Solution
1 2 3 4
Example 12
Find the area of the composite shape. Answer correct to one decimal place.
Divide the shape into a rectangle and a semicircle. Use the formula A = lb for the rectangle. Substitute and evaluate. 1 Use the formula A = r 2 for the semicircle. 2
A = lb = 12 10 = 120 cm 2 1 A = r2 2 1 = 52 2 39.3 cm 2 A = 120 + 39.3 = 159.3 cm2 The area of the shape is 159.3 cm2.
5 6 7 8
Substitute and evaluate. Add the area of the rectangle to the semicircle. Evaluate. Write the answer using the correct units.
247
Exercise 8C
1
Find the area of each triangle. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
23 m 13 m
6 mm
4 cm 2 cm
6.5 mm
7.6 m 15.5 mm 19 m
13 mm 9.5 m 8.5 m
Find the area of each shape. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a b c
6.4 m 11.2 m
9m
6.1 cm
d e
22 m
f
4m 7m
3.8 cm 4 cm 6.7 cm
7 mm 10 mm
Find the area of a triangle with a base of 8.25 cm and a height of 10.15 cm. Answer correct to the nearest square centimetre. Find the area of a square with a side length of 105.1 m. Answer correct to the nearest square metre. Find the area of a circle with a radius of 7 cm. Answer correct to the nearest square centimetre.
248
Development
6
a b c
2.3 km 5 km
9.1 cm Diagonals are 4.4 mm and 6.8 mm
9.1 cm
5.7 cm
4.8 cm
6 mm
8 mm
17 m 15 m
8m
4.1 cm
12.5 mm 9.8 cm
Jasmine is planning to build a circular pond. The radius of the pond is 1.5 m. What is the area of the pond, correct to the nearest square metre? A 25 m swimming pool increases in depth from 1.3 m at the shallow end to 2.6 m at the deep end. Calculate the area of the side wall of the pool. Answer correct to the nearest square metre.
25 m 1.3 m 2.6 m
Philip wants to tile a rectangular area measuring 2.2 m by 3 m in his backyard. The tiles he wishes to use are 50 cm by 50 cm. How many tiles will he need? Answer correct to the nearest whole number. Find the area of each composite shape.
a b
10
4 cm 6 cm 3 cm 8 cm
15 cm 4 cm 20 cm
30 cm
32 cm
249
11
An annulus consists of two circles with the same centre. Find the area of an annulus if the inner diameter is 6 cm and the outer diameter is 10 cm. Answer correct to the nearest square centimetre.
6 cm
10 cm
12
A metal parallelogram has two identical squares removed from its shape. The two squares have a side length of 2 cm. Find the shaded area. Answer correct to the nearest square centimetre.
5 cm 10 cm
7 cm
13
A lawn is to be laid around a rectangular garden bed. a What is the amount of lawn required? b Find the cost of the new lawn if the required turf costs $20 per square metre.
13 m 19 m 25 m
20 m
14
The cross-section of an ice-cream cone is shown opposite. a What is the radius of the semicircle? b What is the height of the triangle? c Calculate the area of the region. Answer correct to one decimal place.
16 cm 10 cm
14 cm
15
What is the area of a quadrant if it has a radius of 8 mm? Answer correct to two decimal places. Decking for a house consists of a square and a triangle. The square has a side length of 8 metres and the triangle is isosceles. a Use Pythagoras theorem to find the value of x. b Calculate the area of the shaded region.
xm 8m xm 8m
16
17
A metal worker cut circles with a diameter of 2 cm from a rectangular sheet of tin 4 cm by 8 cm. a What is the area of the rectangular sheet? b How many circles can be cut from the rectangular sheet? c What is the area of the remaining metal after the circles have been removed from the rectangular sheet? Answer correct to two decimal places.
250
8.4 Field diagrams

Field diagrams are used to calculate the area of irregularly shaped blocks of land. Measuring and recording the data in a field diagram is called surveying. One type of survey is called the traverse or offset survey.
Traverse or offset survey

This type of survey involves measuring distances along a suitable diagonal or traverse. The perpendicular distances from the traverse to the vertices of the shape are called the offsets. When conducting a traverse survey, measurements are taken of the traverse and the offsets. These measurements are recorded in a field book entry.
Offset Offset
Traverse
The field book entry records the distances along the traverse between two vertical lines. The distances along the offsets are recorded on either side of these measurements. Field Book Entry D 163 C 65 110 75 28 B 0 A Field Diagram
D 65 53 35 75 A 28 B
The measurements along the traverse are the distances starting from the bottom. For example, the distance 110 to the offset at point C is the distance from point A. This results in a distance of 35 between offset B and C. Conducting a traverse survey
1 2 3 4
Choose a suitable diagonal or traverse. Place a tape measure along the traverse. Starting from the bottom, measure the offsets using a taut string. Record the measurements in a field book entry.
251
Example 13
Calculating area from a field diagram
D 65 53 35 75 A 28 B
A field diagram from a traverse survey is shown opposite. Measurements are in metres. a Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD. Answer correct to one decimal place. b Find the distance AB. Answer correct to two decimal places.
Solution
1
Divide the quadrilateral into two triangles ADB and ADC. Find the area of each triangle using the bh. b formula A = 1 2
Area of quadrilateral ABCD For ADB, b = 163 and h = 28 A= 1 bh b 2 1 = 163 28 2 = 2282 m 2
3 4 5
Substitute the values for b and h. Evaluate. Express answer correct to one decimal place and with the correct units.
For ADC, b = 163 and h = 65 1 bh b 2 1 = 163 65 2 = 5297.5 m 2 Total area = 2282 + 5297.5 = 7579.5 m2 A=
b
Add the area of the two triangles.
7 8 9 10
Write Pythagoras theorem by substituting the length of the sides. Take the square root to find AB. Evaluate. Express answer correct to two decimal places.
Distance AB AB 2 = 752 + 282 AB = 752 + 282 = 80.056 230 24 = 80.06 m Distance AB is 80.06 m.
252
Exercise 8D
1
Find the area of the following fields using each field diagram. Units are in metres.
a b c
35
60 60 30
28
50 50
20 50
80 80 45
D 60 50 40 50 A 45 B
D 18 C
D 25 26 12 32 B
60
110 48 20 A B
24 A
Find the area of the following fields using each field book entry. Units are in metres.
a
B 60 C 50 25 0 A E 140 100 32 D C 55 90 30 32 B 0 A
D 75 50 20 B C 15 40 0 A E 90 C 36 80 75 10 D B 36 20 0 A
D 150 C 70 110 75 30 B 0 A E 40 30 10 D C 40 20 10 10 B 0 A
253
Development
3
D 35 25 C 32 14 13 A B
The diagram on the right shows a block of land that has been surveyed. All measurements are in metres. a Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD. Answer correct to one decimal place. b What is the length of AB? Answer correct to the nearest metre. The diagram below shows a block of land that has been surveyed. All measurements are in metres.
E C 11 44 G 67 F 15 A
a b c d e f
54 46
Find the area of the triangle ABF. Answer correct to one decimal place. Find the area of the triangle ACE. Answer correct to one decimal place. Find the area of the triangle DGE. Answer correct to one decimal place. Find the area of the trapezium BFGD. Answer correct to one decimal place. What is the total area of the block of land? Answer correct to one decimal place. Find the distance AB. Answer correct to two decimal places.
5
The field book entry below shows a block of land that has been surveyed. All measurements are in metres. E 71 58 43 D C 23 34 25 14 B 0 A
a b
Find the area of ABDEC. Answer correct to one decimal place. What is the length of AC? Answer correct to the nearest metre.
254
8.5 Volume of prisms and cylinders

Volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object. It is measured by counting the number of cubes that fit inside the solid. When calculating volume, the answer will be in cubic units. 8.5 1000 mm3 = 1 cm3 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3 1 000 000 000 m3 = 1 km3 To calculate the volume of the most common solids, we use a formula. Some of these formulas are listed below. The volume of a prism is found by using its cross-sectional area. Prisms are three-dimensional objects that have a uniform cross-section along their entire length.
Volume formulas
Name Solid Volume V = Ah = (s2) s = s3
Cube
s s s
Rectangular prism
b h l
V = Ah = lb h = lbh
Triangular prism
A=
1 2
h bh r
V=A Ah 1 = bh h 2
Cylinder
V = Ah = (r2) h = r2h
255
Example 14
Finding the volume of a right prism

2 cm
A rectangular prism has a length of 8 cm, a breadth of 2 cm and a height of 4 cm. Find the volume of this rectangular prism. Answer in cubic centimetres.
4 cm 8 cm
Solution
1 2 3 4 5
Use the volume formula for a right prism V = Ah. Determine the shape of the base and the formula to calculate the area of the base A = lb. Substitute the values into the formula. Evaluate. Give the answer to the correct units.
V = Ah = lbh =824 = 64 cm3
Example 15
Finding the volume of a cylinder

12 mm 8 mm
A cylinder has a radius of 8 mm and a height of 12 mm. Find the volume of the cylinder. Answer correct to two decimal places in cubic millimetres.
Solution
1 2 3 4
Use the volume formula for a cylinder V = r2h. V = r2h = 82 12 Substitute the r = 8 and h = 12 into the formula. = 2412.743 158 mm3 Evaluate. Write the answer correct to two decimal places and 2412.74 mm3 with the correct units.
256
Exercise 8E
1
Find the volume of the following prisms where A is the area of the base.
a b c
A = 8 m2
12 m
40 m A = 110 m2
16 m A = 7 m2
What is the volume of a rectangular prism with a base area of 15 mm2 and a height of 11 mm? Find the volume of a triangular prism with a height of 15 m and a base area of 50 m2. Find the volume of the following solids. Answer to the nearest whole number.
a b
18 cm
3m 9m 4m 18 cm 8 mm 18 cm 10 mm
10 mm
6 mm
14 mm 6 mm
7 mm
6m 10 m
15 m 20 mm
What is the volume of a rectangular prism with dimensions 4.5 cm by 6.5 cm by 10.5 cm? Answer correct to one decimal place. A closed cylindrical plastic container is 20 cm high and its circular end surfaces each have a radius of 5 cm. What is its volume correct to two decimal places?
257
Development
7
A water tank is in the shape of a closed cylinder with a radius of 10 m and height of 8 m. a What is the area of the top circular face of the water tank? Answer correct to one decimal place. b Determine the volume of the water tank. Answer correct to one decimal place. A hollow container is in the shape of a rectangular prism as shown.
10 m 8m
6m
2m
6m 10 m
10 m
a b c 9
What is the volume of the container if it was solid? What is the area of the base? What is volume of the hollow container?
5m
12 m 2m 1m 10 m
A step is shown opposite. a What is the area of the base? b Determine the volume of the step.
10
What is the volume, correct to one decimal place, of a cylindrical paint tin with a height of 30 cm and a diameter of 25 cm? Find the volume of an equilateral triangular prism with a height 10 cm and a side length of 3 cm. Answer correct to three decimal places. A vase with a volume of 200 cm3 is packed into the cardboard box shown below. The space around the vase is filled with foam to protect from breaking. The parcel is sealed and posted.
11
12
6 cm 10 cm
a b
8 cm
What is the volume of the foam? What is the area of cardboard on the surface of the box?
258
8.6 Capacity
The capacity of a container is the amount of liquid it can hold. Some solids have both a volume and a capacity. For example, a can of soft drink is a cylinder that has a volume (V = r2h) and a capacity (360 mL). The base unit for capacity is a litre (L). Three commonly used units for capacity are a megalitre, (ML), kilolitre (kL) and millilitre (mL).
Capacity 1 ML = 1000 kL 1 ML = 1 000 000 L 1 kL = 1000 L 1 L = 1000 mL 1 cm3 = 1 mL 1 cm3 = 0.001 L 1000 cm3 = 1 L 1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3 1 m3 = 1 000 000 mL 1 m3 = 1000 L 1 m3 = 1 kL
Example 16
Finding the capacity
The container shown opposite is filled with water. a Find the volume of the container in cubic centimetres. b Find the capacity of the container in litres.
70 cm Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30 cm 40 cm
Use the volume formula for a right prism V = Ah. Determine the shape of the base and the formula to calculate the area of the base A = lb. Substitute the values into the formula. Evaluate. Give answer to the correct units. To change cm3 to L multiply by 0.001. (1 cm3 = 0.001 L) Alternative method is to convert to mL. (1 cm3 = 1 mL)
V = Ah
= lbh = 70 40 30 = 84 000 cm3

b
Capacity = 84 000 0.001 L = 84 L Capacity = 84 000 1 mL = 84 000 mL = 84 L
259
Exercise 8F
1
A can of soft drink has a capacity of 375 mL. How many cans of soft drink would it take to fill a 1.2 L bottle? How much would remain?
A medicine bottle has a capacity of 0.3 L. a What is the capacity in millilitres? b How many tablespoons (15 mL) does the bottle contain? c How many teaspoons (5 mL) does the bottle contain? d The correct dosage is 10 mL, 3 times a day. How many doses does the bottle contain?
Complete the following. a 4 cm 3 = mL

c e g i k
b d f h j l
2000 cm 3 = 34 000 cm 3 = 500 cm 3 = 30 m 3 = 7 m3 = 8 m3 = L L mL
L L L
70 cm 3 = 900 cm 3 = 43 m 3 = 103 m 3 = 5 m3 =
mL mL kL kL kL
What is the capacity of a rectangular prism whose base area is 20 cm2 and height is 10 cm? Answer correct to the nearest millilitre. Find the capacity of a triangular prism with a height of 18 m and a base area of 40 m2. Answer in litres, correct to two significant figures. Find the capacity of a rectangular pyramid whose base area is 12 cm2 and height is 15 cm. Answer correct to the nearest millilitre. Find the capacity of a cylindrical plastic container 16 cm high and with circular end surfaces of radius 8 cm. Answer correct to the nearest litre.
260
Development
8
Find the capacity of the following solids in millilitres, correct to two decimal places.
a b
4m 8m 3m 5 mm 4 mm
6 mm 3 mm
18 mm 10 mm
A = 21 m2
10 m
9m
7m
6m
10 m
3m
Find the capacity of a cube whose side length is 75 mm. Answer in millilitres, correct to two decimal places. A water tank is the shape of a cylinder with a radius of 2 m and height of 2.5 m. a What is the area of the top circular face of the 2m water tank? Answer correct to one decimal place. b Determine the volume of the water tank in cubic metres. Answer correct to one decimal place. c What is the capacity of the tank, to the nearest kilolitre? A swimming pool is the shape of a rectangular prism as shown opposite. The swimming pool is filled 25 cm from the top. a What is the volume of water in cubic metres? b How much water does the swimming pool contain, to the nearest kilolitre?
10
2.5 m
11
1.7 m
14.4
15 m
10 m
261
Review
Chapter summary Applications of perimeter, area and volume

Pythagoras theorem
Study guide 8
Pythagoras theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. h2 = a 2 + b 2
Perimeter
Perimeter is the total length of the outside edges of a shape. It is the distance of the boundary. Rectangle P = 2(l + b) Circle C = 2 r or C = d Triangle Rectangle Trapezium Circle A= 1 bh b 2 A = lb A= 1 (a + b)h 2 A = r 2 Square Parallelogram Rhombus A = s2 A = bh A= 1 xy x 2
Area
Area of composite shapes
Composite shapes are made up of more than one simple shape. Area of composite shapes can be found by adding or subtracting the areas of simple shapes.
Field diagrams
Field diagrams are used to calculate the area of irregularly shaped blocks of land. A traverse survey measures distances along a suitable diagonal or traverse. Cube Rectangular prism Triangular prism Cylinder V = Ah = (s2) s = s3 V = Ah = lb h = lbh V = Ah Ah = bh h) h (b
1 2
Volume of prisms and cylinders
V = Ah = (r2) h = r2h
Capacity
The amount of liquid a container can hold. Base unit is a litre.
262
Review
Sample HSC Objective-response questions

1
What is the length of the hypotenuse? A 400 cm B 20 cm C 28 cm D 7.46 cm
16 cm
12 cm
What is the perimeter of a quadrant with a radius of 5 mm? A 3.9 mm B 7.9 mm C 13.9 mm What is the perimeter of the composite shape? A 25 m B 29 m C 30 m D 32 m
17.9 mm
9m 4m 7m 5m
What is the area of the composite shape in question 3? A 25 m2 B 51 m2 C 63 m2 D 75 m2
What is the area of a triangle with a base of 5 m and a perpendicular height of 8 m? A 13 m2 B 20 m2 C 40 m2 D 80 m2 What is the area of the trapezium? A 42 cm2 B 63 cm2 C 96 cm2 D 126 cm2
6 cm 8 cm 7 cm 12 cm
What is the area of ABCD using the field book entry? A 40 B 450 C 600 D 1200
D C 10 40 30 10 0 20 B A
What is the volume of a cylinder with a height of 6 cm and radius of 2 cm? A 75 cm3 B 113 cm3 C 302 cm3 D 452 cm3 A cubic water tank has a side length of 6 m. What is the capacity of the tank? A 36 kL B 216 kL C 360 kL D 216000 kL
263
Review
Sample HSC Short-answer questions

1
Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places. a b x mm

xm 21 m 28 m 14 mm
27 cm 21 mm x cm
47 cm
Calculate the length of x, correct to the nearest millimetre.

x
18 mm 6 mm 10 mm
Find the perimeter of each shape. Answer correct to one decimal place. a b c
5 cm 10 cm 6.7 cm 11 cm
12 m

6 mm
7m 9m 4m 11 m
a b c
6m 9m 10 m
3.5 m
11.2 cm
d e f
5.6 cm 8.4 cm
4 mm 3m 7 mm
2m
264
Review
Chapter summary Earning Money area measuring 3.6 m by 3.2 m in his backyard. 5 Mahendra is planning to tile a rectangular
The tiles he wishes to use are 40 cm by 40 cm. a What is the area of the rectangle? b What is the area (in m2) of the tiles? c How many tiles will he need?
6
The diagram on the right shows a block of land that has been surveyed. All measurements are in metres. a Find the area of the quadrilateral PQRS. Answer correct to one decimal place. b What is the length of PQ? Answer correct to the nearest metre.
S 40 R 58 52 46 18 P
Find the volume of the following solids.

a
11 mm 11 mm
4 mm 5 mm 10 m
3 mm
11 mm 4.5 m 3.2 m
8
4 mm
A closed cylindrical container is 16 mm long and its end surfaces have a radius of 8 mm. a What is the area of the circular ends? Answer correct to the nearest square millimetre. b What is the volume of the container? Answer correct to the nearest cubic millimetre.
16 mm 8 mm
Find the capacity of a triangular prism with a height of 50 cm and a base area of 120 cm2. Answer in litres.
Challenge questions 8

Chapter 8 Applications of Perimeter, Area and Volume

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Chapter 8 Applications of Perimeter, Area and Volume

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C H A P T E R

Applications of perimeter, area and volume

8.1 Pythagoras theorem

Preliminary Mathematics General

Finding the length of the hypotenuse

Find the length of the hypotenuse, correct to two decimal places.

Finding the length of a shorter side

= 10.9 mm The length of the rectangle is 10.9 mm.

Cambridge University Press