The Common Cold

THE OFFICIAL
PATIENT S SOURCEBOOK
on
J AMES N. PARKER, M.D.
AND PHI LI P M. PARKER, PH.D., EDI TORS
ii
ICON HeaIh PubIicaions
ICON Croup InernaionaI, Inc.
437O La ]oIIa ViIIage Drive, 4h IIoor
San Diego, CA 92122 \SA
Copyrigh 2OO2 by ICON Croup InernaionaI, Inc.
Copyrigh 2OO2 by ICON Croup InernaionaI, Inc. AII righs reserved. This book is proeced by copyrigh. No par oI i
may be reproduced, sored in a rerievaI sysem, or ransmied in any Iorm or by any means, eIecronic, mechanicaI,
phoocopying, recording or ohervise, vihou vrien permission Irom he pubIisher.
Prined in he \nied Saes oI America.
Las digi indicaes prin number: 1O 9 8 7 4 5 3 2 1
PubIisher, HeaIh Care: TiIIany LaRocheIIe
dior(s): ]ames Parker, M.D., PhiIip Parker, Ph.D.
PubIIsher s note: The Ideas, procedures, and suggestIons contaIned In thIs book are not Intended as a substItute Ior
consuItatIon vIth your physIcIan. AII matters regardIng your heaIth requIre medIcaI supervIsIon. As nev medicaI or
scieniIic inIormaion becomes avaiIabIe Irom academic and cIinicaI research, recommended reamens and drug herapies
may undergo changes. The auhors, ediors, and pubIisher have aemped o make he inIormaion in his book up o dae
and accurae in accord vih acceped sandards a he ime oI pubIicaion. The auhors, ediors, and pubIisher are no
responsibIe Ior errors or omissions or Ior consequences Irom appIicaion oI he book, and make no varrany, expressed or
impIied, in regard o he conens oI his book. Any pracice described in his book shouId be appIied by he reader in
accordance vih proIessionaI sandards oI care used in regard o he unique circumsances ha may appIy in each siuaion,
in cIose consuIaion vih a quaIiIied physician. The reader is advised o aIvays check produc inIormaion (package insers)
Ior changes and nev inIormaion regarding dose and conraindicaions beIore aking any drug or pharmacoIogicaI produc.
Cauion is especiaIIy urged vhen using nev or inIrequenIy ordered drugs, herbaI remedies, viamins and suppIemens,
aIernaive herapies, compIemenary herapies and medicines, and inegraive medicaI reamens.
CataIogIngInPubIIcatIon ata
Parker, ]ames N., 191
Parker, PhiIip M., 19O
The OIIiciaI Paien s Sourcebook on he Common CoId: A Revised and \pdaed Direcory Ior he Inerne
Age]ames N. Parker and PhiIip M. Parker, ediors
p. cm.
IncIudes bibIiographicaI reIerences, gIossary and index.
ISBN: O59782981O
1. he Common CoIdPopuIar vorks. I. TiIe.
iii
IscIaImer
This pubIicaion is no inended o be used Ior he diagnosis or reamen oI a heaIh
probIem or as a subsiue Ior consuIaion vih Iicensed medicaI proIessionaIs. I is soId
vih he undersanding ha he pubIisher, ediors, and auhors are no engaging in he
rendering oI medicaI, psychoIogicaI, IinanciaI, IegaI, or oher proIessionaI services.
ReIerences o any eniy, produc, service, or source oI inIormaion ha may be conained in
his pubIicaion shouId no be considered an endorsemen, eiher direc or impIied, by he
pubIisher, ediors or auhors. ICON Croup InernaionaI, Inc., he ediors, or he auhors are
no responsibIe Ior he conen oI any Web pages nor pubIicaions reIerenced in his
pubIicaion.
CopyrIght MotIce
II a physician vishes o copy Iimied passages Irom his sourcebook Ior paien use, his
righ is auomaicaIIy graned vihou vrien permission Irom ICON Croup InernaionaI,
Inc. (ICON Croup). Hovever, aII oI ICON Croup pubIicaions are copyrighed. Wih
excepion o he above, copying our pubIicaions in vhoIe or in par, Ior vhaever reason, is
a vioIaion oI copyrigh Iavs and can Iead o penaIies and Iines. ShouId you van o copy
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iv
edIcatIon
To he heaIhcare proIessionaIs dedicaing heir ime and eIIors o he sudy oI he common
coId.
AcknovIedgements
The coIIecive knovIedge generaed Irom academic and appIied research summarized in
various reIerences has been criicaI in he creaion oI his sourcebook vhich is bes vieved
as a comprehensive compiIaion and coIIecion oI inIormaion prepared by various oIIiciaI
agencies vhich direcIy or indirecIy are dedicaed o he common coId. AII oI he
- - drav Irom various agencies and insiuions associaed vih he \nied
Saes Deparmen oI HeaIh and Human Services, and in paricuIar, he OIIice oI he
Secreary oI HeaIh and Human Services (OS), he Adminisraion Ior ChiIdren and IamiIies
(ACI), he Adminisraion on Aging (AOA), he Agency Ior HeaIhcare Research and
QuaIiy (AHRQ), he Agency Ior Toxic Subsances and Disease Regisry (ATSDR), he
Ceners Ior Disease ConroI and Prevenion (CDC), he Iood and Drug Adminisraion
(IDA), he HeaIhcare Iinancing Adminisraion (HCIA), he HeaIh Resources and Services
Adminisraion (HRSA), he Indian HeaIh Service (IHS), he insiuions oI he NaionaI
Insiues oI HeaIh (NIH), he Program Suppor Cener (PSC), and he Subsance Abuse and
MenaI HeaIh Services Adminisraion (SAMHSA). In addiion o hese sources,
inIormaion gahered Irom he NaionaI Library oI Medicine, he \nied Saes Paen OIIice,
he uropean \nion, and heir reIaed organizaions has been invaIuabIe in he creaion oI
his sourcebook. Some oI he vork represened vas IinanciaIIy suppored by he Research
and DeveIopmen Commiee a INSAD. This suppor is graeIuIIy acknovIedged. IinaIIy,
speciaI hanks are oved o TiIIany LaRocheIIe Ior her exceIIen edioriaI suppor.
v
About the EdItors
]ames M. Parker, M..
Dr. ]ames N. Parker received his BacheIor oI Science degree in PsychobioIogy Irom he
\niversiy oI CaIiIornia, Riverside and his M.D. Irom he \niversiy oI CaIiIornia, San
Diego. In addiion o auhoring numerous research pubIicaions, he has Iecured a various
academic insiuions. Dr. Parker is he medicaI edior Ior he -
series pubIished by ICON HeaIh PubIicaions.
PhIIIp M. Parker, Ph..
PhiIip M. Parker is he Ii LiIIy Chair ProIessor oI Innovaion, Business and Sociey a
INSAD (IonainebIeau, Irance and Singapore). Dr. Parker has aIso been ProIessor a he
\niversiy oI CaIiIornia, San Diego and has augh courses a Harvard \niversiy, he Hong
Kong \niversiy oI Science and TechnoIogy, he Massachuses Insiue oI TechnoIogy,
SanIord \niversiy, and \CLA. Dr. Parker is he associae edior Ior he -
series pubIished by ICON HeaIh PubIicaions.
vi
About ICOM HeaIth PubIIcatIons
In addiion o he common coId, - - are avaiIabIe Ior he IoIIoving
reIaed opics:
The OIIiciaI Paien's Sourcebook on Common CoId
The OIIiciaI Paien's Sourcebook on IIu
The OIIiciaI Paien's Sourcebook on Pneumonia
The OIIiciaI Paien's Sourcebook on Sinusiis
To discover more abou ICON HeaIh PubIicaions, simpIy check vih your preIerred onIine
bookseIIers, incIuding Barnes & NobIe.com and Amazon.com vhich currenIy carry aII oI
our iIes. Or, IeeI Iree o conac us direcIy Ior buIk purchases or insiuionaI discouns:
ICON Croup InernaionaI, Inc.
437O La ]oIIa ViIIage Drive, Iourh IIoor
San Diego, CA 92122 \SA
Iax: 858544341
Web sie: vvv.IcongrouponIIne.com/heaIth
Conens vii
TabIe oI Contents
INTROD\CTION...................................................................................... 1

PART I: THE ESSEMTIALS ................................................. 7
CHAPTR 1. TH SSNTIALS ON TH COMMON COLD: C\IDLINS 9

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CHAPTR 2. SKINC C\IDANC ....................................................... 25

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CHAPTR 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND TH COMMON COLD................. 33

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PART II: AITIOMAL RESOURCES AM
A\AMCE MATERIAL.................................................. 45
CHAPTR 4. ST\DIS ON TH COMMON COLD .................................. 47

Conens viii
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CHAPTR 5. PATNTS ON TH COMMON COLD................................. 1

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CHAPTR . BOOKS ON TH COMMON COLD .................................... 75

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CHAPTR 7. M\LTIMDIA ON TH COMMON COLD.......................... 89

CHAPTR 8. PRIODICALS AND NWS ON TH COMMON COLD....... 91

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CHAPTR 9. PHYSICIAN C\IDLINS AND DATABASS................... 1O3

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CHAPTR 1O. DISSRTATIONS ON TH COMMON COLD.................. 117

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PART III. APPEMICES .................................................. 119
Conens ix
APPNDIX A. RSARCHINC YO\R MDICATIONS.......................... 121

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APPNDIX B. RSARCHINC ALTRNATIV MDICIN ................... 135

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APPNDIX C. RSARCHINC N\TRITION......................................... 173

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APPNDIX D. IINDINC MDICAL LIBRARIS.................................... 187

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APPNDIX . YO\R RICHTS AND INS\RANC ................................. 195

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OMLIME CLOSSARIES.................................................... 207
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THE COMMOM COL CLOSSARY ............................ 209
Conens x
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IMEX................................................................................... 22
Inroducion 1
IMTROUCTIOM
OvervIev
Dr. C. vere Koop, Iormer \.S. Surgeon CeneraI, once said, The bes
prescripion is knovIedge.
1
The Agency Ior HeaIhcare Research and
QuaIiy (AHRQ) oI he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh (NIH) echoes his viev
and recommends ha every paien incorporae educaion ino he reamen
process. According o he AHRQ:
Iinding ou more abou your condiion is a good pIace o sar. By
conacing groups ha suppor your condiion, visiing your IocaI
Iibrary, and searching on he Inerne, you can Iind good inIormaion
o heIp guide your reamen decisions. Some inIormaion may be
hard o Iind especiaIIy iI you don knov vhere o Iook.
2
As he AHRQ menions, Iinding he righ inIormaion is no an obvious ask.
Though many physicians and pubIic oIIiciaIs had hough ha he
emergence oI he Inerne vouId do much o assis paiens in obaining
reIiabIe inIormaion, in March 2OO1 he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh issued
he IoIIoving varning:
The number oI Web sies oIIering heaIhreIaed resources grovs
every day. Many sies provide vaIuabIe inIormaion, vhiIe ohers may
have inIormaion ha is unreIiabIe or misIeading.
3
1
Quoaion Iromhttp://vvv.drkoop.com.
2
The Agency Ior HeaIhcare Research and QuaIiy (AHRQ):
http://vvv.ahcpr.gov/consumer/dIagInIo.htm.
3
Irom he NIH, NaionaI Cancer Insiue (NCI):
http://cancertrIaIs.ncI.nIh.gov/beyond/evaIuatIng.htmI.
The Common CoId 2
Since he Iae 199Os, physicians have seen a generaI increase in paien
Inerne usage raes. Paiens IrequenIy ener heir docor s oIIices vih
prined Web pages oI home remedies in he guise oI Iaes medicaI research.
This scenario is so common ha docors oIen spend more ime dispeIIing
misIeading inIormaion han guiding paiens hrough sound herapies.
- has been creaed Ior paiens
vho have decided o make educaion and research an inegraI par oI he
reamen process. The pages ha IoIIov viII eII you vhere and hov o Iook
Ior inIormaion covering viruaIIy aII opics reIaed o he common coId,
Irom he esseniaIs o he mos advanced areas oI research.
The iIe oI his book incIudes he vord oIIiciaI. This reIIecs he Iac ha
he sourcebook dravs Irom pubIic, academic, governmen, and peer
revieved research. SeIeced readings Irom various agencies are reproduced
o give you some oI he Iaes oIIiciaI inIormaion avaiIabIe o dae on he
common coId.
Civen paiens increasing sophisicaion in using he Inerne, abundan
reIerences o reIiabIe Inernebased resources are provided hroughou his
sourcebook. Where possibIe, guidance is provided on hov o obain IreeoI
charge, primary research resuIs as veII as more deaiIed inIormaion via he
Inerne. book and eIecronic versions oI his sourcebook are IuIIy
ineracive vih each oI he Inerne sies menioned (cIicking on a hyperIink
auomaicaIIy opens your brovser o he sie indicaed). Hard copy users oI
his sourcebook can ype cied Web addresses direcIy ino heir brovsers o
obain access o he corresponding sies. Since ve are vorking vih ICON
HeaIh PubIicaions, hard copy - are IrequenIy updaed and
prined on demand o ensure ha he inIormaion provided is curren.
In addiion o exensive reIerences accessibIe via he Inerne, every chaper
presens a VocabuIary BuiIder. Many heaIh guides oIIer gIossaries oI
echnicaI or uncommon erms in an appendix. In ediing his sourcebook, ve
have decided o pIace a smaIIer gIossary vihin each chaper ha covers
erms used in ha chaper. Civen he echnicaI naure oI some chapers, you
may need o revisi many secions. BuiIding one s vocabuIary oI medicaI
erms in such a graduaI manner has been shovn o improve he Iearning
process.
We mus emphasize ha no sourcebook on he common coId shouId aIIirm
ha a speciIic diagnosic procedure or reamen discussed in a research
sudy, paen, or docoraI disseraion is correc or your bes opion. This
sourcebook is no excepion. ach paien is unique. Deciding on appropriae
Inroducion 3
opions is aIvays up o he paien in consuIaion vih heir physician and
heaIhcare providers.
OrganIzatIon
This sourcebook is organized ino hree pars. Par I expIores basic
echniques o researching he common coId (e.g. Iinding guideIines on
diagnosis, reamens, and prognosis), IoIIoved by a number oI opics,
incIuding inIormaion on hov o ge in ouch vih organizaions,
associaions, or oher paien nevorks dedicaed o he common coId. I aIso
gives you sources oI inIormaion ha can heIp you Iind a docor in your IocaI
area speciaIizing in reaing he common coId. CoIIeciveIy, he maeriaI
presened in Par I is a compIee primer on basic research opics Ior paiens
vih he common coId.
Par II moves on o advanced research dedicaed o he common coId. Par II
is inended Ior hose viIIing o inves many hours oI hard vork and sudy. I
is here ha ve direc you o he Iaes scieniIic and appIied research on he
common coId. When possibIe, conac names, Iinks via he Inerne, and
summaries are provided. I is in Par II vhere he vocabuIary process
becomes imporan as auhors pubIishing advanced research IrequenIy use
highIy speciaIized Ianguage. In generaI, every aemp is made o
recommend Ireeouse opions.
Par III provides appendices oI useIuI background reading Ior aII paiens
vih he common coId or reIaed disorders. The appendices are dedicaed o
more pragmaic issues Iaced by many paiens vih he common coId.
Accessing maeriaIs via medicaI Iibraries may be he onIy opion Ior some
readers, so a guide is provided Ior Iinding IocaI medicaI Iibraries vhich are
open o he pubIic. Par III, hereIore, Iocuses on advice ha goes beyond he
bioIogicaI and scieniIic issues Iacing paiens vih he common coId.
Scope
WhiIe his sourcebook covers he common coId, your docor, research
pubIicaions, and speciaIiss may reIer o your condiion using a variey oI
erms. ThereIore, you shouId undersand ha he common coId is oIen
considered a synonym or a condiion cIoseIy reIaed o he IoIIoving:
Common CoId
\pper Respiraory InIecion
The Common CoId 4
ViraI \pper Respiraory InIecion
In addiion o synonyms and reIaed condiions, physicians may reIer o he
common coId using cerain coding sysems. The InernaionaI CIassiIicaion
oI Diseases, 9h Revision, CIinicaI ModiIicaion (ICD9CM) is he mos
commonIy used sysem oI cIassiIicaion Ior he vorId s iIInesses. Your
physician may use his coding sysem as an adminisraive or racking ooI.
The IoIIoving cIassiIicaion is commonIy used Ior he common coId:
4
4O acue nasopharyngiis (common coId)
Ior he purposes oI his sourcebook, ve have aemped o be as incIusive as
possibIe, Iooking Ior oIIiciaI inIormaion Ior aII oI he synonyms reIevan o
he common coId. You may Iind i useIuI o reIer o synonyms vhen
accessing daabases or ineracing vih heaIhcare proIessionaIs and medicaI
Iibrarians.
MovIng Forvard
Since he 198Os, he vorId has seen a proIiIeraion oI heaIhcare guides
covering mos iIInesses. Some are vrien by paiens or heir IamiIy
members. These generaIIy ake a Iayperson s approach o undersanding and
coping vih an iIIness or disorder. They can be upIiIing, encouraging, and
highIy supporive. Oher guides are auhored by physicians or oher
heaIhcare providers vho have a more cIinicaI ouIook. ach oI hese vo
syIes oI guide has is purpose and can be quie useIuI.
As ediors, ve have chosen a hird roue. We have chosen o expose you o
as many sources oI oIIiciaI and peerrevieved inIormaion as pracicaI, Ior
he purpose oI educaing you abou basic and advanced knovIedge as
recognized by medicaI science oday. You can hink oI his sourcebook as
your personaI Inerne age reIerence Iibrarian.
Why Inerne age 7 AII oo oIen, paiens diagnosed vih he common coId
viII Iog on o he Inerne, ype vords ino a search engine, and receive
severaI Web sie Iisings vhich are mosIy irreIevan or redundan. These
paiens are IeI o vonder vhere he reIevan inIormaion is, and hov o
4
This Iis is based on he oIIiciaI version oI he WorId HeaIh Organizaion's 9h Revision,
InernaionaI CIassiIicaion oI Diseases (ICD9). According o he NaionaI TechnicaI
InIormaion Service, ICD9CM exensions, inerpreaions, modiIicaions, addenda, or
erraa oher han hose approved by he \.S. PubIic HeaIh Service and he HeaIh Care
Iinancing Adminisraion are no o be considered oIIiciaI and shouId no be uiIized.
Coninuous mainenance oI he ICD9CM is he responsibiIiy oI he IederaI governmen.
Inroducion 5
obain i. Since onIy he smaIIes Iracion oI inIormaion deaIing vih he
common coId is even indexed in search engines, a nonsysemaic approach
oIen Ieads o Irusraion and disappoinmen. Wih his sourcebook, ve
hope o direc you o he inIormaion you need ha you vouId no IikeIy
Iind using popuIar Web direcories. Beyond Web Iisings, in many cases ve
viII reproduce brieI summaries or absracs oI avaiIabIe reIerence maeriaIs.
These absracs oIen conain disiIIed inIormaion on opics oI discussion.
WhiIe ve Iocus on he more scieniIic aspecs oI he common coId, here is, oI
course, he emoionaI side o consider. Laer in he sourcebook, ve provide a
chaper dedicaed o heIping you Iind peer groups and associaions ha can
provide addiionaI suppor beyond research produced by medicaI science.
We hope ha he choices ve have made give you he mos opions avaiIabIe
in moving Iorvard. In his vay, ve vish you he bes in your eIIors o
incorporae his educaionaI approach ino your reamen pIan.
-
7
PART I: THE ESSEMTIALS
ABOUT PART I
Par I has been edied o give you access o vha ve IeeI are he esseniaIs
on he common coId. The esseniaIs oI a disease ypicaIIy incIude he
deIiniion or descripion oI he disease, a discussion oI vho i aIIecs, he
signs or sympoms associaed vih he disease, ess or diagnosic
procedures ha migh be speciIic o he disease, and reamens Ior he
disease. Your docor or heaIhcare provider may have aIready expIained he
esseniaIs oI he common coId o you or even given you a pamphIe or
brochure describing he common coId. Nov you are searching Ior more in
deph inIormaion. As ediors, ve have decided, neverheIess, o incIude a
discussion on vhere o Iind esseniaI inIormaion ha can compIemen vha
your docor has aIready oId you. In his secion ve recommend a process,
no a paricuIar Web sie or reIerence book. The process ensures ha, as you
search he Web, you gain background inIormaion in such a vay as o
maximize your undersanding.
CuideIines 9
CHAPTER 1. THE ESSEMTIALS OM THE COMMOM COL:
CUIELIMES
OvervIev
OIIiciaI agencies, as veII as IederaIIyIunded insiuions suppored by
naionaI grans, IrequenIy pubIish a variey oI guideIines on he common
coId. These are ypicaIIy caIIed Iac Shees or CuideIines. They can ake
he Iorm oI a brochure, inIormaion ki, pamphIe, or IIyer. OIen hey are
onIy a Iev pages in Iengh. The grea advanage oI guideIines over oher
sources is ha hey are oIen vrien vih he paien in mind. Since nev
guideIines on he common coId can appear a any momen and be pubIished
by a number oI sources, he bes approach o Iinding guideIines is o
sysemaicaIIy scan he Inernebased services ha pos hem.
The MatIonaI InstItutes oI HeaIth (MIH)
5
The NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh (NIH) is he Iirs pIace o search Ior
reIaiveIy curren paien guideIines and Iac shees on he common coId.
OriginaIIy Iounded in 1887, he NIH is one oI he vorId s Ioremos medicaI
research ceners and he IederaI IocaI poin Ior medicaI research in he
\nied Saes. A any given ime, he NIH suppors some 35,OOO research
grans a universiies, medicaI schooIs, and oher research and raining
insiuions, boh naionaIIy and inernaionaIIy. The rosers oI hose vho
have conduced research or vho have received NIH suppor over he years
incIude he vorId s mos iIIusrious scieniss and physicians. Among hem
are 97 scieniss vho have von he NobeI Prize Ior achievemen in medicine.
5
Adaped Irom he NIH: http://vvv.nIh.gov/about/MIHovervIev.htmI.
The Common CoId 10
There is no guaranee ha any one Insiue viII have a guideIine on a
speciIic disease, hough he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh coIIeciveIy pubIish
over OO guideIines Ior boh common and rare diseases. The bes vay o
access NIH guideIines is via he Inerne. AIhough he NIH is organized ino
many diIIeren Insiues and OIIices, he IoIIoving is a Iis oI key Web sies
vhere you are mos IikeIy o Iind NIH cIinicaI guideIines and pubIicaions
deaIing vih he common coId and associaed condiions:
OIIice oI he Direcor (OD), guideIines consoIidaed across agencies
avaiIabIe a http://vvv.nIh.gov/heaIth/consumer/conkey.htm
NaionaI Library oI Medicine (NLM), exensive encycIopedia (A.D.A.M.,
Inc.) vih guideIines avaiIabIe a
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/heaIthtopIcs.htmI
NaionaI Insiue oI AIIergy and InIecious Diseases (NIAID), guideIines
avaiIabIe a http://vvv.nIaId.nIh.gov/pubIIcatIons/
Ceners Ior Disease ConroI and Prevenion: various Iac shees on
inIecious diseases a http://vvv.cdc.gov/heaIth/dIseases.htm
Among he above, he NaionaI Insiue oI AIIergy and InIecious Diseases
(NIAID) is paricuIarIy noevorhy. The mission oI he NIAID is o provide
suppor Ior scieniss conducing research aimed a deveIoping beer vays
o diagnose, rea, and preven he many inIecious, immunoIogic and
aIIergic diseases ha aIIIic peopIe vorIdvide.
The NIAID is composed oI

Iour exramuraI divisions: he Division oI AIDS, he Division oI AIIergy,
ImmunoIogy and TranspIanaion, he Division oI MicrobioIogy and
InIecious Diseases, and he Division oI xramuraI Aciviies. In addiion,
NIAID scieniss conduc inramuraI research in Iaboraories Iocaed in
Behesda, RockviIIe and Irederick, MaryIand, and in HamiIon, Monana.
The IoIIoving paien guideIine vas recenIy pubIished by he NIAID on he
common coId.
What Is the Common CoId7
7
Sneezing, scrachy hroa, runny nose everyone knovs he Iirs signs oI a
coId, probabIy he mos common iIIness knovn. AIhough he common coId
This paragraph has been adaped Irom he NIAID:

http://vvv.nIaId.nIh.gov/Iacts/overvIev.htm. Adaped signiIies ha a passage has been
reproduced exacIy or sIighIy edied Ior his book.
7
Adaped Irom The NaionaI Insiue oI AIIergy and InIecious Diseases (NIAID):
http://vvv.nIaId.nIh.gov/Iactsheets/coId.htm.
CuideIines 11
is usuaIIy miId, vih sympoms Iasing one o vo veeks, i is a Ieading
cause oI docor visis and oI schooI and [ob abseneeism.
The ProbIem
In he course oI a year, individuaIs in he \nied Saes suIIer 1 biIIion coIds,
according o some esimaes.
CoIds are mos prevaIen among chiIdren, and seem o be reIaed o
youngsers reIaive Iack oI resisance o inIecion and o conacs vih oher
chiIdren in daycare ceners and schooIs. ChiIdren have abou six o en coIds
a year. In IamiIies vih chiIdren in schooI, he number oI coIds per chiId can
be as high as 12 a year. AduIs average abou vo o Iour coIds a year,
aIhough he range varies videIy. Women, especiaIIy hose aged 2O o 3O
years, have more coIds han men, possibIy because oI heir cIoser conac
vih chiIdren. On average, individuaIs oIder han O have Iever han one
coId a year.
The economic impac oI he common coId is enormous. The NaionaI Cener
Ior HeaIh Saisics (NCHS) esimaes ha, in 199, 2 miIIion cases oI he
common coId in he \nied Saes required medicaI aenion or resuIed in
resriced aciviy. In 199, coIds caused 45 miIIion days oI resriced aciviy
and 22 miIIion days Ios Irom schooI, according o NCHS.
The Causes
The Viruses. More han 2OO diIIeren viruses are knovn o cause he
sympoms oI he common coId. Some, such as he rhinoviruses, seIdom
produce serious iIInesses. Ohers, such as parainIIuenza and respiraory
syncyiaI virus, produce miId inIecions in aduIs bu can precipiae severe
Iover respiraory inIecions in young chiIdren.
Rhinoviruses (Irom he Creek rhin, meaning nose ) cause an esimaed 3O
o 35 percen oI aII aduI coIds, and are mos acive in earIy IaII, spring and
summer. More han 11O disinc rhinovirus ypes have been ideniIied. These
agens grov bes a emperaures oI 33 degrees CeIsius [abou 91 degrees
Iahrenhei (I)|, he emperaure oI he human nasaI mucosa.
Coronaviruses are beIieved o cause a Iarge percenage oI aII aduI coIds.
They induce coIds primariIy in he viner and earIy spring. OI he more han
The Common CoId 12
3O isoIaed srains, hree or Iour inIec humans. The imporance oI
coronaviruses as causaive agens is hard o assess because, unIike
rhinoviruses, hey are diIIicuI o grov in he Iaboraory.
ApproximaeIy 1O o 15 percen oI aduI coIds are caused by viruses aIso
responsibIe Ior oher, more severe iIInesses: adenoviruses, coxsackieviruses,
echoviruses, orhomyxoviruses (incIuding inIIuenza A and B viruses),
paramyxoviruses (incIuding severaI parainIIuenza viruses), respiraory
syncyiaI virus and eneroviruses.
The causes oI 3O o 5O percen oI aduI coIds, presumed o be viraI, remain
unideniIied. The same viruses ha produce coIds in aduIs appear o cause
coIds in chiIdren. The reIaive imporance oI various viruses in pediaric
coIds, hovever, is uncIear because oI he diIIicuIy in isoIaing he precise
cause oI sympoms in sudies oI chiIdren vih coIds.
Does coId veaher cause a coId7 AIhough many peopIe are convinced ha a
coId resuIs Irom exposure o coId veaher, or Irom geing chiIIed or
overheaed, NIAID granees have Iound ha hese condiions have IiIe or
no eIIec on he deveIopmen or severiy oI a coId. Nor is suscepibiIiy
apparenIy reIaed o Iacors such as exercise, die, or enIarged onsiIs or
adenoids. On he oher hand, research suggess ha psychoIogicaI sress,
aIIergic disorders aIIecing he nasaI passages or pharynx (hroa), and
mensruaI cycIes may have an impac on a person s suscepibiIiy o coIds.
The CoId Season
In he \nied Saes, mos coIds occur during he IaII and viner. Beginning
in Iae Augus or earIy Sepember, he incidence oI coIds increases sIovIy Ior
a Iev veeks and remains high uniI March or ApriI, vhen i decIines. The
seasonaI variaion may reIae o he opening oI schooIs and o coId veaher,
vhich promp peopIe o spend more ime indoors and increase he chances
ha viruses viII spread Irom person o person.
SeasonaI changes in reIaive humidiy aIso may aIIec he prevaIence oI
coIds. The mos common coIdcausing viruses survive beer vhen humidiy
is Iov he coIder monhs oI he year. CoId veaher aIso may make he nasaI
passages Iining drier and more vuInerabIe o viraI inIecion.
CuideIines 13
CoId Symptoms
Sympoms oI he common coId usuaIIy begin vo o hree days aIer
inIecion and oIen incIude nasaI discharge, obsrucion oI nasaI breahing,
sveIIing oI he sinus membranes, sneezing, sore hroa, cough, and
headache. Iever is usuaIIy sIigh bu can cIimb o 1O2o I in inIans and
young chiIdren. CoId sympoms can Ias Irom vo o 14 days, bu vohirds
oI peopIe recover in a veek. II sympoms occur oIen or Ias much Ionger
han vo veeks, hey may be he resuI oI an aIIergy raher han a coId.
CoIds occasionaIIy can Iead o secondary baceriaI inIecions oI he middIe
ear or sinuses, requiring reamen vih anibioics. High Iever, signiIicanIy
svoIIen gIands, severe IaciaI pain in he sinuses, and a cough ha produces
mucus, may indicae a compIicaion or more serious iIIness requiring a
docor s aenion.
Hov CoId \Iruses Cause Isease
Viruses cause inIecion by overcoming he body s compIex deIense sysem.
The body s Iirs Iine oI deIense is mucus, produced by he membranes in he
nose and hroa. Mucus raps he maeriaI ve inhaIe: poIIen, dus, baceria
and viruses. When a virus peneraes he mucus and eners a ceII, i
commandeers he proeinmaking machinery o manuIacure nev viruses
vhich, in urn, aack surrounding ceIIs.
CoId Symptoms
The body Iighs back. CoId sympoms are probabIy he resuI oI he body s
immune response o he viraI invasion. VirusinIeced ceIIs in he nose send
ou signaIs ha recrui speciaIized vhie bIood ceIIs o he sie oI he
inIecion. In urn, hese ceIIs emi a range oI immune sysem chemicaIs such
as kinins. These chemicaIs probabIy Iead o he sympoms oI he common
coId by causing sveIIing and inIIammaion oI he nasaI membranes, Ieakage
oI proeins and IIuid Irom capiIIaries and Iymph vesseIs, and he increased
producion oI mucus.
Kinins and oher chemicaIs reIeased by immune sysem ceIIs in he nasaI
membranes are he sub[ec oI inensive research. Researchers are examining
vheher drugs o bIock hem, or he recepors on ceIIs o vhich hey bind,
migh beneIi peopIe vih coIds.
The Common CoId 14
Hov CoIds Are Spread
Depending on he virus ype, any or aII oI he IoIIoving roues oI
ransmission may be common:
Touching inIecious respiraory secreions on skin and on environmenaI
surIaces and hen ouching he eyes or nose.
InhaIing reIaiveIy Iarge paricIes oI respiraory secreions ranspored
brieIIy in he air.
InhaIing dropIe nucIei: smaIIer inIecious paricIes suspended in he air
Ior Iong periods oI ime.
Research on rhinovirus ransmission. Much oI he research on he
ransmission oI he common coId has been done vih rhinoviruses, vhich
are shed in he highes concenraion in nasaI secreions. Sudies sugges a
person is mos IikeIy o ransmi rhinoviruses in he second o Iourh day oI
inIecion, vhen he amoun oI virus in nasaI secreions is highes.
Researchers aIso have shovn ha using aspirin o rea coIds increases he
amoun oI virus shed in nasaI secreions, possibIy making he coId suIIerer
more oI a hazard o ohers.
PreventIon
Handvashing is he simpIes and mos eIIecive vay o keep Irom geing
rhinovirus coIds. No ouching he nose or eyes is anoher. IndividuaIs vih
coIds shouId aIvays sneeze or cough ino a IaciaI issue, and prompIy hrov
i avay. II possibIe, one shouId avoid cIose, proIonged exposure o persons
vho have coIds.
Because rhinoviruses can survive up o hree hours ouside he nasaI
passages on inanimae ob[ecs and skin, cIeaning environmenaI surIaces
vih a viruskiIIing disinIecan migh heIp preven spread oI inIecion.
A coId vaccine7 The deveIopmen oI a vaccine ha couId preven he
common coId has reached an impasse because oI he discovery oI many
diIIeren coId viruses. ach virus carries is ovn speciIic anigens, subsances
ha induce he Iormaion oI speciIic proecive proeins (anibodies)
produced by he body. \niI vays are Iound o combine many viraI anigens
in one vaccine, or ake advanage oI he anigenic crossreIaionships ha
exis, prospecs Ior a vaccine are dim. vidence ha changes occur in
commoncoId virus anigens Iurher compIicae deveIopmen oI a vaccine.
CuideIines 15
Such changes occur in some inIIuenza virus anigens and make i necessary
o aIer he inIIuenza vaccine each year.
Treatment
OnIy sympomaic reamen is avaiIabIe Ior uncompIicaed cases oI he
common coId: bed res, pIeny oI IIuids, gargIing vih varm saI vaer,
peroIeum [eIIy Ior a rav nose, and aspirin or aceaminophen o reIieve
headache or Iever.
A Word oI CautIon
SeveraI sudies have Iinked he use oI aspirin o he deveIopmen oI Reye s
syndrome in chiIdren recovering Irom inIIuenza or chickenpox. Reye s
syndrome is a rare bu serious iIIness ha usuaIIy occurs in chiIdren beveen
he ages oI hree and 12 years. I can aIIec aII organs oI he body, bu mos
oIen in[ures he brain and Iiver. WhiIe mos chiIdren vho survive an
episode oI Reye s syndrome do no suIIer any Iasing consequences, he
iIIness can Iead o permanen brain damage or deah. The American
Academy oI Pediarics recommends chiIdren and eenagers no be given
aspirin or any medicaions conaining aspirin vhen hey have any viraI
iIIness, paricuIarIy chickenpox or inIIuenza. Many docors recommend hese
medicaions be used Ior coIds in aduIs onIy vhen headache or Iever is
presen. Researchers, hovever, have Iound ha aspirin and aceaminophen
can suppress cerain immune responses and increase nasaI suIIiness in
aduIs.
Nonprescripion coId remedies, incIuding decongesans and cough
suppressans, may reIieve some coId sympoms bu viII no preven, cure, or
even shoren he duraion oI iIIness. Moreover, mos have some side eIIecs,
such as drovsiness, dizziness, insomnia, or upse somach, and shouId be
aken vih care.
Nonprescripion anihisamines may have some eIIec in reIieving
inIIammaory responses such as runny nose and vaery eyes ha are
commonIy associaed vih coIds.
The Common CoId 16
AntIbIotIcs o Mot KIII \Iruses
These prescripion drugs shouId be used onIy Ior rare baceriaI
compIicaions, such as sinusiis or ear inIecions, ha can deveIop as
secondary inIecions. The use oI anibioics [us in case viII no preven
secondary baceriaI inIecions.
oes \ItamIn C Have a RoIe7
Many peopIe are convinced ha aking Iarge quaniies oI viamin C viII
preven coIds or reIieve sympoms. To es his heory, severaI IargescaIe,
conroIIed sudies invoIving chiIdren and aduIs have been conduced. To
dae, no concIusive daa has shovn ha Iarge doses oI viamin C preven
coIds. The viamin may reduce he severiy or duraion oI sympoms, bu
here is no deIiniive evidence.
Taking viamin C over Iong periods oI ime in Iarge amouns may be
harmIuI. Too much viamin C can cause severe diarrhea, a paricuIar danger
Ior eIderIy peopIe and smaII chiIdren. In addiion, oo much viamin C
disors resuIs oI ess commonIy used o measure he amoun oI gIucose in
urine and bIood. Combining oraI anicoaguIan drugs and excessive amouns
oI viamin C can produce abnormaI resuIs in bIoodcIoing ess.
Other Treatments
InhaIing seam aIso has been proposed as a reamen oI coIds on he
assumpion ha increasing he emperaure inside he nose inhibis
rhinovirus repIicaion. Recen sudies Iound ha his approach had no eIIec
on he sympoms or amoun oI viraI shedding in individuaIs vih rhinovirus
coIds. Bu seam may emporariIy reIieve sympoms oI congesion associaed
vih coIds.
InerIeronaIpha has been sudied exensiveIy Ior he reamen oI he
common coId. Invesigaors have shovn inerIeron, given in daiIy doses by
nasaI spray, can preven inIecion and iIIness. InerIeron, hovever, causes
unaccepabIe side eIIecs such as nosebIeeds and does no appear useIuI in
reaing esabIished coIds. Mos coId researchers are concenraing on oher
approaches o combaing coId viruses.
CuideIines 17
The OutIook
Thanks o basic research, scieniss knov more abou he rhinovirus han
aImos any oher virus, and have poverIuI nev ooIs Ior deveIoping
aniviraI drugs. AIhough he common coId may never be uncommon,
Iurher invesigaions oIIer he hope oI reducing he huge burden oI his
universaI probIem.
More CuIdeIIne Sources
The guideIine above on he common coId is onIy one exampIe oI he kind oI
maeriaI ha you can Iind onIine and Iree oI charge. The remainder oI his
chaper viII direc you o oher sources vhich eiher pubIish or can heIp you
Iind addiionaI guideIines on opics reIaed o he common coId. Many oI he
guideIines Iised beIov address opics ha may be oI paricuIar reIevance o
your speciIic siuaion or oI speciaI ineres o onIy some paiens vih he
common coId. Due o space Iimiaions hese sources are Iised in a concise
manner. Do no hesiae o consuI he IoIIoving sources by eiher using he
Inerne hyperIink provided, or, in cases vhere he conac inIormaion is
provided, conacing he pubIisher or auhor direcIy.
TopIc Pages: MELIMEpIus
Ior paiens vishing o go beyond guideIines pubIished by speciIic Insiues
oI he NIH, he NaionaI Library oI Medicine has creaed a vas and paien
oriened heaIhcare inIormaion poraI caIIed MDLINpIus. Wihin his
Inernebased sysem are heaIh opic pages. You can hink oI a heaIh
opic page as a guide o paien guides. To access his sysem, Iog on o
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/heaIthtopIcs.htmI.
II you do no Iind opics oI ineres vhen brovsing heaIh opic pages, hen
you can choose o use he advanced search uiIiy oI MDLINpIus a
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/advancedsearch.htmI. This uiIiy is
simiIar o he NIH Search \iIiy, vih he excepion ha i onIy incIudes
maeriaI Iinked vihin he MDLINpIus sysem (mosIy paienoriened
inIormaion). I aIso has he disadvanage oI generaing unsrucured resuIs.
We recommend, hereIore, ha you use his mehod onIy iI you have a very
argeed search.
The Common CoId 18
The CombIned HeaIth InIormatIon atabase (CHI)
CHID OnIine is a reIerence ooI ha mainains a daabase direcory oI
housands oI [ournaI aricIes and paien educaion guideIines on he
common coId and reIaed condiions. One oI he advanages oI CHID over
oher sources is ha i oIIers summaries ha describe he guideIines
avaiIabIe, incIuding conac inIormaion and pricing. CHID s generaI Web
sie is http://chId.nIh.gov/. To search his daabase, go o
http://chId.nIh.gov/detaII/detaII.htmI. In paricuIar, you can use he
advanced search opions o Iook up pamphIes, repors, brochures, and
inIormaion kis. The IoIIoving vas recenIy posed in his archive:
InIectIon ControI Ior the entaI HeaIth Team
Conac: Medcom Incorporaed, PO Box OO3, Cypress, CA, (8OO) 541
O253.
Summary: This eaching aid, consising oI a videorecording and an
accompanying sudy guide, eaches users abou inIecionconroI in he
denaI pracice. I consiss oI a course inroducion, Iive Iessons vhich
incIude maeriaI Irom he sudy guide and an accompanying video
segmen, and a poses. The Iessons address he prevenion oI various
diseases incIuding he common coId, inIIuenza, hepaiis B, syphiIis,
gonorrhea, rubeIIa, mononucIeosis, mumps, Acquired immunodeIiciency
syndrome (AIDS), herpes simpIex, ubercuIosis, and eanus during
denaI procedures. The Iessons Iook a handvashing, personaI hygiene,
he use oI personaI proecive barriers, prevening crossconaminaion,
and disinIecion and seriIizaion.
The MatIonaI CuIdeIIne CIearInghouse
The NaionaI CuideIine CIearinghouse oIIers hundreds oI evidencebased
cIinicaI pracice guideIines pubIished in he \nied Saes and oher
counries. You can search heir sie Iocaed a http://vvv.guIdeIIne.gov by
using he keyvord he common coId or synonyms. The IoIIoving vas
recenIy posed:
\IraI upper respIratory InIectIon (\URI) In chIIdren and aduIts.
Source: Insiue Ior CIinicaI Sysems Improvemen., 1994 ]une (revised
1999 Dec)
hp:vvv.guideIine.govIRAMSTSguideIine_Is.asp7guideIine=OO
1521&sSearch_sring=common+coId
CuideIines 19
HeaIthIInder
HeaIhIinder is an addiionaI source sponsored by he \.S. Deparmen oI
HeaIh and Human Services vhich oIIers Iinks o hundreds oI oher sies ha
conain heaIhcare inIormaion. This Web sie is Iocaed a
http://vvv.heaIthIInder.gov. Again, keyvord searches can be used o Iind
guideIines. The IoIIoving vas recenIy Iound in his daabase:
Fact Sheets on ChIIdhood Iseases and CondItIons
Summary: A resource Ior parens and chiId care providers, hese Iac
shees address many common chiIdhood diseases yeas InIecions
(hrush), coId sores, head Iice, pinkeye and he common coId, and more
Source: NaionaI Cener Ior InIecious Diseases, Ceners Ior Disease
ConroI and Prevenion
hp:vvv.heaIhIinder.govscripsrecordpass.asp7RecordType=O&R
ecordID=1354
CuIdeIInes Ior the PreventIon and Treatment oI InIIuenza and the
Common CoId
Summary: This onIine bookIe describes he causes and sympoms oI coId
and IIu inIecions, and oIIers speciIic recommendaions regarding
prevenion, compIicaions, and reamen.
Source: American Lung Associaion
ecordID=5O34
InIIuenza and CoIds Fact Sheets and Brochures
Summary: This veb sie presens Iac shees and brochures abou
inIIuenza (IIu) and he common coId as veII as reIaed nevs repors,
aIers and advisories.
Source: NaionaI Insiue oI AIIergy and InIecious Diseases, NaionaI
Insiues oI HeaIh
ecordID=235
The Common CoId
Summary: CeneraI inIormaion abou he common coId incIuding
sympoms, causes, ransmission, prevenion, reamen and diseases
The Common CoId 20
associaed vih he coId virus. Some inIormaion on research incIuded
aIso.
Source: NaionaI Insiue oI AIIergy and InIecious Diseases, NaionaI
Insiues oI HeaIh
ecordID=4975
The MIH Search UtIIIty
AIer brovsing he reIerences Iised a he beginning oI his chaper, you
may van o expIore he NIH Search \iIiy. This aIIovs you o search Ior
documens on over 1OO seIeced Web sies ha comprise he NIHWB
SPAC. ach oI hese servers is cravIed and indexed on an ongoing basis.
Your search viII produce a Iis oI various documens, aII oI vhich viII reIae
in some vay o he common coId. The dravbacks oI his approach are ha
he inIormaion is no organized by heme and ha he reIerences are oIen a
mix oI inIormaion Ior proIessionaIs and paiens. NeverheIess, a Iarge
number oI he Iised Web sies provide useIuI background inIormaion. We
can onIy recommend his roue, hereIore, Ior reIaiveIy rare or speciIic
disorders, or vhen using highIy argeed searches. To use he NIH search
uiIiy, visi he IoIIoving Web page: http://search.nIh.gov/Index.htmI.
AddItIonaI Web Sources
A number oI Web sies ha oIen Iink o governmen sies are avaiIabIe o
he pubIic. These can aIso poin you in he direcion oI esseniaI inIormaion.
The IoIIoving is a represenaive sampIe:
AOL: http://search.aoI.com/cat.adp7Id=188Iayer=8Irom=subcats
drkoop.com : http://vvv.drkoop.com/condItIons/ency/Index.htmI
IamiIy ViIIage: http://vvv.IamIIyvIIIage.vIsc.edu/specIIIc.htm
CoogIe:
http://dIrectory.googIe.com/Top/HeaIth/CondItIons_and_Iseases/
Med HeIp InernaionaI: http://vvv.medheIp.org/HeaIthTopIcs/A.htmI
Open Direcory Pro[ec:
http://dmoz.org/HeaIth/CondItIons_and_Iseases/
Yahoo.com: http://dIr.yahoo.com/HeaIth/Iseases_and_CondItIons/
WebMD HeaIh: http://my.vebmd.com/heaIth_topIcs
CuideIines 21
\ocabuIary BuIIder
The maeriaI in his chaper may have conained a number oI unIamiIiar
vords. The IoIIoving VocabuIary BuiIder inroduces you o erms used in
his chaper ha have no been covered in he previous chaper:
AcetamInophen: AnaIgesic anipyreic derivaive oI aceaniIide. I has veak
aniinIIammaory properies and is used as a common anaIgesic, bu may
cause Iiver, bIood ceII, and kidney damage. [NIH|
AntIbIotIc: A chemicaI subsance produced by a microorganism vhich has
he capaciy, in diIue soIuions, o inhibi he grovh oI or o kiII oher
microorganisms. Anibioics ha are suIIicienIy nonoxic o he hos are
used as chemoherapeuic agens in he reamen oI inIecious diseases oI
man, animaIs and pIans. [\|
AntIgen: Any subsance vhich is capabIe, under appropriae condiions, oI
inducing a speciIic immune response and oI reacing vih he producs oI
ha response, ha is, vih speciIic anibody or speciIicaIIy sensiized T
Iymphocyes, or boh. Anigens may be soIubIe subsances, such as oxins
and Ioreign proeins, or paricuIae, such as baceria and issue ceIIs,
hovever, onIy he porion oI he proein or poIysaccharide moIecuIe knovn
as he anigenic deerminan (q.v.) combines vih anibody or a speciIic
recepor on a Iymphocye. Abbreviaed Ag. [\|
AntIhIstamIne: A drug ha couneracs he acion oI hisamine. The
anihisamines are oI vo ypes. The convenionaI ones, as hose used in
aIIergies, bIock he H1 hisamine recepors, vhereas he ohers bIock he H2
recepors. CaIIed aIso anihisaminic. [\|
AntIvIraI: Desroying viruses or suppressing heir repIicaion. [\|
ContamInatIon: The soiIing or poIIuion by inIerior maeriaI, as by he
inroducion oI organisms ino a vound, or sevage ino a sream. [\|
econgestant: An agen ha reduces congesion or sveIIing. [\|
Iarrhea: Passage oI excessiveIy Iiquid or excessiveIy Irequen sooIs. [NIH|
IsInIectant: An agen ha disinIecs, appIied paricuIarIy o agens used
on inanimae ob[ecs. [\|
IsInIectIon: Rendering pahogens harmIess hrough he use oI hea,
anisepics, anibaceriaI agens, ec. [NIH|
EchovIruses: A group oI eneroviruses isoIaed Irom man and originaIIy
hough no o be associaed vih disease, vhence he name neric
Cyopahic Human Orphan, hovever, severaI seroypes have been Iound o
cause meningiis, diarrhea, and respiraory disease. [NIH|
The Common CoId 22
CIucose: DgIucose, a monosaccharide (hexose), CH12O, aIso knovn as
dexrose (q.v.), Iound in cerain IoodsuIIs, especiaIIy Iruis, and in he
normaI bIood oI aII animaIs. I is he end produc oI carbohydrae
meaboIism and is he chieI source oI energy Ior Iiving organisms, is
uiIizaion being conroIIed by insuIin. xcess gIucose is convered o
gIycogen and sored in he Iiver and muscIes Ior use as needed and, beyond
ha, is convered o Ia and sored as adipose issue. CIucose appears in he
urine in diabees meIIius. [\|
Conorrhea: Acue inIecious disease characerized by primary invasion oI
he urogeniaI rac. The eioIogic agen, neisseria gonorrhoeae, vas isoIaed
by Neisser in 1879. [NIH|
HepatItIs: InIIammaion oI he Iiver. [\|
Herpes: Any inIIammaory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and
characerized by he Iormaion oI cIusers oI smaII vesicIes. When used
aIone, he erm may reIer o herpes simpIex or o herpes zoser. [\|
InIIammatIon: A pahoIogicaI process characerized by in[ury or desrucion
oI issues caused by a variey oI cyoIogic and chemicaI reacions. I is
usuaIIy maniIesed by ypicaI signs oI pain, hea, redness, sveIIing, and Ioss
oI Iuncion. [NIH|
InsomnIa: InabiIiy o sIeep, abnormaI vakeIuIness. [\|
Membrane: A hin Iayer oI issue vhich covers a surIace, Iines a caviy or
divides a space or organ. [\|
MIcrobIoIogy: The sudy oI microorganisms such as Iungi, baceria, aIgae,
archaea, and viruses. [NIH|
MononucIeosIs: The presence oI an abnormaIIy Iarge number oI
mononucIear Ieucocyes (monocyes) in he bIood. The erm is oIen used
aIone o reIer o inIecious mononucIeosis. [\|
Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or unica mucosa. [\|
Mucus: The Iree sIime oI he mucous membranes, composed oI secreion oI
he gIands, aIong vih various inorganic saIs, desquamaed ceIIs, and
Ieucocyes. [\|
OraI: Peraining o he mouh, aken hrough or appIied in he mouh, as an
oraI medicaion or an oraI hermomeer. [\|
PartIcIe: A iny mass oI maeriaI. [\|
PedIatrIcs: A medicaI speciaIy concerned vih mainaining heaIh and
providing medicaI care o chiIdren Irom birh o adoIescence. [NIH|
PetroIeum: NauraIIy occurring compIex Iiquid hydrocarbons vhich, aIer
disiIIaion, yieId combusibIe IueIs, perochemicaIs, and Iubricans. [NIH|
PrevaIence: The oaI number oI cases oI a given disease in a speciIied
CuideIines 23
popuIaion a a designaed ime. I is diIIereniaed Irom incidence, vhich
reIers o he number oI nev cases in he popuIaion a a given ime. [NIH|
ProteIns: PoIymers oI amino acids Iinked by pepide bonds. The speciIic
sequence oI amino acids deermines he shape and Iuncion oI he proein.
[NIH|
Receptor: 1. a moIecuIar srucure vihin a ceII or on he surIace
characerized by (1) seIecive binding oI a speciIic subsance and (2) a
speciIic physioIogic eIIec ha accompanies he binding, e.g., ceIIsurIace
recepors Ior pepide hormones, neuroransmiers, anigens, compIemen
Iragmens, and immunogIobuIins and cyopIasmic recepors Ior seroid
hormones. 2. a sensory nerve erminaI ha responds o simuIi oI various
kinds. [\|
RubeIIa: An acue, usuaIIy benign, inIecious disease caused by a ogavirus
and mos oIen aIIecing chiIdren and nonimmune young aduIs, in vhich
he virus eners he respiraory rac via dropIe nucIei and spreads o he
Iymphaic sysem. I is characerized by a sIigh coId, sore hroa, and Iever,
IoIIoved by enIargemen oI he posauricuIar, suboccipiaI, and cervicaI
Iymph nodes, and he appearances oI a Iine pink rash ha begins on he
head and spreads o become generaIized. CaIIed aIso Cerman measIes,
roeIn, reIn, and hreeday measIes, and rubeoIa in Irench and Spanish. [\|
SecretIon: 1. he process oI eIaboraing a speciIic produc as a resuI oI he
aciviy oI a gIand, his aciviy may range Irom separaing a speciIic
subsance oI he bIood o he eIaboraion oI a nev chemicaI subsance. 2. any
subsance produced by secreion. [\|
SInusItIs: InIIammaion oI a sinus. The condiion may be puruIen or
nonpuruIen, acue or chronic. Depending on he sie oI invoIvemen i is
knovn as ehmoid, IronaI, maxiIIary, or sphenoid sinusiis. [\|
SneezIng: Sudden, IorceIuI, invoIunary expuIsion oI air Irom he nose and
mouh caused by irriaion o he mucous membranes oI he upper
respiraory rac. [NIH|
SterIIIzatIon: 1. he compIee desrucion or eIiminaion oI aII Iiving
microorganisms, accompIished by physicaI mehods (dry or mois hea),
chemicaI agens (ehyIene oxide, IormaIdehyde, aIcohoI), radiaion
(uIravioIe, cahode), or mechanicaI mehods (IiIraion). 2. any procedure
by vhich an individuaI is made incapabIe oI reproducion, as by casraion,
vasecomy, or saIpingecomy. [\|
Stomach: An organ oI digesion siuaed in he IeI upper quadran oI he
abdomen beveen he erminaion oI he esophagus and he beginning oI he
duodenum. [NIH|
SymptomatIc: 1. peraining o or oI he naure oI a sympom. 2. indicaive
(oI a paricuIar disease or disorder). 3. exhibiing he sympoms oI a
The Common CoId 24
paricuIar disease bu having a diIIeren cause. 4. direced a he aIIying oI
sympoms, as sympomaic reamen. [\|
SyphIIIs: A conagious venereaI disease caused by he spirochee reponema
paIIidum. [NIH|
Tetanus: A disease caused by eanospasmin, a poverIuI proein oxin
produced by cIosridium eani. Teanus usuaIIy occurs aIer an acue in[ury,
such as a puncure vound or Iaceraion. CeneraIized eanus, he mos
common Iorm, is characerized by eanic muscuIar conracions and
hyperreIIexia. LocaIized eanus presens iseII as a miId condiion vih
maniIesaions resriced o muscIes near he vound. I may progress o he
generaIized Iorm. [NIH|
TubercuIosIs: Any oI he inIecious diseases oI man and oher animaIs
caused by species oI mycobacerium. [NIH|
\accIne: A suspension oI aenuaed or kiIIed microorganisms (baceria,
viruses, or rickesiae), adminisered Ior he prevenion, ameIioraion or
reamen oI inIecious diseases. [\|
\IraI: Peraining o, caused by, or oI he naure oI virus. [\|
\Iruses: Minue inIecious agens vhose genomes are composed oI DNA or
RNA, bu no boh. They are characerized by a Iack oI independen
meaboIism and he inabiIiy o repIicae ouside Iiving hos ceIIs. [NIH|
Seeking Cuidance 25
CHAPTER2. SEEKIMC CUIAMCE
OvervIev
Some paiens are comIored by he knovIedge ha a number oI
organizaions dedicae heir resources o heIping peopIe vih he common
coId. These associaions can become invaIuabIe sources oI inIormaion and
advice. Many associaions oIIer aIercare suppor, IinanciaI assisance, and
oher imporan services. Iurhermore, heaIhcare research has shovn ha
suppor groups oIen heIp peopIe o beer cope vih heir condiions.
8
In
addiion o suppor groups, your physician can be a vaIuabIe source oI
guidance and suppor. ThereIore, Iinding a physician ha can vork vih
your unique siuaion is a very imporan aspec oI your care.
In his chaper, ve direc you o resources ha can heIp you Iind paien
organizaions and medicaI speciaIiss. We begin by describing hov o Iind
associaions and peer groups ha can heIp you beer undersand and cope
vih he common coId. The chaper ends vih a discussion on hov o Iind a
docor ha is righ Ior you.
AssocIatIons and the Common CoId
As menioned by he Agency Ior HeaIhcare Research and QuaIiy,
someimes he emoionaI side oI an iIIness can be as axing as he physicaI
side.
9
You may have Iears or IeeI overvheImed by your siuaion. veryone
has diIIeren vays oI deaIing vih disease or physicaI in[ury. Your aiude,
your expecaions, and hov veII you cope vih your condiion can aII
8
Churches, synagogues, and oher houses oI vorship migh aIso have groups ha can oIIer
you he sociaI suppor you need.
9
This secion has been adaped Irom http://vvv.ahcpr.gov/consumer/dIagInI5.htm.
The Common CoId 26
inIIuence your veIIbeing. This is rue Ior boh minor condiions and serious
iIInesses. Ior exampIe, a sudy on IemaIe breas cancer survivors reveaIed
ha vomen vho paricipaed in suppor groups Iived Ionger and
experienced beer quaIiy oI IiIe vhen compared vih vomen vho did no
paricipae. In he suppor group, vomen Iearned coping skiIIs and had he
opporuniy o share heir IeeIings vih oher vomen in he same siuaion.
In addiion o associaions or groups ha your docor migh recommend, ve
sugges ha you consider he IoIIoving Iis (iI here is a Iee Ior an
associaion, you may van o check vih your insurance provider o Iind ou
iI he cos viII be covered):
Raynaud's and CoId SuIIerers Metvork
Address: Raynaud's and CoId SuIIerers Nevork 94 Mercer Avenue,
HarsdaIe, NY 1O53O
TeIephone: (914) 828341
Iax: (914) 94 485
maiI: WSALynnCbigIoo.co
Background: Raynaud's and CoId SuIIerers Nevork is a seIIheIp
organizaion dedicaed o sharing inIormaion and heIp in coping vih
daiIy aciviies among individuaIs vho are aIIeced by Raynaud's Disease
and Phenomenon. Raynaud's Disease is a common vascuIar disorder
characerized by episodes oI consricion oI very smaII bIood vesseIs in
he Iingers. Sympoms may incIude numbness, ingIing, and coId
sensaions in he Iingers. The purpose oI he Nevork is o share
inIormaion and o provide suppor in deaIing vih everyday aciviies,
such as hoIding a coId gIass oI soda or shopping in he reIrigeraed
secion oI a supermarke. Iounded in 1992, he Nevork aIso vorks o
increase pubIic avareness oI Raynaud's Disease and is acive in paien
recruimen Ior ongoing cIinicaI riaIs and evenuaIIy Iunding Ior
research. Consising oI approximaeIy 4OO members, he Nevork
produces educaionaI maeriaIs incIuding he nevsIeer 'CoId Cus' and
a brochure abou he disease. In addiion, he Nevork coordinaes a
naionaI nevorking program and hoIds inIormaI suppor group
meeings in he Nev York meropoIian area.
Seeking Cuidance 27
FIndIng More AssocIatIons
There are a number oI direcories ha Iis addiionaI medicaI associaions
ha you may Iind useIuI. WhiIe no aII oI hese direcories viII provide
diIIeren inIormaion han vha is Iised above, by consuIing aII oI hem,
you viII have nearIy exhaused aII sources Ior paien associaions.
The MatIonaI HeaIth InIormatIon Center (MHIC)
The NaionaI HeaIh InIormaion Cener (NHIC) oIIers a Iree reIerraI service
o heIp peopIe Iind organizaions ha provide inIormaion abou he
common coId. Ior more inIormaion, see he NHIC s Web sie a
http://vvv.heaIth.gov/MHIC/ or conac an inIormaion speciaIis by caIIing
18OO334797.
IRLIME
A comprehensive source oI inIormaion on associaions is he DIRLIN
daabase mainained by he NaionaI Library oI Medicine. The daabase
comprises some 1O,OOO records oI organizaions, research ceners, and
governmen insiues and associaions vhich primariIy Iocus on heaIh and
biomedicine. DIRLIN is avaiIabIe via he Inerne a he IoIIoving Web sie:
http://dIrIIne.nIm.nIh.gov/. SimpIy ype in he common coId (or a
synonym) or he name oI a opic, and he sie viII Iis inIormaion conained
in he daabase on aII reIevan organizaions.
The CombIned HeaIth InIormatIon atabase
Anoher comprehensive source oI inIormaion on heaIhcare associaions is
he Combined HeaIh InIormaion Daabase. \sing he DeaiIed Search
opion, you viII need o Iimi your search o Organizaions and he
common coId . Type he IoIIoving hyperIink ino your Web brovser:
http://chId.nIh.gov/detaII/detaII.htmI. To Iind associaions, use he drop
boxes a he boom oI he search page vhere You may reIine your search
by. Ior pubIicaion dae, seIec AII Years. Then, seIec your preIerred
Ianguage and he Iorma opion Organizaion Resource Shee. By making
hese seIecions and yping in he common coId (or synonyms) ino he
Ior hese vords: box, you viII onIy receive resuIs on organizaions
deaIing vih he common coId. You shouId check back periodicaIIy vih his
daabase since i is updaed every 3 monhs.
The Common CoId 28
The MatIonaI OrganIzatIon Ior Rare Isorders, Inc.
The NaionaI Organizaion Ior Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web sie
ha provides, a no charge, Iiss oI associaions organized by speciIic
diseases. You can access his daabase a he IoIIoving Web sie:
http://vvv.raredIseases.org/cgIbIn/nord/searchpage. SeIec he opion
caIIed OrganizaionaI Daabase (ODB) and ype he common coId (or a
synonym) in he search box.
OnIIne Support Croups
In addiion o suppor groups, commerciaI Inerne service providers oIIer
Iorums and cha rooms Ior peopIe vih diIIeren iIInesses and condiions.
WebMD , Ior exampIe, oIIers such a service a heir Web sie:
http://boards.vebmd.com/roundtabIe. These onIine seIIheIp communiies
can heIp you connec vih a nevork oI peopIe vhose concerns are simiIar o
yours. OnIine suppor groups are pIaces vhere peopIe can aIk inIormaIIy. II
you read abou a noveI approach, consuI vih your docor or oher
heaIhcare providers, as he reamens or discoveries you hear abou may
no be scieniIicaIIy proven o be saIe and eIIecive.
FIndIng octors
One oI he mos imporan aspecs oI your reamen viII be he reIaionship
beveen you and your docor or speciaIis. AII paiens vih he common
coId mus go hrough he process oI seIecing a physician. WhiIe his process
viII vary Irom person o person, he Agency Ior HeaIhcare Research and
QuaIiy makes a number oI suggesions, incIuding he IoIIoving:
1O
II you are in a managed care pIan, check he pIan s Iis oI docors Iirs.
Ask docors or oher heaIh proIessionaIs vho vork vih docors, such as
hospiaI nurses, Ior reIerraIs.
CaII a hospiaI s docor reIerraI service, bu keep in mind ha hese
services usuaIIy reIer you o docors on saII a ha paricuIar hospiaI.
The services do no have inIormaion on he quaIiy oI care ha hese
docors provide.
1O
This secion is adaped Irom he AHRQ: vvv.ahrq.gov/consumer/qntascII/qntdr.htm.
Seeking Cuidance 29
Some IocaI medicaI socieies oIIer Iiss oI member docors. Again, hese
Iiss do no have inIormaion on he quaIiy oI care ha hese docors
provide.
AddiionaI seps you can ake o Iocae docors incIude he IoIIoving:
Check vih he associaions Iised earIier in his chaper.
InIormaion on docors in some saes is avaiIabIe on he Inerne a
http://vvv.docboard.org. This Web sie is run by Adminisraors in
Medicine, a group oI sae medicaI board direcors.
The American Board oI MedicaI SpeciaIies can eII you iI your docor is
board ceriIied. CeriIied means ha he docor has compIeed a
raining program in a speciaIy and has passed an exam, or board, o
assess his or her knovIedge, skiIIs, and experience o provide quaIiy
paien care in ha speciaIy. Primary care docors may aIso be ceriIied
as speciaIiss. The AMBS Web sie is Iocaed a
http://vvv.abms.org/nevsearch.asp.
11
You can aIso conac he ABMS
by phone a 18ASKABMS.
You can caII he American MedicaI Associaion (AMA) a 8OO52882
Ior inIormaion on raining, speciaIies, and board ceriIicaion Ior many
Iicensed docors in he \nied Saes. This inIormaion aIso can be Iound
in Physician SeIec a he AMA s Web sie: http://vvv.ama
assn.org/aps/amahg.htm.
II he previous sources did no mee your needs, you may van o Iog on o
he Web sie oI he NaionaI Organizaion Ior Rare Disorders (NORD) a
http://vvv.raredIseases.org/. NORD mainains a daabase oI docors vih
experise in various rare diseases. The MeaboIic InIormaion Nevork
(MIN), 8OO9452188, aIso mainains a daabase oI physicians vih experise
in various meaboIic diseases.
11
WhiIe board ceriIicaion is a good measure oI a docor's knovIedge, i is possibIe o
receive quaIiy care Irom docors vho are no board ceriIied.
The Common CoId 30
SeIectIng Your octor
12
When you have compiIed a Iis oI prospecive docors, caII each oI heir
oIIices. Iirs, ask iI he docor acceps your heaIh insurance pIan and iI he or
she is aking nev paiens. II he docor is no covered by your pIan, ask
yourseII iI you are prepared o pay he exra coss. The nex sep is o
scheduIe a visi vih your chosen physician. During he Iirs visi you viII
have he opporuniy o evaIuae your docor and o Iind ou iI you IeeI
comIorabIe vih him or her. Ask yourseII, did he docor:
Cive me a chance o ask quesions abou he common coId7
ReaIIy Iisen o my quesions7
Ansver in erms I undersood7
Shov respec Ior me7
Ask me quesions7
Make me IeeI comIorabIe7
Address he heaIh probIem(s) I came vih7
Ask me my preIerences abou diIIeren kinds oI reamens Ior he
common coId7
Spend enough ime vih me7
Trus your insincs vhen deciding iI he docor is righ Ior you. Bu
remember, i migh ake ime Ior he reIaionship o deveIop. I akes more
han one visi Ior you and your docor o ge o knov each oher.
WorkIng vIth Your octor
13
Research has shovn ha paiens vho have good reIaionships vih heir
docors end o be more saisIied vih heir care and have beer resuIs. Here
are some ips o heIp you and your docor become parners:
You knov imporan hings abou your sympoms and your heaIh
hisory. TeII your docor vha you hink he or she needs o knov.
I is imporan o eII your docor personaI inIormaion, even iI i makes
you IeeI embarrassed or uncomIorabIe.
12
This secion has been adaped Irom he AHRQ:
vvv.ahrq.gov/consumer/qntascII/qntdr.htm.
13
This secion has been adaped Irom he AHRQ:
vvv.ahrq.gov/consumer/qntascII/qntdr.htm.
Seeking Cuidance 31
Bring a heaIh hisory Iis vih you (and keep i up o dae).
AIvays bring any medicaions you are currenIy aking vih you o he
appoinmen, or you can bring a Iis oI your medicaions incIuding
dosage and Irequency inIormaion. TaIk abou any aIIergies or reacions
you have had o your medicaions.
TeII your docor abou any nauraI or aIernaive medicines you are
aking.
Bring oher medicaI inIormaion, such as xray IiIms, es resuIs, and
medicaI records.
Ask quesions. II you don , your docor viII assume ha you undersood
everyhing ha vas said.
Wrie dovn your quesions beIore your visi. Lis he mos imporan
ones Iirs o make sure ha hey are addressed.
Consider bringing a Iriend vih you o he appoinmen o heIp you ask
quesions. This person can aIso heIp you undersand andor remember
he ansvers.
Ask your docor o drav picures iI you hink ha his vouId heIp you
undersand.
Take noes. Some docors do no mind iI you bring a ape recorder o heIp
you remember hings, bu aIvays ask Iirs.
Le your docor knov iI you need more ime. II here is no ime ha day,
perhaps you can speak o a nurse or physician assisan on saII or
scheduIe a eIephone appoinmen.
Take inIormaion home. Ask Ior vrien insrucions. Your docor may
aIso have brochures and audio and videoapes ha can heIp you.
AIer Ieaving he docor s oIIice, ake responsibiIiy Ior your care. II you
have quesions, caII. II your sympoms ge vorse or iI you have probIems
vih your medicaion, caII. II you had ess and do no hear Irom your
docor, caII Ior your es resuIs. II your docor recommended ha you
have cerain ess, scheduIe an appoinmen o ge hem done. II your
docor said you shouId see an addiionaI speciaIis, make an
appoinmen.
By IoIIoving hese seps, you viII enhance he reIaionship you viII have
vih your physician.
The Common CoId 32
Broader HeaIthReIated Resources
In addiion o he reIerences above, he NIH has se up guidance Web sies
ha can heIp paiens Iind heaIhcare proIessionaIs. These incIude:
14
Caregivers:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/caregIvers.htmI
Choosing a Docor or HeaIhcare Service:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/choosIngadoctororheaIthcareserv
Ice.htmI
HospiaIs and HeaIh IaciIiies:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/heaIthIacIIItIes.htmI
14
You can access his inIormaion a:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/heaIthsystem.htmI.
CIinicaI TriaIs 33
CHAPTER3. CLIMICAL TRIALS AM THE COMMOM COL
OvervIev
Very Iev medicaI condiions have a singIe reamen. The basic reamen
guideIines ha your physician has discussed vih you, or hose ha you
have Iound using he echniques discussed in Chaper 1, may provide you
vih aII ha you viII require. Ior some paiens, curren reamens can be
enhanced vih nev or innovaive echniques currenIy under invesigaion.
In his chaper, ve viII describe hov cIinicaI riaIs vork and shov you hov
o keep inIormed oI riaIs concerning he common coId.
What Is a CIInIcaI TrIaI7
15
CIinicaI riaIs invoIve he paricipaion oI peopIe in medicaI research. Mos
medicaI research begins vih sudies in es ubes and on animaIs.
Treamens ha shov promise in hese earIy sudies may hen be ried vih
peopIe. The onIy sure vay o Iind ou vheher a nev reamen is saIe,
eIIecive, and beer han oher reamens Ior he common coId is o ry i on
paiens in a cIinicaI riaI.
15
The discussion in his chaper has been adaped Irom he NIH and he NI:
vvv.neI.nIh.gov/netrIaIs/ctIvr.htm.
The Common CoId 34
What KInds oI CIInIcaI TrIaIs Are There7
CIinicaI riaIs are carried ou in hree phases:
Phase I. Researchers Iirs conduc Phase I riaIs vih smaII numbers oI
paiens and heaIhy voIuneers. II he nev reamen is a medicaion,
researchers aIso ry o deermine hov much oI i can be given saIeIy.
Phase II. Researchers conduc Phase II riaIs in smaII numbers oI paiens
o Iind ou he eIIec oI a nev reamen on he common coId.
Phase III. IinaIIy, researchers conduc Phase III riaIs o Iind ou hov
nev reamens Ior he common coId compare vih sandard reamens
aIready being used. Phase III riaIs aIso heIp o deermine iI nev
reamens have any side eIIecs. These riaIsvhich may invoIve
hundreds, perhaps housands, oI peopIecan aIso compare nev
reamens vih no reamen.
Hov Is a CIInIcaI TrIaI Conducted7
Various organizaions suppor cIinicaI riaIs a medicaI ceners, hospiaIs,
universiies, and docors oIIices across he \nied Saes. The principaI
invesigaor is he researcher in charge oI he sudy a each IaciIiy
paricipaing in he cIinicaI riaI. Mos cIinicaI riaI researchers are medicaI
docors, academic researchers, and speciaIiss. The cIinic coordinaor
knovs aII abou hov he sudy vorks and makes aII he arrangemens Ior
your visis.
AII docors and researchers vho ake par in he sudy on he common coId
careIuIIy IoIIov a deaiIed reamen pIan caIIed a proocoI. This pIan IuIIy
expIains hov he docors viII rea you in he sudy. The proocoI ensures
ha aII paiens are reaed in he same vay, no maer vhere hey receive
care.
CIinicaI riaIs are conroIIed. This means ha researchers compare he eIIecs
oI he nev reamen vih hose oI he sandard reamen. In some cases,
vhen no sandard reamen exiss, he nev reamen is compared vih no
reamen. Paiens vho receive he nev reamen are in he reamen
group. Paiens vho receive a sandard reamen or no reamen are in he
conroI group. In some cIinicaI riaIs, paiens in he reamen group ge a
nev medicaion vhiIe hose in he conroI group ge a pIacebo. A pIacebo is
a harmIess subsance, a dummy piII, ha has no eIIec on he common
coId. In oher cIinicaI riaIs, vhere a nev surgery or device (no a medicine)
CIinicaI TriaIs 35
is being esed, paiens in he conroI group may receive a sham
reamen. This reamen, Iike a pIacebo, has no eIIec on he common coId
and does no harm paiens.
Researchers assign paiens randomIy o he reamen or conroI group.
This is Iike IIipping a coin o decide vhich paiens are in each group. II you
choose o paricipae in a cIinicaI riaI, you viII no knov vhich group you
viII be appoined o. The chance oI any paien geing he nev reamen is
abou 5O percen. You canno reques o receive he nev reamen insead oI
he pIacebo or sham reamen. OIen, you viII no knov uniI he sudy is
over vheher you have been in he reamen group or he conroI group.
This is caIIed a masked sudy. In some riaIs, neiher docors nor paiens
knov vho is geing vhich reamen. This is caIIed a doubIe masked
sudy. These ypes oI riaIs heIp o ensure ha he percepions oI he paiens
or docors viII no aIIec he sudy resuIs.
MaturaI HIstory StudIes
\nIike cIinicaI riaIs in vhich paien voIuneers may receive nev
reamens, nauraI hisory sudies provide imporan inIormaion o
researchers on hov he common coId deveIops over ime. A nauraI hisory
sudy IoIIovs paien voIuneers o see hov Iacors such as age, sex, race, or
IamiIy hisory migh make some peopIe more or Iess a risk Ior he common
coId. A nauraI hisory sudy may aIso eII researchers iI die, IiIesyIe, or
occupaion aIIecs hov a disease or disorder deveIops and progresses.
ResuIs Irom hese sudies provide inIormaion ha heIps ansver quesions
such as: Hov Ias viII a disease or disorder usuaIIy progress7 Hov bad viII
he condiion become7 WiII reamen be needed7
What Is Expected oI PatIents In a CIInIcaI TrIaI7
No everyone can ake par in a cIinicaI riaI Ior a speciIic disease or disorder.
ach sudy enroIIs paiens vih cerain Ieaures or eIigibiIiy crieria. These
crieria may incIude he ype and sage oI disease or disorder, as veII as, he
age and previous reamen hisory oI he paien. You or your docor can
conac he sponsoring organizaion o Iind ou more abou speciIic cIinicaI
riaIs and heir eIigibiIiy crieria. II you are ineresed in [oining a cIinicaI
riaI, your docor mus conac one oI he riaI s invesigaors and provide
deaiIs abou your diagnosis and medicaI hisory.
The Common CoId 36
II you paricipae in a cIinicaI riaI, you may be required o have a number oI
medicaI ess. You may aIso need o ake medicaions andor undergo
surgery. Depending upon he reamen and he examinaion procedure, you
may be required o receive inpaien hospiaI care. Or, you may have o
reurn o he medicaI IaciIiy Ior IoIIovup examinaions. These exams heIp
Iind ou hov veII he reamen is vorking. IoIIovup sudies can ake
monhs or years. Hovever, he success oI he cIinicaI riaI oIen depends on
Iearning vha happens o paiens over a Iong period oI ime. OnIy paiens
vho coninue o reurn Ior IoIIovup examinaions can provide his
imporan Iongerm inIormaion.
Recent TrIaIs on the Common CoId
The NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh and oher organizaions sponsor riaIs on
various diseases and disorders. Because Iunding Ior research goes o he
medicaI areas ha shov promising research opporuniies, i is no possibIe
Ior he NIH or ohers o sponsor cIinicaI riaIs Ior every disease and disorder
a aII imes. The IoIIoving Iiss recen riaIs dedicaed o he common coId.
1
II he riaI Iised by he NIH is siII recruiing, you may be eIigibIe. II i is no
Ionger recruiing or has been compIeed, hen you can conac he sponsors
o Iearn more abou he sudy and, iI pubIished, he resuIs. Iurher
inIormaion on he riaI is avaiIabIe a he Web sie indicaed. PIease noe ha
some riaIs may no Ionger be recruiing paiens or are ohervise cIosed.
BeIore conacing sponsors oI a cIinicaI riaI, consuI vih your physician
vho can heIp you deermine iI you migh beneIi Irom paricipaion.
A RandomIzed ControIIed TrIaI oI EchInacea In ChIIdren
Condiion(s): Common CoId
Sudy Saus: This sudy is currenIy recruiing paiens.
Sponsor(s): NaionaI Cener Ior CompIemenary and AIernaive
Medicine (NCCAM)
Purpose xcerp: This is a randomized riaI o deermine iI echinacea is
eIIecive in shorening he Iengh andor Iessening he severiy oI coIds in
chiIdren 2 hrough 11 years oId.
Phase(s): Phase III
Sudy Type: InervenionaI
Conac(s): ]ames A TayIor, MD (2O) 112O
unc[aCu.vashingon.edu, Washingon, ChiId HeaIh Insiue,
\niversiy oI Washingon, SeaIe, Washingon, 981O3, \nied Saes,
1
These are Iised a vvv.CIInIcaITrIaIs.gov.
CIinicaI TriaIs 37
Recruiing, ]ames A TayIor, MD 2O112O unc[aCu.vashingon.edu,
Susan L Sargen (2O) 543O89 ssargenCu.vashingon.edu, ]ames A
TayIor, MD, PrincipaI Invesigaor
Web Sie:
hp:cIinicaIriaIs.govcguishovNCTOOO29211,[sessionid=A21275
A225A2277444D5C934O3214
Ozone and RhInovIrusInduced Isease In AsthmatIcs
Condiion(s): Ashma
Sponsor(s): NaionaI Insiue oI nvironmenaI HeaIh Sciences (NIHS)
Purpose xcerp: In he \.S., morbidiy associaed vih human
rhinovirus (RV) inIecion represens a ma[or heaIh probIem. In
ashmaics, up o 8O% oI ashma exacerbaions are associaed vih upper
respiraory inIecions. Despie evidence ha environmenaI oxidan
poIIuans, such as ozone, may increase he severiy oI viraI disease, he
mechanisms underIying such an eIIec have no been ideniIied. This
sudy viII es he hypohesis ha exposure oI aIIergic ashmaic sub[ecs
o ambien IeveIs oI ozone direcIy enhances viraI disease by increasing
inIeciviy and inensiIying virusinduced inIIammaion.
Sudy Type: ObservaionaI
Conac(s): MaryIand, The ]ohns Hopkins SchooI oI Hygiene and PubIic
HeaIh, BaIimore, MaryIand, 212O5, \nied Saes, Recruiing, Kris Macri
41O9552515, rns Wm Spannhake, Ph.D. 41O95539OO, rns Wm
Spannhake, Ph.D., PrincipaI Invesigaor
Web Sie:
hp:cIinicaIriaIs.govcguishovNCTOOO13715,[sessionid=A21275
A225A2277444D5C934O3214
SpIne PatIent Outcomes Research egeneratIve SpondyIoIIsthesIs vIth
SpInaI StenosIs
Condiion(s): SpondyIoIishesis, SpinaI Senosis, Lov Back Pain
Sponsor(s): NaionaI Insiue oI Arhriis and MuscuIoskeIeaI and Skin
Diseases (NIAMS), NaionaI Insiue Ior OccupaionaI SaIey and HeaIh
(NIOSHCDC), OIIice oI Research on Women's HeaIh (ORWH)
Purpose xcerp: This sudy ess he eIIeciveness oI diIIeren
reamens Ior he hree mos commonIy diagnosed condiions oI he
Iover backbone (Iumbar spine). The purpose is o Iearn vhich oI vo
The Common CoId 38
commonIy prescribed reamenssurgery and nonsurgicaI herapyvorks
beer Ior speciIic ypes oI Iov back pain. Lov back pain is one oI he
mos videIy experienced heaIh probIems in he \nied Saes and he
vorId. I is he second mos Irequen condiion, aIer he common coId,
Ior vhich peopIe see a docor or Iose days Irom vork. In his par oI he
sudy, ve viII rea paiens vih spinaI senosis (a narroving oI spaces
in he backbone ha resuIs in pressure on he spinaI cord andor nerve
roos) caused by degeneraive spondyIoIishesis (a condiion in vhich
one verebra, or spinaI bone, sIips Iorvard on anoher) vih eiher
surgery or nonsurgicaI mehods.
Phase(s): Phase III
Conac(s): see Web sie beIov
Web Sie:
hp:cIinicaIriaIs.govcguishovNCTOOOOO4O9,[sessionid=A21275
A225A2277444D5C934O3214
SpIne PatIent Outcomes Research SpInaI StenosIs
Condiion(s): SpinaI Senosis, Lov Back Pain
Sponsor(s): NaionaI Insiue oI Arhriis and MuscuIoskeIeaI and Skin
Diseases (NIAMS), NaionaI Insiue Ior OccupaionaI SaIey and HeaIh
(NIOSHCDC), OIIice oI Research on Women's HeaIh (ORWH)
Purpose xcerp: This sudy ess he eIIeciveness oI diIIeren
reamens Ior he hree mos commonIy diagnosed condiions oI he
Iover backbone (Iumbar spine). The purpose is o Iearn vhich oI vo
commonIy prescribed reamens (surgery and nonsurgicaI herapy)
vorks beer Ior speciIic ypes oI Iov back pain. Lov back pain is one oI
he mos videIy experienced heaIh probIems in he \nied Saes and
he vorId. I is he second mos Irequen condiion, aIer he common
coId, Ior vhich peopIe see a docor or Iose days Irom vork. In his par oI
he sudy, ve viII rea paiens vih spinaI senosis (a narroving oI
spaces in he backbone ha resuIs in pressure on he spinaI cord andor
nerve roos) vih a ype oI surgery knovn as poserior decompressive
Iaminecomy or vih nonsurgicaI mehods.
Phase(s): Phase III
CIinicaI TriaIs 39
Web Sie:
hp:cIinicaIriaIs.govcguishovNCTOOOOO411,[sessionid=A21275
A225A2277444D5C934O3214
EvaIuatIon oI EchInacea In a Human RhInovIrus ChaIIenge
Condiion(s): Common CoId
Sudy Saus: This sudy is no Ionger recruiing paiens.
Sponsor(s): NaionaI Cener Ior CompIemenary and AIernaive
Medicine (NCCAM)
Purpose xcerp: The purpose oI his sudy is o deermine vheher
hree chinacea preparaions vih diIIeren chemicaI composiions are
eIIecive Ior prevenion or reamen oI he common coId.
Phase(s): Phase II
Web Sie:
hp:cIinicaIriaIs.govcguishovNCTOOO325OO,[sessionid=A21275
A225A2277444D5C934O3214
BeneIIts and RIsks
17
What Are the BeneIIts oI PartIcIpatIng In a CIInIcaI TrIaI7
II you are ineresed in a cIinicaI riaI, i is imporan o reaIize ha your
paricipaion can bring many beneIis o you and sociey a Iarge:
A nev reamen couId be more eIIecive han he curren reamen Ior
he common coId. AIhough onIy haII oI he paricipans in a cIinicaI riaI
receive he experimenaI reamen, iI he nev reamen is proved o be
more eIIecive and saIer han he curren reamen, hen hose paiens
vho did no receive he nev reamen during he cIinicaI riaI may be
among he Iirs o beneIi Irom i vhen he sudy is over.
II he reamen is eIIecive, hen i may improve heaIh or preven
diseases or disorders.
17
This secion has been adaped Irom CIinicaITriaIs.gov, a service oI he NaionaI Insiues
oI HeaIh:
http://vvv.cIInIcaItrIaIs.gov/ct/guI/c/a1r/InIo/vhatIs7]ServSessIonIdzone_ct=9jmunI291.
The Common CoId 40
CIinicaI riaI paiens receive he highes quaIiy oI medicaI care. xpers
vach hem cIoseIy during he sudy and may coninue o IoIIov hem
aIer he sudy is over.
PeopIe vho ake par in riaIs conribue o scieniIic discoveries ha may
heIp oher peopIe vih he common coId. In cases vhere cerain diseases
or disorders run in IamiIies, your paricipaion may Iead o beer care or
prevenion Ior your IamiIy members.
The InIormed Consent
Once you agree o ake par in a cIinicaI riaI, you viII be asked o sign an
inIormed consen. This documen expIains a cIinicaI riaI s risks and
beneIis, he researcher s expecaions oI you, and your righs as a paien.
What Are the RIsks7
CIinicaI riaIs may invoIve risks as veII as beneIis. Wheher or no a nev
reamen viII vork canno be knovn ahead oI ime. There is aIvays a
chance ha a nev reamen may no vork beer han a sandard reamen.
There is aIso he possibiIiy ha i may be harmIuI. The reamen you
receive may cause side eIIecs ha are serious enough o require medicaI
aenion.
Hov Is PatIent SaIety Protected7
CIinicaI riaIs can raise Iears oI he unknovn. \ndersanding he saIeguards
ha proec paiens can ease some oI hese Iears. BeIore a cIinicaI riaI
begins, researchers mus ge approvaI Irom heir hospiaI s InsiuionaI
Reviev Board (IRB), an advisory group ha makes sure a cIinicaI riaI is
designed o proec paien saIey. During a cIinicaI riaI, docors viII cIoseIy
vach you o see iI he reamen is vorking and iI you are experiencing any
side eIIecs. AII he resuIs are careIuIIy recorded and revieved. In many
cases, expers Irom he Daa and SaIey Monioring Commiee careIuIIy
monior each cIinicaI riaI and can recommend ha a sudy be sopped a any
ime. You viII onIy be asked o ake par in a cIinicaI riaI as a voIuneer
giving inIormed consen.
CIinicaI TriaIs 41
What Are a PatIent s RIghts In a CIInIcaI TrIaI7
II you are eIigibIe Ior a cIinicaI riaI, you viII be given inIormaion o heIp
you decide vheher or no you van o paricipae. As a paien, you have
he righ o:
InIormaion on aII knovn risks and beneIis oI he reamens in he
sudy.
Knov hov he researchers pIan o carry ou he sudy, Ior hov Iong, and
vhere.
Knov vha is expeced oI you.
Knov any coss invoIved Ior you or your insurance provider.
Knov beIore any oI your medicaI or personaI inIormaion is shared vih
oher researchers invoIved in he cIinicaI riaI.
TaIk openIy vih docors and ask any quesions.
AIer you [oin a cIinicaI riaI, you have he righ o:
Leave he sudy a any ime. Paricipaion is sricIy voIunary. Hovever,
you shouId no enroII iI you do no pIan o compIee he sudy.
Receive any nev inIormaion abou he nev reamen.
Coninue o ask quesions and ge ansvers.
Mainain your privacy. Your name viII no appear in any repors based
on he sudy.
Knov vheher you paricipaed in he reamen group or he conroI
group (once he sudy has been compIeed).
What about Costs7
In some cIinicaI riaIs, he research IaciIiy pays Ior reamen coss and oher
associaed expenses. You or your insurance provider may have o pay Ior
coss ha are considered sandard care. These hings may incIude inpaien
hospiaI care, Iaboraory and oher ess, and medicaI procedures. You aIso
may need o pay Ior raveI beveen your home and he cIinic. You shouId
Iind ou abou coss beIore commiing o paricipaion in he riaI. II you
have heaIh insurance, Iind ou exacIy vha i viII cover. II you don have
heaIh insurance, or iI your insurance company viII no cover your coss,
aIk o he cIinic saII abou oher opions Ior covering he cos oI your care.
The Common CoId 42
What ShouId You Ask beIore ecIdIng to ]oIn a CIInIcaI TrIaI7
Quesions you shouId ask vhen hinking abou [oining a cIinicaI riaI incIude
he IoIIoving:
Wha is he purpose oI he cIinicaI riaI7
Wha are he sandard reamens Ior he common coId7 Why do
researchers hink he nev reamen may be beer7 Wha is IikeIy o
happen o me vih or vihou he nev reamen7
Wha ess and reamens viII I need7 WiII I need surgery7 Medicaion7
HospiaIizaion7
Hov Iong viII he reamen Ias7 Hov oIen viII I have o come back Ior
IoIIovup exams7
Wha are he reamen s possibIe beneIis o my condiion7 Wha are he
shor and Iongerm risks7 Wha are he possibIe side eIIecs7
WiII he reamen be uncomIorabIe7 WiII i make me IeeI sick7 II so, Ior
hov Iong7
Hov viII my heaIh be moniored7
Where viII I need o go Ior he cIinicaI riaI7 Hov viII I ge here7
Hov much viII i cos o be in he sudy7 Wha coss are covered by he
sudy7 Hov much viII my heaIh insurance cover7
WiII I be abIe o see my ovn docor7 Who viII be in charge oI my care7
WiII aking par in he sudy aIIec my daiIy IiIe7 Do I have ime o
paricipae7
Hov do I IeeI abou aking par in a cIinicaI riaI7 Are here IamiIy
members or Iriends vho may beneIi Irom my conribuions o nev
medicaI knovIedge7
KeepIng Current on CIInIcaI TrIaIs
Various governmen agencies mainain daabases on riaIs. The \.S. NaionaI
Insiues oI HeaIh, hrough he NaionaI Library oI Medicine, has
deveIoped CIinicaITriaIs.gov o provide paiens, IamiIy members, and
physicians vih curren inIormaion abou cIinicaI research across he
broades number oI diseases and condiions.
The sie vas Iaunched in Iebruary 2OOO and currenIy conains
approximaeIy 5,7OO cIinicaI sudies in over 59,OOO Iocaions vorIdvide, vih
CIinicaI TriaIs 43
mos sudies being conduced in he \nied Saes. CIinicaITriaIs.gov
receives abou 2 miIIion his per monh and hoss approximaeIy 5,4OO
visiors daiIy. To access his daabase, simpIy go o heir Web sie
(vvv.cIInIcaItrIaIs.gov) and search by he common coId (or synonyms).
WhiIe CIinicaITriaIs.gov is he mos comprehensive Iising oI NIHsuppored
cIinicaI riaIs avaiIabIe, no aII riaIs are in he daabase. The daabase is
updaed reguIarIy, so cIinicaI riaIs are coninuaIIy being added. The
IoIIoving is a Iis oI speciaIy daabases aIIiIiaed vih he NaionaI Insiues
oI HeaIh ha oIIer addiionaI inIormaion on riaIs:
Ior cIinicaI sudies a he Warren Cran Magnuson CIinicaI Cener
Iocaed in Behesda, MaryIand, visi heir Web sie:
http://cIInIcaIstudIes.InIo.nIh.gov/
Ior cIinicaI sudies conduced a he Bayviev Campus in BaIimore,
MaryIand, visi heir Web sie:
http://vvv.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studIes/Index.htmI
Ior riaIs on inIecious, immune, and aIIergic diseases, visi he sie oI he
NaionaI Insiue oI AIIergy and InIecious Diseases:
http://vvv.nIaId.nIh.gov/cIIntrIaIs/
CeneraI ReIerences
The IoIIoving reIerences describe cIinicaI riaIs and experimenaI medicaI
research. They have been seIeced o ensure ha hey are IikeIy o be
avaiIabIe Irom your IocaI or onIine bookseIIer or universiy medicaI Iibrary.
These reIerences are usuaIIy vrien Ior heaIhcare proIessionaIs, so you may
consider consuIing vih a Iibrarian or bookseIIer vho migh recommend a
paricuIar reIerence. The IoIIoving incIudes some oI he mos readiIy
avaiIabIe reIerences (sored aIphabeicaIIy by iIe, hyperIinks provide
rankings, inIormaion and revievs a Amazon.com):
A CuIde to PatIent RecruItment : Today s Best PractIces 8 Proven
StrategIes by Diana L. Anderson, Paperback 35O pages (2OO1),
CenerWach, Inc., ISBN: 193O24115,
http://vvv.amazon.com/exec/obIdos/ASIM/193024115/IcongroupInterna
A StepByStep CuIde to CIInIcaI TrIaIs by MariIyn MuIay, R.N., M.S.,
OCN, SpiraIbound 143 pages SpiraI ediion (2OO1), ]ones & BarIe Pub,
ISBN: O7371597,
The Common CoId 44
The CenterWatch Irectory oI rugs In CIInIcaI TrIaIs by CenerWach,
Paperback 5 pages (2OOO), CenerWach, Inc., ISBN: O973O2935,
The CompIete CuIde to InIormed Consent In CIInIcaI TrIaIs by Terry
Harne (dior), Paperback 14 pages (2OOO), PharmSource InIormaion
Services, Inc., ISBN: O97O1533O9,
IctIonary Ior CIInIcaI TrIaIs by Simon Day, Paperback 228 pages (1999),
]ohn WiIey & Sons, ISBN: O47198591,
ExtendIng MedIcare ReImbursement In CIInIcaI TrIaIs by Insiue oI
Medicine SaII (dior), e aI, Paperback 1s ediion (2OOO), NaionaI
Academy Press, ISBN: O3O9O888,
Handbook oI CIInIcaI TrIaIs by Marcus IIaher (dior), Paperback (2OO1),
Remedica Pub Ld, ISBN: 19O134293,
\ocabuIary BuIIder
The IoIIoving vocabuIary buiIder gives deIiniions oI vords used in his
chaper ha have no been deIined in previous chapers:
egeneratIve: \ndergoing degeneraion : ending o degenerae, having he
characer oI or invoIving degeneraion, causing or ending o cause
degeneraion. [\|
EchInacea: A genus oI perenniaI herbs used opicaIIy and inernaIIy. I
conains echinacoside, gIycosides, inuIin, isobuyI amides, resin, and
sesquierpenes. [NIH|
Lumbar: Peraining o he Ioins, he par oI he back beveen he horax and
he peIvis. [\|
PosterIor: Siuaed in back oI, or in he back par oI, or aIIecing he back or
dorsaI surIace oI he body. In Iover animaIs, i reIers o he caudaI end oI he
body. [\|
SpondyIoIIsthesIs: Iorvard dispIacemen oI one verebra over anoher. [NIH|
StenosIs: Narroving or sricure oI a duc or canaI. [\|
45
PART II: AITIOMAL RESOURCES AM
A\AMCE MATERIAL
ABOUT PART II
In Par II, ve inroduce you o addiionaI resources and advanced research
on he common coId. AII oo oIen, paiens vho conduc heir ovn research
are overvheImed by he diIIicuIy in Iinding and organizing inIormaion.
The purpose oI he IoIIoving chapers is o provide you an organized and
srucured Iorma o heIp you Iind addiionaI inIormaion resources on he
common coId. In Par II, as in Par I, our ob[ecive is no o inerpre he Iaes
advances on he common coId or render an opinion. Raher, our goaI is o
give you access o originaI research and o increase your avareness oI
sources you may no have aIready considered. In his vay, you viII come
across he advanced maeriaIs oIen reIerred o in pamphIes, books, or oher
generaI vorks. Once again, some oI his maeriaI is echnicaI in naure, so
consuIaion vih a proIessionaI IamiIiar vih he common coId is suggesed.
Sudies 47
CHAPTER4. STUIES OM THE COMMOM COL
OvervIev
very year, academic sudies are pubIished on he common coId or reIaed
condiions. BroadIy speaking, here are vo ypes oI sudies. The Iirs are
peer revieved. CeneraIIy, he conen oI hese sudies has been revieved by
scieniss or physicians. Peerrevieved sudies are ypicaIIy pubIished in
scieniIic [ournaIs and are usuaIIy avaiIabIe a medicaI Iibraries. The second
ype oI sudies is nonpeer revieved. These vorks incIude summary aricIes
ha do no use or repor scieniIic resuIs. These oIen appear in he popuIar
press, nevsIeers, or simiIar periodicaIs.
In his chaper, ve viII shov you hov o Iocae peerrevieved reIerences
and sudies on he common coId. We viII begin by discussing research ha
has been summarized and is Iree o viev by he pubIic via he Inerne. We
hen shov you hov o generae a bibIiography on he common coId and
each you hov o keep curren on nev sudies as hey are pubIished or
underaken by he scieniIic communiy.
The Combined HeaIh InIormaion Daabase summarizes sudies across
numerous IederaI agencies. To Iimi your invesigaion o research sudies
and he common coId, you viII need o use he advanced search opions.
Iirs, go o http://chId.nIh.gov/Index.htmI. Irom here, seIec he DeaiIed
Search opion (or go direcIy o ha page vih he IoIIoving hyperIink:
http://chId.nIh.gov/detaII/detaII.htmI). The rick in exracing sudies is
Iound in he drop boxes a he boom oI he search page vhere You may
reIine your search by. SeIec he daes and Ianguage you preIer, and he
The Common CoId 48
Iorma opion ]ournaI AricIe. A he op oI he search Iorm, seIec he
number oI records you vouId Iike o see (ve recommend 1OO) and check he
box o dispIay vhoIe records. We recommend ha you ype in he
common coId (or synonyms) ino he Ior hese vords: box. Consider
using he opion anyvhere in record o make your search as broad as
possibIe. II you van o Iimi he search o onIy a paricuIar IieId, such as he
iIe oI he [ournaI, hen seIec his opion in he Search in hese IieIds drop
box. The IoIIoving is a sampIe oI vha you can expec Irom his ype oI
search:
Consumer AttItudes Tovards ComputerassIsted SeIIcare oI the
Common CoId
Source: Paien ducaion and CounseIing. 23(1):552, ApriI 1994.
Summary: Researchers compared he aiudes and knovIedge oI 2O
young aduI compuer users and 194 young aduI coIIege sudens
dichoomized according o heir perceived eIIeciveness oI compuer
assised seIIcare Ior coIds and IIu. Recruied Irom a Iarge pubIic midves
universiy, paricipans (1) compIeed a knovIedge quesionnaire on
coIds and IIu, (2) used a compuer program designed o enhance seIIcare
Ior coIds and he IIu, and (3) hen compIeed a second quesionnaire. The
second quesionnaire eIicied inIormaion on (1) heir aiudes ovard
using a compuer Ior seIIcare Ior coIds and IIu and (2) he perceived
imporance oI physician ineracions, physician experise, and paien
physician ineracion. The Iirs quesionnaire conained 27 rueIaIsedo
noknov quesions and he second quesionnaire conained 27 aiude
quesions on a 4poin Liker scaIe. Researchers cIassiIied paricipans as
users oI compuerassised seIIcare iI hey agreed ha compuer
generaed inIormaion on diagnosis and reamen opions Ior a coId or
reIaed iIIness vouId aIIov peopIe o be more responsibIe Ior heir heaIh,
and ha compuergeneraed inIormaion on diagnosis and reamen Ior
a coId or reIaed iIIness vouId make he respondens hemseIves more
responsibIe Ior managing heir ovn heaIh. Researchers anaIyzed user
and nonusers according o heir perceived imporance oI physician
experise, ime spen vih he physician, and he quaIiy oI he
inerpersonaI ineracion beveen paiens and physicians. Compared
vih users, nonusers preIerred personaI conac vih heir physicians and
IeI ha compuerized heaIh assessmens vouId be Iimied in vocabuIary
and range oI curren medicaI inIormaion. Nonusers vere more IikeIy o
agree ha peopIe couId no be rused o do an accurae compuerized
heaIh assessmen and ha he average person vas oo compuer
iIIierae o use compuers Ior seIIcare. 2 abIes, 27 reIerences.
Sudies 49
SeII Care Ior CoIds: A CostEIIectIve AIternatIve to Upper RespIratory
InIectIon Management
Source: American ]ournaI oI PubIic HeaIh. 9(8):81481, Augus 1979.
Summary: A CoId SeIICare Cener vas esabIished by he \niversiy oI
Massachuses HeaIh Service Ior 21,5OO sudens, IacuIy, saII, and heir
dependens. The cener, vhich oIIers a sysemaic, inegraed approach o
he care oI common upper respiraory inIecions, heIps consumers decide
he seriousness oI heir aiImen and, iI he aiImen does no require
proIessionaI care, heIps hem decide upon he ype oI seIIcare necessary.
Sympoms are assessed on he basis oI a checkIis or modiIied aIgorihm,
and he paien is direced o use home remedies vhenever appropriae.
In 1 year he average cos o he user oI a visi o he cener vas $1.37
compared o $9.O3 per user a an oupaien cIinic. Moreover, he cener
eIIeced a signiIican decrease in he number oI unnecessary visis o he
cIinic and reinIorced in cIiens a sense oI responsibiIiy Ior heir ovn
heaIh. 15 reIerences.
FederaIIyFunded Research on the Common CoId
The \.S. Covernmen suppors a variey oI research sudies reIaing o he
common coId and associaed condiions. These sudies are racked by he
OIIice oI xramuraI Research a he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh.
18
CRISP
(Compuerized RerievaI oI InIormaion on ScieniIic Pro[ecs) is a searchabIe
daabase oI IederaIIyIunded biomedicaI research pro[ecs conduced a
universiies, hospiaIs, and oher insiuions. Visi he CRISP Web sie a
http://commons.cIt.nIh.gov/crIsp3/CRISP.Cenerate_TIcket. You can
perIorm argeed searches by various crieria incIuding geography, dae, as
veII as opics reIaed o he common coId and reIaed condiions.
Ior mos oI he sudies, he agencies reporing ino CRISP provide
summaries or absracs. As opposed o cIinicaI riaI research using paiens,
many IederaIIyIunded sudies use animaIs or simuIaed modeIs o expIore
he common coId and reIaed condiions. In some cases, hereIore, i may be
diIIicuI o undersand hov some basic or IundamenaI research couId
evenuaIIy ransIae ino medicaI pracice. The IoIIoving sampIe is ypicaI oI
18
HeaIhcare pro[ecs are Iunded by he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh (NIH), Subsance
Abuse and MenaI HeaIh Services (SAMHSA), HeaIh Resources and Services
Adminisraion (HRSA), Iood and Drug Adminisraion (IDA), Ceners Ior Disease ConroI
and Prevenion (CDCP), Agency Ior HeaIhcare Research and QuaIiy (AHRQ), and OIIice
oI Assisan Secreary oI HeaIh (OASH).
The Common CoId 50
he ype oI inIormaion Iound vhen searching he CRISP daabase Ior he
common coId:
Project TItIe: MoveI Therapy Ior the Common CoId
PrincipaI Invesigaor & Insiuion: Larrick, ]ames W., Presiden and
ScieniIic Direcor, Panorama Research, Inc. 242 Wyandoe S Mounain
Viev, Ca 94O43
Timing: IiscaI Year 2OO1, Pro[ec Sar 1MAR1998, Pro[ec nd 1]AN
2OO4
Summary: The common coId is generaIIy no IiIe hreaening o mos
peopIe, bu does cause signiIican morbidiy and Ioss oI produciviy. Ior
some, paricuIarIy hose vih ashma or vho are immunocompromised,
i can be quie serious. Prospecs are in hand Ior deveIopmen oI a nev
herapeuic ha couId have a ma[or impac on he spread and
pahogenesis oI coId viruses, in paricuIar human rhinorivus (HRV). The
ob[ecive oI his proposaI is o deveIop an ICAM1IgA Iusion proein
produced in pIans ino an eIIecive herapy and prevenive agen agains
HRV. The exraceIIuIar domains oI human ICAM1, a proein Iound on
he surIace oI many ceII ypes, is used by HRV as a recepor. Ceneic
Iusion oI hese ICAM1 domains o he consan region oI human
IgA2m(2) creaes a proein ha is very eIIecive a bIocking HRV
inIecion oI ceIIs. This proein has nov been expressed in pIans, vhere i
can be produced very economicaIIy. PIans producing high IeveIs oI
ICAM1IgA2 viII be propagaed, and eIIicien mehods viII be
deveIoped Ior puriIicaion oI cIinicaIgrade proein. The proein viII be
characerized in viro, hen esed in animaIs Ior saIey and IinaIIy in
human voIuneers Ior eIIeciveness in prevening inIecion by HRV or
deveIopmen oI coId sympoms. PROPOSD COMMRCIAL
APPLICATIONS: The goaI oI his pro[ec is o deveIop a pracicaI and
aIIordabIe vay oI prevening inIecion by human rhinovirus, or
drasicaIIy reducing is sympoms. Transgenic pIans oIIer he onIy
pracicaI vay o produce a herapeuic proein on he scaIe needed o
rea he common coId. An eIIecive produc viII have signiIican
commerciaI poeniaI.
Websie: hp:commons.ci.nih.govcrisp3CRISP.Cenerae_Ticke
Project TItIe: AIIInIty Enhancement oI a HumanIzed AntIIcam
AntIbody
PrincipaI Invesigaor & Insiuion: Iang, Iang, PerIan Therapeuics, Inc.
31O Nancy Ridge Dr, Se 1O2 San Diego, Ca 92121
Timing: IiscaI Year 2OO1, Pro[ec Sar 5A\C2OO1, Pro[ec nd 4IB
2OO2
Sudies 51
Summary: (provided by appIican): The common coId is a benign disease
ha aIso causes ear inIecions in chiIdren and is a Ieading cause oI
"aacks" in ashmaic paiens. Common coId inIecions have a grea
economic impac bu are currenIy reaed by OTC remedies inended o
aIIeviae sympoms. Human rhinoviruses cause 7O percen oI coIds and
incIude >12O diIIeren seroypes. This Iarge geneic diversiy makes
deveIopmen oI a vaccine near impossibIe. Hovever, abou 9O percen oI
rhinovirus seroypes bind o nasaI epiheIiaI ceII surIace recepor, ICAM
1. We have deveIoped prooype aniICAM1 anibody Iusion consrucs
ha bind o ICAM1 vih high aIIiniy and ha preven rhinovirus
inIecion in ceII cuIure assays. High aIIiniy (Iov KoII) anibodies are
esseniaI Ior durabIe proecion Irom inIecion. This proposaI describes a
noveI mehod Ior in viro aIIiniy enhancemen oI he anibody hrough
seIecive amino acid subsiuions. The choice oI residues o muae is
criicaI Ior eIIiciency and success. Amino acid residues are muaed
individuaIIy and ogeher o generae . coIi based Iibraries. Libraries are
screened using an "oII rae" screening mehod designed o seIec Ior
speciIic, high aIIiniy (Iov KoII) binding. Once he core anibody has
been aIIiniy enhanced, i viII be used o generae Iusion consrucs Ior
cIinicaI evaIuaion. Proposed CommerciaI AppIicaion: No AvaiIabIe
Project TItIe: CoronavIrusReceptor InteractIons
PrincipaI Invesigaor & Insiuion: HoImes, Kahryn V., ProIessor,
MicrobioIogy, \niversiy oI CoIorado HIh Sciences Cr 42OO 9Th Ave
Denver, Co 8O22
Timing: IiscaI Year 2OOO, Pro[ec Sar 1APR1988, Pro[ec nd O]\N
2OO4
Summary: Human coronaviruses cause 15 o 3O percen oI common
coIds, ye here has been IiIe invesigaion oI hese human pahogens.
Our Iong erm goaI is o deveIop aniviraI drugs o preven andor rea
human coronavirus inIecions oI he upper respiraory rac. We
anicipae ha hese drugs vouId be used in combinaion vih drugs o
preven or rea coIds due o rhinoviruses vhich are nov being
deveIoped in oher Iaboraories. By covering he viruses ha cause mos
common coIds, such combinaion drugs vouId make i unnecessary o
ideniIy he ype oI common coId virus causing earIy sympoms beIore
iniiaing herapy. Our sraegy Ior deveIoping anicoronavirus drugs is
o use inIormaion abou viraI spike proein and recepor srucure and
Iuncion o ideniIy smaII moIecuIes ha may bIock ineracions oI he
viraI spike gIycoproein vih is ceIIuIar recepor gIycoproein. Our Iab
has ideniIied recepors Ior human, murine and IeIine coronaviruses. We
The Common CoId 52
have expressed and puriIied soIubIe recombinan recepor gIycoproeins,
and are esing hem Ior recepor aciviies. We viII use muagenesis o
ideniIy he amino acids and domains oI he viraI spike proeins and
recepor gIycoproeins ha inerac, and es he muan proeins Ior
binding aciviy and he abiIiy o induce or undergo conIormaionaI
changes ha Iead o membrane Iusion and virus enry. We viII anaIyze
he srucures oI he spike proeins and recepor gIycoproeins using
cryoeIecron microscopy and Xray crysaIIography. The resuIing
srucuraI modeIs viII be used o deveIop smaII moIecuIes ha bIock
virus binding andor recepor induced conIormaionaI changes in he
spike proein. These moIecuIes viII be esed in ceII cuIure modeI
sysems Ior oxiciy and Ior he abiIiy o bIock virus inIecion. Nonoxic
drugs vih aniviraI aciviy in cuIures viII be esed in animaI modeI
sysems Ior he abiIiy o bIock coronavirus inIecions oI he respiraory
rac. Our experimenaI modeIs are he ineracions oI vo coronaviruses,
mouse hepaiis virus (MHV) and human coronavirus 229 (HCoV229),
vih heir recepors, MHVR and hAPN, respeciveIy. The murine modeI
is more advanced han he human modeI, and viII provide inIormaion
and sraegies ha viII IaciIiae our sudies on human coronavirus
recepor ineracions. The MHV modeI viII aIso provide IundamenaI
inIormaion on hov an immunogIobuIinreIaed recepor iniiaes
inIecion vih an enveIoped virus. The 229 modeI viII eIucidae hov he
enzyme APN acs as a virus recepor. Inhibiion oI HCoV229
respiraory inIecion by candidae drugs viII be sudied in ransgenic
mice ha express he HCoV229 recepor, hAPN, in he respiraory
epiheIium.
Project TItIe: EvaIuIatIon oI EchInacea In a Human RhInovIrus
ChaIIenge
PrincipaI Invesigaor & Insiuion: Turner, RonaId B., Pediarics,
\niversiy oI Virginia CharIoesviIIe Box 4OO195 CharIoesviIIe, Va
229O4
Timing: IiscaI Year 2OO1, Pro[ec Sar OSP2OO1, Pro[ec nd 1MAY
2OO4
Summary: chinacea is a videIy used herbaI remedy Ior he common
coId. Previous cIinicaI riaIs designed o assess he eIIicacy oI chinacea
Ior prevenion or reamen oI he common coId have produced
inconsisen resuIs. A variey oI diIIeren chinacea producs have been
used in hese cIinicaI riaIs. Recen sudies indicae ha diIIeren
chinacea preparaions have dramaicaIIy diIIeren phyochemicaI
proIiIes. The avaiIabIe cIinicaI riaI daa provide no inIormaion abou he
Sudies 53
poeniaI roIe oI he diIIeren consiuens oI chinacea in common coId
prevenion or reamen. Our hypohesis is ha he variaion in repored
cIinicaI eIIeciveness may be due o diIIerences in he phyochemicaI
proIiIe oI he chinacea preparaions used. The experimenaI rhinovirus
coIds modeI is a veIIesabIished modeI Ior he sudy oI he pahogenesis
and reamen oI he common coId. The combinaion oI his modeI vih
deaiIed chemicaI anaIysis oI chinacea preparaions viII be used o
address he inconsisencies in previous cIinicaI riaIs. The purpose oI his
sudy is o use he experimenaI common coId modeI and preparaions oI
chinacea Irom a singIe species and pIan par o sysemaicaIIy evaIuae
he eIIec oI he diIIeren chinacea consiuens on rhinovirus inIecion
and rhinovirus induced iIIness. This sudy viII address he IoIIoving
speciIic aims: 1) vaIuae he eIIeciveness oI chemicaIIy deIined exracs
oI . angusiIoIia roo vhich conain aIkamides, echinacoside or
poIysaccharideIgIycoproein Ior common coId prevenion or reamen, 2)
Assess he correIaion beveen speciIic chinacea meaboIies in serum
and nasaI secreions and eIIicacy Ior prevenion and reamen oI coIds,
and 3) Deermine he eIIec oI diIIeren chinacea preparaions on he
hos response o rhinovirus inIecion.
Project TItIe: LBP WIth RadIcuIopathyan InIIammatory Response
PrincipaI Invesigaor & Insiuion: DeIeo, ]oyce A., Associae ProIessor,
AneshesioIogy, Darmouh CoIIege Hanover, Nh O3755
Timing: IiscaI Year 2OOO, Pro[ec Sar 3SP1997, Pro[ec nd 1A\C
2OO1
Summary: (Adaped Irom he AppIican's Absrac): Lov back pain is a
ma[or cIinicaI probIem second onIy o he common coId in is IinanciaI
and sympomaic impac on human suIIering. The Iongerm ob[ecive is
o undersand he pahophysioIogicaI mechanisms oI Iov back pain vih
or vihou associaed Iumbar radicuIopahy. To achieve his goaI, ve viII
appIy experience vih animaI modeIs oI Iumbar radicuIopahy and
chronic neuropahic pain o evaIuae and es he hypohesis. The
vorking hypohesis is ha nerve roo in[ury Ieads o an inIIammaory
spinaI cyokine response ha causes he cIinicaI syndrome oI Iov back
pain andor radicuIopahy. This hypohesis viII be esed in he
proposed speciIic aims: 1) Characerize spinaI and dorsaI roo gangIion
(DRC) proinIIammaory cyokine (InerIeukin (IL)1b, IL and Tumor
Necrosis Iacor a (TNIa) proein and mRNA in response o nerve roo
in[ury in he ra. 2) vaIuae he eIecrophysioIogicaI response vhen
proinIIammaory cyokines (IL1b, IL and TNIa) are IocaIIy appIied o
Iumbar nerve roos in he ra. 3) Compare he eIIec oI generaI and
The Common CoId 54
speciIic cyokine inhibiors on roo in[uryreIaed pain behaviors and
IuncionaI saus in ras using epiduraI, inraduraI (proximaI o he DRC)
or epineuraI (disaI o he DRC) roues oI drug deIivery. This aim viII
heIp direc he cIinicaI quesion oI deermining he mos eIIecive roue oI
drug deIivery Ior painIuI Iumbar radicuIopahy. 4) Deermine he
synergisic or IuncionaI deIicis vhen used in combinaion vih IocaI
anesheic adminisraion. To address hese speciIic aims, he auhors
propose o use quaniaive immunohisochemisry (IHC), and in siu
hybridizaion (ISH), eIecrophysioIogy and nocicepive (pain) behavioraI
assays. The inen is ha vhen compIeed, he pro[ec viII provide:
InIormaion on he in vivo kineics oI spinaI proinIIammaory cyokine
expression and producion in radicuIopahy modeIs. PreIiminary daa o
guide and suppor nev pharmacoIogicaI reamens oI acue Iov back
pain. Nev insigh ino he reIaionship beveen he neuroimmune
response oI nerve roo in[ury and he cIinicaI phenomenon oI Iov back
pain. PreIiminary daa o direc Iuure sudies ha evaIuae he impac oI
neuroimmune responses in causaion oI Iov back pain vih
radicuIopahy. Nev inIormaion on he pahogeneic disincion beveen
nerve in[ury cenraI or peripheraI o he dorsaI roo gangIion (a cIinicaIIy
reIevan anaomicaI Iocaion). This nev knovIedge viII guide
deveIopmen oI noveI, nonaddicive prevenive herapies and reamens
Ior chronic Iov back pain.
E]ournaIs: PubMed CentraI
19
PubMed CenraI (PMC) is a digiaI archive oI IiIe sciences [ournaI Iieraure
deveIoped and managed by he NaionaI Cener Ior BioechnoIogy
InIormaion (NCBI) a he \.S. NaionaI Library oI Medicine (NLM).
2O
Access
o his groving archive oI e[ournaIs is Iree and unresriced.
21
To search, go
o http://vvv.pubmedcentraI.nIh.gov/Index.htmI*search, and ype he
common coId (or synonyms) ino he search box. This search gives you
19
Adaped Irom he NaionaI Library oI Medicine:
http://vvv.pubmedcentraI.nIh.gov/about/Intro.htmI.
2O
Wih PubMed CenraI, NCBI is aking he Iead in preservaion and mainenance oI open
access o eIecronic Iieraure, [us as NLM has done Ior decades vih prined biomedicaI
Iieraure. PubMed CenraI aims o become a vorIdcIass Iibrary oI he digiaI age.
21
The vaIue oI PubMed CenraI, in addiion o is roIe as an archive, Iies he avaiIabiIiy oI
daa Irom diverse sources sored in a common Iorma in a singIe reposiory. Many [ournaIs
aIready have onIine pubIishing operaions, and here is a groving endency o pubIish
maeriaI onIine onIy, o he excIusion oI prin.
Sudies 55
access o IuIIex aricIes. The IoIIoving is a sampIe oI iems Iound Ior he
common coId in he PubMed CenraI daabase:
AntIvIraI agent bIocks breathIng oI the common coId vIrus by ].
KahIeen Levis, Brian Bohner, Thomas ]. Smih, and Cary Siuzdak, 1998
]une 9
hp:vvv.pubmedcenraI.nih.govaricIerender.Icgi7arid=2231
Commentary: Common CoId \Irus and Its Receptor by SC Harrison,
1993 Iebruary 1
hp:vvv.pubmedcenraI.nih.govpicrender.Icgi7arid=45752&acion
=sream&bIobype=IiIe&bIobname=[PNASPDIPah|19939O
O3pdIpqOOO783.pdI
Members oI the Lov ensIty LIpoproteIn Receptor FamIIy MedIate
CeII Entry oI a MInorCroup Common CoId \Irus by I HoIer, M
Cruenberger, H KovaIski, H Macha, M Hueinger, KuechIer, and D
BIaas, 1994 March 1
hp:vvv.pubmedcenraI.nih.govaricIerender.Icgi7renderype=abs
rac&arid=43259
The MatIonaI LIbrary oI MedIcIne: PubMed
One oI he quickes and mos comprehensive vays o Iind academic sudies
in boh ngIish and oher Ianguages is o use PubMed, mainained by he
NaionaI Library oI Medicine. The advanage oI PubMed over previousIy
menioned sources is ha i covers a greaer number oI domesic and Ioreign
reIerences. I is aIso Iree o he pubIic.
22
II he pubIisher has a Web sie ha
oIIers IuII ex oI is [ournaIs, PubMed viII provide Iinks o ha sie, as veII
as o sies oIIering oher reIaed daa. \ser regisraion, a subscripion Iee, or
some oher ype oI Iee may be required o access he IuII ex oI aricIes in
some [ournaIs.
To generae your ovn bibIiography oI sudies deaIing vih he common
coId, simpIy go o he PubMed Web sie a vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/pubmed.
Type he common coId (or synonyms) ino he search box, and cIick Co.
The IoIIoving is he ype oI oupu you can expec Irom PubMed Ior he
common coId (hyperIinks Iead o aricIe summaries):
22
PubMed vas deveIoped by he NaionaI Cener Ior BioechnoIogy InIormaion (NCBI) a
he NaionaI Library oI Medicine (NLM) a he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh (NIH). The
PubMed daabase vas deveIoped in con[uncion vih pubIishers oI biomedicaI Iieraure as
a search ooI Ior accessing Iieraure ciaions and Iinking o IuIIex [ournaI aricIes a Web
sies oI paricipaing pubIishers. PubIishers ha paricipae in PubMed suppIy NLM vih
heir ciaions eIecronicaIIy prior o or a he ime oI pubIicaion.
The Common CoId 56
Acupuncture treatment oI common coId.
Auhor(s): Hu ].
Source: ] Tradi Chin Med. 2OOO Sepember, 2O(3): 2273O. No Absrac
AvaiIabIe.
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.gov:8Oenrezquery.Icgi7cmd=Rerieve&db=
PubMed&Iis_uids=11O38989&dop=Absrac
The admInIstratIon oI Iarge doses oI ascorbIc acId In the preventIon
and treatment oI the common coId. I.
Auhor(s): Regnier .
Source: Rev AIIergy. 198 Sepember, 22(9): 8354. No Absrac
AvaiIabIe.
PubMed&Iis_uids=584484&dop=Absrac
\ocabuIary BuIIder
AnatomIcaI: Peraining o anaomy, or o he srucure oI he organism. [\|
AnesthesIoIogy: A speciaIy concerned vih he sudy oI anesheics and
aneshesia. [NIH|
AntIbody: An immunogIobuIin moIecuIe ha has a speciIic amino acid
sequence by virue oI vhich i ineracs onIy vih he anigen ha induced
is synhesis in ceIIs oI he Iymphoid series (especiaIIy pIasma ceIIs), or vih
anigen cIoseIy reIaed o i. Anibodies are cIassiIied according o heir ode
oI acion as aggIuinins, bacerioIysins, haemoIysins, opsonins, precipiins,
ec. [\|
AntIpyretIc: An agen ha reIieves or reduces Iever. CaIIed aIso aniIebriIe,
anihermic and IebriIuge. [\|
AromatIc: Having a spicy odour. [\|
Assay: Deerminaion oI he amoun oI a paricuIar consiuen oI a mixure,
or oI he bioIogicaI or pharmacoIogicaI poency oI a drug. [\|
BacterIophages: Viruses vhose hos is a baceriaI ceII. [NIH|
BenIgn: No maIignan, no recurren, IavourabIe Ior recovery. [\|
BIochemIcaI: ReIaing o biochemisry, characerized by, produced by, or
invoIving chemicaI reacions in Iiving organisms. [\|
BIopsy: The removaI and examinaion, usuaIIy microscopic, oI issue Irom
he Iiving body, perIormed o esabIish precise diagnosis. [\|
BIoterrorIsm: The use oI bioIogicaI agens in errorism. This incIudes he
Sudies 57
maIevoIen use oI baceria, viruses, or oxins agains peopIe, animaIs, or
pIans. [NIH|
CapsId: The ouer proein proecive sheII oI a virus, vhich proecs he viraI
nucIeic acid. [NIH|
Catarrh: InIIammaion oI a mucous membrane, vih a Iree discharge
(Hippocraes), especiaIIy such inIIammaion oI he air passages oI he head
and hroa. [\|
CausaI: Peraining o a cause, direced agains a cause. [\|
ChronIc: Persising over a Iong period oI ime. [\|
CIaudIcatIon: Limping or Iameness. [\|
CytokInes: Nonanibody proeins secreed by inIIammaory Ieukocyes and
some nonIeukocyic ceIIs, ha ac as inerceIIuIar mediaors. They diIIer
Irom cIassicaI hormones in ha hey are produced by a number oI issue or
ceII ypes raher han by speciaIized gIands. They generaIIy ac IocaIIy in a
paracrine or auocrine raher han endocrine manner. [NIH|
IsposItIon: A endency eiher physicaI or menaI ovard cerain diseases.
[\|
IstaI: Remoe, Iarher Irom any poin oI reIerence, opposed o proximaI. In
denisry, used o designae a posiion on he denaI arch Iarher Irom he
median Iine oI he [av. [\|
IurnaI: Occurring during he day. [\|
orsaI: 1. peraining o he back or o any dorsum. 2. denoing a posiion
more ovard he back surIace han some oher ob[ec oI reIerence, same as
poserior in human anaomy, superior in he anaomy oI quadrupeds. [\|
EIectrophysIoIogIcaI: Peraining o eIecrophysioIogy, ha is a branch oI
physioIogy ha is concerned vih he eIecric phenomena associaed vih
Iiving bodies and invoIved in heir IuncionaI aciviy. [\|
EncephaIItIs: InIIammaion oI he brain. [\|
Enzyme: A proein moIecuIe ha caaIyses chemicaI reacions oI oher
subsances vihou iseII being desroyed or aIered upon compIeion oI he
reacions. nzymes are cIassiIied according o he recommendaions oI he
NomencIaure Commiee oI he InernaionaI \nion oI Biochemisry. ach
enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an nzyme Commission (C)
number. They are divided ino six main groups, oxidoreducases,
ransIerases, hydroIases, Iyases, isomerases, and Iigases. [\|
EpIdemIoIogIcaI: ReIaing o, or invoIving epidemioIogy. [\|
EpIduraI: Siuaed upon or ouside he dura maer. [\|
EpInephrIne: The acive sympahomimeic hormone Irom he adrenaI
meduIIa in mos species. I simuIaes boh he aIpha and bea adrenergic
The Common CoId 58
sysems, causes sysemic vasoconsricion and gasroinesinaI reIaxaion,
simuIaes he hear, and diIaes bronchi and cerebraI vesseIs. I is used in
ashma and cardiac IaiIure and o deIay absorpion oI IocaI anesheics. [NIH|
EpItheIIum: The covering oI inernaI and exernaI surIaces oI he body,
incIuding he Iining oI vesseIs and oher smaII caviies. I consiss oI ceIIs
[oined by smaII amouns oI cemening subsances. piheIium is cIassiIied
ino ypes on he basis oI he number oI Iayers deep and he shape oI he
superIiciaI ceIIs. [\|
EpItopes: Sies on an anigen ha inerac vih speciIic anibodies. [NIH|
EthnopharmacoIogy: The sudy oI he acions and properies oI drugs,
usuaIIy derived Irom medicinaI pIans, indigenous o a popuIaion or ehnic
group. [NIH|
ExtraceIIuIar: Ouside a ceII or ceIIs. [\|
ExtractIon: The process or ac oI puIIing or draving ou. [\|
FIuorescence: The propery oI emiing radiaion vhiIe being irradiaed.
The radiaion emied is usuaIIy oI Ionger vaveIengh han ha inciden or
absorbed, e.g., a subsance can be irradiaed vih invisibIe radiaion and
emi visibIe Iigh. Xray IIuorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH|
CangIIon: 1. a kno, or knoIike mass. 2. a generaI erm Ior a group oI nerve
ceII bodies Iocaed ouside he cenraI nervous sysem, occasionaIIy appIied
o cerain nucIear groups vihin he brain or spinaI cord, e.g. basaI gangIia.
3. a benign cysic umour occurring on a aponeurosis or endon, as in he
vris or dorsum oI he Ioo, i consiss oI a hin Iibrous capsuIe encIosing a
cIear mucinous IIuid. [\|
CastroenterItIs: An acue inIIammaion oI he Iining oI he somach and
inesines, characerized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominaI pain,
and veakness, vhich has various causes, incIuding Iood poisoning due o
inIecion vih such organisms as scherichia coIi, SaphyIococcus aureus,
and SaImoneIIa species, consumpion oI irriaing Iood or drink, or
psychoIogicaI Iacors such as anger, sress, and Iear. CaIIed aIso
enerogasriis. [\|
CIycoproteIns: Con[ugaed proeincarbohydrae compounds incIuding
mucins, mucoid, and amyIoid gIycoproeins. [NIH|
Hepatocytes: The main srucuraI componen oI he Iiver. They are
speciaIized epiheIiaI ceIIs ha are organized ino inerconneced pIaes
caIIed IobuIes. [NIH|
HomoIogous: Corresponding in srucure, posiion, origin, ec., as (a) he
Ieahers oI a bird and he scaIes oI a Iish, (b) anigen and is speciIic
anibody, (c) aIIeIic chromosomes. [\|
HybrIdIzatIon: The geneic process oI crossbreeding o produce a hybrid.
Sudies 59
Hybrid nucIeic acids can be Iormed by nucIeic acid hybridizaion oI DNA
and RNA moIecuIes. Proein hybridizaion aIIovs Ior hybrid proeins o be
Iormed Irom poIypepide chains. [NIH|
ImmunohIstochemIstry: HisochemicaI IocaIizaion oI immunoreacive
subsances using IabeIed anibodies as reagens. [NIH|
InhaIatIon: The draving oI air or oher subsances ino he Iungs. [\|
IntermIttent: Occurring a separaed inervaIs, having periods oI cessaion
oI aciviy. [\|
KInetIc: Peraining o or producing moion. [\|
LIpoproteIn: Any oI he Iipidproein compIexes in vhich Iipids are
ranspored in he bIood, Iipoproein paricIes consis oI a sphericaI
hydrophobic core oI rigIycerides or choIeseroI esers surrounded by an
amphipahic monoIayer oI phosphoIipids, choIeseroI, and apoIipoproeins,
he Iour principaI cIasses are highdensiy, Iovdensiy, and veryIov
densiy Iipoproeins and chyIomicrons. [\|
MedIator: An ob[ec or subsance by vhich somehing is mediaed, such as
(1) a srucure oI he nervous sysem ha ransmis impuIses eIiciing a
speciIic response, (2) a chemicaI subsance (ransmier subsance) ha
induces aciviy in an exciabIe issue, such as nerve or muscIe, or (3) a
subsance reIeased Irom ceIIs as he resuI oI he ineracion oI anigen vih
anibody or by he acion oI anigen vih a sensiized Iymphocye. [\|
MetaboIIte: Any subsance produced by meaboIism or by a meaboIic
process. [\|
MIcroscopy: The appIicaion oI microscope magniIicaion o he sudy oI
maeriaIs ha canno be properIy seen by he unaided eye. [NIH|
MoIecuIar: OI, peraining o, or composed oI moIecuIes : a very smaII mass
oI maer. [\|
MutagenesIs: Process oI generaing geneic muaions. I may occur
sponaneousIy or be induced by muagens. [NIH|
MyocardItIs: InIIammaion oI he myocardium, inIIammaion oI he
muscuIar vaIIs oI he hear. [\|
MecrosIs: The sum oI he morphoIogicaI changes indicaive oI ceII deah and
caused by he progressive degradaive acion oI enzymes, i may aIIec
groups oI ceIIs or par oI a srucure or an organ. [\|
MorepInephrIne: Precursor oI epinephrine ha is secreed by he adrenaI
meduIIa and is a videspread cenraI and auonomic neuroransmier.
Norepinephrine is he principaI ransmier oI mos posgangIionic
sympaheic Iibers and oI he diIIuse pro[ecion sysem in he brain arising
Irom he Iocus ceruIeus. I is aIso Iound in pIans and is used
The Common CoId 60
pharmacoIogicaIIy as a sympahomimeic. [NIH|
ParasItIc: Peraining o, oI he naure oI, or caused by a parasie. [\|
ProxImaI: Neares, cIoser o any poin oI reIerence, opposed o disaI. [\|
PsychoIogy: The science deaIing vih he sudy oI menaI processes and
behavior in man and animaIs. [NIH|
PsychopharmacoIogy: The sudy oI he eIIecs oI drugs on menaI and
behavioraI aciviy. [NIH|
PuImonary: Peraining o he Iungs. [\|
RecombInant: 1. a ceII or an individuaI vih a nev combinaion oI genes no
Iound ogeher in eiher paren, usuaIIy appIied o Iinked genes. [\|
RhInItIs: InIIammaion oI he mucous membrane oI he nose. [\|
SaIIva: The cIear, viscous IIuid secreed by he saIivary gIands and mucous
gIands oI he mouh. I conains mucins, vaer, organic saIs, and pyIin. [NIH|
ScIerosIs: A induraion, or hardening, especiaIIy hardening oI a par Irom
inIIammaion and in diseases oI he inersiiaI subsance. The erm is used
chieIIy Ior such a hardening oI he nervous sysem due o hyperpIasia oI he
connecive issue or o designae hardening oI he bIood vesseIs. [\|
Serum: The cIear porion oI any body IIuid, he cIear IIuid moisening
serous membranes. 2. bIood serum, he cIear Iiquid ha separaes Irom bIood
on cIoing. 3. immune serum, bIood serum Irom an immunized animaI used
Ior passive immunizaion, an aniserum, anioxin, or anivenin. [\|
SpecIes: A axonomic caegory subordinae o a genus (or subgenus) and
superior o a subspecies or variey, composed oI individuaIs possessing
common characers disinguishing hem Irom oher caegories oI individuaIs
oI he same axonomic IeveI. In axonomic nomencIaure, species are
designaed by he genus name IoIIoved by a Lain or Lainized ad[ecive or
noun. [\|
Sputum: Maer e[eced Irom he Iungs, bronchi, and rachea, hrough he
mouh. [\|
Substrate: A subsance upon vhich an enzyme acs. [\|
SynergIstIc: Acing ogeher, enhancing he eIIec oI anoher Iorce or agen.
[\|
ThoracIc: Peraining o or aIIecing he ches. [\|
ToxIcIty: The quaIiy oI being poisonous, especiaIIy he degree oI viruIence
oI a oxic microbe or oI a poison. [\|
Paens 61
CHAPTER5. PATEMTS OM THE COMMOM COL
OvervIev
You can Iearn abou innovaions reIaing o he common coId by reading
recen paens and paen appIicaions. Paens can be physicaI innovaions
(e.g. chemicaIs, pharmaceuicaIs, medicaI equipmen) or processes (e.g.
reamens or diagnosic procedures). The \nied Saes Paen and
Trademark OIIice deIines a paen as a gran oI a propery righ o he
invenor, issued by he Paen and Trademark OIIice.
23
Paens, hereIore, are
ineIIecuaI propery. Ior he \nied Saes, he erm oI a nev paen is 2O
years Irom he dae vhen he paen appIicaion vas IiIed. II he invenor
vishes o receive economic beneIis, i is IikeIy ha he invenion viII
become commerciaIIy avaiIabIe o paiens vih he common coId vihin 2O
years oI he iniiaI IiIing. I is imporan o undersand, hereIore, ha an
invenor s paen does no indicae ha a produc or service is or viII be
commerciaIIy avaiIabIe o paiens vih he common coId. The paen impIies
onIy ha he invenor has he righ o excIude ohers Irom making, using,
oIIering Ior saIe, or seIIing he invenion in he \nied Saes. WhiIe his
reIaes o \.S. paens, simiIar ruIes govern Ioreign paens.
In his chaper, ve shov you hov o Iocae inIormaion on paens and heir
invenors. II you Iind a paen ha is paricuIarIy ineresing o you, conac
he invenor or he assignee Ior Iurher inIormaion.
23
Adaped Irom The \. S. Paen and Trademark OIIice:
http://vvv.uspto.gov/veb/oIIIces/pac/doc/generaI/vhatIs.htm.
The Common CoId 62
Patents on the Common CoId
By perIorming a paen search Iocusing on he common coId, you can obain
inIormaion such as he iIe oI he invenion, he names oI he invenor(s),
he assignee(s) or he company ha ovns or conroIs he paen, a shor
absrac ha summarizes he paen, and a Iev excerps Irom he descripion
oI he paen. The absrac oI a paen ends o be more echnicaI in naure,
vhiIe he descripion is oIen vrien Ior he pubIic. IuII paen descripions
conain much more inIormaion han is presened here (e.g. cIaims,
reIerences, Iigures, diagrams, ec.). We viII eII you hov o obain his
inIormaion Iaer in he chaper. The IoIIoving is an exampIe oI he ype oI
inIormaion ha you can expec o obain Irom a paen search on he
common coId:
Methods oI treatIng or ameIIoratIng the symptoms oI common coId or
aIIergIc rhInItIs vIth serotonIn 5HT1F agonIsts
Invenor(s): ]ohnson, Kirk WiIIis (Camby, IN), Phebus, Lee AIan
(Iounainovn, IN)
Assignee(s): Ii LiIIy and Company (IndianapoIis, IN)
Paen Number: ,38O,2O1
Dae IiIed: March 4, 1999
Absrac: This invenion provides mehods Ior he reamen or
ameIioraion oI he sympoms oI he common coId or aIIergic rhiniis
vhich comprises adminisering o a mammaI in need hereoI a seroonin
5HT.sub.1I agonis.
xcerp(s): The "common coId" is a ime honored phrase used by boh
physicians and Iay persons aIike Ior he ideniIicaion oI acue minor
respiraory iIIness. Since he ideniIicaion oI rhinovirus in 195, a
considerabIe body oI knovIedge has been acquired on he eioIogy and
epidemioIogy oI common coIds. I is knovn ha he common coId is no
a singIe eniy, bu raher is a group oI diseases caused by members oI
severaI IamiIies oI viruses, incIuding parainIIuenza viruses, rhinoviruses,
respiraory syncyiaI viruses, eneroviruses, and coronaviruses. Much
vork has been perIormed in characerizing viruses vhich cause he
common coId. In addiion, he moIecuIar bioIogy oI rhinoviruses, he
mos imporan common coId viruses, is undersood in grea deaiI. In
conras, progress on he reamen oI common coIds has been sIov
despie hese advances. WhiIe here are nov Iarge numbers oI
compounds ha have been Iound o exhibi aniviraI aciviy agains coId
viruses in ceII cuIure, aniviraI compounds have had Iimied
eIIeciveness in paiens. ... Because oI he videspread dissaisIacion
Paens 63
vih he currenIy markeed reamens Ior he common coId and aIIergic
rhiniis vihin he aIIeced popuIaion, here exiss a need Ior a more
eIIicacious and saIe reamen. ... This invenion provides mehods Ior he
reamen or ameIioraion oI he sympoms oI he common coId or
aIIergic rhiniis in a mammaI vhich comprise adminisering o a mammaI
in need hereoI an eIIecive amoun oI a composiion having seroonin 5
HT.sub.1I agonis aciviy.
Web sie: hp:vvv.deIphion.comdeaiIs7pn=\SO38O2O1__
Methods oI treatIng or ameIIoratIng the symptoms oI common coId or
aIIergIc rhInItIs vIth serotonIn 5HT.sub.1F
Invenor(s): ]ohnson, Kirk WiIIis (Camby, IN), Phebus, Lee AIan
(Iounainovn, IN)
Paen Number: 5,92,473
Dae IiIed: Augus 5, 1997
vhich comprises adminisering o a mammaI in need hereoI a seroonin
5HT.sub.1I agonis.
xcerp(s): The "common coId" is a ime honored phrase used by boh
physicians and Iay persons aIike Ior he ideniIicaion oI acue minor
respiraory iIIness. Since he ideniIicaion oI rhinovirus in 195, a
considerabIe body oI knovIedge has been acquired on he eioIogy and
epidemioIogy oI common coIds. I is knovn ha he common coId is no
a singIe eniy, bu raher is a group oI diseases caused by members oI
severaI IamiIies oI viruses, incIuding parainIIuenza viruses, rhinoviruses,
respiraory syncyiaI viruses, eneroviruses, and coronaviruses. Much
vork has been perIormed in characerizing viruses vhich cause he
common coId. In addiion, he moIecuIar bioIogy oI rhinoviruses, he
mos imporan common coId viruses, is undersood in grea deaiI. In
conras, progress on he reamen oI common coIds has been sIov
despie hese advances. WhiIe here are nov Iarge numbers oI
compounds h have been Iound o exhibi aniviraI aciviy agains coId
viruses in ceII cuIure, aniviraI compounds have had Iimied
eIIeciveness in paiens. ... Because oI he videspread dissaisIacion
vih he currenIy markeed reamens Ior he common coId and aIIergic
rhiniis vihin he aIIeced popuIaion, here exiss a need Ior a more
eIIicacious and saIe reamen. ... This invenion provides mehods Ior he
reamen or ameIioraion oI he sympoms oI he common coId or
The Common CoId 64
aIIergic rhiniis in a mammaI vhich comprise adminisering o a mammaI
in need hereoI an eIIecive amoun oI a composiion having seroonin 5
HT.sub.1I agonis aciviy.
Web sie: hp:vvv.deIphion.comdeaiIs7pn=\SO592473__
Method oI treatIng or ameIIoratIng the symptoms oI common coId or
aIIergIc rhInItIs
Invenor(s): ]ohnson, Kirk WiIIis (Camby, IN), NeIson, David LIoyd
Carver (CarmeI, IN), Phebus, Lee AIan (Iounainovn, IN)
Dae IiIed: March 7, 1997
vhich comprises adminisering o a mammaI in need hereoI a 5
HT.sub.2 anagonis.
xcerp(s): The presen invenion is direced o he use oI 5HT2
anagoniss Ior reaing or ameIioraing he sympoms oI he common
coId or aIIergic rhiniis. ... The "common coId" is a ime honored phrase
used by boh physicians and Iay persons aIike Ior he ideniIicaion oI
acue minor respiraory iIIness. Since he ideniIicaion oI rhinovirus in
195, a considerabIe body oI knovIedge has been acquired on he
eioIogy and epidemioIogy oI common coIds. I is knovn ha he
common coId is no a singIe eniy, bu raher is a group oI diseases
caused by members oI severaI IamiIies oI viruses, incIuding
parainIIuenza viruses, rhinoviruses, respiraory syncyiaI viruses,
eneroviruses, and coronaviruses. Much vork has been perIormed in
characerizing viruses vhich cause he common coId. In addiion, he
moIecuIar bioIogy oI rhinoviruses, he mos imporan common coId
viruses, is undersood in grea deaiI. In conras, progress on he
reamen oI common coIds has been sIov despie hese advances. WhiIe
here are nov Iarge numbers oI compounds ha have been Iound o
exhibi aniviraI aciviy agains coId viruses in ceII cuIure, aniviraI
compounds have had Iimied eIIeciveness in paiens. ... Because oI he
videspread dissaisIacion vih he currenIy markeed reamens Ior he
common coId and aIIergic rhiniis vihin he aIIeced popuIaion, here
exiss a need Ior a more eIIicacious and saIe reamen. The presen
invenion provides such a reamen.
Paens 65
Method Ior reIIeI and preventIon oI common coId, and composItIons
Invenor(s): Van Moerkerken, Arhur (1871 W. Dixie Hvy., *2O9, Norh
Miami Beach, IL 3318O)
Assignee(s): none repored
Dae IiIed: December 2O, 1995
Absrac: DiscIosed is he mehod oI deermining he eIIeciveness oI an
agen Ior reIieving sympoms oI he common coId, comprising he seps
oIa) exposing a suscepibIe sub[ec o vapors oI a rigger subsance
reproducibIy eIIecive in producing vihin a period oI 3O minues a
running nose Iasing Ior a Ieas hours in he absence oI reamen,b)
adminisering o said sub[ec having been exposed o a rigger subsance
a predeermined quaniy oI he agen vhose eIIeciveness is o be
deermined,c) measuring he ime required Ior he running nose o be
abaed, andd) comparing he ime required Ior he running nose o be
abaed vih and vihou he adminisraion oI said agen.AIso discIosed
are eIIecive quaniies oI cerain nurien subsances vhich can
reproducibIy reIieve sympoms oI he common coId produced in a
suscepibIe sub[ec by he adminisraion oI a rigger subsance.
xcerp(s): Kagiani e aI \.S. Pa. No. 4,25,888 discIoses a
pharmaceuicaI composiion comprising an in[ecion povder preparaion
oI an aceyIsaIicyIae (aspirin saI) obained by reacing aceyIsaIicyIic
acid and a basic amino acid and incorporaed vih 1% vv or more oI
caIcium chIoride. The preIerred basic amino acid is DLIysine. In DL
Iysine aceyIsaIicyIae, boh reacans are combined in a moIar raio oI 1:1.
In using he preparaion, i is dissoIved in disiIIed vaer Ior in[ecion.
The diseases Ior vhich he preparaion is eIIicacious incIude pos
operaionaI pain and oher pains Ior vhich oraI adminisraion oI an
anaIgesic is eIIecive, rheumaoid diseases (especiaIIy eIIicacious Ior
progressive rheumaoid), neuraIgia and neuriis, and hyperhermia
(common coId, bronchiis, and oher cenraI Iever). In his discIosure, he
acive agen is cIearIy he aceyIsaIicyIae and he basic amino acid and
caIcium chIoride ac o soIubiIize and sabiIize he preparaion Ior
in[ecion use. ... ]. C. CodIrey \.S. Pa. No. 4,84,528 discIoses ha
composiions conaining a zinc compound such as zinc gIuconae, a base
maeriaI such as a candy or syrup and cerain amino acids in vhich he
moIecuIar raio oI amino acid o zinc is in he range oI vo vo veny
are very pIeasan o he ase and Ieave no undesirabIe aIerase. The
amino acids Iound useIuI Ior his purpose are gIycine, LaIanine, D,L
aIanine, L2aminobuyric acid, D,L2aminobuyric acid, LvaIine, D,L
vaIine, LisovaIine, D,LisovaIine, LIeucine, D,LIeucine, DisoIeucine,
The Common CoId 66
D,LisoIeucine, LIysine, and D,LIysine. I is aIso discIosed ha cerain
oher amino acids such as asparic and gIuamic acids are no useIuI Ior
his purpose. ThereIore, i has been Iound ha i is no possibIe o predic
vhich zinc and amino acid combinaion viII have an accepabIe ase
unIess i is prepared and esed. Iurhermore, he zinc suppIemen
composiions vhich incIude he seIec amino acid possess in generaI very
pIeasan IIavors. This permis he IormuIaion oI composiions vhich viII
reIease over an exended period oI ime subsaniaI amouns oI zinc ions
IocaIIy in he mouh or in he mouh and hroa as necessary Ior cerain
appIicaions, incIuding he conroI oI he common coId. ... ]. M. CvaIney
]r. \.S. Pa. No. 5,422,O97 discIoses a mehod o rea he common coId
vhich uiIizes boh aniviraI and aniinIIammaory compounds and
empIoys he simuIaneous adminisraion oI inranasaI and oraI
medicamens. AIso discIosed are invesigaions in vhich human
voIuneers vere sub[eced o a virus chaIIenge vih inranasaIIy
adminisered Hank's srain oI rhinovirus. AniviraI agens discIosed
incIude inerIeron a2 and ohers iemized a coIumn 9 Iine 1 o coIumn
1O Iine 4O. AniinIIammaory agens discIosed incIude iprorophen,
naproxen, phenyIephrine, chIorpheniramine, and ohers iemized a
coIumn 1O Iines 414.
Spray preparatIon Ior treatIng symptoms oI the common coId
contaInIng uncheIated IonIc zInc compounds
Invenor(s): BryceSmih, Derek (Reading, CB2)
Assignee(s): Kappa PharmaceuicaIs Limied (Reading, CB2)
Dae IiIed: Augus 2, 1993
Absrac: The presen invenion provides a simpIe, cheap and eIIicien
cure Ior he common coId, and comprises a nasaI spray oI a diIue
soIuion oI subsaniaIIy uncheIaed zinc ion, especiaIIy zinc suIphae
andor zinc chIoride.
xcerp(s): The presen invenion reIaes o preparaions oI zinc
compounds Ior use in he reamen andor prophyIaxis oI he common
coId. ... ApproximaeIy 4O% oI common coIds are caused by rhinovirus
inIecions. The precise mechanism oI acion is no knovn, aIhough zinc
has been shovn o inhibi virion mauraion by bIocking cIeavage oI he
Iarge poIypepide vhich is he primary ranscripion produc oI he viaI
genome. This eIIec may be caused by zinc acing as a proease inhibior
or by binding o and sabiIizing regions oI he precursor poIypepides.
Paens 67
The Iaer possibiIiy is suppored by he observaion ha he
poIypepides accumuIaing in he inIeced ceII, in he presence oI zinc, are
primariIy hose conaining coa proein sequences. Zinc has been shovn
o bind readiIy o puriIied rhinovirus, prevening normaI crysaIIizaion.
... AccordingIy, invesigaion oI zinc compounds has cenered upon heir
possibIe use o inhibi or cure he common coId. Ior exampIe, by, e aI.
(AnimicrobiaI Agens and Chemoherapy [1984|, 25, [1|, pp 2O24)
discIose he use oI zinc gIuconae Iozenges in he reamen oI he
common coId. Their sudy indicaed ha, aIer 7 days, 8% oI zincreaed
sub[ecs vere asympomaic, compared vih onIy 4% oI pIaceboreaed
sub[ecs. Hovever, he observers noed "ob[ecionabIe ase and mouh
irriaion" in he paiens.
Method oI treatIng the symptoms oI the common coId
Invenor(s): Arias, Iredo (Mexico Ciy, MX)
Assignee(s): T & R ChemicaIs, Inc. (CIin, TX)
Dae IiIed: ApriI 24, 198
Absrac: This invenion reIaes o he reamen oI he common coId
eiher by ameIioraing he sympoms oI he common coId or by
prevening he rhinoviruses Irom causing coIds or by prevening he coId
sympoms Irom vorsening. The invenion incIudes he reamen oI he
common coId or head coId in mammaIs, especiaIIy man, and describes
mehods oI reamen and pharmaceuicaI composiions Ior use in
carrying ou such reamens.
xcerp(s): Common coIds appear o be caused by a number oI viruses or
a Ieas a number oI srains oI viruses vhich expIains he remarkabIy
ransien immuniy o coIds and he Iac ha reinIecion can ake pIace
vihin as IiIe as hree veeks oI an apparen recovery. No aiImen is
quie so universaI as he common coId and, indeed, i is probabIy he
commones oI aII inIecious diseases. ... An insiuion ha has pIayed a
ma[or roIe in he invesigaion oI he coId is The MedicaI Research
CounciI, Common CoId \ni, SaIisbury, ngIand. Invesigaions and ess
a MRC during he pas Iory years have proven ha he common coId is
caused by rhinoviruses ha ener he body mainIy by he nosriIs, and are
usuaIIy ransmied by an inIeced person, someimes by a simpIe
handshake, ha viII oIen carry he virus o he IaciaI caviies and here
conac he mucus membranes. A good sneeze Irom an inIeced person in
a pubIic pIace viII disseminae a vas number oI dropIes among hose
The Common CoId 68
presen, some oI vhom viII quie IikeIy acquire an upper respiraory
rac inIecion. ... IoIk medicine hrough he years has suggesed he uses
oI endIess numbers oI remedies, incIuding pineneedIe, honeysuckIe,
chrysanhemum and Iicorice eas. Some peopIe beIieve in sveaing he
coId ou, or aking a ho aIcohoIic beverage and aspirin beIore going o
bed a nigh are useIuI, aIhough here is a heory ha aspirin aggravaes
he common coId.
Apparatus Ior treatment oI the common coId and aIIergIc rhInItIs
Invenor(s): LvoII, Andre (Paris, IR), YerushaImi, Aaron (Rehovo, IL),
Cohen, Irun R. (Rehovo, IL), Moshe, Cideon B. (Rishon Le Zion, IL),
PenneII, ]ack (Suon CoIdIieId, CB2)
Assignee(s): Yeda Research & Dev., Co., Ld. (Rehovo, IL)
Dae IiIed: May 8, 1981
Absrac: Apparaus Ior deIivering a sream oI heaed humidiIied air o
he nasaI mucosa Ior reamen oI he common coId or aIIergic rhiniis
comprising a conainer adaped o conain vaer, apparaus Ior
producing a suppIy oI air under pressure, pressurizing apparaus Ior
appIying a Ieas a par oI he suppIy oI air under pressure o he
conainer Ior causing a pressurized IIov oI vaer o issue hereIrom, a
remoe ouIe member receiving a Ieas a porion oI he suppIy oI air
under pressure and he pressurized IIov oI vaer Irom he pressurizing
apparaus and he producing apparaus via a IIexibIe condui, he ouIe
member comprising apparaus Ior heaing a Ieas a porion oI he suppIy
oI air and apparaus Ior suppIying he pressurized IIov oI vaer o he
suppIy oI air aIer heaing hereoI Ior providing a humidiIied heaed
sream oI air.
xcerp(s): The presen invenion reIaes o apparaus Ior medicaI
reamen generaIIy and more paricuIarIy o apparaus Ior reamen oI
aiImens associaed vih he nasaI mucosa, such as he common coId,
(viraI rhiniis) and aIIergic rhiniis. ... ReIerence is nov made o IICS. 1
and 2 vhich iIIusrae apparaus Ior IocaI heaing oI he nasaI mucosa in
he reamen oI he common coId (viraI rhiniis) and aIIergic rhiniis
vhich is consruced and operaive in accordance vih an embodimen oI
he presen invenion. Disposed vihin a housing 1O here is provided a
reservoir 12 Ior vaer or any oher suiabIe Iiquid, vhich is coupIed via a
pressure seaIed condui 14 o a source oI posiive air pressure 1 and is
aIso coupIed via a pressure seaIed condui 18 o an ouIe member 2O.
Paens 69
Patent AppIIcatIons on the Common CoId
As oI December 2OOO, \.S. paen appIicaions are open o pubIic vieving.
24
AppIicaions are paen requess vhich have ye o be graned (he process o
achieve a paen can ake severaI years). The IoIIoving paen appIicaions
have been IiIed since December 2OOO reIaing o he common coId:
ChItIn oIIgosaccharIdes and/or chItosan oIIgosaccharIdes Ior
preventIng or treatIng common coId or treatIng paIn
Invenor(s): Konno, AIIen I., (KaiIuaKona, HI), Cauhier, ]ay H. ,
(HoIuaIoa, HI), Maahira, Yoshiharu , (Shimadashi, ]P)
Correspondence: Aren Iox Kinner PIokin & Kahn, PLLC, Suie OO,
1O5O Connecicu Avenue, Washingon, DC, 2OO35339, \S
Paen AppIicaion Number: 2OO2OO22O1
Dae IiIed: ]anuary 12, 2OO1
Absrac: A nev mehod is presened vhich is useIuI in he prevenion oI
he common coId (aIso caIIed nonaIIergic rhiniis, viraI upper respiraory
rac inIecion, viraI \RI, ec and Ior his presenaion viII be reIerred o
as he "common coId") in mammaIs, incIuding humans, and vhich aIso
Iessens he duraion and inensiy oI he sympoms oI he said condiion
shouId inIecion occur. Wihin he scope oI he presen invenion is a
mehod oI reaing pain in mammaIs, such as humans. The acive
ingredien in hese mehods can be a vaer soIubIe mixure avaiIabIe in
oraI Iorm and seIeced Irom he chiin oIigomers di NaceyI chiobiose,
ri NaceyI chioriose, era NaceyI chioeraose, pena NaceyI
chiopenaose, and hexa NaceyI chiohexaose, vih he vaer soIubIe
oraI chiosan oIigomers seIeced Irom chiobiose, chioriose,
chioeraose, chiopenaose, chiohexaose, and chiohepaose.
xcerp(s): The invenion reIaes o a mehod Ior prevening or reaing
common coId or reaing pain by adminisering a nev agen comprising
a) a Ieas one chiin oIigosaccharide, b) a Ieas one chiosan
oIigosaccharide, c) a Ieas one pariaIIy deaceyIaed chiin
oIigosaccharide, vherein some, bu no aII, oI he NaceyI gIucosamine
or 2aceamido2deoxyDgIucose subunis are deaceyIaed, d) a
mixure oI a Ieas one chiin oIigosaccharide and a Ieas one chiosan
oIigosaccharide, e) a mixure oI a Ieas one chiin oIigosaccharide and a
24
This has been a common pracice ouside he \nied Saes prior o December 2OOO.
The Common CoId 70
Ieas one pariaIIy deaceyIaed chiin oIigosaccharide, or I) a mixure oI
a Ieas one chiosan oIigosaccharide and a Ieas one pariaIIy
deaceyIaed chiin oIigosaccharide o a sub[ec in need oI common coId
prevenion or reamen or pain reamen. The nev agen may Iurher
comprise NaceyI gIucosamine andor gIucosamine. The nev agen may
induce anaIgesia by absorbing, binding, or ohervise inhibiing
bradykinin and ions a he nerve endings as is mechanism. This
invenion aIso reIaes o an oraI mehod oI deIivery. The nev agen is
useIuI in he prevenion oI he common coId (nonaIIergic rhiniis, viraI
upper respiraory rac inIecion, viraI \RI, ec) and in reducing he
duraion and severiy oI he sympoms oI such an inIecion shouId his
occur. ... Ye despie he prevaIence, desruciveness, and coss oI he
disease, surprisingIy IiIe or no progress has been made ovard eIIecive
coId reamen (7). Anibioics, vhich are prescribed vih disurbing
Irequency by praciioners and demanded by paiens vho van
"somehing done", are ineIIecive boh heoreicaIIy and in pracice since
he common coId is caused by a virus, no a baceria (see DeaiIed
Descripion oI he Invenion Ior a discussion oI he pahoIogy oI he
common coId) (8, 9, 1O). In Iac, he misuse and overprescripion oI
anibioics Ior he common coId has Ied o dangerous muan resisan
srains oI microorganisms such as MRSA (mehaciIIin resisan
saphyIococcus aureus). Viamin C, as procIaimed by voime NobeI
Prize vinner Dr. Linus PauIing, has aIso been repued o boh preven
coIds and decrease he sympoms shouId a coId occur, vhen given in so
caIIed "mega doses" ie&g,51O grams per day (RDA=513O mg per day).
Hovever, numerous sudies since Dr. PauIing's vork have IaiIed o
dupIicae his resuIs, and he roIe oI viamin C, iI any, is siII open o
debae (11, 12, 13, 14, 15). Overhecouner coId prescripions invariabIy
ac o suppress sympoms IocaIIy hrough acions agains such hings as
hisamine (he anihisamine group oI drugs ie BenadryI) or hrough
various acions on he auonomic nervous sysem (such as ephedrinea
sympahomimeric amine. I shouId be noed ha hese drugs have side
eIIecs, some oI vhich can be serious. Oher experimenaI drugs such as
BIRR 4 (aIso caIIed remacara) mus be appIied direcIy o he nose beIore
being exposed o he virus, vhich does IiIe good Ior he average
individuaI vho has no idea vhen or vhere he viII come in conac vih
he coId virus. Hovever, experimens invoIving remacara have proven
cIinicaIIy he heoreicaI eIIicacy oI bIocking he rhinovirusICAM1
recepor sies Ior reducing he severiy oI rhinovirus coId inIecions. A
variey oI aIernaive and IoIk remedies (zinc, ecchinacea, ec) have aIso
been used over he years vih variabIe and IargeIy unreproducabIe
resuIs (1,17). Thus, here is a need Ior an agen eIIecive in prevening
andor reaing common coId. The presen invenion concerns such an
Paens 71
agen and a mehod oI prevening andor reaing common coId. ... o
Iuncion as a nonpepide, bradykinin anagonis. PreIerabIy, he chiin
oIigosaccharide andor chiosan oIigosaccharide is vaer soIubIe. In
addiion o componen a) o I), he agen oI he presen invenion may
Iurher comprise NaceyI gIucosamine andor gIucosamine. The agen oI
he presen invenion is aIso eIIecive in prevening andor reaing
common coId. The agen can be absorbed sysemicaIIy aIer being
adminisered oraIIy.
Web sie: hp:appI1.uspo.govneahmIPTOsearchbooI.hmI
KeepIng Current
In order o say inIormed abou paens and paen appIicaions deaIing vih
he common coId, you can access he \.S. Paen OIIice archive via he
Inerne a no cos o you. This archive is avaiIabIe a he IoIIoving Web
address: http://vvv.uspto.gov/maIn/patents.htm. \nder Services, cIick
on Search Paens. You viII see vo broad opions: (1) Paen Crans, and
(2) Paen AppIicaions. To see a Iis oI graned paens, perIorm he
IoIIoving seps: \nder Paen Crans, cIick Quick Search. Then, ype
he common coId (or synonyms) ino he Term 1 box. AIer cIicking on
he search buon, scroII dovn o see he various paens vhich have been
graned o dae on he common coId. You can aIso use his procedure o viev
pending paen appIicaions concerning he common coId. SimpIy go back o
he IoIIoving Web address: http://vvv.uspto.gov/maIn/patents.htm. \nder
Services, cIick on Search Paens. SeIec Quick Search under Paen
AppIicaions. Then proceed vih he seps Iised above.
\ocabuIary BuIIder
AgonIst: In anaomy, a prime mover. In pharmacoIogy, a drug ha has
aIIiniy Ior and simuIaes physioIogic aciviy a ceII recepors normaIIy
simuIaed by nauraIIy occurring subsances. [\|
AIanIne: A nonesseniaI amino acid ha occurs in high IeveIs in is Iree
sae in pIasma. I is produced Irom pyruvae by ransaminaion. I is
invoIved in sugar and acid meaboIism, increases immuniy, and provides
energy Ior muscIe issue, brain, and he cenraI nervous sysem. [NIH|
AnaIgesIc: An agen ha aIIeviaes pain vihou causing Ioss oI
consciousness. [\|
AntImIcrobIaI: KiIIing microorganisms, or suppressing heir muIipIicaion
The Common CoId 72
or grovh. [\|
AutonomIc: SeIIconroIIing, IuncionaIIy independen. [\|
BradykInIn: A nonapepide messenger ha is enzymaicaIIy produced Irom
kaIIidin in he bIood vhere i is a poen bu shorIived agen oI arerioIar
diIaion and increased capiIIary permeabiIiy. Bradykinin is aIso reIeased
Irom mas ceIIs during ashma aacks, Irom gu vaIIs as a gasroinesinaI
vasodiIaor, Irom damaged issues as a pain signaI, and may be a
neuroransmier. [NIH|
BronchItIs: InIIammaion oI one or more bronchi. [\|
Chemotherapy: The reamen oI disease by means oI chemicaIs ha have a
speciIic oxic eIIec upon he disease producing microorganisms or ha
seIeciveIy desroy cancerous issue. [\|
ChIorphenIramIne: A hisamine H1 anagonis used in aIIergic reacions,
hay Iever, rhiniis, uricaria, and ashma. I has aIso been used in veerinary
appIicaions. One oI he mos videIy used oI he cIassicaI anihisaminics, i
generaIIy causes Iess drovsiness and sedaion han promehazine. [NIH|
CrystaIIIzatIon: The Iormaion oI crysaIs, conversion o a crysaIIine Iorm.
[\|
EphedrIne: An aIpha and beaadrenergic agonis ha may aIso enhance
reIease oI norepinephrine. I has been used in he reamen oI severaI
disorders incIuding ashma, hear IaiIure, rhiniis, and urinary inconinence,
and Ior is cenraI nervous sysem simuIaory eIIecs in he reamen oI
narcoIepsy and depression. I has become Iess exensiveIy used vih he
adven oI more seIecive agoniss. [NIH|
CIycIne: A nonesseniaI amino acid. I is Iound primariIy in geIain and siIk
Iibroin and used herapeuicaIIy as a nurien. I is aIso a Ias inhibiory
HyperthermIa: AbnormaIIy high body emperaure, especiaIIy ha induced
Ior herapeuic purposes. [\|
ImmunIty: The condiion oI being immune, he proecion agains inIecious
disease conIerred eiher by he immune response generaed by
immunizaion or previous inIecion or by oher nonimmunoIogic Iacors
(innae i.). [\|
IsoIeucIne: An esseniaI branchedchain amino acid Iound in many proeins.
I is an isomer oI Ieucine. I is imporan in hemogIobin synhesis and
reguIaion oI bIood sugar and energy IeveIs. [NIH|
LeucIne: An esseniaI branchedchain amino acid imporan Ior hemogIobin
Iormaion. [NIH|
LysIne: An esseniaI amino acid. I is oIen added o animaI Ieed. [NIH|
MedIcament: A medicinaI subsance or agen. [\|
Paens 73
Maproxen: An aniinIIammaory agen vih anaIgesic and anipyreic
properies. Boh he acid and is sodium saI are used in he reamen oI
rheumaoid arhriis and oher rheumaic or muscuIoskeIeaI disorders,
dysmenorrhea, and acue gou. [NIH|
MeuraIgIa: ParoxysmaI pain vhich exends aIong he course oI one or more
nerves. Many varieies oI neuraIgia are disinguished according o he par
aIIeced or o he cause, as brachiaI, IaciaI, occipiaI, supraorbiaI, ec., or
anaemic, diabeic, gouy, maIariaI, syphiIiic, ec. [\|
MeurItIs: InIIammaion oI a nerve, a condiion aended by pain and
enderness over he nerves, anaeshesia and paraeshesias, paraIysis,
vasing, and disappearance oI he reIIexes. In pracice, he erm is aIso used
o denoe noninIIammaory Iesions oI he peripheraI nervous sysem, see
neuropahy. [\|
OIIgosaccharIdes: Carbohydraes consising oI beveen vo and en
monosaccharides conneced by eiher an aIpha or beagIycosidic Iink. They
are Iound hroughou naure in boh he Iree and bound Iorm. [NIH|
PhenyIephrIne: An aIphaadrenergic agonis used as a mydriaic, nasaI
decongesan, and cardioonic agen. [NIH|
PoIypeptIde: A pepide vhich on hydroIysis yieIds more han vo amino
acids, caIIed ripepides, erapepides, ec. according o he number oI amino
acids conained. [\|
Precursor: Somehing ha precedes. In bioIogicaI processes, a subsance
Irom vhich anoher, usuaIIy more acive or maure subsance is Iormed. In
cIinicaI medicine, a sign or sympom ha heraIds anoher. [\|
ProgressIve: Advancing, going Iorvard, going Irom bad o vorse,
increasing in scope or severiy. [\|
StaphyIococcus: A genus oI gramposiive, IacuIaiveIy anaerobic, coccoid
baceria. Is organisms occur singIy, in pairs, and in erads and
characerisicaIIy divide in more han one pIane o Iorm irreguIar cIusers.
NauraI popuIaions oI SaphyIococcus are membranes oI varmbIooded
animaIs. Some species are opporunisic pahogens oI humans and animaIs.
[NIH|
\aIIne: A branchedchain esseniaI amino acid ha has simuIan aciviy. I
promoes muscIe grovh and issue repair. I is a precursor in he peniciIIin
biosynheic pahvay. [NIH|
\IrIon: The inIecive sysem oI a virus, composed oI he viraI genome, a
proein core, and a proein coa caIIed a capsid, vhich may be naked or
encIosed in a Iipoproein enveIope caIIed he pepIos. [NIH|
Books 75
CHAPTER. BOOKS OM THE COMMOM COL
OvervIev
This chaper provides bibIiographic book reIerences reIaing o he common
coId. You have many opions o Iocae books on he common coId. The
simpIes mehod is o go o your IocaI bookseIIer and inquire abou iIes ha
hey have in sock or can speciaI order Ior you. Some paiens, hovever, IeeI
uncomIorabIe approaching heir IocaI bookseIIers and preIer onIine sources
(e.g. vvv.amazon.com and vvv.bn.com). In addiion o onIine
bookseIIers, exceIIen sources Ior book iIes on he common coId incIude he
Combined HeaIh InIormaion Daabase and he NaionaI Library oI
Medicine. Once you have Iound a iIe ha ineress you, visi your IocaI
pubIic or medicaI Iibrary o see iI i is avaiIabIe Ior Ioan.
Book SummarIes: FederaI AgencIes
The Combined HeaIh InIormaion Daabase coIIecs various book absracs
Irom a variey oI heaIhcare insiuions and IederaI agencies. To access hese
summaries, go o http://chId.nIh.gov/detaII/detaII.htmI. You viII need o use
he DeaiIed Search opion. To Iind book summaries, use he drop boxes a
he boom oI he search page vhere You may reIine your search by. SeIec
he daes and Ianguage you preIer. Ior he Iorma opion, seIec
MonographBook. Nov ype he common coId (or synonyms) ino he
Ior hese vords: box. You viII onIy receive resuIs on books. You shouId
check back periodicaIIy vih his daabase vhich is updaed every 3 monhs.
The IoIIoving is a ypicaI resuI vhen searching Ior books on he common
coId:
The Common CoId 76
ChIIdren and the AIS \Irus: A Book Ior ChIIdren, Parents, and
Teachers
Conac: CIarion Books, 215 Park Ave Souh, Nev York, NY, 1OOO3, (8OO)
225332.
Summary: This monograph, vhich Ieaures Iarge ex and bIackand
vhie phoographs, uses simpIe Ianguage o expIain he body's immune
sysem, hov i is aacked by he Human immunodeIiciency virus (HIV),
and vha can be done o preven he disease. The monograph is inended
Ior chiIdren o read, eiher aIone, or vih an aduI such as a paren or
eacher. By Iirs describing hov he body's immune sysem Iighs he
common coId virus, he monograph expIains HIV and is principaI modes
oI ransmission. Tvo chiIdren vho have Acquired immunodeIiciency
syndrome (AIDS), 5yearoId ]onahan in Denver and 1OyearoId CeIese
in Nev York Ciy, are inroduced. The ex is divided ino a main ex Ior
he young reader and an inIormaionaI subex Ior aduIs. Subex opics
incIude more inIormaion abou ]onahan and CeIese, heaIhcare
precauions, vha parens can do abou AIDS, and seIeced resource
maeriaIs.
Book SummarIes: OnIIne BookseIIers
CommerciaI Inernebased bookseIIers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes &
NobIe.com, oIIer summaries vhich have been suppIied by each iIe s
pubIisher. Some summaries aIso incIude cusomer revievs. Your IocaI
bookseIIer may have access o inhouse and commerciaI daabases ha index
aII pubIished books (e.g. Books in Prin ). The IoIIoving have been recenIy
Iised vih onIine bookseIIers as reIaing o he common coId (sored
aIphabeicaIIy by iIe, IoIIov he hyperIink o viev more deaiIs a
Amazon.com):
A ten mInute cure Ior the common coId : a naturaI approach by ]ames I.
DorobiaIa, ISBN: O94434O3O,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO94434O3Oicongroupin
erna
Beat the Common CoId by ]ames Wagenvoord, ]ames Wagevoord, ISBN:
O88O215X,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO88O215Xicongroupi
nerna
CoId Wars: The FIght AgaInst the Common CoId by D. A. ]. TyrreII,
MichaeI IieIder (2OO2), ISBN: O1923285X,
Books 77
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO1923285Xicongroupi
nerna
CoIds (It's CatchIng) by AngeIa Royson, ISBN: 15881O227O,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASIN15881O227Oicongroupin
erna
Common CoId and Common Sense by DaIe AIexander, ISBN:
O91138O4O,
erna
Common CoId and FIu (Iseases and PeopIe) by AIvin SiIversein, e aI,
ISBN: O8949O439,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO8949O439icongroupin
erna
Conquer the Common CoId by Dan Lee Dimke, ISBN: O8594O2O7,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO8594O2O7icongroupin
erna
CopIng WIth epressIon: The Common CoId oI the EmotIonaI LIIe
(StrategIc ChrIstIan LIvIng) by SiangYang Tan, ]ohn Orberg, ISBN:
O8O1O892O4,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO8O1O892O4icongroupin
erna
CopIng WIth the Common CoId by TimeLiIe diors, ISBN: O31353O27,
erna
CopIng WIth the Common CoId by Wendy B. Murphy, ISBN:
O8O9437597,
erna
EIghteen MaturaI Ways to Beat the Common CoId by Norman D., Iord
(1993), ISBN: O879834285,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO879834285icongroupin
erna
FeeI TerrIIIc: A Mev HeaIth System StartIng WIth the Common CoId
by Layman A. Layman, ISBN: O9213O37O,
erna
Handbook Ior CurIng the Common CoId: The ZInc Lozenge Story by
Ceorge A. by (1994), ISBN: O93897O9,
The Common CoId 78
erna
Hov I eIeated the Common CoId by CIive A. Shav (1989), ISBN:
O533O82O8O,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO533O82O8Oicongroupin
erna
Hov to banIsh coIds and InIIuenza by Ceorge ]ames HaII, ISBN:
O7225O2184,
erna
Hov to Prevent the Common CoId It's RIdIcuIous to Catch a CoId In
ThIs Modern Age by Max (1999), ISBN: O922O7O342,
erna
In CoId PursuIt: MedIcaI InteIIIgence InvestIgates the Common CoId
by ]. Barnard CiImore (1999), ISBN: O773731199,
erna
In pursuIt oI the common coId by C. H. Andreves, ISBN: O433OO7O,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO433OO7Oicongroupin
erna
MaturaI Cures Ior the Common CoId: PoverIuI, rugFree RemedIes
Proven to Work (Harbor HeaIth SerIes) by CaroI Turkingon, e aI (1999),
ISBN: O93197382,
erna
MaturaI RemedIes: TechnIques Ior PreventIng Headaches and the
Common CoId by Norman D. Iord (1995), ISBN: O88359O18,
erna
Ten MInute Cure Ior the Common CoId by ]ames I. DorobiaIa, ISBN:
O94434O14,
erna
The CoId War: End the Scourge oI the Common CoId by MaIcoIm
NeveII (1995), ISBN: O949142727,
erna
Books 79
The Common CoId (21st Century HeaIth and WeIIness) by Mary
Kiredge, e aI, ISBN: O791O59855,
erna
The Common CoId and Common Sense: Hov You Can Catch the
Common CoId and Hov You Can AvoId It by DaIe AIexander, ISBN:
O7143271,
erna
The Common CoId and InIIuenza (UnderstandIng Isease) by Nancy
Sedman, MichaeI ReingoId (IIIusraor), ISBN: O71OO222,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO71OO222icongroupin
erna
The Common CoId and the FIu (A \enture Book) by Nahan Aaseng,
ISBN: O531125378,
erna
The Common CoId Crusade by Peer Schved, ISBN: O71OO358,
erna
The Common CoId Cure by Ray SaheIian, Vicoria DoIby Toevs (1999),
ISBN: O895298821,
erna
The CorpuscIes Meet the \Irus Invaders: Fun and Facts About the
Common CoId and the Body's Immune System by ]ohn Benziger, Mary
Benziger (IIIusraor) (199O), ISBN: O92O9113,
erna
The MaturaI Way to Beat the Common CoId and FIu: A HoIIstIc
Approach Ior PreventIon and ReIIeI by Richard Trubo, ISBN:
O4251252,
erna
The UItImate Cause and PreventIve Cure Ior the Common CoId: Hov
to Prevent YourseII Irom CatchIng the Common CoId or the FIu by
LIoyd R. Sark, Robin R. Sark (IIIusraor) (1994), ISBN: O939123O5,
erna
The Common CoId 80
There Is a cure Ior the common coId by dme Regnier, ISBN:
O139149457,
erna
UnderstandIng the Common CoId by CharIes ]. ChesIock, ISBN:
O533O7OX,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO533O7OXicongroupi
nerna
\ItamIn C and the common coId by Linus PauIing (Auhor), ISBN:
BOOOO5X3RZ,
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINBOOOO5X3RZicongroupi
nerna
\ItamIn C the Common CoId and the FIu by Linus PauIing, ISBN:
O31815938,
erna
\ItamIn C, the Common CoId, and the FIu , ISBN: O717O3O2,
erna
\ItamIn C: Enemy oI the Common CoId by Leonard Mervyn (1983),
ISBN: O7225O7178,
erna
WInnIng the CoId War: PreventIng and CurIng the Common CoId and
FIu (MaturaI RemedIes Ior Common AIIments and CondItIons Ser.) by
Anne Hun, ric A. Mein (dior), ISBN: O87O4212,
erna
The MatIonaI LIbrary oI MedIcIne Book Index
The NaionaI Library oI Medicine a he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh has a
massive daabase oI books pubIished on heaIhcare and biomedicine. Co o
he IoIIoving Inerne sie, http://IocatorpIus.gov/, and hen seIec Search
LOCATORpIus. Once you are in he search area, simpIy ype he common
coId (or synonyms) ino he search box, and seIec books onIy. Irom
Books 81
here, resuIs can be sored by pubIicaion dae, auhor, or reIevance. The
IoIIoving vas recenIy caaIogued by he NaionaI Library oI Medicine:
25
Cause and cure oI coIds, by WIIIIam S. SadIer ... and Lena K. SadIer ...
Auhor: SadIer, WiIIiam SamueI, 1875, Year: 1938, Chicago, American
pubIishers corporaion, 1938
CoIds 8 coughs. Auhor: ]im CIenn, American IamiIy HeaIh Insiue,
MedicaI Board, SanIey ]. Dudrick ... [e aI.|, Year: 198, Springhouse, PA.:
Springhouse Corp., c198, ISBN: O87434O713
erna
CoIds and hay Iever. Auhor: Coke, Irank, Year: 1933, London, BaiIIire,
TindaII and Cox, 1933
CoIds, cause, treatment and preventIon, by RusseII L. CecII ... Auhor:
CeciI, RusseII L. (RusseII La Iayee), 1881195, Year: 1925, Nev York,
London, D. AppIeon and company, 1925
CoIds, coughs and catarrh, by Bernarr MacIadden ... Auhor:
MacIadden, Bernarr, 1881955, Year: 192, Nev York, MacIadden
pubIicaions, inc., 192
CoIds, IIu, and other common aIIments sourcebook: basIc consumer
heaIth InIormatIon about common aIIments and InjurIes: IncIudIng
coIds, coughs, the IIu, sInus probIems, headaches, Iever, nausea and
vomItIng, menstruaI cramps, dIarrhea, constIpatIon hem. , Year: 2OO1,
Deroi, MI: Omnigraphics, c2OO1, ISBN: O78O8O435X (aIk. paper)
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASINO78O8O435Xicongroupi
nerna
CoIds. Auhor: AngeIa Royson, Year: 2OO1, Chicago, III.: Heinemann
Library, c2OO1, ISBN: 15881O227O
hp:vvv.amazon.comexecobidosASIN15881O227Oicongroupin
erna
25
In addiion o LOCATORPIus, in coIIaboraion vih auhors and pubIishers, he NaionaI
Cener Ior BioechnoIogy InIormaion (NCBI) is adaping biomedicaI books Ior he Web. The
books may be accessed in vo vays: (1) by searching direcIy using any search erm or
phrase (in he same vay as he bibIiographic daabase PubMed), or (2) by IoIIoving he
Iinks o PubMed absracs. ach PubMed absrac has a Books buon ha dispIays a
IacsimiIe oI he absrac in vhich some phrases are hyperex Iinks. These phrases are aIso
Iound in he books avaiIabIe a NCBI. CIick on hyperIinked resuIs in he Iis oI books in
vhich he phrase is Iound. CurrenIy, he ma[oriy oI he Iinks are beveen he books and
PubMed. In he Iuure, more Iinks viII be creaed beveen he books and oher ypes oI
inIormaion, such as gene and proein sequences and macromoIecuIar srucures. See
http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=Books.
The Common CoId 82
Common coId and common sense, hov you catch the common coId and
hov you can avoId It. Auhor: AIexander, DaIe, Year: 1971, Los AngeIes,
Nash [c1971|
Common coId and hov to IIght It, by Moah . FabrIcant, M. . Auhor:
Iabrican, Noah DanieI, 19O4, Year: 1945, Chicago, Nev York, ZiIIDavis
pubIishing company [1945|
Common coId and InIIuenza. Auhor: Nancy Sedman, Year: 198, Nev
York: Messner, 198, ISBN: O71OO222 (Iib. bdg.)
erna
Common coId, InIIuenza and hayIever. Auhor: Sharp, PercivaI Henry,
Year: 194, London, The Homoeopahic Pub. Co. [1947|
Common coId. Auhor: SmiIIie, WiIson C. (WiIson Ceorge), 188, Year:
1937, Nev York, Iunk &*38, WagnaIIs [c1937|
Common coId. Auhor: Shryock, HaroId, Year: 195, [Mounain Viev,
CaIiI., PaciIic Press, 1957|
Common coIds, causes and preventIve measures, by Leonard HIII ...
and Mark CIement. Auhor: HiII, Leonard rskine, Sir, 18, Year: 1929,
London, W. Heinemann, Id., 1929
Common head coId and Its compIIcatIons, by WaIter A. WeIIs ... vIth
an IntroductIon by Hugh S. CummIng ... Auhor: WeIIs, WaIer
Augusine, 187O, Year: 1929, Nev York, The MacmiIIan company, 1929
Cough and coId remedIes Ior the treatment oI acute respIratory
InIectIons In young chIIdren. Auhor: Dep. oI ChiId and AdoIescen
HeaIh and DeveIopmen, WorId HeaIh Organizaion, Year: 2OO1,
Ceneva: WorId HeaIh Organizaion, c2OO1
FareveII to coIds 8 'IIu. Auhor: PoveII, ric I. W. (ric Irederick
WiIIiam), 1899, Year: 1939, London, DanieI [1939|
FareveII to the common coId, an exposItIon oI the body heat theory oI
r. Max Rubner. Auhor: MarkIey, Horace, 185, Year: 1953, Nev York,
xposiion Press [1953|
Hov to banIsh coIds and InIIuenza. Auhor: HaII, Ceorge ]ames, Year:
1957, London, HeaIh Ior AII Pub. Co. [1957|
Hov to cure coughs, coIds, and catarrh through naturaI methods.
Auhor: Lucas, WiIIiam R, Year: 193, London, Thorsons [193|
In coId pursuIt: medIcaI InteIIIgence InvestIgates the common coId.
Auhor: ]. Barnard CiImore, Year: 1998, Torono: Soddar, BuIIaIo, N.Y.:
Disribued in he \S by CeneraI Disribuion Services, 1998, ISBN:
O773731199
Books 83
erna
TrappIng the common coId, by Ceorge SanIord Foster, M. . Auhor:
Ioser, Ceorge SanIord, 1882, Year: 194O, Nev York [ec.| IIeming H.
ReveII company [c194O|
\ItamIn C, the common coId, and the IIu. Auhor: Linus PauIing, Year:
197, San Irancisco: Ireeman, c197, ISBN: O717O31O
erna
Your coughs, coIds and vheezes. Auhor: Wassersug, ]oseph David,
1912, Year: 1949, Nev York, Iunk [c1949|
Your mInd can stop the common coId. Auhor: Ireeman, Lucy, Year:
1973, Nev York: Wyden, c1973
Chapters on the Common CoId
IrequenIy, he common coId viII be discussed vihin a book, perhaps
vihin a speciIic chaper. In order o Iind chapers ha are speciIicaIIy
deaIing vih he common coId, an exceIIen source oI absracs is he
Combined HeaIh InIormaion Daabase. You viII need o Iimi your search
o book chapers and he common coId using he DeaiIed Search opion.
Co o he IoIIoving hyperIink: http://chId.nIh.gov/detaII/detaII.htmI. To Iind
book chapers, use he drop boxes a he boom oI he search page vhere
You may reIine your search by. SeIec he daes and Ianguage you preIer,
and he Iorma opion Book Chaper. By making hese seIecions and
yping in he common coId (or synonyms) ino he Ior hese vords: box,
you viII onIy receive resuIs on chapers in books. The IoIIoving is a ypicaI
resuI vhen searching Ior book chapers on he common coId:
IrrItated Larynx: Edema and InIIammatIon
Source: in Brovn, W.S., Vinson, B.P., Crary, M.A. Organic Voice
Disorders: Assessmen and Treamen. San Diego, CA: SinguIar
PubIishing Croup, Inc. 199. p. 193218.
Conac: AvaiIabIe Irom SinguIar PubIishing Croup, Inc. 4O1 Wes 'A'
Sree, Suie 325, San Diego, CA 921O179O4. (8OO) 5218545 or (19) 238
777. Iax (8OO) 7748398 or (19) 238789. maiI: singpubCsingpub.com.
Websie: vvv.singpub.com. Price: $49.95 pIus shipping and handIing.
ISBN: 15593284.
Summary: This chaper on he irriaed Iarynx is Irom a exbook on he
diagnosis and reamen oI voice disorders. The auhor begins by
The Common CoId 84
deIining acue and chronic Iaryngiis. Acue inIIammaion oI he upper
airvays is one oI he mos common causes oI organic voice disorders. The
eIIecs oI he common coId and oher viruses resuI in emporary bu
roubIesome dysphonia. Chronic Iaryngiis reIers o inIIammaory
condiions oI he Iarynx disinguished by chronic inIIammaory ceIIuIar
inIiIraion. The auhor discusses he pahogenesis oI Iaryngiis, viraI
Iaryngiis, vocaI IoId ear and hemorrhage, noninIecive or nonspeciIic
Iaryngiis, chronic nonspeciIic Iaryngiis, chronic hyperpIasic Iaryngiis,
onse and course oI each oI hese ypes oI he disorder, indicaions Ior
drug herapy, voice evaIuaion (incIuding he use oI endoscopy, acousic
anaIysis, aerodynamics, and eIecrogIoography), prognosis, and
reamen opions, incIuding drug herapy and speech pahoIogy.
Prognosis Ior reurn oI voice in acue Iaryngiis is exceIIen. In paiens
vih Iongsanding inIIammaion and chronic changes oI he vocaI IoIds,
normaI voice quaIiies canno be expeced even vih careIuI and
aggressive managemen. AIhough considerabIe improvemens may be
made by inerdiscipIinary evaIuaion, medicaI inervenion,
rehabiIiaion, speech herapy, and occasionaIIy surgery, he uIimae
prognosis Ior he quaIiy oI he voice mus be considered guarded. 11
Iigures. 7 abIes. 18 reIerences.
MutrItIonaI Isease
Source: in MiIIer, R.L., e aI. CeneraI and OraI PahoIogy Ior he DenaI
Hygienis. S. Louis, MO: MosbyYear Book, Inc. 1995. p. 2913O8.
Conac: AvaiIabIe Irom MosbyYear Book, Inc. 1183O WesIine IndusriaI
Drive, S. Louis, MO 3149934. (8OO) 424545 or (314) 872837O, Iax
(8OO) 5359935 or (314) 432138O, maiI: cusomer.supporCmosby.com,
hp:vvv.mosby.com. Price: $43.OO pIus shipping and handIing.
ISBN: O8O17O241. Sock Number O7O24.
Summary: This chaper, Irom a exbook on pahoIogy Ior denaI hygiene
sudens, discusses nuriionaI disease. Topics covered incIude he roIe oI
die and geneics in he deveIopmen oI obesiy, he signiIican sequeIae
oI obesiy, beriberi, he oraI and sysemic signs and sympoms oI viamin
B compIex deIiciency, he reIaionship oI viamin C vih he common
coId and vih cancer, viamin C deIiciency and hyperviaminosis C, he
Iuncion oI viamin K, chronic viamin A deIiciency and is possibIe roIe
in severaI oraI Iesions, iron deIiciency anemia, is eioIogy and cIinicaI
maniIesaions, PIummerVinson syndrome and is reIaionship o oraI
cancer, caIcium reguIaion and he causes oI hypercaIcemia, he roIe oI
nuriion in periodonaI disease and denaI caries, and common mineraI
deIiciencies and heir cIinicaI signs and sympoms. The chaper incIudes a
Books 85
Iis oI Iearning ob[ecives, iIIusraive case sudies, and recommended
readings. 7 Iigures. 2 abIes.
Ear InjurIes AIter FIyIng and IvIng
Source: in ]aIek, B.W., Sark, A.K., eds. NT Secres: Quesions You WiII
Be Asked On Rounds, In he CIinic, In he OR, On xams. PhiIadeIphia,
PA: HanIey and BeIIus. 199. p. 28.
Conac: AvaiIabIe Irom HanIey and BeIIus. MedicaI PubIishers, 21O
Souh 13h Sree, PhiIadeIphia, PA 191O7. (8OO) 921892 or (215) 54
7293, Iax (215) 79O933O, hp:vvv.hanIeyandbeIIus.com. Price: $35.95
pIus shipping and handIing. ISBN: 15O531592.
Summary: This chaper on ear in[uries aIer IIying and diving is Irom a
book ha uiIizes a quesion and ansver Iorma o reviev deaiIs oI he
speciaIy oI oorhinoIaryngoIogy (ear, nose and hroa, or NT). Topics
covered incIude he Iavs oI physics ha appIy o diving (BoyIe's Iav and
Henry's Iav), seaIeveI pressure and pressure increases per deph, air
pressure a eIevaions above sea IeveI, he normaI posiion oI he
eusachian ube (cIosed) and vhy i is imporan in diving, nerves ha
suppIy sensaion o he ear, ear pain ha occurs during changes in
ambien pressure (such as during diving and IIying), middIe ear
barorauma, oher causes oI ear pain, ear pain during ascen or descen
vhiIe IIying, IIying vih myringoomy ubes in pIace, IIying vih upper
respiraory inIecion (common coId), ympanic membrane rupure due o
pressure diIIereniaIs, verigo in a diver vho deveIops ear pain,
periIymphaic IisuIa, pahophysioIogy oI ovaI and round vindov
rupures, IisuIa ess, presence oI hemoypanum aIer IIying or diving,
diagnosing a perIoraed ympanic membrane (eardrum), inner ear
decompression sickness and is reamen, signs and sympoms oI inner
ear barorauma, ypes oI hearing Irequency Iosses ha have been
associaed vih inner ear barorauma, shorerm use oI decongesans in
diving, and muscIes ha are invoIved in he mechanism oI eusachian
ube diIaaion. 2 Iigures. 19 reIerences.
The Common CoId 86
CeneraI Home ReIerences
In addiion o reIerences Ior he common coId, you may van a generaI home
medicaI guide ha spans aII aspecs oI home heaIhcare. The IoIIoving Iis is
a recen sampIe oI such guides (sored aIphabeicaIIy by iIe, hyperIinks
provide rankings, inIormaion, and revievs a Amazon.com):
The InvIsIbIe Enemy: A MaturaI HIstory oI \Iruses by Dorohy H.
CravIord, Hardcover 2O8 pages (November 2OOO), OxIord \niversiy
Press (Trade), ISBN: O1985O332,
EncycIopedIa oI InIectIous Iseases (EncycIopedIa oI InIectIous
Iseases, 1998) by CaroI Turkingon, Bonnie Ashby, Library Binding 384
pages (Sepember 1998), Iacs on IiIe, Inc., ISBN: O81O35121,
EpIdemIc! The WorId oI InIectIous Isease by Rob DesaIIe (dior),
American Museum oI NauraI Hisory, Paperback 24 pages, 1s ediion
(Sepember 1999), Nev Press, ISBN: 15584543,
Outbreak AIert: RespondIng to the IncreasIng Threat oI InIectIous
Iseases by ]ason, M.D berharPhiIIips, Paperback 292 pages (]uIy
2OOO), Nev Harbinger Pubns, ISBN: 1572242O19,
\ocabuIary BuIIder
AnemIa: A reducion in he number oI circuIaing eryhrocyes or in he
quaniy oI hemogIobin. [NIH|
Barotrauma: In[ury IoIIoving pressure changes, incIudes in[ury o he
eusachian ube, ear drum, Iung and somach. [NIH|
IIatatIon: The condiion, as oI an oriIice or ubuIar srucure, oI being
diIaed or sreched beyond he normaI dimensions. [\|
Edema: xcessive amoun oI vaery IIuid accumuIaed in he inerceIIuIar
spaces, mos commonIy presen in subcuaneous issue. [NIH|
Endoscopy: VisuaI inspecion oI any caviy oI he body by means oI an
endoscope. [\|
FIstuIa: An abnormaI passage or communicaion, usuaIIy beveen vo
inernaI organs, or Ieading Irom an inernaI organ o he surIace oI he body,
IrequenIy designaed according o he organs or pars vih vhich i
Books 87
communicaes, as anovaginaI, brochocuaneous, hepaopIeuraI,
puImonoperioneaI, recovaginaI, urehrovaginaI, and he Iike. Such passages
are IrequenIy creaed experimenaIIy Ior he purpose oI obaining body
secreions Ior physioIogic sudy. [\|
Hemorrhage: BIeeding or escape oI bIood Irom a vesseI. [NIH|
HypercaIcemIa: AbnormaIIy high IeveI oI caIcium in he bIood. [NIH|
HypervItamInosIs: A condiion due o ingesion oI an excess oI one or more
viamins, caIIed aIso superviaminosis. [\|
InIIItratIon: The diIIusion or accumuIaion in a issue or ceIIs oI subsances
no normaI o i or in amouns oI he normaI. AIso, he maeriaI so
accumuIaed. [\|
LaryngItIs: InIIammaion oI he Iarynx, a condiion aended vih dryness
and soreness oI he hroa, hoarseness, cough and dysphagia. [\|
Larynx: An irreguIarIy shaped, muscuIocariIaginous ubuIar srucure,
Iined vih mucous membrane, Iocaed a he op oI he rachea and beIov
he roo oI he ongue and he hyoid bone. I is he esseniaI sphincer
guarding he enrance ino he rachea and Iuncioning secondariIy as he
organ oI voice. [NIH|
LesIon: Any pahoIogicaI or raumaic disconinuiy oI issue or Ioss oI
Iuncion oI a par. [\|
Mausea: An unpIeasan sensaion, vagueIy reIerred o he epigasrium and
abdomen, and oIen cuIminaing in vomiing. [\|
OtoIaryngoIogy: A surgicaI speciaIy concerned vih he sudy and
reamen oI disorders oI he ear, nose, and hroa. [NIH|
OtorhInoIaryngoIogy: Tha branch oI medicine concerned vih medicaI and
surgicaI reamen oI he head and neck, incIuding he ears, nose and hroa.
[\|
\ertIgo: An iIIusion oI movemen, a sensaion as iI he exernaI vorId vere
revoIving around he paien (ob[ecive verigo) or as iI he himseII vere
revoIving in space (sub[ecive verigo). The erm is someimes erroneousIy
used o mean any Iorm oI dizziness. [\|
MuIimedia 89
CHAPTER7. MULTIMEIA OM THE COMMOM COL
OvervIev
InIormaion on he common coId can come in a variey oI Iormas. Among
muIimedia sources, video producions, sIides, audioapes, and compuer
daabases are oIen avaiIabIe. In his chaper, ve shov you hov o keep
curren on muIimedia sources oI inIormaion on he common coId. We sar
vih sources ha have been summarized by IederaI agencies, and hen shov
you hov o Iind bibIiographic inIormaion caaIogued by he NaionaI
Library oI Medicine. II you see an ineresing iem, visi your IocaI medicaI
Iibrary o check on he avaiIabiIiy oI he iIe.
BIbIIography: MuItImedIa on the Common CoId
The NaionaI Library oI Medicine is a rich source oI inIormaion on
heaIhcarereIaed muIimedia producions incIuding sIides, compuer
soIvare, and daabases. To access he muIimedia daabase, go o he
IoIIoving Web sie: http://IocatorpIus.gov/. SeIec Search LOCATORpIus.
Once in he search area, simpIy ype in he common coId (or synonyms).
Then, in he opion box provided beIov he search box, seIec AudiovisuaIs
and Compuer IiIes. Irom here, you can choose o sor resuIs by
pubIicaion dae, auhor, or reIevance. The IoIIoving muIimedia has been
indexed on he common coId. Ior more inIormaion, IoIIov he hyperIink
indicaed:
AdaptatIon to envIronment: eIIect oI heat and coId. Source: a
Hahnemann MedicaI CoIIege & HospiaI and WorId Video Corp.
producion, Year: 1981, Iorma: Videorecording, [S.I.|: Therapeuics CM
Croup, c1981
The Common CoId 90
CoId 8 IIu. Source: IiIms Ior he Humaniies & Sciences, produced Ior
Discovery HeaIh ChanneI by Big Rock Producions, Year: 2OO2, Iorma:
Videorecording, Princeon, N.].: IiIms Ior he Humaniies &*38, Sciences,
c2OO2
Common coId. Source: produced by ncycIopaedia Briannica IiIms Inc.,
in coIIaboraion vih Thomas Irancis, ]r, Year: 1949, Iorma: Moion
picure, \nied Saes: ncycIopaedia Briannica IiIms, c1949
LearnIng about your nose. Source: produced by ncycIopaedia
Briannica IiIms, in coIIaboraion vih ].]. BaIIenger, Year: 195, Iorma:
Moion picure, \nied Saes: ncycIopaedia Briannica IiIms, c195
LocaI appIIcatIons oI heat 8 coId. Source: [Trainex|, Year: 1984, Iorma:
IiImsrip, Carden Crove, CaIiI.: Trainex, c1984
LocaI appIIcatIons oI heat and coId. Source: Trainex Corporaion, in
cooperaion vih PaIm Harbor CeneraI HospiaI, Year: 199, Iorma:
IiImsrip, [Carden Crove, CaIiI.|: Trainex, c199
MedIcatIons Ior coughs and coIds. Source: Deparmen oI Pediarics,
mory \niversiy, SchooI oI Medicine, Year: 198O, Iorma:
Videorecording, AIana: mory MedicaI TeIevision Nevork: [Ior Ioan or
saIe by A. W. CaIhoun MedicaI Library|, 198O
Mose. Source: \. S. PubIic HeaIh Service, produced by NaionaI MedicaI
AudiovisuaI Cener, Year: 199, Iorma: Moion picure, [Washingon|:
PubIic HeaIh Service, 199
Pathvay to Improve outcomes: coIds, aIIergIes 8 sInus InIectIons.
Source: ducaion Design, Year: 1995, Iorma: Videorecording, Denver,
CoIo.: ducaion Design, c1995
SnIIIIes and sneezes. Source: produced by Audio Producions, Inc. Ior
McCravHiII Book Company, Year: 1955, Iorma: Moion picure, \nied
Saes: McCravHiII TexIiIms, [1955|
\ocabuIary BuIIder
CarcInoma: A maIignan nev grovh made up oI epiheIiaI ceIIs ending o
inIiIrae he surrounding issues and give rise o measases. [\|
PyIorus: The opening in a verebrae Irom he somach ino he inesine. [\|
Recurrence: The reurn oI a sign, sympom, or disease aIer a remission. [NIH|
ResectIon: xcision oI a porion or aII oI an organ or oher srucure. [\|
Tumour: 1. sveIIing, one oI he cardinaI signs oI inIIammaions, morbid
enIargemen. 2. a nev grovh oI issue in vhich he muIipIicaion oI ceIIs is
unconroIIed and progressive, caIIed aIso neopIasm. [\|
PeriodicaIs and Nevs 91
CHAPTER 8. PERIOICALS AM MEWS OM THE COMMOM
COL
OvervIev
Keeping up on he nevs reIaing o he common coId can be chaIIenging.
Subscribing o argeed periodicaIs can be an eIIecive vay o say abreas oI
recen deveIopmens on he common coId. PeriodicaIs incIude nevsIeers,
magazines, and academic [ournaIs.
In his chaper, ve sugges a number oI nevs sources and presen various
periodicaIs ha cover he common coId beyond and incIuding hose vhich
are pubIished by paien associaions menioned earIier. We viII Iirs Iocus
on nevs services, and hen on periodicaIs. Nevs services, press reIeases, and
nevsIeers generaIIy use more accessibIe Ianguage, so iI you do chose o
subscribe o one oI he more echnicaI periodicaIs, make sure ha i uses
Ianguage you can easiIy IoIIov.
Mevs ServIces 8 Press ReIeases
WeII beIore aricIes shov up in nevsIeers or he popuIar press, hey may
appear in he Iorm oI a press reIease or a pubIic reIaions announcemen.
One oI he simpIes vays oI racking press reIeases on he common coId is o
search he nevs vires. Nevs vires are used by proIessionaI [ournaIiss, and
have exised since he invenion oI he eIegraph. Today, here are severaI
ma[or vires ha are used by companies, universiies, and oher
organizaions o announce nev medicaI breakhroughs. In he IoIIoving
sampIe oI sources, ve viII brieIIy describe hov o access each service. These
services onIy pos recen nevs inended Ior pubIic vieving.
The Common CoId 92
PR MevsvIre
Perhaps he broades oI he vires is PR Nevsvire Associaion, Inc. To access
his archive, simpIy go o http://vvv.prnevsvIre.com. BeIov he search
box, seIec he opion The Ias 3O days. In he search box, ype he
common coId or synonyms. The search resuIs are shovn by order oI
reIevance. When reading hese press reIeases, do no Iorge ha he sponsor
oI he reIease may be a company or organizaion ha is rying o seII a
paricuIar produc or herapy. Their vievs, hereIore, may be biased.
Reuters
The Reuers MedicaI Nevs daabase can be very useIuI in expIoring nevs
archives reIaing o he common coId. WhiIe some oI he Iised aricIes are
Iree o viev, ohers can be purchased Ior a nominaI Iee. To access his
archive, go o http://vvv.reutersheaIth.com/Irame2/arch.htmI and search
by he common coId (or synonyms). The IoIIoving vas recenIy Iised in
his archive Ior he common coId:
ZInc nasaI spray does not prevent or treat the common coId
Source: Reuers Indusry BreiIing
Dae: December 17, 2OO1
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO11217businessIinks2OO11217
cIinOO3.hmI
MIsconceptIons about the common coId are common
Source: Reuers HeaIh eLine
Dae: Ocober 29, 2OO1
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO11O29eIineIinks2OO11O29eIin
O19.hmI
AmerIcan parents IIIInIormed about the common coId
Source: Reuers MedicaI Nevs
Dae: Ocober 29, 2OO1
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO11O29proIessionaIIinks2OO11
O29pubIOO8.hmI
\IroPharma's PIcovIr common coId drug accepted Ior revIev
Dae: Ocober O1, 2OO1
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO11OO1businessIinks2OO11OO1
rgIOO2.hmI
ZInc nasaI spray has no eIIect on duratIon oI common coId
Dae: Augus O3, 2OO1
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO1O8O3businessIinks2OO1O8O3
cIinOO2.hmI
\IroPharma IIIes MA Ior common coId treatment
Dae: ]uIy 31, 2OO1
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO1O731businessIinks2OO1O731
rgIOO4.hmI
\IroPharma's shares oII aIter common coId drug questIoned
Dae: May O7, 2OO1
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO1O5O7businessIinks2OO1O5O7
indsO11.hmI
Stress ups rIsk oI catchIng common coId
Dae: ApriI 2, 2OO1
O23.hmI
WIne may be protectIve agaInst the common coId
Dae: May 13, 2OO2
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO2O513proIessionaIIinks2OO2O
513epidOO1.hmI
WIne drInkers Iess IIkeIy to get common coId: study
Dae: May O8, 2OO2
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO2O5O8eIineIinks2OO2O5O8eIin
O1.hmI
AntIbIotIc use Ior the common coId reduced by deIayIng prescrIptIons
Dae: ApriI 2, 2OO2
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OO2O42businessIinks2OO2O42
cIinO18.hmI
FA paneI turns dovn drug Ior common coId
Dae: March 19, 2OO2
O35.hmI
The Common CoId 94
FIrst drug agaInst common coId vIrus Iaces revIev
Dae: March 18, 2OO2
O3.hmI
ZInc acetate Iozenges reduce duratIon oI common coId
Dae: Augus 15, 2OOO
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OOOO815businessIinks2OOOO815
cIinOO1.hmI
Shortterm zInc therapy may reduce duratIon oI common coId
Dae: Augus 14, 2OOO
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OOOO814eIineIinks2OOOO814eIin
O1O.hmI
Many ask Ior vrong drugs to treat common coId
Dae: ]uIy 21, 2OOO
O19.hmI
]apan Issues heaIth aIert on common coId remedIes.
Dae: May 3O, 2OOO
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OOOO53OproIessionaIIinks2OOOO
53OpubIOO3.hmI
]apan varns about common coId remedIes
Dae: May 2, 2OOO
O21.hmI
ZIcam reduces Iength oI common coId, CeI Tech receIves nasaI zIncgeI
patent
Dae: Iebruary O1, 2OOO
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OOOO2O1proIessionaIIinks2OOOO
2O1drgdOO1.hmI
ZIcam reduces Iength oI common coId
Dae: Iebruary O1, 2OOO
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive2OOOO2O1eIineIinks2OOOO2O1eIin
OO1.hmI
MasaI spray may reduce duratIon oI common coId
Dae: November O1, 1999
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive199911O1eIineIinks199911O1eIin
O14.hmI
Mev drug reduces common coId symptoms
Dae: May 18, 1999
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive1999O518eIineIinks1999O518eIin
O12.hmI
Common CoId Caused By SeveraI \Iruses
Dae: Iebruary 1O, 1998
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive1998O21OproIessionaIIinks1998O
21OcIinOO8.hmI
Iverse SocIaI TIes LInked To Less SusceptIbIIIty To The Common
CoId
Dae: ]une 25, 1997
hp:vvv.reuers.govarchive1997O25proIessionaIIinks1997O
25pubIOO1.hmI
AnImaI ExperIments BrIng PreventIon OI Common CoId CIoser
Dae: ApriI 23, 1997
423scieOO2.hmI
Agouron, Mastech CoIIaborate On rug For Common CoId
Dae: ApriI 22, 1997
422indsOO2.hmI
The Common CoId 96
Common CoId Symptoms In PreschooIers Mot ReIIeved By
AntIhIstamIneecongestants
Dae: March 18, 1997
318cIinOO5.hmI
Common CoId: Steps To A Cure
Dae: ]uIy 15, 199
715cIinOO1.hmI
The MIH
Wihin MDLINpIus, he NIH has made an agreemen vih he Nev York
Times Syndicae, he AP Nevs Service, and Reuers o deIiver nevs ha can
be brovsed by he pubIic. Search nevs reIeases a
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/aIphanevs_a.htmI. MDLINpIus
aIIovs you o brovse across an aIphabeicaI index. Or you can search by dae
a http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/nevsbydate.htmI. OIen, nevs
iems are indexed by MDLINpIus vihin heir search engine.
BusIness WIre
Business Wire is simiIar o PR Nevsvire. To access his archive, simpIy go o
http://vvv.busInessvIre.com. You can scan he nevs by indusry caegory
or company name.
Internet WIre
Inerne Wire is more Iocused on echnoIogy han he oher vires. To access
his sie, go o http://vvv.InternetvIre.com and use he Search Archive
opion. Type in he common coId (or synonyms). As his service is
oriened o echnoIogy, you may vish o search Ior press reIeases covering
diagnosic procedures or ess ha you may have read abou.
Search EngInes
Ireeoviev nevs can aIso be Iound in he nevs secion oI your Iavorie
search engines (see he heaIh nevs page a Yahoo:
http://dIr.yahoo.com/HeaIth/Mevs_and_MedIa/, or use his Web sie s
generaI nevs search page http://nevs.yahoo.com/. Type in he common
coId (or synonyms). II you knov he name oI a company ha is reIevan o
he common coId, you can go o any sock rading Web sie (such as
vvv.etrade.com) and search Ior he company name here. Nevs iems
across various nevs sources are repored on indicaed hyperIinks.
BBC
Covering nevs Irom a more uropean perspecive, he Briish Broadcasing
Corporaion (BBC) aIIovs he pubIic Iree access o heir nevs archive Iocaed
a http://vvv.bbc.co.uk/. Search by he common coId (or synonyms).
MevsIetter ArtIcIes
II you choose no o subscribe o a nevsIeer, you can neverheIess Iind
reIerences o nevsIeer aricIes. We recommend ha you use he Combined
HeaIh InIormaion Daabase, vhiIe Iimiing your search crieria o
nevsIeer aricIes. Again, you viII need o use he DeaiIed Search
opion. Co o he IoIIoving hyperIink: http://chId.nIh.gov/detaII/detaII.htmI.
Co o he boom oI he search page vhere You may reIine your search by.
SeIec he daes and Ianguage ha you preIer. Ior he Iorma opion, seIec
NevsIeer AricIe.
By making hese seIecions, and yping in he common coId (or synonyms)
ino he Ior hese vords: box, you viII onIy receive resuIs on nevsIeer
aricIes. You shouId check back periodicaIIy vih his daabase as i is
updaed every 3 monhs.
AcademIc PerIodIcaIs coverIng the Common CoId
Academic periodicaIs can be a highIy echnicaI ye vaIuabIe source oI
inIormaion on he common coId. We have compiIed he IoIIoving Iis oI
periodicaIs knovn o pubIish aricIes reIaing o he common coId and vhich
are currenIy indexed vihin he NaionaI Library oI Medicine s PubMed
The Common CoId 98
daabase (IoIIov hyperIinks o viev more inIormaion, summaries, ec., Ior
each). In addiion o hese sources, o keep curren on aricIes vrien on he
common coId pubIished by any oI he periodicaIs Iised beIov, you can
simpIy IoIIov he hyperIink indicaed or go o he IoIIoving Web sie:
vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/pubmed. Type he periodicaI s name ino he search
box o Iind he Iaes sudies pubIished.
II you van compIee deaiIs abou he hisoricaI conens oI a periodicaI, you
can aIso visi http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/jrbrovser.cgI. Here, ype
in he name oI he [ournaI or is abbreviaion, and you viII receive an index
oI pubIished aricIes. A http://IocatorpIus.gov/ you can rerieve more
indexing inIormaion on medicaI periodicaIs (e.g. he name oI he pubIisher).
SeIec he buon Search LOCATORpIus. Then ype in he name oI he
[ournaI and seIec he advanced search opion ]ournaI TiIe Search. The
IoIIoving is a sampIe oI periodicaIs vhich pubIish aricIes on he common
coId:
Advances In MIndBody MedIcIne. (Adv MInd Body Med)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=A
dvances+in+MindBody+Medicine&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
AIternatIve TherapIes In HeaIth and MedIcIne. (AItern Ther HeaIth
Med)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=AI
ernaive+Therapies+in+HeaIh+and+Medicine&dispmax=2O&dispsar=
O
AnnaIs oI MedIcIne. (Ann Med)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=An
naIs+oI+Medicine&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
ArchIves oI PedIatrIcs 8 AdoIescent MedIcIne. (Arch PedIatr AdoIesc
Med)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=Ar
chives+oI+Pediarics+&+AdoIescen+Medicine&dispmax=2O&dispsar=
O
ArzneImItteIForschung. (ArzneImItteIIorschung)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=Ar
zneimieIIorschung&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
BehavIoraI MedIcIne (WashIngton, . . . (Behav Med)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=Be
havioraI+Medicine+(Washingon,+D.+.+&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
Current MedIcaI Research and OpInIon. (Curr Med Res OpIn)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=Cu
rren+MedicaI+Research+and+Opinion&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
]ama : the ]ournaI oI the AmerIcan MedIcaI AssocIatIon. (]AMA)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=]a
ma+:+he+]ournaI+oI+he+American+MedicaI+Associaion&dispmax=2
O&dispsar=O
]ournaI oI EthnopharmacoIogy. (] EthnopharmacoI)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=]o
urnaI+oI+hnopharmacoIogy&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
MedIcaI Hypotheses. (Med Hypotheses)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=M
edicaI+Hypoheses&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
MutrItIon (Burbank, Los AngeIes County, CaIII. . (MutrItIon)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=N
uriion+(Burbank,+Los+AngeIes+Couny,+CaIiI.+&dispmax=2O&disps
ar=O
PhytomedIcIne: InternatIonaI ]ournaI oI Phytotherapy and
PhytopharmacoIogy. (PhytomedIcIne)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=Ph
yomedicine+:+InernaionaI+]ournaI+oI+Phyoherapy+and+Phyophar
macoIogy&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
RespIratIon, InternatIonaI RevIev oI ThoracIc Iseases. (RespIratIon)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=Re
spiraion,+InernaionaI+Reviev+oI+Thoracic+Diseases&dispmax=2O&d
ispsar=O
ScandInavIan ]ournaI oI InIectIous Iseases. (Scand ] InIect Is)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=Sc
andinavian+]ournaI+oI+InIecious+Diseases&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
The Common CoId 100
The AmerIcan ]ournaI oI CIInIcaI MutrItIon. (Am ] CIIn Mutr)
hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govenrez[rbrovser.cgi7IieId=O&regexp=Th
e+American+]ournaI+oI+CIinicaI+Nuriion&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
The Case Manager. (Case Manager)
e+Case+Manager&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
The ]ournaI oI FamIIy PractIce. (] Fam Pract)
e+]ournaI+oI+IamiIy+Pracice&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
The MedIcaI ]ournaI oI AustraIIa. (Med ] Aust)
e+MedicaI+]ournaI+oI+AusraIia&dispmax=2O&dispsar=O
\ocabuIary BuIIder
AntIdepressant: An agen ha simuIaes he mood oI a depressed paien,
incIuding ricycIic anidepressans and monoamine oxidase inhibiors. [\|
CharItIes: SociaI veIIare organizaions vih programs designed o assis
individuaIs in imes oI need. [NIH|
CoIIapse: 1. a sae oI exreme prosraion and depression, vih IaiIure oI
circuIaion. 2. abnormaI IaIIing in oI he vaIIs oI any par oI organ. [\|
ConstItutIonaI: 1. aIIecing he vhoIe consiuion oI he body, no IocaI. 2.
peraining o he consiuion. [\|
HypnotIc: A drug ha acs o induce sIeep. [\|
ManIa: xciemen oI psychoic proporions maniIesed by menaI and
physicaI hyperaciviy, disorganizaion oI behaviour, and eIevaion oI mood.
[\|
MIcotIne: Nicoine is highIy oxic aIkaIoid. I is he prooypicaI agonis a
nicoinic choIinergic recepors vhere i dramaicaIIy simuIaes neurons and
uIimaeIy bIocks synapic ransmission. Nicoine is aIso imporan medicaIIy
because oI is presence in obacco smoke. [NIH|
SedatIve: 1. aIIaying aciviy and exciemen. 2. an agen ha aIIays
exciemen. [\|
Tears: The IIuid secreed by he IacrimaI gIands. This IIuid moisens he
con[unciva and cornea. [NIH|
XerophthaImIa: Dryness oI he con[unciva and cornea due o viamin A
deIiciency. The condiion begins vih nigh bIindness and con[uncivaI
xerosis and progresses o corneaI xerosis, and, in he Iae sages, o
keraomaIacia. [\|
XerostomIa: Dryness oI he mouh Irom saIivary gIand dysIuncion, as in
S[gren's syndrome. [\|
Physician CuideIines and Daabases 103
CHAPTER9. PHYSICIAMCUIELIMES AMATABASES
OvervIev
Docors and medicaI researchers reIy on a number oI inIormaion sources o
heIp paiens vih heir condiions. Many viII subscribe o [ournaIs or
nevsIeers pubIished by heir proIessionaI associaions or reIer o
speciaIized exbooks or cIinicaI guides pubIished Ior he medicaI proIession.
In his chaper, ve Iocus on daabases and Inernebased guideIines creaed
or vrien Ior his proIessionaI audience.
MIH CuIdeIInes
Ior he more common diseases, The NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh pubIish
guideIines ha are IrequenIy consuIed by physicians. PubIicaions are
ypicaIIy vrien by one or more oI he various NIH Insiues. Ior physician
guideIines, commonIy reIerred o as cIinicaI or proIessionaI guideIines,
you can visi he IoIIoving Insiues:
OIIice oI he Direcor (OD), guideIines consoIidaed across agencies
avaiIabIe a http://vvv.nIh.gov/heaIth/consumer/conkey.htm
NaionaI Insiue oI CeneraI MedicaI Sciences (NICMS), Iac shees
avaiIabIe a http://vvv.nIgms.nIh.gov/nevs/Iacts/
NaionaI Library oI Medicine (NLM), exensive encycIopedia (A.D.A.M.,
Inc.) vih guideIines:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/heaIthtopIcs.htmI
NaionaI Insiue oI AIIergy and InIecious Diseases (NIAID), guideIines
avaiIabIe a http://vvv.nIaId.nIh.gov/pubIIcatIons/
The Common CoId 104
Ceners Ior Disease ConroI and Prevenion, various Iac shees on
inIecious diseases avaiIabIe a http://vvv.cdc.gov/heaIth/dIseases.htm
MIH atabases
In addiion o he various Insiues oI HeaIh ha pubIish proIessionaI
guideIines, he NIH has designed a number oI daabases Ior proIessionaIs.
2
Physicianoriened resources provide a vide variey oI inIormaion reIaed
o he biomedicaI and heaIh sciences, boh pas and presen. The Iorma oI
hese resources varies. SearchabIe daabases, bibIiographic ciaions, IuII ex
aricIes (vhen avaiIabIe), archivaI coIIecions, and images are aII avaiIabIe.
The IoIIoving are reIerenced by he NaionaI Library oI Medicine:
27
BIoethIcs: Access o pubIished Iieraure on he ehicaI, IegaI and pubIic
poIicy issues surrounding heaIhcare and biomedicaI research. This
inIormaion is provided in con[uncion vih he Kennedy Insiue oI
hics Iocaed a Ceorgeovn \niversiy, Washingon, D.C.:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/databases/databases_bIoethIcs.htmI
HI\/AIS Resources: Describes various Iinks and daabases dedicaed
o HIVAIDS research:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/pubs/Iactsheets/aIdsInIs.htmI
MLM OnIIne ExhIbItIons: Describes xhibiions in he Hisory oI
Medicine : http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/exhIbItIon/exhIbItIon.htmI.
AddiionaI resources Ior hisoricaI schoIarship in medicine:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/hmd/hmd.htmI
BIotechnoIogy InIormatIon: Access o pubIic daabases. The NaionaI
Cener Ior BioechnoIogy InIormaion conducs research in
compuaionaI bioIogy, deveIops soIvare ooIs Ior anaIyzing genome
daa, and disseminaes biomedicaI inIormaion Ior he beer
undersanding oI moIecuIar processes aIIecing human heaIh and
disease: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/
PopuIatIon InIormatIon: The NaionaI Library oI Medicine provides
access o vorIdvide coverage oI popuIaion, IamiIy pIanning, and reIaed
heaIh issues, incIuding IamiIy pIanning echnoIogy and programs,
IeriIiy, and popuIaion Iav and poIicy:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/databases/databases_popuIatIon.htmI
2
Remember, Ior he generaI pubIic, he NaionaI Library oI Medicine recommends he
daabases reIerenced in MDLIN- (http://medIInepIus.gov/ or
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/databases.htmI).
27
See http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/databases/databases.htmI.
Cancer InIormatIon: Access o caneroriened daabases:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/databases/databases_cancer.htmI
ProIIIes In ScIence: OIIering he archivaI coIIecions oI prominen
veniehcenury biomedicaI scieniss o he pubIic hrough modern
digiaI echnoIogy: http://vvv.proIIIes.nIm.nIh.gov/
ChemIcaI InIormatIon: Provides Iinks o various chemicaI daabases and
reIerences: http://sIs.nIm.nIh.gov/Chem/ChemMaIn.htmI
CIInIcaI AIerts: Repors he reIease oI Iindings Irom he NIHIunded
cIinicaI riaIs vhere such reIease couId signiIicanIy aIIec morbidiy and
moraIiy: http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/databases/aIerts/cIInIcaI_aIerts.htmI
Space LIIe ScIences: Provides Iinks and inIormaion o spacebased
research (incIuding NASA):
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/databases/databases_space.htmI
MELIME: BibIiographic daabase covering he IieIds oI medicine,
nursing, denisry, veerinary medicine, he heaIhcare sysem, and he
precIinicaI sciences:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/databases/databases_medIIne.htmI
ToxIcoIogy and EnvIronmentaI HeaIth InIormatIon (TOXMET):
Daabases covering oxicoIogy and environmenaI heaIh:
http://sIs.nIm.nIh.gov/Tox/ToxMaIn.htmI
\IsIbIe Human InterIace: AnaomicaIIy deaiIed, hreedimensionaI
represenaions oI normaI maIe and IemaIe human bodies:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/research/vIsIbIe/vIsIbIe_human.htmI
WhiIe aII oI he above reIerences may be oI ineres o physicians vho sudy
and rea he common coId, he IoIIoving are paricuIarIy noevorhy.
A comprehensive source oI inIormaion on cIinicaI guideIines vrien Ior
proIessionaIs is he Combined HeaIh InIormaion Daabase. You viII need
o Iimi your search o BrochurePamphIe, Iac Shee, or InIormaion
Package and he common coId using he DeaiIed Search opion. Co
direcIy o he IoIIoving hyperIink: http://chId.nIh.gov/detaII/detaII.htmI. To
Iind associaions, use he drop boxes a he boom oI he search page vhere
You may reIine your search by. Ior he pubIicaion dae, seIec AII
Years, seIec your preIerred Ianguage, and he Iorma opion Iac Shee.
By making hese seIecions and yping he common coId (or synonyms)
The Common CoId 106
ino he Ior hese vords: box above, you viII onIy receive resuIs on Iac
shees deaIing vih he common coId. The IoIIoving is a sampIe resuI:
SeII Care Resource Corner: Its Impact on ApproprIate HeaIth ServIce
UtIIIzatIon
Source: Ann Arbor, Mich., \niversiy oI Michigan, \niversiy HeaIh
Service, HeaIh and Coninuing ducaion, 11 p., !198O.
Conac: AvaiIabIe Irom: RIC. Order No. D238 871.
Summary: To inerac vih sudens beIore hey ener he medicaI care
sysem a he \niversiy oI Michigan, a seIIcare resource corner and
accompanying maeriaIs vere deveIoped. The ob[ecive vas o encourage
sudens o viev hemseIves as he primary decisionmakers Ior heaIh
reIaed condiions beIore seeking care Irom cIinicians. Iocusing primariIy
on he common coId, a decision ree vas deveIoped ha combined
reIevan inIormaion describing usuaI coId sympoms and reamens.
Over he couner medicaions vere described and order Iorms made
avaiIabIe Ior seIecing appropriae medicaions. These Iorms, vih choice
oI medicaion checked, vere presened o he pharmacy by he sudens,
and Iaer coIIeced and used in evaIuaing he process. Based on he
evaIuaion daa (gahered Irom sudens' vrien evaIuaions oI he
program and Irom heaIh services uiIizaion daa coIIeced monhIy
beIore and aIer he inervenion), he program vas expanded o incIude
oher seIIIimied condiions. In addiion, seII care may be impIemened
in residence haIIs vhere maeriaIs vouId be avaiIabIe o sudens beIore
hey visi he HeaIh Service. 3 reIerences.
The MLM Catevay
28
The NLM (NaionaI Library oI Medicine) Caevay is a Webbased sysem
ha Ies users search simuIaneousIy in muIipIe rerievaI sysems a he \.S.
NaionaI Library oI Medicine (NLM). I aIIovs users oI NLM services o
iniiae searches Irom one Web inerIace, providing onesop searching Ior
many oI NLM s inIormaion resources or daabases.
29
One arge audience
Ior he Caevay is he Inerne user vho is nev o NLM s onIine resources
and does no knov vha inIormaion is avaiIabIe or hov bes o search Ior i.
This audience may incIude physicians and oher heaIhcare providers,
researchers, Iibrarians, sudens, and, increasingIy, paiens, heir IamiIies,
28
Adaped Irom NLM: http://gatevay.nIm.nIh.gov/gv/Cmd7OvervIev.x.
29
The NLM Caevay is currenIy being deveIoped by he Liser HiII NaionaI Cener Ior
BiomedicaI Communicaions (LHNCBC) a he NaionaI Library oI Medicine (NLM) oI he
NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh (NIH).
and he pubIic.
3O
To use he NLM Caevay, simpIy go o he search sie a
http://gatevay.nIm.nIh.gov/gv/Cmd. Type he common coId (or
synonyms) ino he search box and cIick Search. The resuIs viII be
presened in a abuIar Iorm, indicaing he number oI reIerences in each
daabase caegory.
ResuIts Summary
Category Items Found
]ournaI AricIes 34413
Books PeriodicaIs Audio VisuaI 254
Consumer HeaIh 292
Meeing Absracs 3O93
Oher CoIIecions 1OO
ToaI 35O2
HSTAT
31
HSTAT is a Iree, Webbased resource ha provides access o IuIIex
documens used in heaIhcare decisionmaking.
32
HSTAT s audience
incIudes heaIhcare providers, heaIh service researchers, poIicy makers,
insurance companies, consumers, and he inIormaion proIessionaIs vho
serve hese groups. HSTAT provides access o a vide variey oI pubIicaions,
incIuding cIinicaI pracice guideIines, quickreIerence guides Ior cIinicians,
consumer heaIh brochures, evidence repors and echnoIogy assessmens
Irom he Agency Ior HeaIhcare Research and QuaIiy (AHRQ), as veII as
AHRQ s Pu Prevenion Ino Pracice.
33
SimpIy search by he common coId
(or synonyms) a he IoIIoving Web sie: http://text.nIm.nIh.gov.
3O
Oher users may Iind he Caevay useIuI Ior an overaII search oI NLM's inIormaion
resources. Some searchers may Iocae vha hey need immediaeIy, vhiIe ohers viII uiIize
he Caevay as an ad[unc ooI o oher NLM search services such as PubMed' and
MDLINpIus'. The Caevay connecs users vih muIipIe NLM rerievaI sysems vhiIe
aIso providing a search inerIace Ior is ovn coIIecions. These coIIecions incIude various
ypes oI inIormaion ha do no IogicaIIy beIong in PubMed, LOCATORpIus, or oher
esabIished NLM rerievaI sysems (e.g., meeing announcemens and pre19 [ournaI
ciaions). The Caevay viII provide access o he inIormaion Iound in an increasing
number oI NLM rerievaI sysems in severaI phases.
31
Adaped Irom HSTAT: http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/pubs/Iactsheets/hstat.htmI.
32
The HSTAT \RL is http://hstat.nIm.nIh.gov/.
33
Oher imporan documens in HSTAT incIude: he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh (NIH)
Consensus ConIerence Repors and TechnoIogy Assessmen Repors, he HIVAIDS
Treamen InIormaion Service (ATIS) resource documens, he Subsance Abuse and MenaI
HeaIh Services Adminisraion's Cener Ior Subsance Abuse Treamen (SAMHSACSAT)
The Common CoId 108
CoIIee Break: TutorIaIs Ior BIoIogIsts
34
Some paiens may vish o have access o a generaI heaIhcare sie ha akes
a scieniIic viev oI he nevs and covers recen breakhroughs in bioIogy ha
may one day assis physicians in deveIoping reamens. To his end, ve
recommend CoIIee Break, a coIIecion oI shor repors on recen bioIogicaI
discoveries. ach repor incorporaes ineracive uoriaIs ha demonsrae
hov bioinIormaics ooIs are used as a par oI he research process.
CurrenIy, aII CoIIee Breaks are vrien by NCBI saII.
35
ach repor is abou
4OO vords and is usuaIIy based on a discovery repored in one or more
aricIes Irom recenIy pubIished, peerrevieved Iieraure.
3
This sie has nev
aricIes every Iev veeks, so i can be considered an onIine magazine oI sors,
and inended Ior generaI background inIormaion. You can access he CoIIee
Break Web sie a http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/CoIIeebreak/.
Other CommercIaI atabases
In addiion o resources mainained by oIIiciaI agencies, oher daabases exis
ha are commerciaI venures addressing medicaI proIessionaIs. Here are a
Iev exampIes ha may ineres you:
CIInIWeb InternatIonaI: Index and abIe oI conens o seIeced cIinicaI
inIormaion on he Inerne, see http://vvv.ohsu.edu/cIInIveb/.
Image EngIne: MuIimedia eIecronic medicaI record sysem ha
inegraes a vide range oI digiized cIinicaI images vih exuaI daa
sored in he \niversiy oI Pisburgh MedicaI Cener s MARS eIecronic
medicaI record sysem, see he IoIIoving Web sie:
http://vvv.cmI.upmc.edu/cmI/ImageengIne/ImageEngIne.htmI.
Treamen Improvemen ProocoIs (TIP) and Cener Ior Subsance Abuse Prevenion
(SAMHSACSAP) Prevenion nhancemen ProocoIs Sysem (PPS), he PubIic HeaIh
Service (PHS) Prevenive Services Task Iorce's -, he
independen, nonIederaI Task Iorce on Communiy Services
-, and he HeaIh TechnoIogy Advisory Commiee (HTAC) oI he Minnesoa HeaIh
Care Commission (MHCC) heaIh echnoIogy evaIuaions.
34
Adaped Irom http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/CoIIeebreak/ArchIve/FAQ.htmI.
35
The Iigure ha accompanies each aricIe is IrequenIy suppIied by an exper exernaI o
NCBI, in vhich case he source oI he Iigure is cied. The resuI is an ineracive uoriaI ha
eIIs a bioIogicaI sory.
3
AIer a brieI inroducion ha ses he vork described ino a broader conex, he repor
Iocuses on hov a moIecuIar undersanding can provide expIanaions oI observed bioIogy
and Iead o herapies Ior diseases. ach vignee is accompanied by a Iigure and hyperex
Iinks ha Iead o a series oI pages ha ineraciveIy shov hov NCBI ooIs and resources are
used in he research process.
MedIcaI WorId Search: Searches IuII ex Irom housands oI seIeced
medicaI sies on he Inerne, see http://vvv.mvsearch.com/.
MedWeaver: Prooype sysem ha aIIovs users o search diIIereniaI
diagnoses Ior any Iis oI signs and sympoms, o search medicaI
Iieraure, and o expIore reIevan Web sies, see
http://vvv.med.vIrgInIa.edu/~vmd4n/medveaver.htmI.
Metaphrase: MiddIevare componen inended Ior use by boh caregivers
and medicaI records personneI. I convers he inIormaI Ianguage
generaIIy used by caregivers ino erms Irom IormaI, conroIIed
vocabuIaries, see he IoIIoving Web sie:
http://vvv.IexIcaI.com/Metaphrase.htmI.
The Cenome Project and the Common CoId
Wih aII he discussion in he press abou he Human Cenome Pro[ec, i is
onIy nauraI ha physicians, researchers, and paiens van o knov abou
hov human genes reIae o he common coId. In he IoIIoving secion, ve
viII discuss daabases and reIerences used by physicians and scieniss vho
vork in his area.
OnIIne MendeIIan InherItance In Man (OMIM)
The OnIine MendeIian Inheriance in Man (OMIM) daabase is a caaIog oI
human genes and geneic disorders auhored and edied by Dr. Vicor A.
McKusick and his coIIeagues a ]ohns Hopkins and eIsevhere. OMIM vas
deveIoped Ior he WorId Wide Web by he NaionaI Cener Ior
BioechnoIogy InIormaion (NCBI).
37
The daabase conains exuaI
inIormaion, picures, and reIerence inIormaion. I aIso conains copious
Iinks o NCBI s nrez daabase oI MDLIN aricIes and sequence
inIormaion.
Co o http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/OmIm/searchomIm.htmI o search he
daabase. Type he common coId (or synonyms) in he search box, and
cIick Submi Search. II oo many resuIs appear, you can narrov he search
by adding he vord cIinicaI. ach repor viII have addiionaI Iinks o
37
Adaped Irom http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/. sabIished in 1988 as a naionaI resource
Ior moIecuIar bioIogy inIormaion, NCBI creaes pubIic daabases, conducs research in
compuaionaI bioIogy, deveIops soIvare ooIs Ior anaIyzing genome daa, and
disseminaes biomedicaI inIormaionaII Ior he beer undersanding oI moIecuIar
processes aIIecing human heaIh and disease.
The Common CoId 110
reIaed research and daabases. By IoIIoving hese Iinks, especiaIIy he Iink
iIed Daabase Links, you viII be exposed o numerous speciaIized
daabases ha are IargeIy used by he scieniIic communiy. These daabases
are overIy echnicaI and seIdom used by he generaI pubIic, bu oIIer an
abundance oI inIormaion. The IoIIoving is an exampIe oI he resuIs you
can obain Irom he OMIM Ior he common coId:
AcyIcoa ehydrogenase, LongchaIn, eIIcIency oI
Web sie: hp:vvv.ncbi.nIm.nih.govhbin
posOmimdispmim72O14O
AIport Syndrome, XIInked
posOmimdispmim73O1O5O
Atpase, Ca(2+)transportIng, FasttvItch 1
posOmimdispmim71O873O
CarnItIne PaImItoyItransIerase II
posOmimdispmim7OO5O
CoIdshock omaIn ProteIn a
posOmimdispmim7O3437
CryoIIbrInogenemIa, FamIIIaI PrImary
posOmimdispmim712354O
ermographIsm, FamIIIaI
posOmimdispmim712535
opamIne BetahydroxyIase, PIasma
posOmimdispmim72233O
ystrophIa MyotonIca 1
posOmimdispmim71O9OO
HemogIobInbeta Locus
posOmimdispmim71419OO
Cenes and Isease (MCBI Map)
The Cenes and Disease daabase is produced by he NaionaI Cener Ior
BioechnoIogy InIormaion oI he NaionaI Library oI Medicine a he
NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh. This Web sie caegorizes each disorder by he
sysem oI he body associaed vih i. Co o
http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/dIsease/, and brovse he sysem pages o
have a IuII viev oI imporan condiions Iinked o human genes. Since his
sie is reguIarIy updaed, you may vish o revisi i Irom ime o ime. The
IoIIoving sysems and associaed disorders are addressed:
Immune System: Iighs invaders.
xampIes: Ashma, auoimmune poIygIanduIar syndrome, Crohn s
disease, DiCeorge syndrome, IamiIiaI Medierranean Iever,
immunodeIiciency vih HyperIgM, severe combined immunodeIiciency.
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/dIsease/Immune.htmI
Mervous System: Mind and body.
xampIes: AIzheimer disease, Amyorophic IaeraI scIerosis, AngeIman
syndrome, CharcoMarieTooh disease, epiIepsy, esseniaI remor,
IragiIe X syndrome, Iriedreich s aaxia, Huningon disease, Niemann
Pick disease, Parkinson disease, PraderWiIIi syndrome, Re syndrome,
SpinocerebeIIar arophy, WiIIiams syndrome.
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/dIsease/BraIn.htmI
SIgnaIs: CeIIuIar messages.
xampIes: Aaxia eIangiecasia, BaIdness, Cockayne syndrome,
CIaucoma, SRY: sex deerminaion, Tuberous scIerosis, Waardenburg
syndrome, Werner syndrome.
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/dIsease/SIgnaIs.htmI
Transporters: Pumps and channeIs.
xampIes: Cysic Iibrosis, deaIness, diasrophic dyspIasia, HemophiIia
A, IongQT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, poIycysic
kidney disease, sickIe ceII anemia, WiIson s disease, ZeIIveger syndrome.
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/dIsease/Transporters.htmI
The Common CoId 112
Entrez
is a search and rerievaI sysem ha inegraes severaI Iinked
daabases a he NaionaI Cener Ior BioechnoIogy InIormaion (NCBI).
These daabases incIude nucIeoide sequences, proein sequences,
macromoIecuIar srucures, vhoIe genomes, and MDLIN hrough
PubMed. nrez provides access o he IoIIoving daabases:
PubMed: BiomedicaI Iieraure (PubMed),
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=PubMed
MucIeotIde Sequence atabase (Cenbank):
Web sie:
http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=MucIeotIde
ProteIn Sequence atabase:
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=ProteIn
Structure: ThreedimensionaI macromoIecuIar srucures,
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=Structure
Cenome: CompIee genome assembIies,
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=Cenome
PopSet: PopuIaion sudy daa ses,
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=Popset
OMIM: OnIine MendeIian Inheriance in Man,
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=OMIM
Taxonomy: Organisms in CenBank,
Web sie:
http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=Taxonomy
Books: OnIine books,
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=books
ProbeSet: Cene xpression Omnibus (CO),
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=geo
3 omaIns: Domains Irom nrez Srucure,
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez/query.IcgI7db=geo
MCBI s ProteIn Sequence InIormatIon Survey ResuIts:
Web sie: http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/About/proteInsurvey/
To access he nrez sysem a he NaionaI Cener Ior BioechnoIogy
InIormaion, go o http://vvv.ncbI.nIm.nIh.gov/entrez, and hen seIec he
daabase ha you vouId Iike o search. The daabases avaiIabIe are Iised in
he drop box nex o Search. In he box nex o Ior, ener he common
coId (or synonyms) and cIick Co.
]abIonskI s MuItIpIe CongenItaI AnomaIy/MentaI RetardatIon
(MCA/MR) Syndromes atabase
38
This onIine resource can be quie useIuI. I has been deveIoped o IaciIiae
he ideniIicaion and diIIereniaion oI syndromic eniies. SpeciaI aenion
is given o he ype oI inIormaion ha is usuaIIy Iimied or compIeeIy
omied in exising reIerence sources due o space Iimiaions oI he prined
Iorm.
A http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/mesh/jabIonskI/syndrome_toc/toc_a.htmI you
can aIso search across syndromes using an aIphabeicaI index. You can aIso
search a http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/mesh/jabIonskI/syndrome_db.htmI.
The Cenome atabase
39
sabIished a ]ohns Hopkins \niversiy in BaIimore, MaryIand in 199O, he
Cenome Daabase (CDB) is he oIIiciaI cenraI reposiory Ior genomic
mapping daa resuIing Irom he Human Cenome Iniiaive. In he spring oI
1999, he BioinIormaics Supercompuing Cenre (BiSC) a he HospiaI Ior
Sick ChiIdren in Torono, Onario assumed he managemen oI CDB. The
Human Cenome Iniiaive is a vorIdvide research eIIor Iocusing on
srucuraI anaIysis oI human DNA o deermine he Iocaion and sequence oI
he esimaed 1OO,OOO human genes. In suppor oI his pro[ec, CDB sores
and curaes daa generaed by researchers vorIdvide vho are engaged in
he mapping eIIor oI he Human Cenome Pro[ec (HCP). CDB s mission is
o provide scieniss vih an encycIopedia oI he human genome vhich is
coninuaIIy revised and updaed o reIIec he curren sae oI scieniIic
knovIedge. AIhough CDB has hisoricaIIy Iocused on gene mapping, is
Iocus viII broaden as he Cenome Pro[ec moves Irom mapping o sequence,
and IinaIIy, o IuncionaI anaIysis.
To access he CDB, simpIy go o he IoIIoving hyperIink:
http://vvv.gdb.org/. Search AII BioIogicaI Daa by Keyvord. Type he
common coId (or synonyms) ino he search box, and reviev he resuIs. II
38
Adaped Irom he NaionaI Library oI Medicine:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/mesh/jabIonskI/about_syndrome.htmI.
39
Adaped Irom he Cenome Daabase:
http://gdbvvv.gdb.org/gdb/aboutCB.htmI*mIssIon.
The Common CoId 114
more han one vord is used in he search box, hen separae each one vih
he vord and or or (using or migh be useIuI vhen using synonyms).
This daabase is exremeIy echnicaI as i vas creaed Ior speciaIiss. The
aricIes are he resuIs vhich are he mos accessibIe o nonproIessionaIs and
oIen Iised under he heading Ciaions. The conac names are aIso
accessibIe o nonproIessionaIs.
SpecIaIIzed ReIerences
The IoIIoving books are speciaIized reIerences vrien Ior proIessionaIs
ineresed in he common coId (sored aIphabeicaIIy by iIe, hyperIinks
provide rankings, inIormaion, and revievs a Amazon.com):
2002 Pocket Book oI InIectIous Isease Therapy by ]ohn C. BarIe,
Paperback 348 pages, 11h ediion (November 15, 2OO1), Lippinco,
WiIIiams & WiIkins PubIishers, ISBN: O78173432O,
CIInIcaI \IroIogy by DougIas D. Richman (dior), e aI, Hardcover 1355
pages, 1s ediion (]anuary 15, 1997), ChurchiII Livingsone, ISBN:
O443O7537,
Current IagnosIs 8 Treatment In InIectIous Iseases by WaIer R.
WiIson (dior), e aI, Paperback 985 pages, 1s ediion (]une 22, 2OO1),
McCravHiII ProIessionaI PubIishing, ISBN: O838514944,
Hunter s TropIcaI MedIcIne and EmergIng InIectIous Iseases by Ceorge
W. Huner (dior), e aI, Hardcover 1192 pages, 8h ediion (]anuary 15,
2OOO), W B Saunders Co, ISBN: O7212234,
InIectIous Isease by Barbara Banniser, e aI, Paperback 5O pages, 2nd
ediion (Augus 15, 2OOO), BIackveII Science Inc., ISBN: O32O53194,
InIectIous Isease EpIdemIoIogy : Theory and PractIce by Kenrad .
NeIson, e aI, Hardcover OO pages (May 2OOO), Aspen PubIishers, Inc.,
ISBN: O834217X,
http://vvv.amazon.com/exec/obIdos/ASIM/0834217X/IcongroupInterna
MandeII, ougIas, and Bennett s PrIncIpIes 8 PractIce oI InIectIous
Iseases (2 \oI. Set) by CeraId L. MandeII (dior), e aI, Hardcover 323
pages, 5h ediion (]une 15, 2OOO), ChurchiII Livingsone, ISBN:
O443O7593X,
MoIecuIar EpIdemIoIogy oI InIectIous Iseases by R. C. Andrev
Thompson, Hardcover 32 pages, 1s ediion (Ocober 15, 2OOO), dvard
ArnoId, ISBN: O34O759O97,
PathoIogy and PathogenesIs oI Human \IraI Isease by ]ohn .
Craighead, Hardcover 447 pages, 1s ediion (March 15, 2OOO), Academic
Press, ISBN: O121951OX,
PrIncIpIes and PractIce oI CIInIcaI \IroIogy, 4th EdItIon by Arie ].
Zuckerman (dior), e aI, Hardcover 8OO pages, 4h ediion (December
13, 1999), ]ohn WiIey & Sons, ISBN: O4719734O8,
RIckettsIaI InIectIon and ImmunIty (InIectIous Agents and
PathogenesIs) by Bur Anderson (dior), e aI, Hardcover (Augus 1997),
PIenum PubIishing Corp., ISBN: O3O455285,
\IraI InIectIons oI Humans : EpIdemIoIogy and ControI by AIIred S.
vans (dior), Richard A. KasIov (dior), Hardcover 1O78 pages, 4h
ediion (]anuary 15, 1997), PIenum PubIishing Corp., ISBN: O3O44855,
\ocabuIary BuIIder
CarnItIne: Consiuen oI sriaed muscIe and Iiver. I is used herapeuicaIIy
o simuIae gasric and pancreaic secreions and in he reamen oI
hyperIipoproeinemias. [NIH|
Disseraions 117
CHAPTER10. ISSERTATIOMS OM THE COMMOM COL
OvervIev
\niversiy researchers are acive in sudying aImos aII knovn diseases. The
resuI oI research is oIen pubIished in he Iorm oI DocoraI or Maser s
disseraions. You shouId undersand, hereIore, ha appIied diagnosic
procedures andor herapies can ake many years o deveIop aIer he hesis
ha proposed he nev echnique or approach vas vrien.
In his chaper, ve viII give you a bibIiography on recen disseraions
reIaing o he common coId. You can read abou hese in more deaiI using
he Inerne or your IocaI medicaI Iibrary. We viII aIso provide you vih
inIormaion on hov o use he Inerne o say curren on disseraions.
IssertatIons on the Common CoId
- --- is he Iarges archive oI academic disseraions
avaiIabIe. Irom his archive, ve have compiIed he IoIIoving Iis covering
disseraions devoed o he common coId. You viII see ha he inIormaion
provided incIudes he disseraion s iIe, is auhor, and he auhor s
insiuion. To read more abou he IoIIoving, simpIy use he Inerne
address indicaed. The IoIIoving covers recen disseraions deaIing vih he
common coId:
The EIIect oI InIormaI IssemInatIon oI HeaIth InIormatIon about the
Common CoId by Boven, Rober OrviIIe, Hsd Irom Indiana \niversiy,
1971, 135 pages
hp:vvvIib.umi.comdisseraionsIuIIci72O9738
The Common CoId 118
KeepIng Current
As previousIy menioned, an eIIecive vay o say curren on disseraions
dedicaed o he common coId is o use he daabase caIIed -
--- via he Inerne, Iocaed a he IoIIoving Web address:
http://vvvIIb.umI.com/dIssertatIons. The sie aIIovs you o IreeIy access
he Ias vo years oI ciaions and absracs. Ask your medicaI Iibrarian iI he
Iibrary has IuII and unIimied access o his daabase. Irom he Iibrary, you
shouId be abIe o do more compIee searches han vih he Iimied 2year
access avaiIabIe o he generaI pubIic.
119
PART III. APPEMICES
ABOUT PART III
Par III is a coIIecion oI appendices on generaI medicaI opics vhich may be
oI ineres o paiens vih he common coId and reIaed condiions.
Researching Your Medicaions 121
APPEMIX A. RESEARCHIMC YOUR MEICATIOMS
OvervIev
There are a number oI sources avaiIabIe on nev or exising medicaions
vhich couId be prescribed o paiens vih he common coId. WhiIe a
number oI hard copy or CDRom resources are avaiIabIe o paiens and
physicians Ior research purposes, a more IIexibIe mehod is o use Inerne
based daabases. In his chaper, ve viII begin vih a generaI overviev oI
medicaions. We viII hen proceed o ouIine oIIiciaI recommendaions on
hov you shouId viev your medicaions. You may aIso van o research
medicaions ha you are currenIy aking Ior oher condiions as hey may
inerac vih medicaions Ior he common coId. Research can give you
inIormaion on he side eIIecs, ineracions, and Iimiaions oI prescripion
drugs used in he reamen oI he common coId. BroadIy speaking, here are
vo sources oI inIormaion on approved medicaions: pubIic sources and
privae sources. We viII emphasize Ireeouse pubIic sources.
The Common CoId 122
Your MedIcatIons: The BasIcs
40
The Agency Ior HeaIh Care Research and QuaIiy has pubIished exremeIy
useIuI guideIines on hov you can bes paricipae in he medicaion aspecs
oI he common coId. Taking medicines is no aIvays as simpIe as svaIIoving
a piII. I can invoIve many seps and decisions each day. The AHCRQ
recommends ha paiens vih he common coId ake par in reamen
decisions. Do no be aIraid o ask quesions and aIk abou your concerns. By
aking a momen o ask quesions earIy, you may avoid probIems Iaer. Here
are some poins o cover each ime a nev medicine is prescribed:
Ask abou aII pars oI your reamen, incIuding die changes, exercise,
and medicines.
Ask abou he risks and beneIis oI each medicine or oher reamen you
migh receive.
Ask hov oIen you or your docor viII check Ior side eIIecs Irom a given
medicaion.
Do no hesiae o ask vha is imporan o you abou your medicines. You
may van a medicine vih he Ieves side eIIecs, or he Ieves doses o ake
each day. You may care mos abou cos, or hov he medicine migh aIIec
hov you Iive or vork. Or, you may van he medicine your docor beIieves
viII vork he bes. TeIIing your docor viII heIp him or her seIec he bes
reamen Ior you.
Do no be aIraid o boher your docor vih your concerns and quesions
abou medicaions Ior he common coId. You can aIso aIk o a nurse or a
pharmacis. They can heIp you beer undersand your reamen pIan. IeeI
Iree o bring a Iriend or IamiIy member vih you vhen you visi your docor.
TaIking over your opions vih someone you rus can heIp you make beer
choices, especiaIIy iI you are no IeeIing veII. SpeciIicaIIy, ask your docor
he IoIIoving:
The name oI he medicine and vha i is supposed o do.
Hov and vhen o ake he medicine, hov much o ake, and Ior hov
Iong.
Wha Iood, drinks, oher medicines, or aciviies you shouId avoid vhiIe
aking he medicine.
Wha side eIIecs he medicine may have, and vha o do iI hey occur.
II you can ge a reIiII, and hov oIen.
4O
This secion is adaped Irom AHCRQ: http://vvv.ahcpr.gov/consumer/ncpIebro.htm.
Abou any erms or direcions you do no undersand.
Wha o do iI you miss a dose.
II here is vrien inIormaion you can ake home (mos pharmacies have
inIormaion shees on your prescripion medicines, some even oIIer
Iargeprin or Spanish versions).
Do no Iorge o eII your docor abou aII he medicines you are currenIy
aking (no [us hose Ior he common coId). This incIudes prescripion
medicines and he medicines ha you buy over he couner. Then your
docor can avoid giving you a nev medicine ha may no vork veII vih
he medicaions you ake nov. When aIking o your docor, you may vish
o prepare a Iis oI medicines you currenIy ake, he reason you ake hem,
and hov you ake hem. Be sure o incIude he IoIIoving inIormaion Ior
each:
Name oI medicine
Reason aken
Dosage
Time(s) oI day
AIso incIude any overhecouner medicines, such as:
Laxaives
Die piIIs
Viamins
CoId medicine
Aspirin or oher pain, headache, or Iever medicine
Cough medicine
AIIergy reIieI medicine
Anacids
SIeeping piIIs
Ohers (incIude names)
LearnIng More about Your MedIcatIons
Because oI hisoricaI invesmens by various organizaions and he
emergence oI he Inerne, i has become raher simpIe o Iearn abou he
The Common CoId 124
medicaions your docor has recommended Ior he common coId. One such
source is he \nied Saes Pharmacopeia. In 182O, eIeven physicians me in
Washingon, D.C. o esabIish he Iirs compendium oI sandard drugs Ior
he \nied Saes. They caIIed his compendium he \.S. Pharmacopeia
(\SP). Today, he \SP is a nonproIi organizaion consising oI 8OO
voIuneer scieniss, eIeven eIeced oIIiciaIs, and 4OO represenaives oI sae
associaions and coIIeges oI medicine and pharmacy. The \SP is Iocaed in
RockviIIe, MaryIand, and is home page is Iocaed a vvv.usp.org. The \SP
currenIy provides sandards Ior over 3,7OO medicaions. The resuIing \SP
DI Advice Ior he Paien can be accessed hrough he NaionaI Library oI
Medicine oI he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh. The daabase is pariaIIy
derived Irom Iiss oI IederaIIy approved medicaions in he Iood and Drug
Adminisraion s (IDA) Drug ApprovaIs daabase.
41
WhiIe he IDA daabase is raher Iarge and diIIicuI o navigae, he
Phamacopeia is boh userIriendIy and Iree o use. I covers more han 9,OOO
prescripion and overhecouner medicaions. To access his daabase,
simpIy ype he IoIIoving hyperIink ino your Web brovser:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/drugInIormatIon.htmI. To viev
exampIes oI a given medicaion (brand names, caegory, descripion,
preparaion, proper use, precauions, side eIIecs, ec.), simpIy IoIIov he
hyperIinks indicaed vihin he \nied Saes Pharmacopoeia (\SP). I is
imporan o read he discIaimer by he \SP
(http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/drugdIscIaImer.htmI) beIore using
he inIormaion provided.
OI course, ve as ediors canno be cerain as o vha medicaions you are
aking. ThereIore, ve have compiIed a Iis oI medicaions associaed vih he
reamen oI he common coId. Once again, due o space Iimiaions, ve onIy
Iis a sampIe oI medicaions and provide hyperIinks o ampIe documenaion
(e.g. ypicaI dosage, side eIIecs, drugineracion risks, ec.). The IoIIoving
drugs have been menioned in he Pharmacopeia and oher sources as being
poeniaIIy appIicabIe o he common coId:
AcycIovIr
SystemIc U.S. Brands: Zovirax
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoacycIovirsysem
ic2O2OO8.hmI
41
Though cumbersome, he IDA daabase can be IreeIy brovsed a he IoIIoving sie:
vvv.Ida.gov/cder/da/da.htm.
AnesthetIcs
entaI U.S. Brands: AnbesoI Maximum Srengh CeI, AnbesoI
Maximum Srengh Liquid, AnbesoI ReguIar Srengh CeI, AnbesoI
ReguIar Srengh Liquid, AnbesoI, Baby, Benzoden, ChIorasepic
Lozenges, ChIorasepic Lozenges, ChiIdren's, Denapaine, Den
ZeIIe, Hurricaine, Numzi
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoanesheicsden
aI2O2O38.hmI
OphthaImIc U.S. Brands: AkTaine, AkTCaine, AIcaine, Ocu
Caine, Ophhaine, Ophheic, Opicaine, Ponocaine, SpecroCaine
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoanesheicsoph
haImic2O2O39.hmI
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoanidyskineicss
ysemic2O2O57.hmI
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIobeaadrenergicb
Iockingagensop2O254.hmI
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoeryhromycino
picaI2O2221.hmI
ParenteraILocaI U.S. Brands: Carbocaine, Carbocaine vih Neo
CobeIrin, Chirocaine, Cianes Iore, Cianes PIain, DaIcaine,
DiIocaine, Duranes, DuranesMPI, Isocaine, LCaine, Lido[ec1,
Lido[ec2, Marcaine, Marcaine SpinaI, Nesacaine, NesacaineMPI,
Novocain, Ococaine, PoIoc
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoanesheicspare
neraIIocaI2O2O4O.hmI
RectaI U.S. Brands: Americaine HemorrhoidaI, IIee ReIieI,
NupercainaI, Ponocaine Cream+, Ponocaine Oinmen,
ProcoIoamnonseroid, TronoIane, Tronohane
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoanesheicsrecaI
2O2O41.hmI
The Common CoId 126
TopIcaI U.S. Brands: AImay Aniich Loion, Americaine TopicaI
Anesheic Iirs Aid Oinmen, Americaine TopicaI Anesheic
Spray, Buesin Picrae, DermaIIex, DermopIas, LagoI, NupercainaI
Cream, NupercainaI Oinmen, Ponocaine Cream, Ponocaine
Oinmen, PramegeI, Prax,
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoanesheicsopic
aI2O2O42.hmI
AntIhIstamInes
SystemIc U.S. Brands: AIIerChIor, AIIerMax CapIes, AIIermed,
Aarax, Banophen, Banophen CapIes, BenadryI, BenadryI AIIergy,
Bromphen, CaIm X, ChIoAmine, ChIorae, ChIorTrimeon, ChIor
Trimeon AIIergy, ChIorTrimeon Repeabs, CIariin, CIariin
Rediabs, Compoz, Cona
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoanihisaminess
ysemic2O2OO.hmI
AntIhIstamInes, econgestants, and AnaIgesIcs
SystemIc U.S. Brands: AcIophen, AciIed CoId & Sinus, AciIed
CoId & Sinus CapIes, AciIed Sinus Nighime, AciIed Sinus
Nighime CapIes, AIkaSeIzer PIus AIIergy Medicine LiquiCeIs,
AIkaSeIzer PIus CoId Medicine, AIkaSeIzer PIus CoId Medicine
LiquiCeIs, AIIeres
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoanihisaminesd
econgesansand2O2O2.hmI
AscorbIc AcId (\ItamIn C)
SystemIc U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap, Cecon, Cee5OO, CemiII,
CenoIae, Ceane, CeviBid, IIavorcee, OrhoCS, Sunkis
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoascorbicacidvia
mincsysemic2O2O71.hmI
extromethorphan
SystemIc U.S. Brands: CoughX, CreoTerpin, TrocaI
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIodexromehorph
ansysemic2O2187.hmI
Foscarnet
SystemIc U.S. Brands: Ioscavir
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoIoscarnesysem
ic2O217.hmI
CancIcIovIr
SystemIc U.S. Brands: Cyovene, CyoveneIV
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIogancicIovirsyse
mic2O2255.hmI
CuaIIenesIn
SystemIc U.S. Brands: AniTuss, Breonesin, Ienesin, CeeCee,
Cenauss, CIycouss, CIyuss, Cuiauss, HaIoussin, Hyuss,
Hyuss2X, Pneumomis, Robiussin, SinumisSR, \niussin
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoguaiIenesinsys
emic2O227O.hmI
InIIuenza \Irus \accIne
SystemIc U.S. Brands: IIuShieId, IIuvirin, IIuzone
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoinIIuenzavirusv
accinesysemic2O2297.hmI
IpratropIum
MasaI U.S. Brands: Aroven
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoipraropiumnas
aI2O2713.hmI
Mumps \Irus \accIne LIve
SystemIc U.S. Brands: Mumpsvax
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIomumpsvirusvac
cineIivesysemic2O2382.hmI
OxymetazoIIne
SystemIc U.S. Brands:
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIomumpsvirusvac
cineIivesysemic2O2382.hmI
PseudoephedrIne
SystemIc U.S. Brands: CenaIed, DecoIed, Iidac, Cenaphed,
MyIedrine, SudaIed
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIopseudoephedrin
esysemic2O2489.hmI
The Common CoId 128
RIbavIrIn
SystemIc U.S. Brands: VirazoIe
hp:vvv.nIm.nih.govmedIinepIusdruginIoribavirinsysemi
c2O25O9.hmI
CommercIaI atabases
In addiion o he medicaions Iised in he \SP above, a number oI
commerciaI sies are avaiIabIe by subscripion o physicians and heir
insiuions. You may be abIe o access hese sources Irom your IocaI medicaI
Iibrary or your docor s oIIice.
Reuters HeaIth rug atabase
The Reuers HeaIh Drug Daabase can be searched by keyvord a he
hyperIink: http://vvv.reutersheaIth.com/Irame2/drug.htmI. The IoIIoving
medicaions are Iised in he Reuers daabase as associaed vih he
common coId (incIuding hose vih conraindicaions):
42
BromphenIramIne MaIeate
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIBrompheniramine_MaIeae.
hm
ChIorphenIramIne MaIeate
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIChIorpheniramine_MaIeae.
hm
CIemastIne Fumarate
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmICIemasine_Iumarae.hm
CyproheptadIne HCI
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmICyprohepadine_HCI.hm
eIavIrdIne MesyIate
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIDeIavirdine_MesyIae.hm
esmopressIn Acetate (1eamIno8ArgInIne \asopressIn)
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIDesmopressin_Aceae_(1
Deamino8DArginine_Vasopressin).hm
IphenhydramIne HCI
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIDiphenhydramine_HCI.hm
42
Adaped Irom - by Iacs and Comparisons.
IphtherIa Tetanus ToxoIds AceIIuIar PertussIs \accIne (TaP)
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIDiphheria_Teanus_Toxoid
s_AceIIuIar_Perussis_Vaccine_(DTaP).hm
IphtherIa Tetanus ToxoIds WhoIeCeII PertussIs \accIne (TvP)
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIDiphheria_Teanus_Toxoid
s_WhoIeCeII_Perussis_Vaccine_(DTvP).hm
IpyrIdamoIe AspIrIn
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIDipyridamoIe_Aspirin.hm
Eprosartan MesyIate
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIprosaran_MesyIae.hm
FIuvastatIn
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIIIuvasain.hm
FIuvoxamIne MaIeate
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIIIuvoxamine_MaIeae.hm
HepatItIs B \accIne
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIHepaiis_B_Vaccine.hm
InterIeron AIIaconI
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIInerIeron_AIIaconI.hm
IpratropIum BromIde
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIIpraropium_Bromide.hm
IpratropIum BromIde AIbuteroI SuIIate
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIIpraropium_Bromide_AIbu
eroI_SuIIae.hm
KetoproIen
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIKeoproIen.hm
LevonorgestreI
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmILevonorgesreI.hm
Maproxen
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmINaproxen.hm
MategIInIde
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmINaegIinide.hm
OIsaIazIne SodIum
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIOIsaIazine_Sodium.hm
OmeprazoIe
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIOmeprazoIe.hm
The Common CoId 130
PamIdronate IsodIum
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIPamidronae_Disodium.hm
PerIndoprII ErbumIne
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIPerindopriI_rbumine.hm
PravastatIn SodIum
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIPravasain_Sodium.hm
PromethazIne HCI
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIPromehazine_HCI.hm
RIsperIdone
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmIRisperidone.hm
TrIproIIdIne HCI
hp:vvv.reuersheaIh.comaozhmITriproIidine_HCI.hm
Mosby s CenRx
Mosby s CenRx daabase (aIso avaiIabIe on CDRom and book Iorma)
covers 45,OOO drug producs incIuding generics and inernaionaI brands. I
provides prescribing inIormaion, drug ineracions, and paien inIormaion.
InIormaion can be obained a he IoIIoving hyperIink:
http://vvv.genrx.com/Mosby/PhyCenRx/group.htmI.
PhysIcIans esk ReIerence
The Physicians Desk ReIerence daabase (aIso avaiIabIe in CDRom and book
Iorma) is a IuIIex drug daabase. The daabase is searchabIe by brand
name, generic name or by indicaion. I Ieaures muIipIe drug ineracions
repors. InIormaion can be obained a he IoIIoving hyperIink:
http://physIcIan.pdr.net/physIcIan/tempIates/en/acI/psuser_t.htm.
Other Web SItes
A number oI addiionaI Web sies discuss drug inIormaion. As an exampIe,
you may Iike o Iook a vvv.drugs.com vhich reproduces he inIormaion
in he Pharmacopeia as veII as commerciaI inIormaion. You may aIso van
o consider he Web sie oI he MedicaI Leer, Inc. vhich aIIovs users o
dovnIoad aricIes on various drugs and herapeuics Ior a nominaI Iee:
http://vvv.medIetter.com/.
ContraIndIcatIons and InteractIons (HIdden angers)
Some oI he medicaions menioned in he previous discussions can be
probIemaic Ior paiens vih he common coIdno because hey are used in
he reamen process, bu because oI conraindicaions, or side eIIecs.
Medicaions vih conraindicaions are hose ha couId reac vih drugs
used o rea he common coId or poeniaIIy creae deIeerious side eIIecs in
paiens vih he common coId. You shouId ask your physician abou any
conraindicaions, especiaIIy as hese migh appIy o oher medicaions ha
you may be aking Ior common aiImens.
Drugdrug ineracions occur vhen vo or more drugs reac vih each oher.
This drugdrug ineracion may cause you o experience an unexpeced side
eIIec. Drug ineracions may make your medicaions Iess eIIecive, cause
unexpeced side eIIecs, or increase he acion oI a paricuIar drug. Some
drug ineracions can even be harmIuI o you.
Be sure o read he IabeI every ime you use a nonprescripion or
prescripion drug, and ake he ime o Iearn abou drug ineracions. These
precauions may be criicaI o your heaIh. You can reduce he risk oI
poeniaIIy harmIuI drug ineracions and side eIIecs vih a IiIe bi oI
knovIedge and common sense.
Drug IabeIs conain imporan inIormaion abou ingrediens, uses,
varnings, and direcions vhich you shouId ake he ime o read and
undersand. LabeIs aIso incIude varnings abou possibIe drug ineracions.
Iurher, drug IabeIs may change as nev inIormaion becomes avaiIabIe. This
is vhy i s especiaIIy imporan o read he IabeI every ime you use a
medicaion. When your docor prescribes a nev drug, discuss aII overhe
couner and prescripion medicaions, dieary suppIemens, viamins,
boanicaIs, mineraIs and herbaIs you ake as veII as he Ioods you ea. Ask
your pharmacis Ior he package inser Ior each prescripion drug you ake.
The package inser provides more inIormaion abou poeniaI drug
ineracions.
A FInaI WarnIng
A some poin, you may hear oI aIernaive medicaions Irom Iriends,
reIaives, or in he nevs media. Adverisemens may sugges ha cerain
aIernaive drugs can produce posiive resuIs Ior paiens vih he common
coId. xercise cauionsome oI hese drugs may have IrauduIen cIaims, and
The Common CoId 132
ohers may acuaIIy hur you. The Iood and Drug Adminisraion (IDA) is
he oIIiciaI \.S. agency charged vih discovering vhich medicaions are
IikeIy o improve he heaIh oI paiens vih he common coId. The IDA
varns paiens o vach ou Ior
43
:
Secre IormuIas (reaI scieniss share vha hey knov)
Amazing breakhroughs or miracIe cures (reaI breakhroughs don
happen very oIen, vhen hey do, reaI scieniss do no caII hem amazing
or miracIes)
Quick, painIess, or guaraneed cures
II i sounds oo good o be rue, i probabIy isn rue.
II you have any quesions abou any kind oI medicaI reamen, he IDA
may have an oIIice near you. Look Ior heir number in he bIue pages oI he
phone book. You can aIso conac he IDA hrough is oIIIree number, 1
888INIOIDA (188843332), or on he WorId Wide Web a
vvv.Ida.gov.
CeneraI ReIerences
In addiion o he resources provided earIier in his chaper, he IoIIoving
generaI reIerences describe medicaions (sored aIphabeicaIIy by iIe,
hyperIinks provide rankings, inIormaion and revievs a Amazon.com):
AntIvIraI Therapy by . BIair (dior), e aI, Paperback 11 pages, 1s
ediion (May 15, 1998), Springer VerIag, ISBN: O3879151O9,
rug InteractIons In InIectIous Iseases (InIectIous Isease) by Sephen
C. PiscieIIi (dior), e aI, Hardcover 372 pages (Sepember 2OOO),
Humana Press, ISBN: O89O375O9,
Management oI AntImIcrobIaIs In InIectIous Iseases: Impact oI
AntIbIotIc ResIstance by Arch C. Mainous, Ph.D. (dior), e aI, Hardcover
35O pages, 1s ediion (]anuary 15, 2OO1), Humana Press, ISBN:
O89O38211,
ManuaI oI AntIbIotIcs and InIectIous Iseases: Treatment and
PreventIon by ]ohn . Cone, Paperback 755 pages, 9h ediion (December
43
This secion has been adaped Irom http://vvv.Ida.gov/opacom/IovIIt/medIraud.htmI.
15, 2OO1), Lippinco, WiIIiams & WiIkins PubIishers, ISBN: O78172317,
\ocabuIary BuIIder
AcycIovIr: IuncionaI anaIog oI he nucIeoside guanosine. I acs as an
animeaboIie, especiaIIy in viruses. I is used as an aniviraI agen,
especiaIIy in herpes inIecions. [NIH|
AIbuteroI: A racemic mixure vih a 1:1 raio oI he risomer, IevaIbueroI,
and saIbueroI. I is a shoracing bea2adrenergic agonis vih is main
cIinicaI use in ashma. [NIH|
AnesthetIcs: Agens ha are capabIe oI inducing a oaI or pariaI Ioss oI
sensaion, especiaIIy aciIe sensaion and pain. They may ac o induce
generaI aneshesia, in vhich an unconscious sae is achieved, or may ac
IocaIIy o induce numbness or Iack oI sensaion a a argeed sie. [NIH|
ArgInIne: An esseniaI amino acid ha is physioIogicaIIy acive in he L
Iorm. [NIH|
Foscarnet: An aniviraI agen used in he reamen oI cyomegaIovirus
reiniis. Ioscarne aIso shovs aciviy agains human herpesviruses and
HIV. [NIH|
CancIcIovIr: AcycIovir anaIog ha is a poen inhibior oI he Herpesvirus
IamiIy incIuding cyomegaIovirus. CancicIovir is used o rea compIicaions
Irom AIDSassociaed cyomegaIovirus inIecions. [NIH|
CeIs: CoIIoids vih a soIid coninuous phase and Iiquid as he dispersed
phase, geIs may be unsabIe vhen, due o emperaure or oher cause, he
soIid phase IiquiIies, he resuIing coIIoid is caIIed a soI. [NIH|
IpratropIum: A muscarinic anagonis srucuraIIy reIaed o aropine bu
oIen considered saIer and more eIIecive Ior inhaIaion use. I is used Ior
various bronchiaI disorders, in rhiniis, and as an aniarrhyhmic. [NIH|
KetoproIen: An ibuproIenype aniinIIammaory anaIgesic and
anipyreic. I is used in he reamen oI rheumaoid arhriis and
oseoarhriis. [NIH|
OphthaImIc: Peraining o he eye. [\|
ParenteraI: No hrough he aIimenary canaI bu raher by in[ecion hrough
some oher roue, as subcuaneous, inramuscuIar, inraorbiaI, inracapsuIar,
inraspinaI, inrasernaI, inravenous, ec. [\|
The Common CoId 134
RectaI: Peraining o he recum (= disaI porion oI he Iarge inesine). [\|
RIbavIrIn: 1beaDRiboIuranosyI1H1,2,4riazoIe3carboxamide. A
nucIeoside animeaboIie aniviraI agen ha bIocks nucIeic acid synhesis
and is used agains boh RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH|
RIsperIdone: A seIecive bIocker oI dopamine D2 and seroonin5HT2
recepors ha acs as an aypicaI anipsychoic agen. I has been shovn o
improve boh posiive and negaive sympoms in he reamen oI
schizophrenia. [NIH|
SteroId: A group name Ior Iipids ha conain a hydrogenaed
cycIopenanoperhydrophenanhrene ring sysem. Some oI he subsances
incIuded in his group are progeserone, adrenocoricaI hormones, he
gonadaI hormones, cardiac agIycones, biIe acids, seroIs (such as choIeseroI),
oad poisons, saponins, and some oI he carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [\|
ToxoIds: Preparaions oI pahogenic organisms or heir derivaives made
nonoxic and inended Ior acive immunoIogic prophyIaxis. They incIude
deacivaed oxins. [NIH|
Researching AIernaive Medicine 135
APPEMIX B. RESEARCHIMC ALTERMATI\E MEICIME
OvervIev
CompIemenary and aIernaive medicine (CAM) is one oI he mos
conenious aspecs oI modern medicaI pracice. You may have heard oI
hese reamens on he radio or on eIevision. Maybe you have seen aricIes
vrien abou hese reamens in magazines, nevspapers, or books. Perhaps
your Iriends or docor have menioned aIernaives.
In his chaper, ve viII begin by giving you a broad perspecive on
compIemenary and aIernaive herapies. Nex, ve viII inroduce you o
oIIiciaI inIormaion sources on CAM reIaing o he common coId. IinaIIy, a
he concIusion oI his chaper, ve viII provide a Iis oI readings on he
common coId Irom various auhors. We viII begin, hovever, vih he
NaionaI Cener Ior CompIemenary and AIernaive Medicine s (NCCAM)
overviev oI compIemenary and aIernaive medicine.
What Is CAM7
44
CompIemenary and aIernaive medicine (CAM) covers a broad range oI
heaIing phiIosophies, approaches, and herapies. CeneraIIy, i is deIined as
hose reamens and heaIhcare pracices vhich are no augh in medicaI
schooIs, used in hospiaIs, or reimbursed by medicaI insurance companies.
Many CAM herapies are ermed hoIisic, vhich generaIIy means ha he
heaIhcare praciioner considers he vhoIe person, incIuding physicaI,
menaI, emoionaI, and spiriuaI heaIh. Some oI hese herapies are aIso
knovn as prevenive, vhich means ha he praciioner educaes and
44
Adaped Irom he NCCAM: http://nccam.nIh.gov/nccam/Icp/Iaq/Index.htmI*vhatIs.
The Common CoId 136
reas he person o preven heaIh probIems Irom arising, raher han
reaing sympoms aIer probIems have occurred.
PeopIe use CAM reamens and herapies in a variey oI vays. Therapies are
used aIone (oIen reIerred o as aIernaive), in combinaion vih oher
aIernaive herapies, or in addiion o convenionaI reamen (someimes
reIerred o as compIemenary). CompIemenary and aIernaive medicine, or
inegraive medicine, incIudes a broad range oI heaIing phiIosophies,
approaches, and herapies. Some approaches are consisen vih
physioIogicaI principIes oI Wesern medicine, vhiIe ohers consiue heaIing
sysems vih nonWesern origins. WhiIe some herapies are Iar ouside he
reaIm oI acceped Wesern medicaI heory and pracice, ohers are becoming
esabIished in mainsream medicine.
CompIemenary and aIernaive herapies are used in an eIIor o preven
iIIness, reduce sress, preven or reduce side eIIecs and sympoms, or
conroI or cure disease. Some commonIy used mehods oI compIemenary or
aIernaive herapy incIude mindbody conroI inervenions such as
visuaIizaion and reIaxaion, manuaI heaIing incIuding acupressure and
massage, homeopahy, viamins or herbaI producs, and acupuncure.
What Are the omaIns oI AIternatIve MedIcIne7
45
The Iis oI CAM pracices changes coninuaIIy. The reason being is ha hese
nev pracices and herapies are oIen proved o be saIe and eIIecive, and
hereIore become generaIIy acceped as mainsream heaIhcare pracices.
Today, CAM pracices may be grouped vihin Iive ma[or domains: (1)
aIernaive medicaI sysems, (2) mindbody inervenions, (3) bioIogicaIIy
based reamens, (4) manipuIaive and bodybased mehods, and (5) energy
herapies. The individuaI sysems and reamens comprising hese
caegories are oo numerous o Iis in his sourcebook. Thus, onIy Iimied
exampIes are provided vihin each.
AIternatIve MedIcaI Systems
AIernaive medicaI sysems invoIve compIee sysems oI heory and pracice
ha have evoIved independen oI, and oIen prior o, convenionaI
biomedicaI approaches. Many are radiionaI sysems oI medicine ha are
45
Adaped Irom he NCCAM: http://nccam.nIh.gov/nccam/Icp/cIassIIy/Index.htmI.
praciced by individuaI cuIures hroughou he vorId, incIuding a number
oI venerabIe Asian approaches.
TradiionaI orienaI medicine emphasizes he baIance or disurbances oI qi
(pronounced chi) or viaI energy in heaIh and disease, respeciveIy.
TradiionaI orienaI medicine consiss oI a group oI echniques and mehods
incIuding acupuncure, herbaI medicine, orienaI massage, and qi gong (a
Iorm oI energy herapy). Acupuncure invoIves simuIaing speciIic
anaomic poins in he body Ior herapeuic purposes, usuaIIy by puncuring
he skin vih a hin needIe.
Ayurveda is India s radiionaI sysem oI medicine. Ayurvedic medicine
(meaning science oI IiIe ) is a comprehensive sysem oI medicine ha
pIaces equaI emphasis on body, mind, and spiri. Ayurveda srives o resore
he innae harmony oI he individuaI. Some oI he primary Ayurvedic
reamens incIude die, exercise, mediaion, herbs, massage, exposure o
sunIigh, and conroIIed breahing.
Oher radiionaI heaIing sysems have been deveIoped by he vorId s
indigenous popuIaions. These popuIaions incIude Naive American,
AboriginaI, AIrican, MiddIe asern, Tibean, and CenraI and Souh
American cuIures. Homeopahy and nauropahy are aIso exampIes oI
compIee aIernaive medicine sysems.
Homeopahic medicine is an unconvenionaI Wesern sysem ha is based
on he principIe ha Iike cures Iike, i.e., ha he same subsance ha in
Iarge doses produces he sympoms oI an iIIness, in very minue doses cures
i. Homeopahic heaIh praciioners beIieve ha he more diIue he remedy,
he greaer is poency. ThereIore, hey use smaII doses oI speciaIIy prepared
pIan exracs and mineraIs o simuIae he body s deIense mechanisms and
heaIing processes in order o rea iIIness.
Nauropahic medicine is based on he heory ha disease is a maniIesaion
oI aIeraions in he processes by vhich he body nauraIIy heaIs iseII and
emphasizes heaIh resoraion raher han disease reamen. Nauropahic
physicians empIoy an array oI heaIing pracices, incIuding he IoIIoving:
die and cIinicaI nuriion, homeopahy, acupuncure, herbaI medicine,
hydroherapy (he use oI vaer in a range oI emperaures and mehods oI
appIicaions), spinaI and soIissue manipuIaion, physicaI herapies (such
as hose invoIving eIecricaI currens, uIrasound, and Iigh), herapeuic
counseIing, and pharmacoIogy.
The Common CoId 138
MIndBody InterventIons
Mindbody inervenions empIoy a variey oI echniques designed o
IaciIiae he mind s capaciy o aIIec bodiIy Iuncion and sympoms. OnIy a
seIec group oI mindbody inervenions having veIIdocumened heoreicaI
Ioundaions are considered CAM. Ior exampIe, paien educaion and
cogniivebehavioraI approaches are nov considered mainsream. On he
oher hand, compIemenary and aIernaive medicine incIudes mediaion,
cerain uses oI hypnosis, dance, music, and ar herapy, as veII as prayer and
menaI heaIing.
BIoIogIcaIBased TherapIes
This caegory oI CAM incIudes nauraI and bioIogicaIbased pracices,
inervenions, and producs, many oI vhich overIap vih convenionaI
medicine s use oI dieary suppIemens. This caegory incIudes herbaI, speciaI
dieary, orhomoIecuIar, and individuaI bioIogicaI herapies.
HerbaI herapy empIoys an individuaI herb or a mixure oI herbs Ior heaIing
purposes. An herb is a pIan or pIan par ha produces and conains
chemicaI subsances ha ac upon he body. SpeciaI die herapies, such as
hose proposed by Drs. Akins, Ornish, Priikin, and WeiI, are beIieved o
preven andor conroI iIIness as veII as promoe heaIh. OrhomoIecuIar
herapies aim o rea disease vih varying concenraions oI chemicaIs such
as magnesium, meIaonin, and megadoses oI viamins. BioIogicaI herapies
incIude, Ior exampIe, he use oI IaeriIe and shark cariIage o rea cancer
and he use oI bee poIIen o rea auoimmune and inIIammaory diseases.
ManIpuIatIve and BodyBased Methods
This caegory incIudes mehods ha are based on manipuIaion andor
movemen oI he body. Ior exampIe, chiropracors Iocus on he reIaionship
beveen srucure and Iuncion, primariIy peraining o he spine, and hov
ha reIaionship aIIecs he preservaion and resoraion oI heaIh.
Chiropracors use manipuIaive herapy as an inegraI reamen ooI.
In conras, oseopahs pIace paricuIar emphasis on he muscuIoskeIeaI
sysem and pracice oseopahic manipuIaion. Oseopahs beIieve ha aII oI
he body s sysems vork ogeher and ha disurbances in one sysem may
have an impac upon Iuncion eIsevhere in he body. Massage herapiss
manipuIae he soI issues oI he body o normaIize hose issues.
Energy TherapIes
nergy herapies Iocus on energy IieIds originaing vihin he body
(bioIieIds) or hose Irom oher sources (eIecromagneic IieIds). BioIieId
herapies are inended o aIIec energy IieIds (he exisence oI vhich is no
ye experimenaIIy proven) ha surround and penerae he human body.
Some Iorms oI energy herapy manipuIae bioIieIds by appIying pressure
andor manipuIaing he body by pIacing he hands in or hrough hese
IieIds. xampIes incIude Qi gong, Reiki and Therapeuic Touch.
Qi gong is a componen oI radiionaI orienaI medicine ha combines
movemen, mediaion, and reguIaion oI breahing o enhance he IIov oI
viaI energy (qi) in he body, improve bIood circuIaion, and enhance
immune Iuncion. Reiki, he ]apanese vord represening \niversaI LiIe
nergy, is based on he beIieI ha, by channeIing spiriuaI energy hrough
he praciioner, he spiri is heaIed and, in urn, heaIs he physicaI body.
Therapeuic Touch is derived Irom he ancien echnique oI Iayingon oI
hands. I is based on he premises ha he herapis s heaIing Iorce aIIecs
he paien s recovery and ha heaIing is promoed vhen he body s energies
are in baIance. By passing heir hands over he paien, hese heaIers ideniIy
energy imbaIances.
BioeIecromagneicbased herapies invoIve he unconvenionaI use oI
eIecromagneic IieIds o rea iIInesses or manage pain. These herapies are
oIen used o rea ashma, cancer, and migraine headaches. Types oI
eIecromagneic IieIds vhich are manipuIaed in hese herapies incIude
puIsed IieIds, magneic IieIds, and aIernaing curren or direc curren IieIds.
Can AIternatIves AIIect My Treatment7
A criicaI issue in pursuing compIemenary aIernaives menioned hus Iar
is he risk ha hese migh have undesirabIe ineracions vih your medicaI
reamen. I becomes aII he more imporan o speak vih your docor vho
can oIIer advice on he use oI aIernaives. OIIiciaI sources conIirm his viev.
Though vrien Ior vomen, ve Iind ha he NaionaI Women s HeaIh
InIormaion Cener s advice on pursuing aIernaive medicine is appropriae
Ior paiens oI boh genders and aII ages.
4
4
Adaped Irom http://vvv.4voman.gov/Iaq/aIternatIve.htm.
The Common CoId 140
Is It Okay to Want Both TradItIonaI and AIternatIve MedIcIne7
ShouId you vish o expIore nonradiionaI ypes oI reamen, be sure o
discuss aII issues concerning reamens and herapies vih your heaIhcare
provider, vheher a physician or praciioner oI compIemenary and
aIernaive medicine. Compeen heaIhcare managemen requires
knovIedge oI boh convenionaI and aIernaive herapies you are aking Ior
he praciioner o have a compIee picure oI your reamen pIan.
The decision o use compIemenary and aIernaive reamens is an
imporan one. Consider beIore seIecing an aIernaive herapy, he saIey
and eIIeciveness oI he herapy or reamen, he experise and quaIiIicaions
oI he heaIhcare praciioner, and he quaIiy oI deIivery. These opics
shouId be considered vhen seIecing any praciioner or herapy.
FIndIng CAM ReIerences on the Common CoId
Having read he previous discussion, you may be vondering vhich
compIemenary or aIernaive reamens migh be appropriae Ior he
common coId. Ior he remainder oI his chaper, ve viII direc you o a
number oI oIIiciaI sources vhich can assis you in researching sudies and
pubIicaions. Some oI hese aricIes are raher echnicaI, so some paience
may be required.
Ior a argeed search, The Combined HeaIh InIormaion Daabase is a
bibIiographic daabase produced by heaIhreIaed agencies oI he IederaI
Covernmen (mosIy Irom he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh). This daabase is
updaed Iour imes a year a he end oI ]anuary, ApriI, ]uIy, and Ocober.
Check he iIes, summaries, and avaiIabiIiy oI CAMreIaed inIormaion by
using he SimpIe Search opion a he IoIIoving Web sie:
http://chId.nIh.gov/sImpIe/sImpIe.htmI. In he drop box a he op, seIec
CompIemenary and AIernaive Medicine. Then ype he common coId
(or synonyms) in he second search box. We recommend ha you seIec 1OO
documens per page and o check he vhoIe records opions. The
IoIIoving vas exraced using his echnique:
EchInaIorce and Other EchInacea Fresh PIant PreparatIons In the
Treatment oI the Common CoId: A RandomIzed PIaceboControIIed
oubIeBIInd CIInIcaI TrIaI
Source: Phyomedicine. (1): 15. 1999.
Summary: This [ournaI aricIe describes a randomized, doubIebIind,
pIaceboconroIIed sudy invesigaing he eIIicacy and saIey oI
'chinacea purpurea' in he reamen oI he common coId. HeaIhy aduI
voIuneers (n=559) vere insruced o ake one oI Iour randomIy assigned
medicaions a he Iirs sympom oI a coId: chinaIorce ('chinacea
purpurea' preparaion based on 95 percen herb and 5 percen roo), he
same preparaion a 7 imes higher concenraion, a diIIeren 'chinacea
purpurea' exrac based on roo onIy, and pIacebo. A oaI oI 24
paricipans caugh a coId and ook heir medicine uniI hey IeI heaIhy
again bu no Ionger han 7 days. The main oucome measure vas he
reIaive reducion oI a compIain index deIined by 12 coId sympoms
assessed by a physician. The resuIs shoved ha chinaIorce and is
concenraed preparaion vere signiIicanIy more eIIecive han he roo
based 'chinacea' exrac or pIacebo. AII reamens vere veII oIeraed,
and he Irequency oI adverse evens in he 'chinacea' groups vas no
signiIicanIy higher han ha in he conroI group. The auhors concIude
ha chinaIorce may represen a Iovrisk and eIIecive aIernaive o
sandard medicines Ior he sympomaic reamen oI he common coId.
The aricIe has 2 Iigures, 7 abIes, and 8 reIerences.
EIIIcacy and SaIety oI a FIxed CombInatIon PhytomedIcIne In the
Treatment oI the Common CoId (Acute \IraI RespIratory Tract
InIectIon): ResuIts oI a
Source: Curren MedicaI Research and Opinion. 15(3): 214227. 1999.
Summary: This [ournaI aricIe describes he eIIicacy and saIey oI a
combinaion phyomedicine in he reamen oI he common coId. A oaI
oI 23 aduI paiens vho vere seeing 1 oI 15 IamiIy docors Ior he
common coId vere randomIy assigned o receive eiher acive medicine
or pIacebo. Paiens assigned o medicine ook hree abIes oI a
commerciaIIy avaiIabIe herbaI remedy conaining 'Radix echinaceae,'
'Radix bapisiae,' and 'Herba hu[ae' hree imes a day Ior 7 o 9 days. AII
paiens documened daiIy he inensiy oI 18 coId sympoms, and
esimaed heir generaI veIIbeing. The severiy oI iIIness aIso vas raed
by a physician on days 4 and 8. The herbaI remedy vas signiIicanIy
beer han pIacebo on he primary eIIicacy parameers, he eIIec size
vas 2O. percen oI he sandard deviaion. Paiens vih a Ieas
moderae sympom inensiy a baseIine shoved response raes oI 55.3
percen in he herbaI remedy group and 27.3 percen in he pIacebo
The Common CoId 142
group. Paiens aking he herbaI remedy had an earIier response and
more rapid improvemen on aII sympoms han hose aking pIacebo. The
eIIicacy oI he herbaI remedy vas mos prominen in he subgroup oI
paiens vho sared herapy a an earIy phase oI he coId. There vere no
serious adverse evens. The auhors concIude ha he herbaI remedy
appears o be a saIe and eIIecive herapy Ior he common coId. The
aricIe has 3 Iigures, 7 abIes, and 27 reIerences.
HomeBased TherapIes Ior the Common CoId Among European
AmerIcan and EthnIc MInorIty FamIIIes: The InterIace Betveen
AIternatIve/CompIementary and FoIk MedIcIne
Source: Archives oI Pediaric and AdoIescen Medicine. 152: 1O831O88.
November 1998.
Summary: This [ournaI aricIe presens a sudy oI he homebased
herapies ha parens Irom diverse ehnocuIuraI backgrounds use o
rea he common coId in heir chiIdren. Daa vere coIIeced hrough
inervievs vih mohers oI chiIdren seen Ior care a one oI hree heaIh
care ceners in he HarIord, Connecicu, area. The sampIe incIuded 85
uropean American, 8 AIrican American, 1O8 Puero Rican, and 2O Wes
IndianCaribbean mohers. The mean number oI home herapies used Ior
coIds did no diIIer across ehnocuIuraI group aIer conroIIing Ior
maernaI age, educaion, insurance saus, and number oI chiIdren.
Anipyreics and misceIIaneous overhecouner medicaions vere
commonIy used by aII mohers. Oher home herapies vere used in
varying degrees in diIIeren ehnocuIuraI groups. In generaI, uropean
mohers used IIuids, moisure, and hea, AIrican American mohers used
chicken soup, camphor rubs, and eas, Puero Rican mohers used
camphor rubs, chicken soup, and oher IIuids, and Wes Indian
Caribbean mohers used herbaI and min eas, camphor rubs, and chicken
soup. Very Iev oI he home herapies vere ideniIied as poeniaIIy
hazardous iI used in moderaion. The auhors concIude ha homebased
remedies Ior chiIdren's coIds are commonIy used, and ha many oI he
reamens are compIemenary o biomedicaI reamen. The aricIe has 1
Iigure, 4 abIes, and 15 reIerences.
EchInagard Treatment Shortens the Course oI the Common CoId: A
oubIeBIInd, PIaceboControIIed CIInIcaI TrIaI
Source: uropean ]ournaI oI CIinicaI Research. 92128. 1997.
Summary: This [ournaI aricIe describes a randomized, doubIebIind,
pIaceboconroIIed cIinicaI riaI oI chinagard (an echinacea produc) Ior
he common coId. Men and vomen vih a hisory oI recurren upper
airvay inIecions vere recruied Irom a Iurniure Iacory. One hundred
veny empIoyees vih iniiaI sympoms oI an acue, uncompIicaed
upper airvay inIecion vere randomIy assigned o ake chinagard or
pIacebo a a dose oI 2O drops every 2 hours Ior he Iirs day and 3 imes
daiIy hereaIer Ior up o 1O days. The primary oucome measures vere
seIIrepored inensiy oI iIIness, ime o improvemen, and ime o
cessaion oI reamen. Iory percen oI he chinagard group and O
percen oI he pIacebo group repored hey had experienced a reaI (IuIIy
expressed) coId. Time o improvemen vas signiIicanIy shorer in he
chinagard group (median oI O days) han he pIacebo group (median oI
5 days). In paiens vih a reaI coId, he median ime o improvemen vas
4 days vih chinagard and 8 days vih pIacebo. chinagard paiens
sopped heir reamen due o improvemen aIer a median oI days,
compared vih 1O days Ior he pIacebo group. No speciIic adverse evens
vere repored, and he medicaions vere veII oIeraed in boh groups.
The auhors concIude ha chinagard may inhibi IuII expression and
promoe a more rapid recovery Irom he common coId. The aricIe has 2
Iigures, 4 abIes, and 13 reIerences.
PreventIon oI Common CoIds WIth 'AndrographIs panIcuIata' rIed
Extract: A PIIot oubIe BIInd TrIaI
Source: Phyomedicine. 4(2): 1O11O4. 1997.
Summary: This [ournaI aricIe describes a piIo sudy ino he possibiIiy
oI prevening he common coId vih Kan ]ang abIes made Irom
'Andrographis panicuIaa' dried exrac. The paricipans vere 1O7
heaIhy sudens a a pubIic schooI in he MeropoIian Region oI
Saniago, ChiIe, vho had no had a coId in he previous 2 o 3 veeks. The
sudens vere randomIy assigned o receive vo abIes per day oI Kan
]ang (n=54) or pIacebo (an inacive subsance) (n=53) Ior 3 monhs during
he viner season. They vere evaIuaed veekIy by a cIinician Ior he
presence or absence oI he common coId. During he Iirs 2 monhs, here
vas no diIIerence in he incidence oI common coIds beveen he vo
groups. During he hird monh, hovever, here vas a signiIican
decrease in he occurrence oI coIds in he Kan ]ang group compared vih
he pIacebo group. The oaI incidence oI coIds over he 3 monhs vas 3O
percen in he Kan ]ang group and 2 percen in he pIacebo group. The
reIaive risk oI caching a coId vas 2.1 imes Iover vih Kan ]ang han
vih pIacebo. The auhors concIude ha Kan ]ang may heIp proec
peopIe agains he common coId in he viner season. The mechanism Ior
his eIIec is unknovn, bu may be due o he presence oI
andrographoIide, vhich has been described as an immunosimuIan
agen. The aricIe has 4 abIes and 8 reIerences.
The Common CoId 144
EchInacea Ior the Common CoId
Source: AIernaive Medicine Ior Pharmaciss. 2(1): 12. Iebruary 2OOO.
Summary: This [ournaI aricIe brieIIy revievs he consiuens,
mechanism oI acion, hisory, cIinicaI evidence, and adminisraion oI
echinacea. chinacea has seven acive consiuens: poIysaccharides,
IIavonoids, caIIeic acid derivaives such as echinacoside, esseniaI oiIs,
poIyaceyIenes, and misceIIaneous chemicaIs. The mos imporan oI
hese are he poIysaccharides, incIuding inuIin. chinacea is used
primariIy as an immunosimuIan. Mos evidence Ior his use is Irom
animaI sudies, bu some vork in humans has been done. Researchers in
Cermany revieved 2 conroIIed riaIs conduced beIore 1994 ha
examined he immunomoduIaory aciviy oI echinacea. OI he 34 es
reamen groups, 22 vere [udged o shov ha echinacea vas eIIecive as
an immunomoduIaor primariIy in upper respiraory inIecions. The
reviev emphasized ha echinacea preparaions can vary greaIy in
amouns or conens oI acive ingrediens, depending on he pIan
maeriaI used and he mehod oI exracion. The aricIe has 4 reIerences.
MatIonaI Center Ior CompIementary and AIternatIve MedIcIne
The NaionaI Cener Ior CompIemenary and AIernaive Medicine
(NCCAM) oI he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh (http://nccam.nIh.gov) has
creaed a Iink o he NaionaI Library oI Medicine s daabases o aIIov
paiens o search Ior aricIes ha speciIicaIIy reIae o he common coId and
compIemenary medicine. To search he daabase, go o he IoIIoving Web
sie: vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.htmI. SeIec CAM on
PubMed. ner he common coId (or synonyms) ino he search box. CIick
Co. The IoIIoving reIerences provide inIormaion on paricuIar aspecs oI
compIemenary and aIernaive medicine (CAM) ha are reIaed o he
common coId:
"A bunch oI the boys vere vhoopIng It up". EchInacea Ior vhat aIIs ya.
Auhor(s): Mack RB.
Source: N C Med ]. 1998 ]uIyAugus, 59(4): 237. No Absrac AvaiIabIe.
Acute aromatIcs InhaIatIon modIIIes the aIrvays. EIIects oI the
common coId.
Auhor(s): Cohen BM, DressIer W.
Source: Respiraion, InernaionaI Reviev oI Thoracic Diseases. 1982,
43(4): 28593. No Absrac AvaiIabIe.
AscorbIc acId Ior the common coId. A prophyIactIc and therapeutIc
trIaI.
Auhor(s): KarIovski TR, ChaImers TC, IrenkeI LD, Kapikian AZ, Levis
TL, Lynch ]M.
Source: ]ama : he ]ournaI oI he American MedicaI Associaion. 1975
March 1O, 231(1O): 1O3842.
CaIIeIne and the common coId.
Auhor(s): Smih A, Thomas M, Perry K, Whiney H.
Source: ]ournaI oI PsychopharmacoIogy (OxIord, ngIand). 1997, 11(4):
31924.
ynamIcs oI stressreIated decrease oI saIIvary ImmunogIobuIIn A
(sIgA): reIatIonshIp to symptoms oI the common coId and studyIng
behavIor.
Auhor(s): Deinzer R, SchuIIer N.
Source: BehavioraI Medicine (Washingon, D.C.). 1998 Winer, 23(4): 11
9.
EIIect oI a specIIIc preparatIon oI ChInese herbs ("cIear the vay") on
duratIon and severIty oI the common coId.
Auhor(s): Audera C, PauIny RV, Sander BH, DougIas RM.
Source: The MedicaI ]ournaI oI AusraIia. 2OO1 Ocober 1, 175(7): 389. No
Absrac AvaiIabIe.
PubMed&Iis_uids=117OO823&dop=Absrac
EIIIcacy and saIety oI a IIxed combInatIon phytomedIcIne In the
treatment oI the common coId (acute vIraI respIratory tract InIectIon):
resuIts oI a randomIsed, doubIe bIInd, pIacebo controIIed, muItIcentre
study.
The Common CoId 146
Auhor(s): Henneickevon ZepeIin H, HenscheI C, Schniker ], Kohnen R,
KohIer C, Wusenberg P.
Source: Curren MedicaI Research and Opinion. 1999, 15(3): 21427.
EIIIcacy oI EchInacea purpurea In patIents vIth a common coId. A
pIacebocontroIIed, randomIsed, doubIebIInd cIInIcaI trIaI.
Auhor(s): SchuIen B, BuIia M, BaIIeringBruhI B, Koser \, SchaIer M.
Source: ArzneimieIIorschung. 2OO1, 51(7): 538.
FutIIIty and the common coId. Hov requests Ior antIbIotIcs can
IIIumInate care at the end oI IIIe.
Auhor(s): Prendergas T].
Source: Ches. 1995 March, 1O7(3): 8344.
Homebased therapIes Ior the common coId among European AmerIcan
and ethnIc mInorIty IamIIIes: the InterIace betveen
aIternatIve/compIementary and IoIk medIcIne.
Auhor(s): Pacher LM, Sumner T, Ionan A, Sneed M, Bernsein BA.
Source: Archives oI Pediarics & AdoIescen Medicine. 1998 November,
152(11): 1O838.
Megadose vItamIn C In treatment oI the common coId: a randomIsed
controIIed trIaI.
Auhor(s): Viea L, SaIi A, PaspaIiaris B, ReavIey N].
Source: The MedicaI ]ournaI oI AusraIia. 2OO2 March 18, 17(): 2989,
Discussion 299. No Absrac AvaiIabIe.
PubMed&Iis_uids=1199927O&dop=Absrac
MIcrovascuIar exudatIve hyperresponsIveness In human coronavIrus
Induced common coId.
Auhor(s): CreiII L, Andersson M, AkerIund A, WoIImer P, Svensson C,
AIkner \, Persson CC.
Source: Thorax. 1994 Iebruary, 49(2): 1217.
PubMed&Iis_uids=81284OO&dop=Absrac
OsteopathIc treatment oI the common coId. 1937.
Auhor(s): Becker AD.
Source: ] Am Oseopah Assoc. 2OO1 Augus, 1O1(8): 413. No Absrac
AvaiIabIe.
PsychoIogIcaI stress and the common coId: Cohen et aI. (1991).
Auhor(s): SoIomon CI.
Source: Advances in MindBody Medicine. 2OO1 Winer, 17(1): 348. No
Absrac AvaiIabIe.
PubMed&Iis_uids=1127OOO&dop=Absrac
ReguIar sauna bathIng and the IncIdence oI common coIds.
Auhor(s): rns , Pecho , Wirz P, Saradeh T.
Source: AnnaIs oI Medicine. 199O, 22(4): 2257.
and treatment oI the common coId. I.
Auhor(s): Regnier .
Source: Rev AIIergy. 198 Sepember, 22(9): 8354. No Absrac
AvaiIabIe.
and treatment oI the common coId. II.
Auhor(s): Regnier .
Source: Rev AIIergy. 198 Ocober, 22(1O): 9485. No Absrac AvaiIabIe.
The common coId and Its management.
Auhor(s): Lamy PP, Rokoviz II.
The Common CoId 148
Source: ] Am Pharm Assoc. 1972 November, 12(11): 5827. No Absrac
AvaiIabIe.
The WIsconsIn Upper RespIratory Symptom Survey (WURSS): a nev
research Instrument Ior assessIng the common coId.
Auhor(s): Barre B, Locken K, Maberry R, Schvamman ], Brovn R,
BobuIa ], SauIIacher A.
Source: The ]ournaI oI IamiIy Pracice. 2OO2 March, 51(3): 25.
UnanI ]oshandah drugs Ior common coId, catarrh, cough and assocIated
Ievers.
Auhor(s): Vohora SB.
Source: ]ournaI oI hnopharmacoIogy. 198 ]une, 1(23): 2O111.
Use oI vIsuaI anaIogue scaIe measurements (\AS) to asses the
eIIectIveness oI standardIzed AndrographIs panIcuIata extract SHA10
In reducIng the symptoms oI common coId. A randomIzed doubIe
bIIndpIacebo study.
Auhor(s): Caceres DD, Hancke ]L, Burgos RA, Sandberg I, Wikman CK.
Source: Phyomedicine : InernaionaI ]ournaI oI Phyoherapy and
PhyopharmacoIogy. 1999 Ocober, (4): 21723.
\ItamIn C as a preventIve medIcIne agaInst common coIds In chIIdren.
Auhor(s): Ludvigsson ], Hansson LO, TibbIing C.
Source: Scandinavian ]ournaI oI InIecious Diseases. 1977, 9(2): 918.
\ItamIn C Ior preventIng and treatIng the common coId.
Auhor(s): DougIas RM, ChaIker B, Treacy B.
Source: Cochrane Daabase Sys Rev. 2OOO, (2): CdOOO98O. Reviev.
\ItamIn C suppIementatIon and common coId symptoms: Iactors
aIIectIng the magnItude oI the beneIIt.
Auhor(s): HemiIa H.
Source: MedicaI Hypoheses. 1999 Iebruary, 52(2): 1718. Reviev.
PubMed&Iis_uids=1O34O298&dop=Absrac
\ItamIn C suppIementatIon and common coId symptoms: probIems
vIth Inaccurate revIevs.
Auhor(s): HemiIa H.
Source: Nuriion (Burbank, Los AngeIes Couny, CaIiI.). 199 November
December, 12(1112): 8O49. Reviev.
\ItamIn C suppIementatIon and the common coIdvas LInus PauIIng
rIght or vrong7
Auhor(s): HemiIa H.
Source: In ] Viam Nur Res. 1997, 7(5): 32935. Reviev.
\ItamIn C, the common coId, and Iron absorptIon.
Auhor(s): Cook ]D, Monsen R.
Source: The American ]ournaI oI CIinicaI Nuriion. 1977 Iebruary, 3O(2):
23541.
PubMed&Iis_uids=83551O&dop=Absrac
ZInc Ior treatIng the common coId: revIev oI aII cIInIcaI trIaIs sInce
1984.
Auhor(s): CodIrey ]C, CodIrey N], Novick SC.
Source: AIernaive Therapies in HeaIh and Medicine. 199 November,
2(): 372.
The Common CoId 150
AddItIonaI Web Resources
A number oI addiionaI Web sies oIIer encycIopedic inIormaion covering
CAM and reIaed opics. The IoIIoving is a represenaive sampIe:
AIernaive Medicine Ioundaion, Inc.: http://vvv.herbmed.org/
Chinese Medicine: http://vvv.nevcenturynutrItIon.com/
drkoop.com :
http://vvv.drkoop.com/InteractIveMedIcIne/IndexC.htmI
IamiIy ViIIage: http://vvv.IamIIyvIIIage.vIsc.edu/med_aItn.htm
CoogIe: http://dIrectory.googIe.com/Top/HeaIth/AIternatIve/
HeaIhnoes: http://vvv.thedacare.org/heaIthnotes/
Open Direcory Pro[ec: http://dmoz.org/HeaIth/AIternatIve/
TPN.com: http://vvv.tnp.com/
Yahoo.com: http://dIr.yahoo.com/HeaIth/AIternatIve_MedIcIne/
WebMD HeaIh: http://my.vebmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
WeIINe: http://vvv.veIInet.ca/herbsac.htm
WhoIeHeaIhMD.com:
http://vvv.vhoIeheaIthmd.com/reIIIb/0,1529,,00.htmI
The IoIIoving is a speciIic Web Iis reIaing o common coId, pIease noe ha
any paricuIar sub[ec beIov may indicae eiher a herapeuic use, or a
conraindicaion (poeniaI danger), and does no reIIec an oIIiciaI
recommendaion:
CeneraI OvervIev
BronchItIs
Source: HeaIhnoes, Inc., vvv.heaIhnoes.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesConcernBronchiis.hm
CeIIuIItIs
Source: Inegraive Medicine Communicaions,
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsCondiionsCeII
uIiiscc.hmI
ChronIc ObstructIve PuImonary Isease
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesConcernCOPD.hm
CoIds and FIus
Source: Prima Communicaions, Inc.
HyperIink: hp:vvv.personaIheaIhzone.compgOOO282.hmI
Common CoId
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsCondiionsCo
mmonCoIdcc.hmI
Common coId
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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commoncoId.hmI
Common CoId/Sore Throat
HyperIink:
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m
ConjunctIvItIs
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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[unciviiscc.hmI
The Common CoId 152
Cough
HyperIink:
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Cough, WhoopIng
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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ussiscc.hmI
FIu
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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c.hmI
Immune FunctIon
HyperIink:
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.hm
InIectIon
HyperIink:
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InIIuenza
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesConcernInIIuenza.hm
InIIuenza
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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c.hmI
PertussIs
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ussiscc.hmI
PInk Eye
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsCondiionsCon
[unciviiscc.hmI
RespIratory InIectIon, CoId
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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mmonCoIdcc.hmI
RoseoIa
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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eoIacc.hmI
RubeIIa
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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eIIacc.hmI
SInus CongestIon
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesConcernSinus_Congesion.
hm
The Common CoId 154
SInus InIectIon
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsCondiionsSin
usiiscc.hmI
SInusItIs
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesConcernSinusiis.hm
SInusItIs
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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usiiscc.hmI
SkIn InIectIon
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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uIiiscc.hmI
WhoopIng Cough
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ussiscc.hmI
AIternatIve Therapy
MatIve AmerIcan medIcIne
Source: WhoIeHeaIhMD.com, LLC., vvv.vhoIeheaIhmd.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.vhoIeheaIhmd.comreIsheIIsubsances_vievO,1525,
721,OO.hmI
MutrItIon
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
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iioncm.hmI
TradItIonaI ChInese medIcIne
HyperIink:
1OO85,OO.hmI
ChInese MedIcIne
Bohe
AIernaive names: Peppermin, Herba Menhae
Source: Chinese Maeria Medica
HyperIink: hp:vvv.nevcenurynuriion.com
Cangzhu
AIernaive names: AracyIodes Rhizome, Rhizoma AracyIodis
ChaIhu
AIernaive names: Chinese Thorovax Roo, Radix BupIeuri
ChantuI
AIernaive names: Cicada SIough, Periosracum Cicadae
Ingkun an
AIernaive names: Dingkun PiIIs, Dingkun Dan (Ding Kun Dan)
Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission oI he Minisry oI HeaIh,
PeopIe's RepubIic oI China
HyperIink: hp:vvv.nevcenurynuriion.comcgi
IocaIpaen_herbs_dbdb.cgi7db=deIauI&Chinese=Dingkun%2ODa
n&mh=1O&sb=&viev_records=Viev+Records
The Common CoId 156
Canmao TuIre KeII
AIernaive names: Canmao Tuire CranuIes, Canmao Tuire KeIi
(Chong[i)
Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission oI he Minisry oI HeaIh,
PeopIe's RepubIic oI China
HyperIink: hp:vvv.nevcenurynuriion.comcgi
IocaIpaen_herbs_dbdb.cgi7db=deIauI&Chinese=Canmao%2OTui
re%2OKeIi&mh=1O&sb=&viev_records=Viev+Records
CuIzhI
AIernaive names: Cassia Tvig, RamuIus Cinnamomi
]IngjIe
AIernaive names: IineIeaI Schizonepea Herb, Herba Schizonepeae
]InyInhua
AIernaive names: HoneysuckIe IIover, IIos Lonicerae
]uhua
AIernaive names: Chrysanhemum IIover, IIos Chrysanhemi
LIanqIao
AIernaive names: Weeping Iorsyhia CapsuIe, Irucus Iorsyhiae
Mahuang
AIernaive names: phedra, Herba phedraeHerba phedrae
ManjIngzI
AIernaive names: Shrub Chaseree Irui, Irucus Viicis
MIubangzI
AIernaive names: Crea Burdock Achene, Irucus Arcii
QIanghou
AIernaive names: Incised Nooperygium Rhizome or Roo,
Rhizoma seu Radix Nooperygii
Sangye
AIernaive names: MuIberry LeaI, IoIium Mori
ShengjIang
AIernaive names: Iresh Cinger, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens
XIxIn
AIernaive names: Manchurian WiIdginger, Herba Asari
XuanIuhua
AIernaive names: InuIa IIover, IIos InuIae
ZIsuye
AIernaive names: PeriIIa LeaI, IoIium PeriIIae
Homeopathy
AconItum napeIIus
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixAconiu
m_napeIIus.hm
The Common CoId 158
AIIIum cepa
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixAIIium_c
epa.hm
ArsenIcum aIbum
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixArsenicu
m_aIbum.hm
Baryta carbonIca
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixBarya_c
arbonica.hm
BeIIadonna
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixBeIIadon
na.hm
uIcamara
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixDuIcama
ra.hm
EuphrasIa
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_Homeoixuphrasi
a.hm
Ferrum phosphorIcum
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixIerrum_
phosphoricum.hm
KaII bIchromIcum
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixKaIi_bich
romicum.hm
MercurIus soIubIIIs
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixMercuriu
s_soIubiIis.hm
Matrum murIatIcum
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixNarum_
muriaicum.hm
Mux vomIca
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixNux_vo
mica.hm
Phosphorus
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixPhospho
rus.hm
PuIsatIIIa
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixPuIsaiIIa
.hm
Rhus toxIcodendron
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHomeo_HomeoixRhus_ox
icodendron.hm
The Common CoId 160
Herbs and SuppIements
AIIIum satIvum
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsHerbsCarIicch.
hmI
AndrographIs
AIernaive names: Andrographis panicuIaa
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbAndrographis.hm
AndrographIs
HyperIink: hp:vvv.personaIheaIhzone.compgOOOO94.hmI
ArctIum
AIernaive names: Burdock, Cobo, Arcium Iappa L.
Source: AIernaive Medicine Ioundaion, Inc.,
vvv.amIoundaion.org
HyperIink: hp:vvv.herbmed.org
AsIan CInseng
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbCinseng_Asian.hm
AstragaIus
AIernaive names: AsragaIus membranaceus, AsragaIus
membranaceus var. monghoIicus, Huangqi, MiIkVech Roo
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsHerbsAsragaI
usch.hmI
AstragaIus membranaceus
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
usch.hmI
AstragaIus monghoIIcus
AIernaive names: AsragaIus membranaceus, AsragaIus
membranaceus var. monghoIicus, Huangqi, MiIkVech Roo
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
usch.hmI
Barberry
AIernaive names: Berberis vuIgaris, Berberry
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsHerbsBarberry
ch.hmI
BerberIs vuIgarIs
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ch.hmI
Berberry
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ch.hmI
BromeIaIn
HyperIink:
7O,OO.hmI
The Common CoId 162
BromphenIramIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugBrompheniramine.hm
CameIIIa sInensIs
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsHerbsCreenTe
ach.hmI
Cardec M
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugCardec_DM.hm
ChIorphenIramIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugChIorpheniramine.hm
extromethorphan
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugDexromehorphan.hm
IphenhydramIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugDiphenhydramine.hm
oxyIamIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugDoxyIamine.hm
EchInacea
AIernaive names: chinacea purpurea, chinacea angusiIoIia,
chinacea paIIida
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbchinacea.hm
EchInacea
AIernaive names: chinacea angusiIoIia, chinacea paIIida,
chinacea purpurea, PurpIe ConeIIover
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsHerbschinace
ach.hmI
EchInacea
EchInacea
HyperIink:
775,OO.hmI
EchInacea angustIIoIIa
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ach.hmI
EchInacea paIIIda
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ach.hmI
EchInacea purpurea
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ach.hmI
The Common CoId 164
EIderberry
AIernaive names: Sambucus nigra
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbIderberry.hm
EIeuthero
AIernaive names: Ieuherococcus senicosus, Acanhopanax
senicosus
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbIeuhero.hm
Ephedra
AIernaive names: phedra sinica, phedra inermedia, phedra
equiseina
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbphedra.hm
Ephedra
AIernaive names: phedra sinensis, Ma huang
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsHerbsphedra
ch.hmI
Ephedra sInensIs
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ch.hmI
EucaIyptus
AIernaive names: ucaIypus gIobuIus
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbucaIypus.hm
CInger
HyperIink:
787,OO.hmI
CInseng
HyperIink: hp:vvv.personaIheaIhzone.compgOOO1OO.hmI
CoIdenseaI
AIernaive names: Hydrasis canadensis
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbCoIdenseaI.hm
CoIdenseaI
Creen Tea
AIernaive names: CameIIia sinensis
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsHerbsCreenTe
ach.hmI
CuaIIenesIn
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugCuaiIenesin.hm
HerbaI decongestant
HyperIink:
949,OO.hmI
The Common CoId 166
HerbaI MedIcIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesTherapyHerbaI_Medicine.
hm
HorseradIsh
AIernaive names: CochIearia armoracia
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbHorseradish.hm
HuangqI
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
usch.hmI
Hyssop
AIernaive names: Hyssopus oIIicinaIis
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbHyssop.hm
HYSSOP
Source: The Canadian Inerne Direcory Ior HoIisic HeIp, WeIINe,
HeaIh and WeIIness Nevork, vvv.veIIne.ca
HyperIink: hp:vvv.veIIne.caherbsgi.hm
InIIuenza \accIne
AIernaive names: IIuShieId, IIuvirin, IIuzone
HyperIink: hp:vvv.personaIheaIhzone.compgOOO37O.hmI
InIIuenza \Irus \accIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugInIIuenza_Vaccine.h
m
IpratropIum BromIde
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugIpraropium_Bromid
e.hm
LInden
AIernaive names: TiIia spp.
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbLinden.hm
LInden
HyperIink: hp:vvv.veIIne.caherbs[I.hm
Ma huang
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ch.hmI
Ma Huang
HyperIink: hp:vvv.veIIne.caherbsmo.hm
MarshmaIIov
AIernaive names: AIhea oIIicinaIis
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbMarshmaIIov.hm
MIIk\etch Root
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
usch.hmI
The Common CoId 168
MuIIeIn
AIernaive names: Verbascum hapsus
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbMuIIein.hm
Myrrh
AIernaive names: Commiphora moImoI
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbMyrrh.hm
PeppermInt
AIernaive names: Menha piperia
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbPeppermin.hm
PhenyIpropanoIamIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugPhenyIpropanoIamin
e.hm
PromethazIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugPromehazine.hm
PurpIe ConeIIover
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
ach.hmI
TrIotannS PedIatrIc
HyperIink: hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugTrioann
S_Pediaric.hm
WIId IndIgo
AIernaive names: Bapisia incoria
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbWiId_Indigo.hm
Yarrov
AIernaive names: AchiIIea miIIeIoIium
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesHerbYarrov.hm
CeneraI ReIerences
A good pIace o Iind generaI background inIormaion on CAM is he
NaionaI Library oI Medicine. I has prepared vihin he MDLINpIus
sysem an inIormaion opic page dedicaed o compIemenary and
aIernaive medicine. To access his page, go o he MDLINpIus sie a:
vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/aIternatIvemedIcIne.htmI. This Web sie
provides a generaI overviev oI various opics and can Iead o a number oI
generaI sources. The IoIIoving addiionaI reIerences describe, in broad
erms, aIernaive and compIemenary medicine (sored aIphabeicaIIy by
iIe, hyperIinks provide rankings, inIormaion, and revievs a
Amazon.com):
AIternatIve MedIcIne Ior ummIes by ]ames DiIIard (Auhor), Audio
Cassee, Abridged ediion (1998), Harper Audio, ISBN: O9452O59,
CompIementary and AIternatIve MedIcIne Secrets by W. Kohasu
(dior), Hardcover (2OO1), HanIey & BeIIus, ISBN: 15O5344OO,
IctIonary oI AIternatIve MedIcIne by ]. C. Segen, Paperback2nd ediion
(2OO1), AppIeon & Lange, ISBN: O83851211,
Eat, rInk, and Be HeaIthy: The Harvard MedIcaI SchooI CuIde to
HeaIthy EatIng by WaIer C. WiIIe, MD, e aI, Hardcover 352 pages
(2OO1), Simon & Schuser, ISBN: O8483375,
EncycIopedIa oI MaturaI MedIcIne, RevIsed 2nd EdItIon by MichaeI T.
Murray, ]oseph . Pizzorno, Paperback 9O pages, 2nd Rev ediion (1997),
The Common CoId 170
Prima PubIishing, ISBN: O71511571,
IntegratIve MedIcIne: An IntroductIon to the Art 8 ScIence oI HeaIIng
by Andrev WeiI (Auhor), Audio Cassee, \nabridged ediion (2OO1),
Sounds True, ISBN: 154558541,
MaturaI AIternatIves to AntIbIotIcs by ]ohn McKenna, Paperback 17
pages (November 1998), Avery Penguin Punam, ISBN: O895298392,
Mev EncycIopedIa oI Herbs 8 TheIr Uses by Deni Bovn, Hardcover 448
pages, Revised ediion (2OO1), DK PubIishing, ISBN: O78948O31X,
Textbook oI CompIementary and AIternatIve MedIcIne by Wayne B.
]onas, Hardcover (2OO3), Lippinco, WiIIiams & WiIkins, ISBN:
O83O4437O,
Ior addiionaI inIormaion on compIemenary and aIernaive medicine, ask
your docor or vrie o:
NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh
NaionaI Cener Ior CompIemenary and AIernaive Medicine
CIearinghouse
P. O. Box 8218
SiIver Spring, MD 2O9O78218
\ocabuIary BuIIder
CeIIuIItIs: An acue, diIIuse, and suppuraive inIIammaion oI Ioose
connecive issue, paricuIarIy he deep subcuaneous issues, and someimes
muscIe, vhich is mos commonIy seen as a resuI oI inIecion oI a vound,
uIcer, or oher skin Iesions. [NIH|
ConjunctIvItIs: InIIammaion oI he con[unciva, generaIIy consising oI
con[uncivaI hyperaemia associaed vih a discharge. [\|
oxyIamIne: Hisamine H1 anagonis vih pronounced sedaive
properies. I is used in aIIergies and as an aniussive, aniemeic, and
hypnoic. DoxyIamine has aIso been adminisered in veerinary appIicaions
and vas IormerIy used in parkinsonism. [NIH|
EucaIyptus: A genus oI AusraIian rees oI he Myraceae IamiIy ha yieIds
gums, oiIs, and resins vhich are used as IIavoring agens, asringens, and
aromaics, and IormerIy o rea diarrhea, ashma, bronchiis, and respiraory
rac inIecions. [NIH|
CInseng: An araIiaceous genus oI pIans ha conains a number oI
pharmacoIogicaIIy acive agens used as simuIans, sedaives, and onics,
especiaIIy in radiionaI medicine. [NIH|
CranuIe: A smaII piII made Irom sucrose. [\|
InuIIn: A sarch Iound in he ubers and roos oI many pIans. Since i is
hydroIyzabIe o Irucose, i is cIassiIied as a Irucosan. I has been used in
physioIogic invesigaion Ior deerminaion oI he rae oI gIomeruIar
Iuncion. [NIH|
PharmacIsts: Those persons IegaIIy quaIiIied by educaion and raining o
engage in he pracice oI pharmacy. [NIH|
PhenyIpropanoIamIne: A sympahomimeic ha acs mainIy by causing
reIease oI norepinephrine bu aIso has direc agonis aciviy a some
adrenergic recepors. I is mos commonIy used as a nasaI vasoconsricor
and an appeie depressan. [NIH|
\accInatIon: The inroducion oI vaccine ino he body Ior he purpose oI
inducing immuniy. Coined originaIIy o appIy o he in[ecion oI smaIIpox
vaccine, he erm has come o mean any immunizing procedure in vhich
vaccine is in[eced. [\|
Researching Nuriion 173
APPEMIX C. RESEARCHIMC MUTRITIOM
OvervIev
Since he ime oI Hippocraes, docors have undersood he imporance oI
die and nuriion o paiens heaIh and veIIbeing. Since hen, hey have
accumuIaed an impressive archive oI sudies and knovIedge dedicaed o
his sub[ec. Based on heir experience, docors and heaIhcare providers may
recommend paricuIar dieary suppIemens o paiens vih he common
coId. Any dieary recommendaion is based on a paien s age, body mass,
gender, IiIesyIe, eaing habis, Iood preIerences, and heaIh condiion. I is
hereIore IikeIy ha diIIeren paiens vih he common coId may be given
diIIeren recommendaions. Some recommendaions may be direcIy reIaed
o he common coId, vhiIe ohers may be more reIaed o he paien s
generaI heaIh. These recommendaions, hemseIves, may diIIer Irom vha
oIIiciaI sources recommend Ior he average person.
In his chaper ve viII begin by brieIIy revieving he esseniaIs oI die and
nuriion ha viII broadIy Irame more deaiIed discussions oI he common
coId. We viII hen shov you hov o Iind sudies dedicaed speciIicaIIy o
nuriion and he common coId.
The Common CoId 174
Food and MutrItIon: CeneraI PrIncIpIes
What Are EssentIaI Foods7
Iood is generaIIy vieved by oIIiciaI sources as consising oI six basic
eIemens: (1) IIuids, (2) carbohydraes, (3) proein, (4) Ias, (5) viamins, and
() mineraIs. Consuming a combinaion oI hese eIemens is considered o be
a heaIhy die:
FIuIds are esseniaI o human IiIe as 8Opercen oI he body is composed
oI vaer. Waer is Ios via urinaion, sveaing, diarrhea, vomiing,
diureics (drugs ha increase urinaion), caIIeine, and physicaI exerion.
Carbohydrates are he main source Ior human energy (hermoreguIaion)
and he buIk oI ypicaI dies. They are mosIy cIassiIied as being eiher
simpIe or compIex. SimpIe carbohydraes incIude sugars vhich are oIen
consumed in he Iorm oI cookies, candies, or cakes. CompIex
carbohydraes consis oI sarches and dieary Iibers. Sarches are
consumed in he Iorm oI pasas, breads, poaoes, rice, and oher Ioods.
SoIubIe Iibers can be eaen in he Iorm oI cerain vegeabIes, Iruis, oas,
and Iegumes. InsoIubIe Iibers incIude brovn rice, vhoIe grains, cerain
Iruis, vhea bran and Iegumes.
ProteIns are eaen o buiId and repair human issues. Some Ioods ha are
high in proein are aIso high in Ia and caIories. Iood sources Ior proein
incIude nus, mea, Iish, cheese, and oher dairy producs.
Fats are consumed Ior boh energy and he absorpion oI cerain
viamins. There are many ypes oI Ias, vih many generaI pubIicaions
recommending he inake oI unsauraed Ias or hose Iov in choIeseroI.
Viamins and mineraIs are IundamenaI o human heaIh, grovh, and, in
some cases, disease prevenion. Mos are consumed in your die (excepions
being viamins K and D vhich are produced by inesinaI baceria and
sunIigh on he skin, respeciveIy). ach viamin and mineraI pIays a
diIIeren roIe in heaIh. The IoIIoving ouIines esseniaI viamins:
\ItamIn A is imporan o he heaIh oI your eyes, hair, bones, and skin,
sources oI viamin A incIude Ioods such as eggs, carros, and canaIoupe.
\ItamIn B
1
, aIso knovn as hiamine, is imporan Ior your nervous
sysem and energy producion, Iood sources Ior hiamine incIude mea,
peas, IoriIied cereaIs, bread, and vhoIe grains.
\ItamIn B
2
, aIso knovn as riboIIavin, is imporan Ior your nervous
sysem and muscIes, bu is aIso invoIved in he reIease oI proeins Irom
nuriens, Iood sources Ior riboIIavin incIude dairy producs, IeaIy
vegeabIes, mea, and eggs.
\ItamIn B
3
, aIso knovn as niacin, is imporan Ior heaIhy skin and heIps
he body use energy, Iood sources Ior niacin incIude peas, peanus, Iish,
and vhoIe grains
\ItamIn B
, aIso knovn as pyridoxine, is imporan Ior he reguIaion oI

ceIIs in he nervous sysem and is viaI Ior bIood Iormaion, Iood sources
Ior pyridoxine incIude bananas, vhoIe grains, mea, and Iish.
\ItamIn B
12
is viaI Ior a heaIhy nervous sysem and Ior he grovh oI
red bIood ceIIs in bone marrov, Iood sources Ior viamin B
12
incIude
yeas, miIk, Iish, eggs, and mea.
\ItamIn C aIIovs he body s immune sysem o Iigh various diseases,
srenghens body issue, and improves he body s use oI iron, Iood
sources Ior viamin C incIude a vide variey oI Iruis and vegeabIes.
\ItamIn heIps he body absorb caIcium vhich srenghens bones and
eeh, Iood sources Ior viamin D incIude oiIy Iish and dairy producs.
\ItamIn E can heIp proec cerain organs and issues Irom various
degeneraive diseases, Iood sources Ior viamin incIude margarine,
vegeabIes, eggs, and Iish.
\ItamIn K is esseniaI Ior bone Iormaion and bIood cIoing, common
Iood sources Ior viamin K incIude IeaIy green vegeabIes.
FoIIc AcId mainains heaIhy ceIIs and bIood and, vhen aken by a
pregnan voman, can preven her Ieus Irom deveIoping neuraI ube
deIecs, Iood sources Ior IoIic acid incIude nus, IoriIied breads, IeaIy
green vegeabIes, and vhoIe grains.
I shouId be noed ha one can overdose on cerain viamins vhich become
oxic iI consumed in excess (e.g. viamin A, D, and K).
Like viamins, mineraIs are chemicaIs ha are required by he body o
remain in good heaIh. Because he human body does no manuIacure hese
chemicaIs inernaIIy, ve obain hem Irom Iood and oher dieary sources.
The more imporan mineraIs incIude:
CaIcIum is needed Ior heaIhy bones, eeh, and muscIes, bu aIso heIps
he nervous sysem Iuncion, Iood sources Ior caIcium incIude dry beans,
peas, eggs, and dairy producs.
ChromIum is heIpIuI in reguIaing sugar IeveIs in bIood, Iood sources Ior
chromium incIude egg yoIks, rav sugar, cheese, nus, bees, vhoIe
grains, and mea.
The Common CoId 176
FIuorIde is used by he body o heIp preven ooh decay and o reinIorce
bone srengh, sources oI IIuoride incIude drinking vaer and cerain
brands oI oohpase.
IodIne heIps reguIae he body s use oI energy by synhesizing ino he
hormone hyroxine, Iood sources incIude IeaIy green vegeabIes, nus,
egg yoIks, and red mea.
Iron heIps mainain muscIes and he Iormaion oI red bIood ceIIs and
cerain proeins, Iood sources Ior iron incIude mea, dairy producs, eggs,
and IeaIy green vegeabIes.
MagnesIum is imporan Ior he producion oI DNA, as veII as Ior
heaIhy eeh, bones, muscIes, and nerves, Iood sources Ior magnesium
incIude dried Irui, dark green vegeabIes, nus, and seaIood.
Phosphorous is used by he body o vork vih caIcium o Iorm bones
and eeh, Iood sources Ior phosphorous incIude eggs, mea, cereaIs, and
dairy producs.
SeIenIum primariIy heIps mainain normaI hear and Iiver Iuncions,
Iood sources Ior seIenium incIude vhoIegrain cereaIs, Iish, mea, and
dairy producs.
ZInc heIps vounds heaI, he Iormaion oI sperm, and encourage rapid
grovh and energy, Iood sources incIude dried beans, sheIIIish, eggs, and
nus.
The \nied Saes governmen periodicaIIy pubIishes recommended dies
and consumpion IeveIs oI he various eIemens oI Iood. Again, your docor
may encourage deviaions Irom he average oIIiciaI recommendaion based
on your speciIic condiion. To Iearn more abou basic dieary guideIines, visi
he Web sie: http://vvv.heaIth.gov/dIetaryguIdeIInes/. Based on hese
guideIines, many Ioods are required o Iis he nuriion IeveIs on he Iood s
packaging. LabeIing Requiremens are Iised a he IoIIoving sie mainained
by he Iood and Drug Adminisraion: http://vvv.cIsan.Ida.gov/~dms/Iab
cons.htmI. When inerpreing hese requiremens, he governmen
recommends ha consumers become IamiIiar vih he IoIIoving
abbreviaions beIore reading IDA Iieraure:
47
\s (aIIy \aIues): A nev dieary reIerence erm ha viII appear on
he Iood IabeI. I is made up oI vo ses oI reIerences, DRVs and RDIs.
R\s (aIIy ReIerence \aIues): A se oI dieary reIerences ha appIies
o Ia, sauraed Ia, choIeseroI, carbohydrae, proein, Iiber, sodium, and
poassium.
47
Adaped Irom he IDA: http://vvv.Ida.gov/Idac/specIaI/IoodIabeI/dvs.htmI.
RIs (ReIerence aIIy Intakes): A se oI dieary reIerences based on he
Recommended Dieary AIIovances Ior esseniaI viamins and mineraIs
and, in seIeced groups, proein. The name RDI repIaces he erm \.S.
RDA.
RAs (Recommended Ietary AIIovances): A se oI esimaed nurien
aIIovances esabIished by he NaionaI Academy oI Sciences. I is
updaed periodicaIIy o reIIec curren scieniIic knovIedge.
What Are Ietary SuppIements7
48
Dieary suppIemens are videIy avaiIabIe hrough many commerciaI
sources, incIuding heaIh Iood sores, grocery sores, pharmacies, and by
maiI. Dieary suppIemens are provided in many Iorms incIuding abIes,
capsuIes, povders, geIabs, exracs, and Iiquids. HisoricaIIy in he \nied
Saes, he mos prevaIen ype oI dieary suppIemen vas a
muIiviaminmineraI abIe or capsuIe ha vas avaiIabIe in pharmacies,
eiher by prescripion or over he couner. SuppIemens conaining sricIy
herbaI preparaions vere Iess videIy avaiIabIe. CurrenIy in he \nied
Saes, a vide array oI suppIemen producs are avaiIabIe, incIuding viamin,
mineraI, oher nuriens, and boanicaI suppIemens as veII as ingrediens
and exracs oI animaI and pIan origin.
The OIIice oI Dieary SuppIemens (ODS) oI he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh
is he oIIiciaI agency oI he \nied Saes vhich has he expressed goaI oI
acquiring nev knovIedge o heIp preven, deec, diagnose, and rea
disease and disabiIiy, Irom he rares geneic disorder o he common
coId.
49
According o he ODS, dieary suppIemens can have an imporan
impac on he prevenion and managemen oI disease and on he
mainenance oI heaIh.
5O
The ODS noes ha considerabIe research on he
eIIecs oI dieary suppIemens has been conduced in Asia and urope vhere
48
This discussion has been adaped Irom he NIH:
http://ods.od.nIh.gov/vhatare/vhatare.htmI.
49
Conac: The OIIice oI Dieary SuppIemens, NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh, BuiIding 31,
Room 1B29, 31 Cener Drive, MSC 2O8, Behesda, MaryIand 2O8922O8, TeI: (3O1) 435292O,
Iax: (3O1) 48O1845, maiI: odsCnIh.gov.
5O
Adaped Irom http://ods.od.nIh.gov/about/about.htmI. The Dieary SuppIemen HeaIh
and ducaion Ac deIines dieary suppIemens as a produc (oher han obacco) inended
o suppIemen he die ha bears or conains one or more oI he IoIIoving dieary
ingrediens: a viamin, mineraI, amino acid, herb or oher boanicaI, or a dieary subsance
Ior use o suppIemen he die by increasing he oaI dieary inake, or a concenrae,
meaboIie, consiuen, exrac, or combinaion oI any ingredien described above, and
inended Ior ingesion in he Iorm oI a capsuIe, povder, soIgeI, or geIcap, and no
represened as a convenionaI Iood or as a soIe iem oI a meaI or he die.
The Common CoId 178
he use oI pIan producs, in paricuIar, has a Iong radiion. Hovever, he
overvheIming ma[oriy oI suppIemens have no been sudied scieniIicaIIy.
To expIore he roIe oI dieary suppIemens in he improvemen oI heaIh
care, he ODS pIans, organizes, and suppors conIerences, vorkshops, and
symposia on scieniIic opics reIaed o dieary suppIemens. The ODS oIen
vorks in con[uncion vih oher NIH Insiues and Ceners, oher
governmen agencies, proIessionaI organizaions, and pubIic advocacy
groups.
To Iearn more abou oIIiciaI inIormaion on dieary suppIemens, visi he
ODS sie a http://ods.od.nIh.gov/vhatare/vhatare.htmI. Or conac:
The OIIice oI Dieary SuppIemens
NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh
BuiIding 31, Room 1B29
31 Cener Drive, MSC 2O8
Behesda, MaryIand 2O8922O8
TeI: (3O1) 435292O
Iax: (3O1) 48O1845
maiI: odsCnih.gov
FIndIng StudIes on the Common CoId
The NIH mainains an oIIice dedicaed o paien nuriion and die. The
NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh s OIIice oI Dieary SuppIemens (ODS) oIIers a
searchabIe bibIiographic daabase caIIed he IBIDS (InernaionaI
BibIiographic InIormaion on Dieary SuppIemens). The IBIDS conains over
4O,OOO scieniIic ciaions and summaries abou dieary suppIemens and
nuriion as veII as reIerences o pubIished inernaionaI, scieniIic Iieraure
on dieary suppIemens such as viamins, mineraIs, and boanicaIs.
51
IBIDS is
avaiIabIe o he pubIic Iree oI charge hrough he ODS Inerne page:
http://ods.od.nIh.gov/databases/IbIds.htmI.
AIer enering he search area, you have hree choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer
Daabase, (2) IuII IBIDS Daabase, or (3) Peer Revieved Ciaions OnIy. We
recommend ha you sar vih he Consumer Daabase. WhiIe you may no
Iind reIerences Ior he opics ha are oI mos ineres o you, check back
51
Adaped Irom http://ods.od.nIh.gov. IBIDS is produced by he OIIice oI Dieary
SuppIemens (ODS) a he NaionaI Insiues oI HeaIh o assis he pubIic, heaIhcare
providers, educaors, and researchers in Iocaing credibIe, scieniIic inIormaion on dieary
suppIemens. IBIDS vas deveIoped and viII be mainained hrough an ineragency
parnership vih he Iood and Nuriion InIormaion Cener oI he NaionaI AgricuIuraI
Library, \.S. Deparmen oI AgricuIure.
periodicaIIy as his daabase is IrequenIy updaed. More sudies can be
Iound by searching he IuII IBIDS Daabase. HeaIhcare proIessionaIs and
researchers generaIIy use he hird opion, vhich Iiss peerrevieved
ciaions. In aII cases, ve sugges ha you ake advanage oI he Advanced
Search opion ha aIIovs you o rerieve up o 1OO IuIIy expIained
reIerences in a comprehensive Iorma. Type he common coId (or
synonyms) ino he search box. To narrov he search, you can aIso seIec he
TiIe IieId. The IoIIoving is a ypicaI resuI vhen searching Ior recenIy
indexed consumer inIormaion on he common coId:
Common coId. ZInc update.
Source: Anonymous HarvHeaIhLe. 2OOO December, 2(2): 4 1O521577
EchInacea vs. the common coId.
Source: Anonymous HarvWomensHeaIhWach. 2OOO Iebruary, 7(): 1
1O7O91OX
ReIIevIng the common coId.
Source: Anonymous HarvHeaIhLe. 1998 November, 24(1): 13 1O52
1577
The IoIIoving inIormaion is ypicaI oI ha Iound vhen using he IuII
IBIDS Daabase vhen searching using he common coId (or a synonym):
Acupuncture treatment oI common coId.
Auhor(s): Insiue oI Acupuncure and Moxibusion, China Academy oI
TradiionaI Chinese Medicine, Bei[ing.
Source: Hu, ] ]TradiChinMed. 2OOO Sepember, 2O(3): 2273O O254272
Common coId and hIghdose IpratropIum bromIde: use oI
antIchoIInergIc medIcatIon as an IndIcator oI reIIexmedIated
hypersecretIon.
Auhor(s): Deparmen oI OorhinoIaryngoIogy, RigshospiaIe,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Source: Osberg, B Winher, B Borum, P Mygind, N RhinoIogy. 1997 ]une,
35(2): 582 O3OOO729
Common coId. ZInc update.
Source: Anonymous HarvHeaIhLe. 2OOO December, 2(2): 4 1O521577
CompIementary and aIternatIve therapIes Ior the common coId.
Auhor(s): CaIiIornia Sae \niversiy, Sacrameno, \SA.
Source: Parkman, C A CaseManager. 2OO1 ]anIebruary, 12(1): 283O
1O19259
EchInacea Ior preventIng and treatIng the common coId.
Auhor(s): Munchener ModeII Cenre Ior CompIemenary Medicine
Research, TechnicaI \niversiyLudvigMaximiIians\niversiy,
The Common CoId 180
Kaisersr. 9, Munich, Cermany, 8O8O1. Muenchener.ModeIICIrz.uni
muenchen.de
Source: MeIchar, D Linde, K Iischer, P Kaesmayr, ] CochraneDaabase
SysRevoIume 2OOO, (2): CDOOO53O 149493X
EchInacea vs. the common coId.
Source: Anonymous HarvWomensHeaIhWach. 2OOO Iebruary, 7(): 1
1O7O91OX
EchInaIorce and other EchInacea Iresh pIant preparatIons In the
treatment oI the common coId. A randomIzed, pIacebo controIIed,
doubIebIInd cIInIcaI trIaI.
Auhor(s): Iisabeh HospiaI, WaIIingaan, \ppsaIa, Sveden.
Source: Brinkeborn, R M Shah, D V Degenring, I H Phyomedicine. 1999
March, (1): 1 O9447113
EIIIcacy and saIety oI the standardIsed CInseng extract C115 Ior
potentIatIng vaccInatIon agaInst the InIIuenza syndrome and protectIon
agaInst the common coId [corrected|
Auhor(s): Deparmen oI PharmacoIogy, \niversiy oI MiIan, IaIy.
Source: ScagIione, I Caaneo, C AIessandria, M Cogo, R DrugsxpCIin
Res. 199, 22(2): 572 O3785O1
EvaIuatIon oI echInacea Ior treatment oI the common coId.
Auhor(s): SchooI oI Pharmacy, Virginia CommonveaIh \niversiy,
MedicaI CoIIege oI Virginia Campus, Richmond 23298O533, \SA.
Source: CiIes, ] T PaIa, C T Chien, S H Chang, Z C Kennedy, D T
Pharmacoherapy. 2OOO ]une, 2O(): 9O7 O277OOO8
From the common coId to cancer: hov evoIutIon and the modern
IIIestyIe appear to have contrIbuted to such eventuaIItIes.
Source: Leeming, R A MedHypoheses. 1994 Sepember, 43(3): 1455O
O3O9877
Herbs and the common coId.
Auhor(s): ChrysaIis Cener, LamberviIIe, N], \SA.
Source: Chichon, P C AdvNursePrac. 2OOO Augus, 8(8): 312 1O9293
Hov does zInc modIIy the common coId7 CIInIcaI observatIons and
ImpIIcatIons regardIng mechanIsms oI actIon.
Auhor(s): Deparmen oI Chemisry, HoIsra \niversiy, Hempsead, NY
115OO1O9O, \SA.
Source: Novick, S C CodIrey, ] C CodIrey, N ] WiIder, H R Med
Hypoheses. 199 March, 4(3): 2953O2 O3O9877
Intake oI vItamIn C and zInc and rIsk oI common coId: a cohort study.
Auhor(s): Deparmen oI Prevenive Medicine, \niversiy oI Saniago de
ComposeIa, Spain. mrbahiCusc.es
Source: Takkouche, Bahi Regueira Mendez, CarIos Carcia CIosas, Reina
Iigueiras, AdoIIo CesaI Oero, ]uan ] pidemioIogy. 2OO2 ]anuary, 13(1):
3844 1O443983
Megadose vItamIn C In treatment oI the common coId: a randomIsed
controIIed trIaI.
Auhor(s): NaionaI Cenre Ior pidemioIogy and PopuIaion HeaIh,
AusraIian NaionaI \niversiy, Canberra, ACT.
Source: Audera, C PauIny, R V Sander, B H DougIas, R M Med]Aus.
2OO1 Ocober 1, 175(7): 3592 OO25729X
MaturaI aIternatIves Ior the common coId: hype or hope7
Source: Messerschmid, K SD]Med. 2OO1 March, 54(3): 934 OO383317
On the preventIon oI the common coId: no heIp Irom vItamIn C.
Auhor(s): \niversiy oI Washingon SchooI oI Medicine, 1959 N PaciIic
Sree, Box 3532O, SeaIe, WA 9819532O, \SA.
psspiersCu.vashingon.edu
Source: Spiers, PhiIip S pidemioIogy. 2OO2 ]anuary, 13(1): 45 1O443983
PreventIng the common coId vIth a garIIc suppIement: a doubIebIInd,
pIacebocontroIIed survey.
Auhor(s): CarIic Cenre, BaIe, as Sussex, \nied Kingdom.
Source: ]osIing, P AdvTher. 2OO1 ]uIAugus, 18(4): 18993 O741238X
PreventIon and treatment oI rhInItIs and common coId by seIImassage.
Auhor(s): Shashi Ciy HospiaI oI TradiionaI Chinese Medicine, Hubei
Province.
Source: Li, ] ]TradiChinMed. 1992 December, 12(4): 29O1 O254272
ReIIevIng the common coId.
Source: Anonymous HarvHeaIhLe. 1998 November, 24(1): 13 1O52
1577
The comprehensIveness oI MedIIne and Embase computer searches.
Searches Ior controIIed trIaIs oI homoeopathy, ascorbIc acId Ior
common coId and gInkgo bIIoba Ior cerebraI InsuIIIcIency and
IntermIttent cIaudIcatIon.
Auhor(s): Deparmen oI pidemioIogy, \niversiy oI Limburg,
Maasrich, The NeherIands.
Source: KIei[nen, ] KnipschiId, P PharmWeekbISci. 1992 Ocober 1,
14(5): 312O O17555
The Common CoId 182
FederaI Resources on MutrItIon
In addiion o he IBIDS, he \nied Saes Deparmen oI HeaIh and Human
Services (HHS) and he \nied Saes Deparmen oI AgricuIure (\SDA)
provide many sources oI inIormaion on generaI nuriion and heaIh.
Recommended resources incIude:
heaIhIinder', HHS s gaevay o heaIh inIormaion, incIuding die and
nuriion:
http://vvv.heaIthIInder.gov/scrIpts/SearchContext.asp7topIc=2388page=0
The \nied Saes Deparmen oI AgricuIure s Web sie dedicaed o
nuriion inIormaion: vvv.nutrItIon.gov
The Iood and Drug Adminisraion s Web sie Ior IederaI Iood saIey
inIormaion: vvv.IoodsaIety.gov
The NaionaI Acion PIan on Overveigh and Obesiy sponsored by he
\nied Saes Surgeon CeneraI:
http://vvv.surgeongeneraI.gov/topIcs/obesIty/
The Cener Ior Iood SaIey and AppIied Nuriion has an Inerne sie
sponsored by he Iood and Drug Adminisraion and he Deparmen oI
HeaIh and Human Services: http://vm.cIsan.Ida.gov/
Cener Ior Nuriion PoIicy and Promoion sponsored by he \nied
Saes Deparmen oI AgricuIure: http://vvv.usda.gov/cnpp/
Iood and Nuriion InIormaion Cener, NaionaI AgricuIuraI Library
sponsored by he \nied Saes Deparmen oI AgricuIure:
http://vvv.naI.usda.gov/InIc/
Iood and Nuriion Service sponsored by he \nied Saes Deparmen
oI AgricuIure: http://vvv.Ins.usda.gov/Ins/
AddItIonaI Web Resources
A number oI addiionaI Web sies oIIer encycIopedic inIormaion covering
Iood and nuriion. The IoIIoving is a represenaive sampIe:
IamiIy ViIIage: http://vvv.IamIIyvIIIage.vIsc.edu/med_nutrItIon.htmI
CoogIe: http://dIrectory.googIe.com/Top/HeaIth/MutrItIon/
HeaIhnoes: http://vvv.thedacare.org/heaIthnotes/
Open Direcory Pro[ec: http://dmoz.org/HeaIth/MutrItIon/
Yahoo.com: http://dIr.yahoo.com/HeaIth/MutrItIon/
WebMD HeaIh: http://my.vebmd.com/nutrItIon
WhoIeHeaIhMD.com:
http://vvv.vhoIeheaIthmd.com/reIIIb/0,1529,,00.htmI
The IoIIoving is a speciIic Web Iis reIaing o common coId, pIease noe ha
any paricuIar sub[ec beIov may indicae eiher a herapeuic use, or a
conraindicaion (poeniaI danger), and does no reIIec an oIIiciaI
recommendaion:
\ItamIns
\ItamIn C
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesSuppViamin_C.hm
\ItamIn C
HyperIink: hp:vvv.personaIheaIhzone.compgOOOO98.hmI
MIneraIs
CIemastIne
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesDrugCIemasine.hm
ZInc
HyperIink: hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesSuppZinc.hm
ZInc
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsSuppIemensZi
nccs.hmI
The Common CoId 184
ZInc
ZInc
HyperIink:
1OO71,OO.hmI
Food and Iet
CarIIc
AIernaive names: AIIium saivum
vvv.onemedicine.com
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.drkoop.comineracivemedicineConsHerbsCarIicch.
hmI
CarIIc
HyperIink:
78,OO.hmI
Water
HyperIink:
hp:vvv.hedacare.orgheaIhnoesIood_CuideWaer.hm
\ocabuIary BuIIder
The IoIIoving vocabuIary buiIder deIines vords used in he reIerences in
his chaper ha have no been deIined in previous chapers:
AntIchoIInergIc: An agen ha bIocks he parasympaheic nerves. CaIIed
aIso parasympahoIyic. [\|
CapsuIes: Hard or soI soIubIe conainers used Ior he oraI adminisraion oI
medicine. [NIH|
Carbohydrate: An aIdehyde or keone derivaive oI a poIyhydric aIcohoI,
paricuIarIy oI he penahydric and hexahydric aIcohoIs. They are so named
because he hydrogen and oxygen are usuaIIy in he proporion o Iorm
vaer, (CH2O)n. The mos imporan carbohydraes are he sarches, sugars,
ceIIuIoses, and gums. They are cIassiIied ino mono, di, ri, poIy and
heerosaccharides. [\|
ChoIesteroI: The principaI seroI oI aII higher animaIs, disribued in body
issues, especiaIIy he brain and spinaI cord, and in animaI Ias and oiIs. [NIH|
IodIne: A nonmeaIIic eIemen oI he haIogen group ha is represened by
he aomic symboI I, aomic number 53, and aomic veigh oI 12.9O. I is a
nuriionaIIy esseniaI eIemen, especiaIIy imporan in hyroid hormone
synhesis. In soIuion, i has aniinIecive properies and is used opicaIIy.
[NIH|
MIacIn: WaersoIubIe viamin oI he B compIex occurring in various animaI
and pIan issues. Required by he body Ior he Iormaion oI coenzymes
NAD and NADP. Has peIIagracuraive, vasodiIaing, and aniIipemic
properies. [NIH|
Overdose: 1. o adminiser an excessive dose. 2. an excessive dose. [\|
PotassIum: An eIemen ha is in he aIkaIi group oI meaIs. I has an aomic
symboI K, aomic number 19, and aomic veigh 39.1O. I is he chieI caion
in he inraceIIuIar IIuid oI muscIe and oher ceIIs. Poassium ion is a srong
eIecroIye and i pIays a signiIican roIe in he reguIaion oI IIuid voIume
and mainenance oI he vaereIecroIye baIance. [NIH|
ReIIex: 1, reIIeced. 2. a reIIeced acion or movemen, he sum oaI oI any
paricuIar invoIunary aciviy. [\|
RIboIIavIn: NuriionaI Iacor Iound in miIk, eggs, maIed barIey, Iiver,
kidney, hear, and IeaIy vegeabIes. The riches nauraI source is yeas. I
occurs in he Iree Iorm onIy in he reina oI he eye, in vhey, and in urine, is
principaI Iorms in issues and ceIIs are as IMN and IAD. [NIH|
SeIenIum: An eIemen vih he aomic symboI Se, aomic number 34, and
aomic veigh 78.9. I is an esseniaI micronurien Ior mammaIs and oher
animaIs bu is oxic in Iarge amouns. SeIenium proecs inraceIIuIar
srucures agains oxidaive damage. I is an esseniaI componen oI
gIuahione peroxidase. [NIH|
ThyroxIne: An amino acid oI he hyroid gIand vhich exers a simuIaing
eIIec on hyroid meaboIism. [NIH|
Iinding MedicaI Libraries 187
APPEMIX . FIMIMC MEICAL LIBRARIES
OvervIev
A a medicaI Iibrary you can Iind medicaI exs and reIerence books,
consumer heaIh pubIicaions, speciaIy nevspapers and magazines, as veII
as medicaI [ournaIs. In his Appendix, ve shov you hov o quickIy Iind a
medicaI Iibrary in your area.
PreparatIon
BeIore going o he Iibrary, highIigh he reIerences menioned in his
sourcebook ha you Iind ineresing. Iocus on hose iems ha are no
avaiIabIe via he Inerne, and ask he reIerence Iibrarian Ior heIp vih your
search. He or she may knov oI addiionaI resources ha couId be heIpIuI o
you. Mos imporanIy, your IocaI pubIic Iibrary and medicaI Iibraries have
InerIibrary Loan programs vih he NaionaI Library oI Medicine (NLM),
one oI he Iarges medicaI coIIecions in he vorId. According o he NLM,
mos oI he Iieraure in he generaI and hisoricaI coIIecions oI he NaionaI
Library oI Medicine is avaiIabIe on inerIibrary Ioan o any Iibrary. NLM s
inerIibrary Ioan services are onIy avaiIabIe o Iibraries. II you vouId Iike o
access NLM medicaI Iieraure, hen visi a Iibrary in your area ha can
reques he pubIicaions Ior you.
52
52
Adaped Irom he NLM: http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/psd/cas/InterIIbrary.htmI.
The Common CoId 188
FIndIng a LocaI MedIcaI LIbrary
The quickes mehod o Iocae medicaI Iibraries is o use he Inernebased
direcory pubIished by he NaionaI Nevork oI Libraries oI Medicine
(NNLM). This nevork incIudes 42 members and aIIiIiaes ha provide
many services o Iibrarians, heaIh proIessionaIs, and he pubIic. To Iind a
Iibrary in your area, simpIy visi http://nnIm.gov/members/adv.htmI or caII
18OO338757.
MedIcaI LIbrarIes Open to the PubIIc
In addiion o he NNLM, he NaionaI Library oI Medicine (NLM) Iiss a
number oI Iibraries ha are generaIIy open o he pubIic and have reIerence
IaciIiies. The IoIIoving is he NLM s Iis pIus hyperIinks o each Iibrary Web
sie. These Web pages can provide inIormaion on hours oI operaion and
oher resricions. The Iis beIov is a smaII sampIe oI Iibraries recommended
by he NaionaI Library oI Medicine (sored aIphabeicaIIy by name oI he
\.S. sae or Canadian province vhere he Iibrary is Iocaed):
53
AIabama: HeaIh InIoNe oI ]eIIerson Couny (]eIIerson Couny Library
Cooperaive, Liser HiII Library oI he HeaIh Sciences),
http://vvv.uab.edu/InIonet/
AIabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Spors Medicine
Insiue), http://vvv.asmI.org/LIBRARY.HTM
ArIzona: Samarian RegionaI MedicaI Cener: The Learning Cener
(Samarian HeaIh Sysem, Phoenix, Arizona),
http://vvv.samarItan.edu/IIbrary/bannerIIbs.htm
CaIIIornIa: Kris KeIIy HeaIh InIormaion Cener (S. ]oseph HeaIh
Sysem), http://vvv.humboIdt1.com/~kkhIc/Index.htmI
CaIIIornIa: Communiy HeaIh Library oI Los Caos (Communiy HeaIh
Library oI Los Caos), http://vvv.heaIthIIb.org/orgresources.htmI
CaIIIornIa: Consumer HeaIh Program and Services (CHIPS) (Couny oI
Los AngeIes PubIic Library, Los AngeIes Couny Harbor\CLA MedicaI
Cener Library) Carson, CA,
http://vvv.coIapubIIb.org/servIces/chIps.htmI
CaIIIornIa: Caevay HeaIh Library (Suer CouId MedicaI Ioundaion)
CaIIIornIa: HeaIh Library (SanIord \niversiy MedicaI Cener),
http://vvvmed.stanIord.edu/heaIthIIbrary/
53
Absraced Irom http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/IIbrarIes.htmI.
CaIIIornIa: Paien ducaion Resource Cener HeaIh InIormaion and
Resources (\niversiy oI CaIiIornia, San Irancisco),
http://sIghdean.ucsI.edu/barnett/PERC/deIauIt.asp
CaIIIornIa: Redvood HeaIh Library (PeaIuma HeaIh Care Disric),
http://vvv.phcd.org/rdvdIIb.htmI
CaIIIornIa: San ]os PIaneTree HeaIh Library,
http://pIanetreesanjose.org/
CaIIIornIa: Suer Resource Library (Suer HospiaIs Ioundaion),
http://go.sutterheaIth.org/comm/rescIIbrary/sacresources.htmI
CaIIIornIa: \niversiy oI CaIiIornia, Davis. HeaIh Sciences Libraries
CaIIIornIa: VaIIeyCare HeaIh Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource
Cener (VaIIeyCare HeaIh Sysem),
http://vvv.vaIIeycare.com/IIbrary.htmI
CaIIIornIa: Washingon Communiy HeaIh Resource Library
(Washingon Communiy HeaIh Resource Library),
http://vvv.heaIthIIbrary.org/
CoIorado: WiIIiam V. Cervasini MemoriaI Library (xempIa HeaIhcare),
http://vvv.exempIa.org/consIIb.htm
ConnectIcut: HarIord HospiaI HeaIh Science Libraries (HarIord
HospiaI), http://vvv.harthosp.org/IIbrary/
ConnectIcut: HeaIhne: Connecicu Consumer HeaIh InIormaion
Cener (\niversiy oI Connecicu HeaIh Cener, Lyman Maynard Sove
Library), http://IIbrary.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
ConnectIcut: Waerbury HospiaI HeaIh Cener Library (Waerbury
HospiaI), http://vvv.vaterburyhospItaI.com/IIbrary/consumer.shtmI
eIavare: Consumer HeaIh Library (Chrisiana Care HeaIh Sysem,
ugene du Pon Prevenive Medicine & RehabiIiaion Insiue),
http://vvv.chrIstIanacare.org/heaIth_guIde/heaIth_guIde_pmrI_heaIth
_InIo.cIm
eIavare: Levis B. IIinn Library (DeIavare Academy oI Medicine),
http://vvv.deIamed.org/chIs.htmI
CeorgIa: IamiIy Resource Library (MedicaI CoIIege oI Ceorgia),
http://cmc.mcg.edu/kIds_IamIIIes/Iam_resources/Iam_res_IIb/IrI.htm
CeorgIa: HeaIh Resource Cener (MedicaI Cener oI CenraI Ceorgia),
http://vvv.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
HavaII: Havaii MedicaI Library: Consumer HeaIh InIormaion Service
(Havaii MedicaI Library), http://hmI.org/CHIS/
The Common CoId 190
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer HeaIh Library (Kooenai MedicaI Cener),
http://vvv.nIcon.org/eArmond/Index.htm
IIIInoIs: HeaIh Learning Cener oI Norhvesern MemoriaI HospiaI
(Norhvesern MemoriaI HospiaI, HeaIh Learning Cener),
http://vvv.nmh.org/heaIth_InIo/hIc.htmI
IIIInoIs: MedicaI Library (OSI Sain Irancis MedicaI Cener),
http://vvv.osIsaIntIrancIs.org/generaI/IIbrary/
Kentucky: MedicaI Library Services Ior Paiens, IamiIies, Sudens &
he PubIic (CenraI Bapis HospiaI),
http://vvv.centraIbap.com/educatIon/communIty/IIbrary.htm
Kentucky: \niversiy oI Kenucky HeaIh InIormaion Library
(\niversiy oI Kenucky, ChandIer MedicaI Cener, HeaIh InIormaion
Library), http://vvv.mc.uky.edu/PatIentEd/
LouIsIana: AIon Ochsner MedicaI Ioundaion Library (AIon Ochsner
MedicaI Ioundaion), http://vvv.ochsner.org/IIbrary/
LouIsIana: Louisiana Sae \niversiy HeaIh Sciences Cener MedicaI
LibraryShrevepor, http://IIbsh.Isuhsc.edu/
MaIne: IrankIin MemoriaI HospiaI MedicaI Library (IrankIin MemoriaI
HospiaI), http://vvv.Ichn.org/Imh/IIb.htm
MaIne: CerrishTrue HeaIh Sciences Library (CenraI Maine MedicaI
Cener), http://vvv.cmmc.org/IIbrary/IIbrary.htmI
MaIne: HadIey Parro HeaIh Science Library (asern Maine
HeaIhcare), http://vvv.emh.org/hII/hpI/guIde.htm
MaIne: Maine MedicaI Cener Library (Maine MedicaI Cener),
http://vvv.mmc.org/IIbrary/
MaIne: Parkviev HospiaI,
http://vvv.parkvIevhospItaI.org/communIt.htm*LIbrary
MaIne: Souhern Maine MedicaI Cener HeaIh Sciences Library
(Souhern Maine MedicaI Cener),
http://vvv.smmc.org/servIces/servIce.php37choIce=10
MaIne: Sephens MemoriaI HospiaI HeaIh InIormaion Library
(Wesern Maine HeaIh), http://vvv.vmhcc.com/hII_Irame.htmI
ManItoba, Canada: Consumer & Paien HeaIh InIormaion Service
(\niversiy oI Manioba Libraries),
http://vvv.umanItoba.ca/IIbrarIes/unIts/heaIth/reIerence/chIs.htmI
ManItoba, Canada: ].W. Crane MemoriaI Library (Deer Lodge Cenre),
http://vvv.deerIodge.mb.ca/IIbrary/IIbraryservIces.shtmI
MaryIand: HeaIh InIormaion Cener a he Wheaon RegionaI Library
(Mongomery Couny, Md., Dep. oI PubIic Libraries, Wheaon RegionaI
Library), http://vvv.mont.IIb.md.us/heaIthInIo/hIc.asp
Massachusetts: Baysae MedicaI Cener Library (Baysae HeaIh
Sysem), http://vvv.baystateheaIth.com/1024/
Massachusetts: Boson \niversiy MedicaI Cener AIumni MedicaI
Library (Boson \niversiy MedicaI Cener), http://med
IIbvvv.bu.edu/IIbrary/IIb.htmI
Massachusetts: LoveII CeneraI HospiaI HeaIh Sciences Library (LoveII
CeneraI HospiaI),
http://vvv.IoveIIgeneraI.org/IIbrary/HomePageLInks/WWW.htm
Massachusetts: PauI . Woodard HeaIh Sciences Library (Nev ngIand
Bapis HospiaI), http://vvv.nebh.org/heaIth_IIb.asp
Massachusetts: S. Luke s HospiaI HeaIh Sciences Library (S. Luke s
HospiaI), http://vvv.southcoast.org/IIbrary/
Massachusetts: TreadveII Library Consumer HeaIh ReIerence Cener
(Massachuses CeneraI HospiaI),
http://vvv.mgh.harvard.edu/IIbrary/chrcIndex.htmI
Massachusetts: \Mass HeaIhNe (\niversiy oI Massachuses MedicaI
SchooI), http://heaIthnet.umassmed.edu/
MIchIgan: BosIord CeneraI HospiaI Library Consumer HeaIh
(BosIord CeneraI HospiaI, Library & Inerne Services),
http://vvv.botsIordIIbrary.org/consumer.htm
MIchIgan: HeIen DeRoy MedicaI Library (Providence HospiaI and
MedicaI Ceners), http://vvv.provIdencehospItaI.org/IIbrary/
MIchIgan: Marquee CeneraI HospiaI Consumer HeaIh Library
(Marquee CeneraI HospiaI, HeaIh InIormaion Cener),
http://vvv.mgh.org/center.htmI
MIchIgan: Paien ducaion Resouce Cener \niversiy oI Michigan
Cancer Cener (\niversiy oI Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cener),
http://vvv.cancer.med.umIch.edu/Iearn/Ieares.htm
MIchIgan: SIaden Library & Cener Ior HeaIh InIormaion Resources
Consumer HeaIh InIormaion,
http://vvv.sIaden.hIhs.org/IIbrary/consumer/Index.htmI
Montana: Cener Ior HeaIh InIormaion (S. Parick HospiaI and HeaIh
Sciences Cener),
http://vvv.saIntpatrIck.org/chI/IIbrarydetaII.php37I=41
The Common CoId 192
MatIonaI: Consumer HeaIh Library Direcory (MedicaI Library
Associaion, Consumer and Paien HeaIh InIormaion Secion),
http://caphIs.mIanet.org/dIrectory/Index.htmI
MatIonaI: NaionaI Nevork oI Libraries oI Medicine (NaionaI Library oI
Medicine) provides Iibrary services Ior heaIh proIessionaIs in he
\nied Saes vho do no have access o a medicaI Iibrary,
http://nnIm.gov/
MatIonaI: NNLM Lis oI Libraries Serving he PubIic (NaionaI Nevork
oI Libraries oI Medicine), http://nnIm.gov/members/
Mevada: HeaIh Science Library, Wes CharIeson Library (Las Vegas
CIark Couny Library Disric),
http://vvv.IvccId.org/specIaI_coIIectIons/medIcaI/Index.htm
Mev HampshIre: Darmouh BiomedicaI Libraries (Darmouh CoIIege
Library),
http://vvv.dartmouth.edu/~bIomed/resources.htmId/consheaIth.htmId/
Mev ]ersey: Consumer HeaIh Library (Rahvay HospiaI),
http://vvv.rahvayhospItaI.com/IIbrary.htm
Mev ]ersey: Dr. WaIer PhiIIips HeaIh Sciences Library (ngIevood
HospiaI and MedicaI Cener),
http://vvv.engIevoodhospItaI.com/IInks/Index.htm
Mev ]ersey: MeIand Ioundaion (ngIevood HospiaI and MedicaI
Cener), http://vvv.geocItIes.com/ResearchTrIangIe/930/
Mev York: Choices in HeaIh InIormaion (Nev York PubIic Library)
NLM Consumer PiIo Pro[ec paricipan,
http://vvv.nypI.org/branch/heaIth/IInks.htmI
Mev York: HeaIh InIormaion Cener (\psae MedicaI \niversiy, Sae
\niversiy oI Nev York), http://vvv.upstate.edu/IIbrary/hIc/
Mev York: HeaIh Sciences Library (Long IsIand ]evish MedicaI Cener),
http://vvv.IIj.edu/IIbrary/IIbrary.htmI
Mev York: ViaHeaIh MedicaI Library (Rocheser CeneraI HospiaI),
http://vvv.nyam.org/IIbrary/
OhIo: Consumer HeaIh Library (Akron CeneraI MedicaI Cener, MedicaI
& Consumer HeaIh Library),
http://vvv.akrongeneraI.org/hvIIbrary.htm
OkIahoma: Sain Irancis HeaIh Sysem PaienIamiIy Resource Cener
(Sain Irancis HeaIh Sysem), http://vvv.sIh
tuIsa.com/patIentIamIIycenter/deIauIt.asp
Oregon: PIaneree HeaIh Resource Cener (MidCoIumbia MedicaI
Cener), http://vvv.mcmc.net/phrc/
PennsyIvanIa: Communiy HeaIh InIormaion Library (MiIon S.
Hershey MedicaI Cener), http://vvv.hmc.psu.edu/commheaIth/
PennsyIvanIa: Communiy HeaIh Resource Library (Ceisinger MedicaI
Cener), http://vvv.geIsInger.edu/educatIon/commIIb.shtmI
PennsyIvanIa: HeaIhInIo Library (Moses TayIor HospiaI),
http://vvv.mth.org/heaIthveIIness.htmI
PennsyIvanIa: Hopvood Library (\niversiy oI Pisburgh, HeaIh
Sciences Library Sysem), http://vvv.hsIs.pItt.edu/chI/hhrcInIo.htmI
PennsyIvanIa: Koop Communiy HeaIh InIormaion Cener (CoIIege oI
Physicians oI PhiIadeIphia), http://vvv.coIIphyphII.org/kooppg1.shtmI
PennsyIvanIa: Learning Resources Cener MedicaI Library
(Susquehanna HeaIh Sysem),
http://vvv.shscares.org/servIces/Irc/Index.asp
PennsyIvanIa: MedicaI Library (\PMC HeaIh Sysem),
http://vvv.upmc.edu/passavant/IIbrary.htm
Quebec, Canada: MedicaI Library (MonreaI CeneraI HospiaI),
http://vv2.mcgIII.ca/mghIIb/
South akota: Rapid Ciy RegionaI HospiaI HeaIh InIormaion Cener
(Rapid Ciy RegionaI HospiaI, HeaIh InIormaion Cener),
http://vvv.rcrh.org/educatIon/LIbraryResourcesConsumers.htm
Texas: Houson HeaIhWays (Houson Academy oI MedicineTexas
MedicaI Cener Library), http://hhv.IIbrary.tmc.edu/
Texas: Mausik IamiIy Resource Cener (Cook ChiIdren s HeaIh Care
Sysem), http://vvv.cookchIIdrens.com/MatustIk_LIbrary.htmI
WashIngton: Communiy HeaIh Library (Kiias VaIIey Communiy
HospiaI), http://vvv.kvch.com/
WashIngton: Souhves Washingon MedicaI Cener Library (Souhves
Washingon MedicaI Cener), http://vvv.svmedctr.com/Home/
Your Righs and Insurance 195
APPEMIX E. YOUR RICHTS AM IMSURAMCE
OvervIev
Any paien vih he common coId Iaces a series oI issues reIaed more o he
heaIhcare indusry han o he medicaI condiion iseII. This appendix
covers vo imporan opics in his regard: your righs and responsibiIiies as
a paien, and hov o ge he mos ou oI your medicaI insurance pIan.
Your RIghts as a PatIent
The Presiden s Advisory Commission on Consumer Proecion and QuaIiy
in he HeaIhcare Indusry has creaed he IoIIoving summary oI your righs
as a paien.
54
InIormatIon IscIosure
Consumers have he righ o receive accurae, easiIy undersood inIormaion.
Some consumers require assisance in making inIormed decisions abou
heaIh pIans, heaIh proIessionaIs, and heaIhcare IaciIiies. Such inIormaion
incIudes:
- Covered beneIis, cossharing, and procedures Ior
resoIving compIains, Iicensure, ceriIicaion, and accrediaion saus,
comparabIe measures oI quaIiy and consumer saisIacion, provider
nevork composiion, he procedures ha govern access o speciaIiss
and emergency services, and care managemen inIormaion.
54
Adaped Irom Consumer BiII oI Righs and ResponsibiIiies:
http://vvv.hcquaIItycommIssIon.gov/press/cbor.htmI*head1.
The Common CoId 196
--- ducaion, board ceriIicaion, and receriIicaion,
years oI pracice, experience perIorming cerain procedures, and
comparabIe measures oI quaIiy and consumer saisIacion.
- xperience in perIorming cerain procedures and
services, accrediaion saus, comparabIe measures oI quaIiy, vorker,
and consumer saisIacion, and procedures Ior resoIving compIains.
- --- - Programs mus be careIuIIy srucured o
promoe consumer conIidence and o vork cooperaiveIy vih heaIh
pIans, providers, payers, and reguIaors. DesirabIe characerisics oI such
programs are sponsorship ha ensures accounabiIiy o he ineress oI
consumers and sabIe, adequae Iunding.
ChoIce oI ProvIders and PIans
Consumers have he righ o a choice oI heaIhcare providers ha is
suIIicien o ensure access o appropriae highquaIiy heaIhcare. To ensure
such choice, he Commission recommends he IoIIoving:
AII heaIh pIan nevorks shouId provide
access o suIIicien numbers and ypes oI providers o assure ha aII
covered services viII be accessibIe vihou unreasonabIe deIay
incIuding access o emergency services 24 hours a day and 7 days a veek.
II a heaIh pIan has an insuIIicien number or ype oI providers o
provide a covered beneIi vih he appropriae degree oI speciaIizaion,
he pIan shouId ensure ha he consumer obains he beneIi ouside he
nevork a no greaer cos han iI he beneIi vere obained Irom
paricipaing providers.
- -- Women shouId be abIe o choose a quaIiIied
provider oIIered by a pIan such as gynecoIogiss, ceriIied nurse
midvives, and oher quaIiIied heaIhcare providers Ior he provision oI
covered care necessary o provide rouine and prevenaive vomen s
heaIhcare services.
-- --- Consumers vih compIex or serious medicaI
condiions vho require Irequen speciaIy care shouId have direc access
o a quaIiIied speciaIis oI heir choice vihin a pIan s nevork oI
providers. Auhorizaions, vhen required, shouId be Ior an adequae
number oI direc access visis under an approved reamen pIan.
- Consumers vho are undergoing a course oI reamen
Ior a chronic or disabIing condiion (or vho are in he second or hird
rimeser oI a pregnancy) a he ime hey invoIunariIy change heaIh
pIans or a a ime vhen a provider is erminaed by a pIan Ior oher han
cause shouId be abIe o coninue seeing heir curren speciaIy providers
Ior up o 9O days (or hrough compIeion oI posparum care) o aIIov Ior
ransiion oI care.
- PubIic and privae group purchasers shouId,
vherever IeasibIe, oIIer consumers a choice oI highquaIiy heaIh
insurance pIans.
Access to Emergency ServIces
Consumers have he righ o access emergency heaIhcare services vhen and
vhere he need arises. HeaIh pIans shouId provide paymen vhen a
consumer presens o an emergency deparmen vih acue sympoms oI
suIIicien severiyincIuding severe painsuch ha a pruden Iayperson
couId reasonabIy expec he absence oI medicaI aenion o resuI in pIacing
ha consumer s heaIh in serious [eopardy, serious impairmen o bodiIy
Iuncions, or serious dysIuncion oI any bodiIy organ or par.
PartIcIpatIon In Treatment ecIsIons
Consumers have he righ and responsibiIiy o IuIIy paricipae in aII
decisions reIaed o heir heaIhcare. Consumers vho are unabIe o IuIIy
paricipae in reamen decisions have he righ o be represened by
parens, guardians, IamiIy members, or oher conservaors. Physicians and
oher heaIh proIessionaIs shouId:
Provide paiens vih suIIicien inIormaion and opporuniy o decide
among reamen opions consisen vih he inIormed consen process.
Discuss aII reamen opions vih a paien in a cuIuraIIy compeen
manner, incIuding he opion oI no reamen a aII.
nsure ha persons vih disabiIiies have eIIecive communicaions vih
members oI he heaIh sysem in making such decisions.
Discuss aII curren reamens a consumer may be undergoing.
Discuss aII risks, beneIis, and consequences o reamen or
nonreamen.
Cive paiens he opporuniy o reIuse reamen and o express
preIerences abou Iuure reamen decisions.
The Common CoId 198
Discuss he use oI advance direcives boh Iiving viIIs and durabIe
povers oI aorney Ior heaIhcare vih paiens and heir designaed
IamiIy members.
Abide by he decisions made by heir paiens andor heir designaed
represenaives consisen vih he inIormed consen process.
HeaIh pIans, heaIh providers, and heaIhcare IaciIiies shouId:
DiscIose o consumers Iacors such as mehods oI compensaion,
ovnership oI or ineres in heaIhcare IaciIiies, or maers oI conscience
ha couId inIIuence advice or reamen decisions.
Assure ha provider conracs do no conain any socaIIed gag cIauses
or oher conracuaI mechanisms ha resric heaIhcare providers abiIiy
o communicae vih and advise paiens abou medicaIIy necessary
reamen opions.
Be prohibied Irom penaIizing or seeking reribuion agains heaIhcare
proIessionaIs or oher heaIh vorkers Ior advocaing on behaII oI heir
paiens.
Respect and MondIscrImInatIon
Consumers have he righ o considerae, respecIuI care Irom aII members oI
he heaIhcare indusry a aII imes and under aII circumsances. An
environmen oI muuaI respec is esseniaI o mainain a quaIiy heaIhcare
sysem. To assure ha righ, he Commission recommends he IoIIoving:
Consumers mus no be discriminaed agains in he deIivery oI
heaIhcare services consisen vih he beneIis covered in heir poIicy, or
as required by Iav, based on race, ehniciy, naionaI origin, reIigion, sex,
age, menaI or physicaI disabiIiy, sexuaI orienaion, geneic inIormaion,
or source oI paymen.
Consumers eIigibIe Ior coverage under he erms and condiions oI a
heaIh pIan or program, or as required by Iav, mus no be discriminaed
agains in markeing and enroIImen pracices based on race, ehniciy,
naionaI origin, reIigion, sex, age, menaI or physicaI disabiIiy, sexuaI
orienaion, geneic inIormaion, or source oI paymen.
ConIIdentIaIIty oI HeaIth InIormatIon
Consumers have he righ o communicae vih heaIhcare providers in
conIidence and o have he conIideniaIiy oI heir individuaIIy ideniIiabIe
heaIhcare inIormaion proeced. Consumers aIso have he righ o reviev
and copy heir ovn medicaI records and reques amendmens o heir
records.
CompIaInts and AppeaIs
Consumers have he righ o a Iair and eIIicien process Ior resoIving
diIIerences vih heir heaIh pIans, heaIhcare providers, and he insiuions
ha serve hem, incIuding a rigorous sysem oI inernaI reviev and an
independen sysem oI exernaI reviev. A Iree copy oI he Paien s BiII oI
Righs is avaiIabIe Irom he American HospiaI Associaion.
55
PatIent ResponsIbIIItIes
Treamen is a vovay sree beveen you and your heaIhcare providers.
To underscore he imporance oI Iinance in modern heaIhcare as veII as
your responsibiIiy Ior he IinanciaI aspecs oI your care, he Presiden s
Advisory Commission on Consumer Proecion and QuaIiy in he
HeaIhcare Indusry has proposed ha paiens undersand he IoIIoving
Consumer ResponsibiIiies.
5
In a heaIhcare sysem ha proecs
consumers righs, i is reasonabIe o expec and encourage consumers o
assume cerain responsibiIiies. Creaer individuaI invoIvemen by he
consumer in his or her care increases he IikeIihood oI achieving he bes
oucome and heIps suppor a quaIiyoriened, cosconscious environmen.
Such responsibiIiies incIude:
Take responsibiIiy Ior maximizing heaIhy habis such as exercising, no
smoking, and eaing a heaIhy die.
Work coIIaboraiveIy vih heaIhcare providers in deveIoping and
carrying ou agreedupon reamen pIans.
DiscIose reIevan inIormaion and cIearIy communicae vans and needs.
\se your heaIh insurance pIan s inernaI compIain and appeaI processes
o address your concerns.
Avoid knovingIy spreading disease.
55
To order your Iree copy oI he Paien's BiII oI Righs, eIephone 3124223OOO or visi he
American HospiaI Associaion s Web sie: http://vvv.aha.org. CIick on Resource Cener,
go o Search a boom oI page, and hen ype in Paien's BiII oI Righs. The Paien s
BiII oI Righs is aIso avaiIabIe Irom Iax on Demand, a 3124222O2O, documen number
471124.
5
Adaped Irom http://vvv.hcquaIItycommIssIon.gov/press/cbor.htmI*head1.
The Common CoId 200
Recognize he reaIiy oI risks, he Iimis oI he medicaI science, and he
human IaIIibiIiy oI he heaIhcare proIessionaI.
Be avare oI a heaIhcare provider s obIigaion o be reasonabIy eIIicien
and equiabIe in providing care o oher paiens and he communiy.
Become knovIedgeabIe abou your heaIh pIan s coverage and opions
(vhen avaiIabIe) incIuding aII covered beneIis, Iimiaions, and
excIusions, ruIes regarding use oI nevork providers, coverage and
reIerraI ruIes, appropriae processes o secure addiionaI inIormaion, and
he process o appeaI coverage decisions.
Shov respec Ior oher paiens and heaIh vorkers.
Make a goodIaih eIIor o mee IinanciaI obIigaions.
Abide by adminisraive and operaionaI procedures oI heaIh pIans,
heaIhcare providers, and Covernmen heaIh beneIi programs.
ChoosIng an Insurance PIan
There are a number oI oIIiciaI governmen agencies ha heIp consumers
undersand heir heaIhcare insurance choices.
57
The \.S. Deparmen oI
Labor, in paricuIar, recommends en vays o make your heaIh beneIis
choices vork bes Ior you.
58
1. Your optIons are Important. There are many diIIeren ypes oI heaIh
beneIi pIans. Iind ou vhich one your empIoyer oIIers, hen check ou he
pIan, or pIans, oIIered. Your empIoyer s human resource oIIice, he heaIh
pIan adminisraor, or your union can provide inIormaion o heIp you
mach your needs and preIerences vih he avaiIabIe pIans. The more
inIormaion you have, he beer your heaIhcare decisions viII be.
2. RevIevIng the beneIIts avaIIabIe. Do he pIans oIIered cover prevenive
care, veIIbaby care, vision or denaI care7 Are here deducibIes7 Ansvers
o hese quesions can heIp deermine he ouoIpocke expenses you may
Iace. Maching your needs and hose oI your IamiIy members viII resuI in
he bes possibIe beneIis. Cheapes may no aIvays be bes. Your goaI is
high quaIiy heaIh beneIis.
57
More inIormaion abou quaIiy across programs is provided a he IoIIoving AHRQ Web
sie:
http://vvv.ahrq.gov/consumer/qntascII/qnthpIan.htm.
58
Adaped Irom he Deparmen oI Labor:
http://vvv.doI.gov/doI/pvba/pubIIc/pubs/heaIth/top10text.htmI.
3. Look Ior quaIIty. The quaIiy oI heaIhcare services varies, bu quaIiy can
be measured. You shouId consider he quaIiy oI heaIhcare in deciding
among he heaIhcare pIans or opions avaiIabIe o you. No aII heaIh pIans,
docors, hospiaIs and oher providers give he highes quaIiy care.
IorunaeIy, here is quaIiy inIormaion you can use righ nov o heIp you
compare your heaIhcare choices. Iind ou hov you can measure quaIiy.
ConsuI he \.S. Deparmen oI HeaIh and Human Services pubIicaion
Your Cuide o Choosing QuaIiy HeaIh Care on he Inerne a
vvv.ahcpr.gov/consumer.
4. Your pIan s summary pIan descrIptIon (SP) provIdes a veaIth oI
InIormatIon. Your heaIh pIan adminisraor can provide you vih a copy oI
your pIan s SPD. I ouIines your beneIis and your IegaI righs under he
mpIoyee Reiremen Income Securiy Ac (RISA), he IederaI Iav ha
proecs your heaIh beneIis. I shouId conain inIormaion abou he
coverage oI dependens, vha services viII require a copay, and he
circumsances under vhich your empIoyer can change or erminae a heaIh
beneIis pIan. Save he SPD and aII oher heaIh pIan brochures and
documens, aIong vih memos or correspondence Irom your empIoyer
reIaing o heaIh beneIis.
5. Assess your beneIIt coverage as your IamIIy status changes. Marriage,
divorce, chiIdbirh or adopion, and he deah oI a spouse are aII IiIe evens
ha may signaI a need o change your heaIh beneIis. You, your spouse and
dependen chiIdren may be eIigibIe Ior a speciaI enroIImen period under
provisions oI he HeaIh Insurance PorabiIiy and AccounabiIiy Ac
(HIPAA). ven vihou IiIechanging evens, he inIormaion provided by
your empIoyer shouId eII you hov you can change beneIis or svich pIans,
iI more han one pIan is oIIered. II your spouse s empIoyer aIso oIIers a
heaIh beneIis package, consider coordinaing boh pIans Ior maximum
coverage.
. ChangIng jobs and other IIIe events can aIIect your heaIth beneIIts.
\nder he ConsoIidaed Omnibus Budge ReconciIiaion Ac (COBRA), you,
your covered spouse, and your dependen chiIdren may be eIigibIe o
purchase exended heaIh coverage under your empIoyer s pIan iI you Iose
your [ob, change empIoyers, ge divorced, or upon occurrence oI cerain
oher evens. Coverage can range Irom 18 o 3 monhs depending on your
siuaion. COBRA appIies o mos empIoyers vih 2O or more vorkers and
requires your pIan o noiIy you oI your righs. Mos pIans require eIigibIe
individuaIs o make heir COBRA eIecion vihin O days oI he pIan s
noice. Be sure o IoIIov up vih your pIan sponsor iI you don receive
noice, and make sure you respond vihin he aIIoed ime.
The Common CoId 202
7. HIPAA can aIso heIp II you are changIng jobs, partIcuIarIy II you have a
medIcaI condItIon. HIPAA generaIIy Iimis preexising condiion excIusions
o a maximum oI 12 monhs (18 monhs Ior Iae enroIIees). HIPAA aIso
requires his maximum period o be reduced by he Iengh oI ime you had
prior crediabIe coverage. You shouId receive a ceriIicae documening
your prior crediabIe coverage Irom your oId pIan vhen coverage ends.
8. PIan Ior retIrement. BeIore you reire, Iind ou vha heaIh beneIis, iI any,
exend o you and your spouse during your reiremen years. ConsuI vih
your empIoyer s human resources oIIice, your union, he pIan adminisraor,
and check your SPD. Make sure here is no conIIicing inIormaion among
hese sources abou he beneIis you viII receive or he circumsances under
vhich hey can change or be eIiminaed. Wih his inIormaion in hand, you
can make oher imporan choices, Iike Iinding ou iI you are eIigibIe Ior
Medicare and Medigap insurance coverage.
9. Knov hov to IIIe an appeaI II your heaIth beneIIts cIaIm Is denIed.
\ndersand hov your pIan handIes grievances and vhere o make appeaIs
oI he pIan s decisions. Keep records and copies oI correspondence. Check
your heaIh beneIis package and your SPD o deermine vho is responsibIe
Ior handIing probIems vih beneIi cIaims. Conac PWBA Ior cusomer
service assisance iI you are unabIe o obain a response o your compIain.
10. You can take steps to Improve the quaIIty oI the heaIthcare and the
heaIth beneIIts you receIve. Look Ior and use hings Iike QuaIiy Repors
and Accrediaion Repors vhenever you can. QuaIiy repors may conain
consumer raings hov saisIied consumers are vih he docors in heir
pIan, Ior insance and cIinicaI perIormance measures hov veII a
heaIhcare organizaion prevens and reas iIIness. Accrediaion repors
provide inIormaion on hov accredied organizaions mee naionaI
sandards, and oIen incIude cIinicaI perIormance measures. Look Ior hese
quaIiy measures vhenever possibIe. ConsuI Your Cuide o Choosing
QuaIiy HeaIh Care on he Inerne a vvv.ahcpr.gov/consumer.
MedIcare and MedIcaId
IIIness srikes boh rich and poor IamiIies. Ior Iovincome IamiIies, Medicaid
is avaiIabIe o deIer he coss oI reamen. The HeaIh Care Iinancing
Adminisraion (HCIA) adminisers Medicare, he naion s Iarges heaIh
insurance program, vhich covers 39 miIIion Americans. In he IoIIoving
pages, you viII Iearn he basics abou Medicare insurance as veII as useIuI
conac inIormaion on hov o Iind more indeph inIormaion abou
Medicaid.
59
Who Is EIIgIbIe Ior MedIcare7
CeneraIIy, you are eIigibIe Ior Medicare iI you or your spouse vorked Ior a
Ieas 1O years in Medicarecovered empIoymen and you are 5 years oId
and a ciizen or permanen residen oI he \nied Saes. You migh aIso
quaIiIy Ior coverage iI you are under age 5 bu have a disabiIiy or nd
Sage RenaI disease (permanen kidney IaiIure requiring diaIysis or
ranspIan). Here are some simpIe guideIines:
You can ge Par A a age 5 vihou having o pay premiums iI:
You are aIready receiving reiremen beneIis Irom SociaI Securiy or he
RaiIroad Reiremen Board.
You are eIigibIe o receive SociaI Securiy or RaiIroad beneIis bu have
no ye IiIed Ior hem.
You or your spouse had Medicarecovered governmen empIoymen.
II you are under 5, you can ge Par A vihou having o pay
premiums iI:
You have received SociaI Securiy or RaiIroad Reiremen Board disabiIiy
beneIi Ior 24 monhs.
You are a kidney diaIysis or kidney ranspIan paien.
Medicare has vo pars:
Par A (HospiaI Insurance). Mos peopIe do no have o pay Ior Par A.
Par B (MedicaI Insurance). Mos peopIe pay monhIy Ior Par B.
Part A (HospItaI Insurance)
HeIps Pay For: Inpaien hospiaI care, care in criicaI access hospiaIs (smaII
IaciIiies ha give Iimied oupaien and inpaien services o peopIe in ruraI
areas) and skiIIed nursing IaciIiies, hospice care, and some home heaIhcare.
59
This secion has been adaped Irom he OIIiciaI \.S. Sie Ior Medicare InIormaion:
http://vvv.medIcare.gov/BasIcs/OvervIev.asp.
The Common CoId 204
Cost: Mos peopIe ge Par A auomaicaIIy vhen hey urn age 5. You do
no have o pay a monhIy paymen caIIed a premium Ior Par A because you
or a spouse paid Medicare axes vhiIe you vere vorking.
II you (or your spouse) did no pay Medicare axes vhiIe you vere vorking
and you are age 5 or oIder, you siII may be abIe o buy Par A. II you are
no sure you have Par A, Iook on your red, vhie, and bIue Medicare card. I
viII shov HospiaI Par A on he Iover IeI corner oI he card. You can
aIso caII he SociaI Securiy Adminisraion oII Iree a 18OO7721213 or caII
your IocaI SociaI Securiy oIIice Ior more inIormaion abou buying Par A. II
you ge beneIis Irom he RaiIroad Reiremen Board, caII your IocaI RRB
oIIice or 18OO8O8O772. Ior more inIormaion, caII your IiscaI Inermediary
abou Par A biIIs and services. The phone number Ior he IiscaI
Inermediary oIIice in your area can be obained Irom he IoIIoving Web
sie: http://vvv.medIcare.gov/Contacts/home.asp.
Part B (MedIcaI Insurance)
HeIps Pay For: Docors, services, oupaien hospiaI care, and some oher
medicaI services ha Par A does no cover, such as he services oI physicaI
and occupaionaI herapiss, and some home heaIhcare. Par B heIps pay Ior
covered services and suppIies vhen hey are medicaIIy necessary.
Cost: As oI 2OO1, you pay he Medicare Par B premium oI $5O.OO per monh.
In some cases his amoun may be higher iI you did no choose Par B vhen
you Iirs became eIigibIe a age 5. The cos oI Par B may go up 1O% Ior each
12monh period ha you vere eIigibIe Ior Par B bu decIined coverage,
excep in speciaI cases. You viII have o pay he exra 1O% cos Ior he res oI
your IiIe.
nroIIing in Par B is your choice. You can sign up Ior Par B anyime during
a 7monh period ha begins 3 monhs beIore you urn 5. Visi your IocaI
SociaI Securiy oIIice, or caII he SociaI Securiy Adminisraion a 18OO772
1213 o sign up. II you choose o enroII in Par B, he premium is usuaIIy
aken ou oI your monhIy SociaI Securiy, RaiIroad Reiremen, or CiviI
Service Reiremen paymen. II you do no receive any oI he above
paymens, Medicare sends you a biII Ior your par B premium every 3
monhs. You shouId receive your Medicare premium biII in he maiI by he
1Oh oI he monh. II you do no, caII he SociaI Securiy Adminisraion a 1
8OO7721213, or your IocaI SociaI Securiy oIIice. II you ge beneIis Irom he
RaiIroad Reiremen Board, caII your IocaI RRB oIIice or 18OO8O8O772. Ior
more inIormaion, caII your Medicare carrier abou biIIs and services. The
phone number Ior he Medicare carrier in your area can be Iound a he
IoIIoving Web sie: http://vvv.medIcare.gov/Contacts/home.asp. You may
have choices in hov you ge your heaIhcare incIuding he OriginaI
Medicare PIan, Medicare Managed Care PIans (Iike HMOs), and Medicare
Privae IeeIorService PIans.
MedIcaId
Medicaid is a [oin IederaI and sae program ha heIps pay medicaI coss Ior
some peopIe vih Iov incomes and Iimied resources. Medicaid programs
vary Irom sae o sae. PeopIe on Medicaid may aIso ge coverage Ior
nursing home care and oupaien prescripion drugs vhich are no covered
by Medicare. You can Iind more inIormaion abou Medicaid on he
HCIA.gov Web sie a http://vvv.hcIa.gov/medIcaId/medIcaId.htm.
Saes aIso have programs ha pay some or aII oI Medicare s premiums and
may aIso pay Medicare deducibIes and coinsurance Ior cerain peopIe vho
have Medicare and a Iov income. To quaIiIy, you mus have:
Par A (HospiaI Insurance),
Asses, such as bank accouns, socks, and bonds ha are no more han
$4,OOO Ior a singIe person, or $,OOO Ior a coupIe, and
A monhIy income ha is beIov cerain Iimis.
Ior more inIormaion on hese programs, Iook a he Medicare Savings
Programs brochure,
http://vvv.medIcare.gov/LIbrary/PFMavIgatIon/PFInterIm.asp7Langua
ge=EngIIsh8Type=Pub8PubI=1012. There are aIso Prescripion Drug
Assisance Programs avaiIabIe. Iind inIormaion on hese programs vhich
oIIer discouns or Iree medicaions o individuaIs in need a
http://vvv.medIcare.gov/PrescrIptIon/Home.asp.
MOR s MedIcatIon AssIstance Programs
IinaIIy, he NaionaI Organizaion Ior Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD)
adminisers medicaion programs sponsored by humaniarianminded
pharmaceuicaI and bioechnoIogy companies o heIp uninsured or under
insured individuaIs secure IiIesaving or IiIesusaining drugs.
O
NORD
O
Adaped Irom NORD: http://vvv.raredIseases.org/cgI
bIn/nord/progserv*patIent7Id=rPIzL9o8mv_pc=30.
The Common CoId 206
programs ensure ha cerain viaI drugs are avaiIabIe o hose individuaIs
vhose income is oo high o quaIiIy Ior Medicaid bu oo Iov o pay Ior heir
prescribed medicaions. The program has sandards Ior Iairness, equiy,
and unbiased eIigibiIiy. I currenIy covers some 14 programs Ior nine
pharmaceuicaI companies. NORD aIso oIIers earIy access programs Ior
invesigaionaI nev drugs (IND) under he approved Treamen INDs
programs oI he Iood and Drug Adminisraion (IDA). In hese programs, a
Iimied number oI individuaIs can receive invesigaionaI drugs ha have ye
o be approved by he IDA. These programs are generaIIy designed Ior rare
diseases or disorders. Ior more inIormaion, visi vvv.raredIseases.org.
AddItIonaI Resources
In addiion o he reIerences aIready Iised in his chaper, you may need
more inIormaion on heaIh insurance, hospiaIs, or he heaIhcare sysem in
generaI. The NIH has se up an exceIIen guidance Web sie ha addresses
hese and oher issues. Topics incIude:
1
HeaIh Insurance:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/heaIthInsurance.htmI
HeaIh Saisics:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/heaIthstatIstIcs.htmI
HMO and Managed Care:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/managedcare.htmI
Hospice Care: http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/hospIcecare.htmI
Medicaid: http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/medIcaId.htmI
Medicare: http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/medIcare.htmI
Nursing Homes and Longerm Care:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/nursInghomes.htmI
Paien s Righs, ConIideniaIiy, InIormed Consen, Ombudsman
Programs, Privacy and Paien Issues:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/patIentIssues.htmI
1
You can access his inIormaion a:
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/heaIthsystem.htmI.
OnIine CIossaries 207
OMLIME CLOSSARIES
The Inerne provides access o a number oI Ireeouse medicaI dicionaries
and gIossaries. The NaionaI Library oI Medicine has compiIed he IoIIoving
Iis oI onIine dicionaries:
ADAM MedicaI ncycIopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medicaI
reIerence: http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/encycIopedIa.htmI
MedicineNe.com MedicaI Dicionary (MedicineNe, Inc.):
http://vvv.medterms.com/ScrIpt/MaIn/hp.asp
MerriamWebser MedicaI Dicionary (IneIiHeaIh, Inc.):
http://vvv.InteIIheaIth.com/IH/
MuIiIinguaI CIossary oI TechnicaI and PopuIar MedicaI Terms in igh
uropean Languages (uropean Commission) Danish, Duch, ngIish,
Irench, Cerman, IaIian, Poruguese, and Spanish:
http://aIIserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstIch/eugIoss/veIcome.htmI
OnIine MedicaI Dicionary (CancerWB):
http://vvv.grayIab.ac.uk/omd/
TechnoIogy CIossary (NaionaI Library oI Medicine) HeaIh Care
TechnoIogy: http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/nIchsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Terms and DeIiniions (OIIice oI Rare Diseases):
http://raredIseases.InIo.nIh.gov/ord/gIossary_ae.htmI
Beyond hese, MDLINpIus conains a very userIriendIy encycIopedia
covering every aspec oI medicine (Iicensed Irom A.D.A.M., Inc.). The
ADAM MedicaI ncycIopedia Web sie address is
http://vvv.nIm.nIh.gov/medIInepIus/encycIopedIa.htmI. ADAM is aIso
avaiIabIe on commerciaI Web sies such as drkoop.com
(http://vvv.drkoop.com/) and Web MD
(http://my.vebmd.com/adam/asset/adam_dIsease_artIcIes/a_to_z/a). Topics
oI ineres can be researched by using keyvords beIore coninuing
eIsevhere, as hese basic deIiniions and conceps viII be useIuI in more
advanced areas oI research. You may choose o prin various pages
speciIicaIIy reIaing o he common coId and keep hem on IiIe.
The Common CoId 208
OnIIne IctIonary IrectorIes
The IoIIoving are addiionaI onIine direcories compiIed by he NaionaI
Library oI Medicine, incIuding a number oI speciaIized medicaI dicionaries
and gIossaries:
MedicaI Dicionaries: MedicaI & BioIogicaI (WorId HeaIh Organizaion):
http://vvv.vho.Int/hIt/vIrtuaIIIbrary/EngIIsh/dIctIon.htm*MedIcaI
MLMichigan Iecronic Library Lis oI OnIine HeaIh and MedicaI
Dicionaries (Michigan Iecronic Library):
http://meI.IIb.mI.us/heaIth/heaIthdIctIonarIes.htmI
Paien ducaion: CIossaries (DMOZ Open Direcory Pro[ec):
http://dmoz.org/HeaIth/EducatIon/PatIent_EducatIon/CIossarIes/
Web oI OnIine Dicionaries (BuckneII \niversiy):
http://vvv.yourdIctIonary.com/dIctIon5.htmI*medIcIne
CIossary 209
THE COMMOM COL CLOSSARY
The IoIIoving is a compIee gIossary oI erms used in his sourcebook. The
deIiniions are derived Irom oIIiciaI pubIic sources incIuding he NaionaI
Insiues oI HeaIh [NIH| and he uropean \nion [\|. AIer his gIossary, ve
Iis a number oI addiionaI hardbound and eIecronic gIossaries and
dicionaries ha you may vish o consuI.
AcetamInophen: AnaIgesic anipyreic derivaive oI aceaniIide. I has veak
aniinIIammaory properies and is used as a common anaIgesic, bu may
cause Iiver, bIood ceII, and kidney damage. [NIH|
AcycIovIr: IuncionaI anaIog oI he nucIeoside guanosine. I acs as an
animeaboIie, especiaIIy in viruses. I is used as an aniviraI agen,
especiaIIy in herpes inIecions. [NIH|
Adverse: HarmIuI. [\|
AgonIst: In anaomy, a prime mover. In pharmacoIogy, a drug ha has
aIIiniy Ior and simuIaes physioIogic aciviy a ceII recepors normaIIy
simuIaed by nauraIIy occurring subsances. [\|
AIanIne: A nonesseniaI amino acid ha occurs in high IeveIs in is Iree
sae in pIasma. I is produced Irom pyruvae by ransaminaion. I is
invoIved in sugar and acid meaboIism, increases immuniy, and provides
energy Ior muscIe issue, brain, and he cenraI nervous sysem. [NIH|
AIbuteroI: A racemic mixure vih a 1:1 raio oI he risomer, IevaIbueroI,
and saIbueroI. I is a shoracing bea2adrenergic agonis vih is main
cIinicaI use in ASTHMA. [NIH|
AnaIgesIc: An agen ha aIIeviaes pain vihou causing Ioss oI
consciousness. [\|
AnatomIcaI: Peraining o anaomy, or o he srucure oI he organism. [\|
AnemIa: A reducion in he number oI circuIaing eryhrocyes or in he
quaniy oI hemogIobin. [NIH|
AnesthesIoIogy: A speciaIy concerned vih he sudy oI anesheics and
aneshesia. [NIH|
AnesthetIcs: Agens ha are capabIe oI inducing a oaI or pariaI Ioss oI
sensaion, especiaIIy aciIe sensaion and pain. They may ac o induce
generaI aneshesia, in vhich an unconscious sae is achieved, or may ac
IocaIIy o induce numbness or Iack oI sensaion a a argeed sie. [NIH|
AntIbIotIc: A chemicaI subsance produced by a microorganism vhich has
he capaciy, in diIue soIuions, o inhibi he grovh oI or o kiII oher
The Common CoId 210
microorganisms. Anibioics ha are suIIicienIy nonoxic o he hos are
used as chemoherapeuic agens in he reamen oI inIecious diseases oI
man, animaIs and pIans. [\|
AntIbody: An immunogIobuIin moIecuIe ha has a speciIic amino acid
sequence by virue oI vhich i ineracs onIy vih he anigen ha induced
is synhesis in ceIIs oI he Iymphoid series (especiaIIy pIasma ceIIs), or vih
anigen cIoseIy reIaed o i. Anibodies are cIassiIied according o heir ode
oI acion as aggIuinins, bacerioIysins, haemoIysins, opsonins, precipiins,
ec. [\|
AntIchoIInergIc: An agen ha bIocks he parasympaheic nerves. CaIIed
aIso parasympahoIyic. [\|
AntIdepressant: An agen ha simuIaes he mood oI a depressed paien,
incIuding ricycIic anidepressans and monoamine oxidase inhibiors. [\|
AntIgen: Any subsance vhich is capabIe, under appropriae condiions, oI
inducing a speciIic immune response and oI reacing vih he producs oI
ha response, ha is, vih speciIic anibody or speciIicaIIy sensiized T
Iymphocyes, or boh. Anigens may be soIubIe subsances, such as oxins
and Ioreign proeins, or paricuIae, such as baceria and issue ceIIs,
hovever, onIy he porion oI he proein or poIysaccharide moIecuIe knovn
as he anigenic deerminan (q.v.) combines vih anibody or a speciIic
recepor on a Iymphocye. Abbreviaed Ag. [\|
AntIhIstamIne: A drug ha couneracs he acion oI hisamine. The
anihisamines are oI vo ypes. The convenionaI ones, as hose used in
aIIergies, bIock he H1 hisamine recepors, vhereas he ohers bIock he H2
recepors. CaIIed aIso anihisaminic. [\|
AntImIcrobIaI: KiIIing microorganisms, or suppressing heir muIipIicaion
or grovh. [\|
AntIpyretIc: An agen ha reIieves or reduces Iever. CaIIed aIso aniIebriIe,
anihermic and IebriIuge. [\|
AntIvIraI: Desroying viruses or suppressing heir repIicaion. [\|
ArgInIne: An esseniaI amino acid ha is physioIogicaIIy acive in he L
Iorm. [NIH|
Assay: Deerminaion oI he amoun oI a paricuIar consiuen oI a mixure,
or oI he bioIogicaI or pharmacoIogicaI poency oI a drug. [\|
AsymptomatIc: Shoving or causing no sympoms. [\|
AutonomIc: SeIIconroIIing, IuncionaIIy independen. [\|
BacterIophages: Viruses vhose hos is a baceriaI ceII. [NIH|
Barotrauma: In[ury IoIIoving pressure changes, incIudes in[ury o he
eusachian ube, ear drum, Iung and somach. [NIH|
CIossary 211
BenIgn: No maIignan, no recurren, IavourabIe Ior recovery. [\|
BIochemIcaI: ReIaing o biochemisry, characerized by, produced by, or
invoIving chemicaI reacions in Iiving organisms. [\|
BIopsy: The removaI and examinaion, usuaIIy microscopic, oI issue Irom
he Iiving body, perIormed o esabIish precise diagnosis. [\|
BIoterrorIsm: The use oI bioIogicaI agens in errorism. This incIudes he
maIevoIen use oI baceria, viruses, or oxins agains peopIe, animaIs, or
pIans. [NIH|
BradykInIn: A nonapepide messenger ha is enzymaicaIIy produced Irom
kaIIidin in he bIood vhere i is a poen bu shorIived agen oI arerioIar
diIaion and increased capiIIary permeabiIiy. Bradykinin is aIso reIeased
Irom mas ceIIs during ashma aacks, Irom gu vaIIs as a gasroinesinaI
vasodiIaor, Irom damaged issues as a pain signaI, and may be a
CapsId: The ouer proein proecive sheII oI a virus, vhich proecs he viraI
nucIeic acid. [NIH|
CapsuIes: Hard or soI soIubIe conainers used Ior he oraI adminisraion oI
medicine. [NIH|
Carbohydrate: An aIdehyde or keone derivaive oI a poIyhydric aIcohoI,
paricuIarIy oI he penahydric and hexahydric aIcohoIs. They are so named
because he hydrogen and oxygen are usuaIIy in he proporion o Iorm
vaer, (CH2O)n. The mos imporan carbohydraes are he sarches, sugars,
ceIIuIoses, and gums. They are cIassiIied ino mono, di, ri, poIy and
heerosaccharides. [\|
CarcInoma: A maIignan nev grovh made up oI epiheIiaI ceIIs ending o
inIiIrae he surrounding issues and give rise o measases. [\|
CarnItIne: Consiuen oI sriaed muscIe and Iiver. I is used herapeuicaIIy
o simuIae gasric and pancreaic secreions and in he reamen oI
hyperIipoproeinemias. [NIH|
Catarrh: InIIammaion oI a mucous membrane, vih a Iree discharge
(Hippocraes), especiaIIy such inIIammaion oI he air passages oI he head
and hroa. [\|
CeIIuIItIs: An acue, diIIuse, and suppuraive inIIammaion oI Ioose
connecive issue, paricuIarIy he deep subcuaneous issues, and someimes
muscIe, vhich is mos commonIy seen as a resuI oI inIecion oI a vound,
uIcer, or oher skin Iesions. [NIH|
CerebraI: OI or peraining oI he cerebrum or he brain. [\|
CharItIes: SociaI veIIare organizaions vih programs designed o assis
individuaIs in imes oI need. [NIH|
The Common CoId 212
Chemotherapy: The reamen oI disease by means oI chemicaIs ha have a
speciIic oxic eIIec upon he disease producing microorganisms or ha
seIeciveIy desroy cancerous issue. [\|
ChIorphenIramIne: A hisamine H1 anagonis used in aIIergic reacions,
hay Iever, rhiniis, uricaria, and ashma. I has aIso been used in veerinary
appIicaions. One oI he mos videIy used oI he cIassicaI anihisaminics, i
generaIIy causes Iess drovsiness and sedaion han promehazine. [NIH|
ChoIesteroI: The principaI seroI oI aII higher animaIs, disribued in body
issues, especiaIIy he brain and spinaI cord, and in animaI Ias and oiIs. [NIH|
CoIIapse: 1. a sae oI exreme prosraion and depression, vih IaiIure oI
circuIaion. 2. abnormaI IaIIing in oI he vaIIs oI any par oI organ. [\|
CongestIon: xcessive or abnormaI accumuIaion oI bIood in a par. [\|
ConjunctIvItIs: InIIammaion oI he con[unciva, generaIIy consising oI
con[uncivaI hyperaemia associaed vih a discharge. [\|
ConstItutIonaI: 1. aIIecing he vhoIe consiuion oI he body, no IocaI. 2.
peraining o he consiuion. [\|
ContamInatIon: The soiIing or poIIuion by inIerior maeriaI, as by he
inroducion oI organisms ino a vound, or sevage ino a sream. [\|
CrystaIIIzatIon: The Iormaion oI crysaIs, conversion o a crysaIIine Iorm.
[\|
CytokInes: Nonanibody proeins secreed by inIIammaory Ieukocyes and
some nonIeukocyic ceIIs, ha ac as inerceIIuIar mediaors. They diIIer
Irom cIassicaI hormones in ha hey are produced by a number oI issue or
ceII ypes raher han by speciaIized gIands. They generaIIy ac IocaIIy in a
paracrine or auocrine raher han endocrine manner. [NIH|
egeneratIve: \ndergoing degeneraion : ending o degenerae, having he
characer oI or invoIving degeneraion, causing or ending o cause
degeneraion. [\|
emocracy: A sysem oI governmen in vhich here is Iree and equaI
paricipaion by he peopIe in he poIiicaI decisionmaking process. [NIH|
Iarrhea: Passage oI excessiveIy Iiquid or excessiveIy Irequen sooIs. [NIH|
IIatatIon: The condiion, as oI an oriIice or ubuIar srucure, oI being
diIaed or sreched beyond he normaI dimensions. [\|
IsInIectant: An agen ha disinIecs, appIied paricuIarIy o agens used
on inanimae ob[ecs. [\|
IsInIectIon: Rendering pahogens harmIess hrough he use oI hea,
anisepics, anibaceriaI agens, ec. [NIH|
IsposItIon: A endency eiher physicaI or menaI ovard cerain diseases.
[\|
CIossary 213
IstaI: Remoe, Iarher Irom any poin oI reIerence, opposed o proximaI. In
denisry, used o designae a posiion on he denaI arch Iarher Irom he
median Iine oI he [av. [\|
IurnaI: Occurring during he day. [\|
IvIng: An aciviy in vhich he organism pIunges ino vaer. I incIudes
scuba and beII diving. Diving as nauraI behavior oI animaIs goes here, as
veII as diving in decompression experimens vih humans or animaIs. [NIH|
IzzIness: An imprecise erm vhich may reIer o a sense oI spaiaI
disorienaion, moion oI he environmen, or Iighheadedness. [NIH|
orsaI: 1. peraining o he back or o any dorsum. 2. denoing a posiion
more ovard he back surIace han some oher ob[ec oI reIerence, same as
poserior in human anaomy, superior in he anaomy oI quadrupeds. [\|
oxyIamIne: Hisamine H1 anagonis vih pronounced sedaive
properies. I is used in aIIergies and as an aniussive, aniemeic, and
hypnoic. DoxyIamine has aIso been adminisered in veerinary appIicaions
and vas IormerIy used in parkinsonism. [NIH|
EchInacea: A genus oI perenniaI herbs used opicaIIy and inernaIIy. I
conains echinacoside, gIycosides, inuIin, isobuyI amides, resin, and
sesquierpenes. [NIH|
EchovIruses: A group oI eneroviruses isoIaed Irom man and originaIIy
hough no o be associaed vih disease, vhence he name neric
Cyopahic Human Orphan, hovever, severaI seroypes have been Iound o
cause meningiis, diarrhea, and respiraory disease. [NIH|
Edema: xcessive amoun oI vaery IIuid accumuIaed in he inerceIIuIar
spaces, mos commonIy presen in subcuaneous issue. [NIH|
EIectrophysIoIogIcaI: Peraining o eIecrophysioIogy, ha is a branch oI
physioIogy ha is concerned vih he eIecric phenomena associaed vih
Iiving bodies and invoIved in heir IuncionaI aciviy. [\|
EncephaIItIs: InIIammaion oI he brain. [\|
Endoscopy: VisuaI inspecion oI any caviy oI he body by means oI an
endoscope. [\|
Enzyme: A proein moIecuIe ha caaIyses chemicaI reacions oI oher
subsances vihou iseII being desroyed or aIered upon compIeion oI he
reacions. nzymes are cIassiIied according o he recommendaions oI he
NomencIaure Commiee oI he InernaionaI \nion oI Biochemisry. ach
enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an nzyme Commission (C)
number. They are divided ino six main groups, oxidoreducases,
ransIerases, hydroIases, Iyases, isomerases, and Iigases. [\|
EphedrIne: An aIpha and beaadrenergic agonis ha may aIso enhance
The Common CoId 214
reIease oI norepinephrine. I has been used in he reamen oI severaI
disorders incIuding ashma, hear IaiIure, rhiniis, and urinary inconinence,
and Ior is cenraI nervous sysem simuIaory eIIecs in he reamen oI
narcoIepsy and depression. I has become Iess exensiveIy used vih he
adven oI more seIecive agoniss. [NIH|
EpInephrIne: The acive sympahomimeic hormone Irom he adrenaI
meduIIa in mos species. I simuIaes boh he aIpha and bea adrenergic
sysems, causes sysemic vasoconsricion and gasroinesinaI reIaxaion,
simuIaes he hear, and diIaes bronchi and cerebraI vesseIs. I is used in
ashma and cardiac IaiIure and o deIay absorpion oI IocaI anesheics. [NIH|
EpItheIIum: The covering oI inernaI and exernaI surIaces oI he body,
incIuding he Iining oI vesseIs and oher smaII caviies. I consiss oI ceIIs
[oined by smaII amouns oI cemening subsances. piheIium is cIassiIied
ino ypes on he basis oI he number oI Iayers deep and he shape oI he
superIiciaI ceIIs. [\|
EpItopes: Sies on an anigen ha inerac vih speciIic anibodies. [NIH|
EthnopharmacoIogy: The sudy oI he acions and properies oI drugs,
usuaIIy derived Irom medicinaI pIans, indigenous o a popuIaion or ehnic
group. [NIH|
EucaIyptus: A genus oI AusraIian rees oI he Myraceae IamiIy ha yieIds
gums, oiIs, and resins vhich are used as IIavoring agens, asringens, and
aromaics, and IormerIy o rea diarrhea, ashma, bronchiis, and respiraory
rac inIecions. [NIH|
FIstuIa: An abnormaI passage or communicaion, usuaIIy beveen vo
inernaI organs, or Ieading Irom an inernaI organ o he surIace oI he body,
IrequenIy designaed according o he organs or pars vih vhich i
communicaes, as anovaginaI, brochocuaneous, hepaopIeuraI,
puImonoperioneaI, recovaginaI, urehrovaginaI, and he Iike. Such
passages are IrequenIy creaed experimenaIIy Ior he purpose oI obaining
body secreions Ior physioIogic sudy. [\|
FIuorescence: The propery oI emiing radiaion vhiIe being irradiaed.
The radiaion emied is usuaIIy oI Ionger vaveIengh han ha inciden or
absorbed, e.g., a subsance can be irradiaed vih invisibIe radiaion and
emi visibIe Iigh. Xray IIuorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH|
Foscarnet: An aniviraI agen used in he reamen oI cyomegaIovirus
reiniis. Ioscarne aIso shovs aciviy agains human herpesviruses and
HIV. [NIH|
CancIcIovIr: AcycIovir anaIog ha is a poen inhibior oI he Herpesvirus
IamiIy incIuding cyomegaIovirus. CancicIovir is used o rea compIicaions
Irom AIDSassociaed cyomegaIovirus inIecions. [NIH|
CIossary 215
CangIIon: 1. a kno, or knoIike mass. 2. a generaI erm Ior a group oI nerve
ceII bodies Iocaed ouside he cenraI nervous sysem, occasionaIIy appIied
o cerain nucIear groups vihin he brain or spinaI cord, e.g. basaI gangIia.
3. a benign cysic umour occurring on a aponeurosis or endon, as in he
vris or dorsum oI he Ioo, i consiss oI a hin Iibrous capsuIe encIosing a
cIear mucinous IIuid. [\|
CastroenterItIs: An acue inIIammaion oI he Iining oI he somach and
inesines, characerized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominaI pain,
and veakness, vhich has various causes, incIuding Iood poisoning due o
inIecion vih such organisms as scherichia coIi, SaphyIococcus aureus,
and SaImoneIIa species, consumpion oI irriaing Iood or drink, or
psychoIogicaI Iacors such as anger, sress, and Iear. CaIIed aIso
enerogasriis. [\|
CeIs: CoIIoids vih a soIid coninuous phase and Iiquid as he dispersed
phase, geIs may be unsabIe vhen, due o emperaure or oher cause, he
soIid phase IiquiIies, he resuIing coIIoid is caIIed a soI. [NIH|
CInseng: An araIiaceous genus oI pIans ha conains a number oI
pharmacoIogicaIIy acive agens used as simuIans, sedaives, and onics,
especiaIIy in radiionaI medicine. [NIH|
CIucose: DgIucose, a monosaccharide (hexose), CH12O, aIso knovn as
dexrose (q.v.), Iound in cerain IoodsuIIs, especiaIIy Iruis, and in he
normaI bIood oI aII animaIs. I is he end produc oI carbohydrae
meaboIism and is he chieI source oI energy Ior Iiving organisms, is
uiIizaion being conroIIed by insuIin. xcess gIucose is convered o
gIycogen and sored in he Iiver and muscIes Ior use as needed and, beyond
ha, is convered o Ia and sored as adipose issue. CIucose appears in he
urine in diabees meIIius. [\|
CIycIne: A nonesseniaI amino acid. I is Iound primariIy in geIain and siIk
Iibroin and used herapeuicaIIy as a nurien. I is aIso a Ias inhibiory
CIycoproteIns: Con[ugaed proeincarbohydrae compounds incIuding
mucins, mucoid, and amyIoid gIycoproeins. [NIH|
Conorrhea: Acue inIecious disease characerized by primary invasion oI
he urogeniaI rac. The eioIogic agen, neisseria gonorrhoeae, vas isoIaed
by Neisser in 1879. [NIH|
CranuIe: A smaII piII made Irom sucrose. [\|
Hemorrhage: BIeeding or escape oI bIood Irom a vesseI. [NIH|
HepatItIs: InIIammaion oI he Iiver. [\|
Hepatocytes: The main srucuraI componen oI he Iiver. They are
speciaIized epiheIiaI ceIIs ha are organized ino inerconneced pIaes
The Common CoId 216
caIIed IobuIes. [NIH|
Herpes: Any inIIammaory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and
characerized by he Iormaion oI cIusers oI smaII vesicIes. When used
aIone, he erm may reIer o herpes simpIex or o herpes zoser. [\|
HomoIogous: Corresponding in srucure, posiion, origin, ec., as (a) he
Ieahers oI a bird and he scaIes oI a Iish, (b) anigen and is speciIic
anibody, (c) aIIeIic chromosomes. [\|
HybrIdIzatIon: The geneic process oI crossbreeding o produce a hybrid.
Hybrid nucIeic acids can be Iormed by nucIeic acid hybridizaion oI DNA
and RNA moIecuIes. Proein hybridizaion aIIovs Ior hybrid proeins o be
Iormed Irom poIypepide chains. [NIH|
HyperthermIa: AbnormaIIy high body emperaure, especiaIIy ha induced
Ior herapeuic purposes. [\|
HypervItamInosIs: A condiion due o ingesion oI an excess oI one or more
viamins, caIIed aIso superviaminosis. [\|
HypnotIc: A drug ha acs o induce sIeep. [\|
ImmunIty: The condiion oI being immune, he proecion agains inIecious
disease conIerred eiher by he immune response generaed by
immunizaion or previous inIecion or by oher nonimmunoIogic Iacors
(innae i.). [\|
ImmunohIstochemIstry: HisochemicaI IocaIizaion oI immunoreacive
subsances using IabeIed anibodies as reagens. [NIH|
InIIItratIon: The diIIusion or accumuIaion in a issue or ceIIs oI subsances
no normaI o i or in amouns oI he normaI. AIso, he maeriaI so
accumuIaed. [\|
InIIammatIon: A pahoIogicaI process characerized by in[ury or desrucion
oI issues caused by a variey oI cyoIogic and chemicaI reacions. I is
usuaIIy maniIesed by ypicaI signs oI pain, hea, redness, sveIIing, and Ioss
oI Iuncion. [NIH|
InhaIatIon: The draving oI air or oher subsances ino he Iungs. [\|
IntermIttent: Occurring a separaed inervaIs, having periods oI cessaion
oI aciviy. [\|
IntestInaI: Peraining o he inesine. [\|
InuIIn: A sarch Iound in he ubers and roos oI many pIans. Since i is
hydroIyzabIe o Irucose, i is cIassiIied as a Irucosan. I has been used in
physioIogic invesigaion Ior deerminaion oI he rae oI gIomeruIar
Iuncion. [NIH|
IodIne: A nonmeaIIic eIemen oI he haIogen group ha is represened by
he aomic symboI I, aomic number 53, and aomic veigh oI 12.9O. I is a
CIossary 217
nuriionaIIy esseniaI eIemen, especiaIIy imporan in hyroid hormone
synhesis. In soIuion, i has aniinIecive properies and is used opicaIIy.
[NIH|
IpratropIum: A muscarinic anagonis srucuraIIy reIaed o aropine bu
oIen considered saIer and more eIIecive Ior inhaIaion use. I is used Ior
various bronchiaI disorders, in rhiniis, and as an aniarrhyhmic. [NIH|
IsoIeucIne: An esseniaI branchedchain amino acid Iound in many proeins.
I is an isomer oI Ieucine. I is imporan in hemogIobin synhesis and
reguIaion oI bIood sugar and energy IeveIs. [NIH|
KetoproIen: An ibuproIenype aniinIIammaory anaIgesic and
anipyreic. I is used in he reamen oI rheumaoid arhriis and
oseoarhriis. [NIH|
KInetIc: Peraining o or producing moion. [\|
LaryngItIs: InIIammaion oI he Iarynx, a condiion aended vih dryness
and soreness oI he hroa, hoarseness, cough and dysphagia. [\|
Larynx: An irreguIarIy shaped, muscuIocariIaginous ubuIar srucure,
Iined vih mucous membrane, Iocaed a he op oI he rachea and beIov
he roo oI he ongue and he hyoid bone. I is he esseniaI sphincer
guarding he enrance ino he rachea and Iuncioning secondariIy as he
organ oI voice. [NIH|
LesIon: Any pahoIogicaI or raumaic disconinuiy oI issue or Ioss oI
Iuncion oI a par. [\|
LeucIne: An esseniaI branchedchain amino acid imporan Ior hemogIobin
Iormaion. [NIH|
LIpoproteIn: Any oI he Iipidproein compIexes in vhich Iipids are
ranspored in he bIood, Iipoproein paricIes consis oI a sphericaI
hydrophobic core oI rigIycerides or choIeseroI esers surrounded by an
amphipahic monoIayer oI phosphoIipids, choIeseroI, and apoIipoproeins,
he Iour principaI cIasses are highdensiy, Iovdensiy, and veryIov
densiy Iipoproeins and chyIomicrons. [\|
Lumbar: Peraining o he Ioins, he par oI he back beveen he horax and
he peIvis. [\|
LysIne: An esseniaI amino acid. I is oIen added o animaI Ieed. [NIH|
ManIa: xciemen oI psychoic proporions maniIesed by menaI and
physicaI hyperaciviy, disorganizaion oI behaviour, and eIevaion oI mood.
[\|
MedIator: An ob[ec or subsance by vhich somehing is mediaed, such as
(1) a srucure oI he nervous sysem ha ransmis impuIses eIiciing a
speciIic response, (2) a chemicaI subsance (ransmier subsance) ha
induces aciviy in an exciabIe issue, such as nerve or muscIe, or (3) a
The Common CoId 218
subsance reIeased Irom ceIIs as he resuI oI he ineracion oI anigen vih
anibody or by he acion oI anigen vih a sensiized Iymphocye. [\|
MedIcament: A medicinaI subsance or agen. [\|
Membrane: A hin Iayer oI issue vhich covers a surIace, Iines a caviy or
divides a space or organ. [\|
MetaboIIte: Any subsance produced by meaboIism or by a meaboIic
process. [\|
MIcrobIoIogy: The sudy oI microorganisms such as Iungi, baceria, aIgae,
archaea, and viruses. [NIH|
MIcroscopy: The appIicaion oI microscope magniIicaion o he sudy oI
maeriaIs ha canno be properIy seen by he unaided eye. [NIH|
MoIecuIar: OI, peraining o, or composed oI moIecuIes : a very smaII mass
oI maer. [\|
MononucIeosIs: The presence oI an abnormaIIy Iarge number oI
mononucIear Ieucocyes (monocyes) in he bIood. The erm is oIen used
aIone o reIer o inIecious mononucIeosis. [\|
Mucus: The Iree sIime oI he mucous membranes, composed oI secreion oI
he gIands, aIong vih various inorganic saIs, desquamaed ceIIs, and
Ieucocyes. [\|
MutagenesIs: Process oI generaing geneic muaions. I may occur
sponaneousIy or be induced by muagens. [NIH|
MyocardItIs: InIIammaion oI he myocardium, inIIammaion oI he
muscuIar vaIIs oI he hear. [\|
Maproxen: An aniinIIammaory agen vih anaIgesic and anipyreic
properies. Boh he acid and is sodium saI are used in he reamen oI
rheumaoid arhriis and oher rheumaic or muscuIoskeIeaI disorders,
dysmenorrhea, and acue gou. [NIH|
Mausea: An unpIeasan sensaion, vagueIy reIerred o he epigasrium and
abdomen, and oIen cuIminaing in vomiing. [\|
MecrosIs: The sum oI he morphoIogicaI changes indicaive oI ceII deah and
caused by he progressive degradaive acion oI enzymes, i may aIIec
groups oI ceIIs or par oI a srucure or an organ. [\|
MeuraIgIa: ParoxysmaI pain vhich exends aIong he course oI one or more
nerves. Many varieies oI neuraIgia are disinguished according o he par
aIIeced or o he cause, as brachiaI, IaciaI, occipiaI, supraorbiaI, ec., or
anaemic, diabeic, gouy, maIariaI, syphiIiic, ec. [\|
MeurItIs: InIIammaion oI a nerve, a condiion aended by pain and
enderness over he nerves, anaeshesia and paraeshesias, paraIysis,
vasing, and disappearance oI he reIIexes. In pracice, he erm is aIso used
CIossary 219
o denoe noninIIammaory Iesions oI he peripheraI nervous sysem, see
neuropahy. [\|
MeutraIIzatIon: An ac or process oI neuraIizing. [\|
MeutrophII: Having an aIIiniy Ior neuraI dyes. [\|
MIacIn: WaersoIubIe viamin oI he B compIex occurring in various animaI
and pIan issues. Required by he body Ior he Iormaion oI coenzymes
NAD and NADP. Has peIIagracuraive, vasodiIaing, and aniIipemic
properies. [NIH|
MIcotIne: Nicoine is highIy oxic aIkaIoid. I is he prooypicaI agonis a
nicoinic choIinergic recepors vhere i dramaicaIIy simuIaes neurons and
uIimaeIy bIocks synapic ransmission. Nicoine is aIso imporan medicaIIy
because oI is presence in obacco smoke. [NIH|
MorepInephrIne: Precursor oI epinephrine ha is secreed by he adrenaI
meduIIa and is a videspread cenraI and auonomic neuroransmier.
Norepinephrine is he principaI ransmier oI mos posgangIionic
sympaheic Iibers and oI he diIIuse pro[ecion sysem in he brain arising
Irom he Iocus ceruIeus. I is aIso Iound in pIans and is used
pharmacoIogicaIIy as a sympahomimeic. [NIH|
OIIgosaccharIdes: Carbohydraes consising oI beveen vo and en
monosaccharides conneced by eiher an aIpha or beagIycosidic Iink. They
are Iound hroughou naure in boh he Iree and bound Iorm. [NIH|
OphthaImIc: Peraining o he eye. [\|
OraI: Peraining o he mouh, aken hrough or appIied in he mouh, as an
oraI medicaion or an oraI hermomeer. [\|
OtoIaryngoIogy: A surgicaI speciaIy concerned vih he sudy and
reamen oI disorders oI he ear, nose, and hroa. [NIH|
OtorhInoIaryngoIogy: Tha branch oI medicine concerned vih medicaI and
surgicaI reamen oI he head and neck, incIuding he ears, nose and hroa.
[\|
ParasItIc: Peraining o, oI he naure oI, or caused by a parasie. [\|
ParenteraI: No hrough he aIimenary canaI bu raher by in[ecion hrough
some oher roue, as subcuaneous, inramuscuIar, inraorbiaI, inracapsuIar,
inraspinaI, inrasernaI, inravenous, ec. [\|
PartIcIe: A iny mass oI maeriaI. [\|
PedIatrIcs: A medicaI speciaIy concerned vih mainaining heaIh and
providing medicaI care o chiIdren Irom birh o adoIescence. [NIH|
PetroIeum: NauraIIy occurring compIex Iiquid hydrocarbons vhich, aIer
disiIIaion, yieId combusibIe IueIs, perochemicaIs, and Iubricans. [NIH|
PharmacIsts: Those persons IegaIIy quaIiIied by educaion and raining o
The Common CoId 220
engage in he pracice oI pharmacy. [NIH|
PhenyIephrIne: An aIphaadrenergic agonis used as a mydriaic, nasaI
decongesan, and cardioonic agen. [NIH|
PhenyIpropanoIamIne: A sympahomimeic ha acs mainIy by causing
reIease oI norepinephrine bu aIso has direc agonis aciviy a some
adrenergic recepors. I is mos commonIy used as a nasaI vasoconsricor
and an appeie depressan. [NIH|
PoIypeptIde: A pepide vhich on hydroIysis yieIds more han vo amino
acids, caIIed ripepides, erapepides, ec. according o he number oI amino
acids conained. [\|
PosterIor: Siuaed in back oI, or in he back par oI, or aIIecing he back or
dorsaI surIace oI he body. In Iover animaIs, i reIers o he caudaI end oI he
body. [\|
PostoperatIve: Occurring aIer a surgicaI operaion. [\|
PotassIum: An eIemen ha is in he aIkaIi group oI meaIs. I has an aomic
symboI K, aomic number 19, and aomic veigh 39.1O. I is he chieI caion
in he inraceIIuIar IIuid oI muscIe and oher ceIIs. Poassium ion is a srong
eIecroIye and i pIays a signiIican roIe in he reguIaion oI IIuid voIume
and mainenance oI he vaereIecroIye baIance. [NIH|
Precursor: Somehing ha precedes. In bioIogicaI processes, a subsance
Irom vhich anoher, usuaIIy more acive or maure subsance is Iormed. In
cIinicaI medicine, a sign or sympom ha heraIds anoher. [\|
PrevaIence: The oaI number oI cases oI a given disease in a speciIied
popuIaion a a designaed ime. I is diIIereniaed Irom incidence, vhich
reIers o he number oI nev cases in he popuIaion a a given ime. [NIH|
ProphyIaxIs: The prevenion oI disease, prevenive reamen. [\|
ProteIns: PoIymers oI amino acids Iinked by pepide bonds. The speciIic
sequence oI amino acids deermines he shape and Iuncion oI he proein.
[NIH|
ProxImaI: Neares, cIoser o any poin oI reIerence, opposed o disaI. [\|
PsychoIogy: The science deaIing vih he sudy oI menaI processes and
behavior in man and animaIs. [NIH|
PsychopharmacoIogy: The sudy oI he eIIecs oI drugs on menaI and
behavioraI aciviy. [NIH|
PuImonary: Peraining o he Iungs. [\|
PyIorus: The opening in a verebrae Irom he somach ino he inesine. [\|
Receptor: 1. a moIecuIar srucure vihin a ceII or on he surIace
characerized by (1) seIecive binding oI a speciIic subsance and (2) a
speciIic physioIogic eIIec ha accompanies he binding, e.g., ceIIsurIace
CIossary 221
recepors Ior pepide hormones, neuroransmiers, anigens, compIemen
Iragmens, and immunogIobuIins and cyopIasmic recepors Ior seroid
hormones. 2. a sensory nerve erminaI ha responds o simuIi oI various
kinds. [\|
RecombInant: 1. a ceII or an individuaI vih a nev combinaion oI genes no
Iound ogeher in eiher paren, usuaIIy appIied o Iinked genes. [\|
RectaI: Peraining o he recum (= disaI porion oI he Iarge inesine). [\|
Recurrence: The reurn oI a sign, sympom, or disease aIer a remission. [NIH|
ReIIex: 1, reIIeced. 2. a reIIeced acion or movemen, he sum oaI oI any
paricuIar invoIunary aciviy. [\|
ReInIectIon: A second inIecion by he same pahogenic agen, or a second
inIecion oI an organ such as he kidney by a diIIeren pahogenic agen. [\|
ResectIon: xcision oI a porion or aII oI an organ or oher srucure. [\|
RespIratory: Peraining o respiraion. [\|
RheumatoId: ResembIing rheumaism. [\|
RhInItIs: InIIammaion oI he mucous membrane oI he nose. [\|
RIbavIrIn: 1beaDRiboIuranosyI1H1,2,4riazoIe3carboxamide. A
nucIeoside animeaboIie aniviraI agen ha bIocks nucIeic acid synhesis
and is used agains boh RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH|
RIboIIavIn: NuriionaI Iacor Iound in miIk, eggs, maIed barIey, Iiver,
kidney, hear, and IeaIy vegeabIes. The riches nauraI source is yeas. I
occurs in he Iree Iorm onIy in he reina oI he eye, in vhey, and in urine, is
principaI Iorms in issues and ceIIs are as IMN and IAD. [NIH|
RIsperIdone: A seIecive bIocker oI dopamine D2 and seroonin5HT2
recepors ha acs as an aypicaI anipsychoic agen. I has been shovn o
improve boh posiive and negaive sympoms in he reamen oI
schizophrenia. [NIH|
RubeIIa: An acue, usuaIIy benign, inIecious disease caused by a ogavirus
and mos oIen aIIecing chiIdren and nonimmune young aduIs, in vhich
he virus eners he respiraory rac via dropIe nucIei and spreads o he
Iymphaic sysem. I is characerized by a sIigh coId, sore hroa, and Iever,
IoIIoved by enIargemen oI he posauricuIar, suboccipiaI, and cervicaI
Iymph nodes, and he appearances oI a Iine pink rash ha begins on he
head and spreads o become generaIized. CaIIed aIso Cerman measIes,
roeIn, reIn, and hreeday measIes, and rubeoIa in Irench and Spanish. [\|
SaIIva: The cIear, viscous IIuid secreed by he saIivary gIands and mucous
gIands oI he mouh. I conains mucins, vaer, organic saIs, and pyIin. [NIH|
ScIerosIs: A induraion, or hardening, especiaIIy hardening oI a par Irom
inIIammaion and in diseases oI he inersiiaI subsance. The erm is used
The Common CoId 222
chieIIy Ior such a hardening oI he nervous sysem due o hyperpIasia oI he
connecive issue or o designae hardening oI he bIood vesseIs. [\|
SecretIon: 1. he process oI eIaboraing a speciIic produc as a resuI oI he
aciviy oI a gIand, his aciviy may range Irom separaing a speciIic
subsance oI he bIood o he eIaboraion oI a nev chemicaI subsance. 2. any
subsance produced by secreion. [\|
SedatIve: 1. aIIaying aciviy and exciemen. 2. an agen ha aIIays
exciemen. [\|
SeIenIum: An eIemen vih he aomic symboI Se, aomic number 34, and
aomic veigh 78.9. I is an esseniaI micronurien Ior mammaIs and oher
animaIs bu is oxic in Iarge amouns. SeIenium proecs inraceIIuIar
srucures agains oxidaive damage. I is an esseniaI componen oI
gIuahione peroxidase. [NIH|
Serum: The cIear porion oI any body IIuid, he cIear IIuid moisening
serous membranes. 2. bIood serum, he cIear Iiquid ha separaes Irom bIood
on cIoing. 3. immune serum, bIood serum Irom an immunized animaI used
Ior passive immunizaion, an aniserum, anioxin, or anivenin. [\|
SInusItIs: InIIammaion oI a sinus. The condiion may be puruIen or
nonpuruIen, acue or chronic. Depending on he sie oI invoIvemen i is
knovn as ehmoid, IronaI, maxiIIary, or sphenoid sinusiis. [\|
SneezIng: Sudden, IorceIuI, invoIunary expuIsion oI air Irom he nose and
mouh caused by irriaion o he mucous membranes oI he upper
respiraory rac. [NIH|
SpecIes: A axonomic caegory subordinae o a genus (or subgenus) and
superior o a subspecies or variey, composed oI individuaIs possessing
common characers disinguishing hem Irom oher caegories oI individuaIs
oI he same axonomic IeveI. In axonomic nomencIaure, species are
designaed by he genus name IoIIoved by a Lain or Lainized ad[ecive or
noun. [\|
SpondyIoIIsthesIs: Iorvard dispIacemen oI one verebra over anoher. [NIH|
Sputum: Maer e[eced Irom he Iungs, bronchi, and rachea, hrough he
mouh. [\|
StaphyIococcus: A genus oI gramposiive, IacuIaiveIy anaerobic, coccoid
baceria. Is organisms occur singIy, in pairs, and in erads and
characerisicaIIy divide in more han one pIane o Iorm irreguIar cIusers.
NauraI popuIaions oI SaphyIococcus are membranes oI varmbIooded
animaIs. Some species are opporunisic pahogens oI humans and animaIs.
[NIH|
StenosIs: Narroving or sricure oI a duc or canaI. [\|
SteroId: A group name Ior Iipids ha conain a hydrogenaed
CIossary 223
cycIopenanoperhydrophenanhrene ring sysem. Some oI he subsances
incIuded in his group are progeserone, adrenocoricaI hormones, he
gonadaI hormones, cardiac agIycones, biIe acids, seroIs (such as choIeseroI),
oad poisons, saponins, and some oI he carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [\|
Stomach: An organ oI digesion siuaed in he IeI upper quadran oI he
abdomen beveen he erminaion oI he esophagus and he beginning oI he
duodenum. [NIH|
Substrate: A subsance upon vhich an enzyme acs. [\|
SymptomatIc: 1. peraining o or oI he naure oI a sympom. 2. indicaive
(oI a paricuIar disease or disorder). 3. exhibiing he sympoms oI a
paricuIar disease bu having a diIIeren cause. 4. direced a he aIIying oI
sympoms, as sympomaic reamen. [\|
SynergIstIc: Acing ogeher, enhancing he eIIec oI anoher Iorce or agen.
[\|
SyphIIIs: A conagious venereaI disease caused by he spirochee reponema
paIIidum. [NIH|
Tears: The IIuid secreed by he IacrimaI gIands. This IIuid moisens he
con[unciva and cornea. [NIH|
Tetanus: A disease caused by eanospasmin, a poverIuI proein oxin
produced by cIosridium eani. Teanus usuaIIy occurs aIer an acue in[ury,
such as a puncure vound or Iaceraion. CeneraIized eanus, he mos
common Iorm, is characerized by eanic muscuIar conracions and
hyperreIIexia. LocaIized eanus presens iseII as a miId condiion vih
maniIesaions resriced o muscIes near he vound. I may progress o he
generaIized Iorm. [NIH|
ThyroxIne: An amino acid oI he hyroid gIand vhich exers a simuIaing
eIIec on hyroid meaboIism. [NIH|
ToxIcIty: The quaIiy oI being poisonous, especiaIIy he degree oI viruIence
oI a oxic microbe or oI a poison. [\|
ToxoIds: Preparaions oI pahogenic organisms or heir derivaives made
nonoxic and inended Ior acive immunoIogic prophyIaxis. They incIude
deacivaed oxins. [NIH|
TranspIantatIon: The graIing oI issues aken Irom he paien's ovn body
or Irom anoher. [\|
TubercuIosIs: Any oI he inIecious diseases oI man and oher animaIs
caused by species oI mycobacerium. [NIH|
Tumour: 1. sveIIing, one oI he cardinaI signs oI inIIammaions, morbid
enIargemen. 2. a nev grovh oI issue in vhich he muIipIicaion oI ceIIs is
unconroIIed and progressive, caIIed aIso neopIasm. [\|
\accInatIon: The inroducion oI vaccine ino he body Ior he purpose oI
The Common CoId 224
inducing immuniy. Coined originaIIy o appIy o he in[ecion oI smaIIpox
vaccine, he erm has come o mean any immunizing procedure in vhich
vaccine is in[eced. [\|
\accIne: A suspension oI aenuaed or kiIIed microorganisms (baceria,
viruses, or rickesiae), adminisered Ior he prevenion, ameIioraion or
reamen oI inIecious diseases. [\|
\aIIne: A branchedchain esseniaI amino acid ha has simuIan aciviy. I
promoes muscIe grovh and issue repair. I is a precursor in he peniciIIin
biosynheic pahvay. [NIH|
\ascuIar: Peraining o bIood vesseIs or indicaive oI a copious bIood
suppIy. [\|
\ertIgo: An iIIusion oI movemen, a sensaion as iI he exernaI vorId vere
revoIving around he paien (ob[ecive verigo) or as iI he himseII vere
revoIving in space (sub[ecive verigo). The erm is someimes erroneousIy
used o mean any Iorm oI dizziness. [\|
\IrIon: The inIecive sysem oI a virus, composed oI he viraI genome, a
proein core, and a proein coa caIIed a capsid, vhich may be naked or
encIosed in a Iipoproein enveIope caIIed he pepIos. [NIH|
\Iruses: Minue inIecious agens vhose genomes are composed oI DNA or
RNA, bu no boh. They are characerized by a Iack oI independen
meaboIism and he inabiIiy o repIicae ouside Iiving hos ceIIs. [NIH|
CeneraI IctIonarIes and CIossarIes
WhiIe he above gIossary is esseniaIIy compIee, he dicionaries Iised here
cover viruaIIy aII aspecs oI medicine, Irom basic vords and phrases o
more advanced erms (sored aIphabeicaIIy by iIe, hyperIinks provide
rankings, inIormaion and revievs a Amazon.com):
IctIonary oI MedIcaI Acronymns 8 AbbrevIatIons by SanIey ]abIonski
(dior), Paperback, 4h ediion (2OO1), Lippinco WiIIiams & WiIkins
PubIishers, ISBN: 15O534O5,
IctIonary oI MedIcaI Terms : For the MonmedIcaI Person (IctIonary oI
MedIcaI Terms Ior the MonmedIcaI Person, Ed 4) by MikeI A. Rohenberg,
M.D, e aI, Paperback 544 pages, 4h ediion (2OOO), Barrons ducaionaI
Series, ISBN: O74112O15,
CIossary 225
A IctIonary oI the HIstory oI MedIcIne by A. Sebasian, CDRom ediion
(2OO1), CRC PressParhenon PubIishers, ISBN: 185O7O38X,
orIand s IIIustrated MedIcaI IctIonary (Standard \ersIon) by DorIand,
e aI, Hardcover 2O88 pages, 29h ediion (2OOO), W B Saunders Co, ISBN:
O7212544,
orIand s EIectronIc MedIcaI IctIonary by DorIand, e aI, SoIvare, 29h
Book & CDRom ediion (2OOO), Harcour HeaIh Sciences, ISBN:
O72194934,
orIand s Pocket MedIcaI IctIonary (orIand s Pocket MedIcaI
IctIonary, 2th Ed) Hardcover 912 pages, 2h ediion (2OO1), W B
Saunders Co, ISBN: O72182812,
/1034193558730418
MeIIonI s IIIustrated MedIcaI IctIonary (MeIIonI s IIIustrated MedIcaI
IctIonary, 4th Ed) by MeIIoni, Hardcover, 4h ediion (2OO1), CRC Press
Parhenon PubIishers, ISBN: 85O7OO94X,
Stedman s EIectronIc MedIcaI IctIonary \ersIon 5.0 (CROM Ior
WIndovs and MacIntosh, IndIvIduaI) by Sedmans, CDROM ediion
(2OOO), Lippinco WiIIiams & WiIkins PubIishers, ISBN: O78172328,
Stedman s MedIcaI IctIonary by Thomas Lahrop Sedman, Hardcover
2O98 pages, 27h ediion (2OOO), Lippinco, WiIIiams & WiIkins, ISBN:
O834OOO7X,
Tabers CycIopedIc MedIcaI IctIonary (Thumb Index) by DonaId Venes
(dior), e aI, Hardcover 2439 pages, 19h ediion (2OO1), I A Davis Co,
ISBN: O8O3O54O,
The Common CoId 226
IMEX
A
Absenteeism..........................................11
Acetaminophen......................................15
Adverse ...............................141, 142, 143
Agonist..62, 63, 64, 72, 73, 100, 133, 171,
209, 213, 219, 220
Alanine...................................................65
Albuterol ......................................133, 209
Analgesic...21, 65, 73, 133, 209, 217, 218
Anatomical.............................................54
Anemia ..........................................84, 111
Anesthetics......................56, 58, 209, 214
Antibody .......21, 51, 57, 58, 59, 210, 212,
216, 218
Anticholinergic.....................................179
Antigen ......56, 58, 59, 210, 214, 216, 218
Antihistamine.........................................70
Antipyretic........21, 73, 133, 209, 217, 218
Antiviral .......17, 62, 63, 64, 66, 133, 134,
209, 214, 221
Asymptomatic........................................67
Autonomic................................59, 70, 219
B
Barotrauma............................................85
Benign.......................23, 51, 58, 215, 221
Bradykinin..............................................70
Bronchial......................................133, 217
Bronchitis...............................65, 171, 214
C
Capsid ...........................................73, 224
Carbohydrate...................22, 58, 176, 215
Catarrh.....................................81, 82, 148
Cerebral.................................58, 181, 214
Chlorpheniramine..................................66
Cholesterol ....59, 134, 174, 176, 217, 223
Chronic ......................23, 53, 84, 196, 222
Claudication.........................................181
Congestion......................................16, 21
Constipation...........................................81
Constriction............................................26
Contamination.......................................18
Crystallization........................................67
Cytokines...............................................53
D
Decongestant ........................73, 165, 220
Degenerative.................................38, 175
Diarrhea.....16, 21, 81, 171, 174, 213, 214
Dilatation................................................85
Disinfectant............................................14
Disinfection............................................18
Distal........................54, 60, 134, 220, 221
Diving............................................ 85, 213
Dizziness................................. 15, 87, 224
Dorsal...................................... 44, 53, 220
E
Echinacea..................... 36, 142, 144, 180
Echoviruses .......................................... 12
Electrophysiological.............................. 53
Endoscopy............................................ 84
Enzyme..................... 52, 57, 60, 213, 223
Ephedrine.............................................. 70
Epidural................................................. 54
Epinephrine................................... 59, 219
Epithelium............................................. 52
Extracellular.......................................... 50
Extraction............................................ 144
F
Facial .......................... 13, 14, 67, 73, 218
Fistula ................................................... 85
Fluorescence ................................ 58, 214
G
Ganglion................................................ 53
Gels............................................. 133, 215
Glucose............................. 16, 22, 69, 215
Glycine.................................................. 65
Glycoproteins.......................... 52, 58, 215
Gonorrhea............................................. 18
H
Handwashing........................................ 18
Hemorrhage.......................................... 84
Hepatitis.......................................... 18, 52
Hybridization......................................... 54
Hypercalcemia...................................... 84
Hypersecretion.................................... 179
Hyperthermia........................................ 65
Hypervitaminosis .................................. 84
Hypnotic...................................... 170, 213
I
Immunity............................... 67, 171, 224
Immunohistochemistry.......................... 54
Infiltration.............................................. 84
Inflammation.... 13, 37, 57, 58, 59, 60, 84,
170, 211, 215, 218, 221
Inhalation............................ 133, 144, 217
Insomnia............................................... 15
Intermittent.......................................... 181
Intestinal.............................................. 174
Inulin................................................... 144
Ipratropium.......................................... 179
Isoleucine.............................................. 65
L
Laryngitis............................................... 84
Index 227
Larynx......................................83, 87, 217
Leucine..................................................65
Lipoprotein.......................59, 73, 217, 224
Lumbar ......................................37, 38, 53
Lysine....................................................65
M
Membrane......22, 52, 57, 60, 85, 87, 211,
217, 221
Metabolite............................................177
Microscopy............................................52
Mononucleosis.........................18, 22, 218
Mucosa......................................11, 22, 68
Mucus..............................................13, 67
Mutagenesis ..........................................52
N
Naproxen...............................................66
Nasal ....11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 51, 53, 66,
68, 73, 92, 93, 94, 171, 220
Nausea....................................58, 81, 215
Neuralgia.................................65, 73, 218
Neuritis ..................................................65
Niacin...................................................175
Norepinephrine..............................72, 214
O
Oligosaccharides...................................69
Oral..16, 22, 65, 69, 70, 84, 184, 211, 219
Otorhinolaryngology..............................85
Overdose.............................................175
P
Petroleum..............................................15
Phenylephrine........................................66
Polypeptide..............................59, 66, 216
Posterior ..................................38, 57, 213
Potassium............................................176
Precursor.................................66, 73, 224
Progressive................59, 65, 90, 218, 223
Prophylaxis............................66, 134, 223
Proteins ....13, 14, 21, 52, 57, 59, 72, 174,
176, 210, 212, 216, 217
Proximal...................................54, 57, 213
R
Receptor......................21, 50, 51, 70, 210
Recombinant .........................................52
Reflex..................................................179
Reinfection.............................................67
Respiratory..... 11, 12, 14, 18, 21, 23, 37,
49, 51, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 82, 85,
144, 145, 171, 213, 214, 221, 222
Rheumatoid............. 65, 73, 133, 217, 218
Rhinitis..... 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 72, 133,
181, 212, 214, 217
Riboflavin............................................ 174
Rubella.................................................. 18
S
Sclerosis ............................................. 111
Secretion......................... 22, 23, 218, 222
Sedative...................................... 170, 213
Selenium............................................. 176
Serum..................................... 53, 60, 222
Sinusitis................................... 16, 23, 222
Sneezing............................................... 13
Species.. 24, 53, 57, 58, 60, 73, 214, 215,
222, 223
Spondylolisthesis.................................. 38
Staphylococcus..................................... 70
Stenosis................................................ 38
Steroid................................... 23, 125, 221
Stomach...... 15, 58, 86, 90, 210, 215, 220
Symptomatic............. 15, 24, 53, 141, 223
Synergistic............................................ 54
Syphilis.................................................. 18
T
Tetanus................................... 18, 24, 223
Thermoregulation................................ 174
Thyroxine............................................ 176
Toxicity.................................................. 52
Tuberculosis.......................................... 18
Tumour.......................................... 58, 215
V
Vaccination......................................... 180
Vaccine........................... 14, 51, 171, 223
Valine.................................................... 65
Vascular................................................ 26
Vertigo..................................... 85, 87, 224
Viral..... 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 37, 51, 57, 68,
69, 70, 73, 84, 145, 211, 224
Virion..................................................... 66
Viruses. 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 24, 50,
51, 57, 62, 63, 64, 67, 84, 133, 134,
209, 210, 211, 218, 221, 224
The Common CoId 228
Index 229
The Common CoId 230

The Common Cold

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THE OFFICIAL

The NIAID is composed oI

This paragraph has been adaped Irom he NIAID:

, aIso knovn as pyridoxine, is imporan Ior he reguIaion oI

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