Measurement of Screw thread profile by Profile Projector

AIM To measure the thread parameter of given screw thread using Profile projector APPARATUS REQUIRED 1. Profile projector PARAMETER TO BE MEASURED 1. Major and Minor diameter 2. Depth and Pitch of thread THEORY Minor diameter It is the diameter of an Imaginary co-axial cylinder which would touch the root of external or internal thread. Major Diameter It is the diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder which would touch the crest of external or internal thread. Depth The distance between the crest and root of the thread is called Depth of Thread Pitch of Thread The distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to the Corresponding next point Pitch angle The Pitch angle is made by the thread at the pitch line with axis. PROCEDURE 1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth 2. Clamp the specimen in between the jaws present in the profile Projector 3. Switch on the power and adjust the degree of magnification in profile projector 4. The magnification depends upon the distance between the Local plane of the lens and the screen 5. Bring the specimen image to the screens axis by adjusting the micrometer and rotation of screen 6. Now the parameters of threads are measured and tabulate the readings. Tabulation S.No 1 Major 2 3 4 RESULT: Thus the thread parameters of given screw thread was found using profile projector Major Diameter(mm) Minor Pitch of diameter(mm) thread(mm) Pitch angle Depth(mm)

Measurement of Temperature by Thermocouple.

AIM: To measure temperature using thermometer and thermocouple apparatus APPARATUS REQUIRED: Thermocouple Thermometer FORMULA USED: Error = Ta Ti % Error = Error -------------- x 100 Ta Where Ta is the actual temperature Ti is the thermocouple indicated temperature

THEORY: The basic principle of thermocouple is when two dissimilar metals are joined together an e.m.f will exist between the two points A and B, which is primarily a function of the junction Temperature. The above principle is called see back effect The thermocouple consists of one hot junction and one cold junction. The hot junction will be introduced into the place where temperature is to be measured. The other cold junction is maintained at constant reference temperature. Also one voltage measuring instrument is connected to the free ends of the thermocouple. In thermocouple the known temperature is called reference temperature. The temperature which is to be measured is introduced in the thermocouple hot junction. A common arrangement for establishing the reference temperature is ice bath. The reference Temperature is controlled to be at a constant temperature is at 0 C The temperature difference between the Ice bath and the hot junction temperature will create an e.m.f. This e.m.f production is measured in the mill voltmeter. So this change in e.m.f rate will give the measure of temperature. 1. 2. 3. 4. PROCEDURE Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth. Check connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch. The display glows to indicate is on. Allow the instruments in on position for 10 minutes for initial warm up. Fill around 3/4th full of water to the kettle and place the thermometer and thermocouple inside the kettle Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer. Adjust the initial set potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water temperature Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils note down the thermometer reading and set Potentiometer till the display reads boiling water temperature. Remove the thermometer and temperature sensor from the Kettle and change the water and replace The thermometer reading and set final set potentiometer till the display reads boiling water Temperature Switch on the kettle and note down the reading for every 10 interval and tabulate the readings Plot the graphs between actual reading Vs indicator reading

5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Tabulation:

S.No

Actual Temperature(Ta)

Indicated Temeperature(Ti)

Error

% of Error

Result:
Thus the performance test on Thermocouple trainer has been performed.

Measurement of Displacement by using LVDT

AIM: To measure the displacement by using linear variable differential transformer APPARATUS REQUIRED: LVDT setup Theory: Linear variable differential transformer is the most popular electro mechanical displacement into electrical signal in effect is a transformer consisting of three symmetrical spaced coils carefully wounded on insulation. It works on mutual inductance principle and consists of primary coils Wound .AC carried excitation is applied to the primary and two secondary are connected externally in a Series opposition to it. A cylindrical shield of ferromagnetic material is spun over the washers. The device also becomes extremely rugged and reliable. There is a non contacting magnetic core, Carefully annealed to improve the stability which moves in the centre of the core varies the mutual Inductance of each secondary to the primary, which determines the voltage inducted from the primary to the secondary. If the core is centered in the middle of the two secondary windings if the core is moved off middle position then the mutual inductance of the primary with secondary will be greater than the other and a differential voltage will appear across the secondary in series For off center displacement within linear range of operation the output is essential a linear function of core displacement Procedure: 1. Check the connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel the display glows to indicate is ON. 2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes. 3. Rotate the micrometer till it reads 20 4. Adjust the CAL potentiometer at the front panel so the display reads the 20. 5. Rotate the core of the micrometer till it reaches the 10 and adjust the zero potentiometer 6. Rotate back the micrometer core upto 10 7. As the core of the LVDT moves the display reads the displacement 8. Rotate the core of micrometer in steps of 2mm and tabulate the readings 9. Plot the graphs between actual reading Vs indicator reading, Actual reading Vs error and Display the results.

S.No

Actual Displacement(Da)

Indicated Displacement (Di)

Error

% of Error

RESULT: Thus the Performance test on LVDT was conducted

CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Aim: To study and calibrate the precision measuring instruments like Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Apparatus Required: Surface plate, Vernier caliper, Micrometer and Slip gauges. Specification: Vernier caliper Micrometer Study: 1.) Vernier caliper: Range: Range: L. C: L. C:

The Vernier caliper has one L shaped frame with a fixed jaw on which Vernier scale is attached. The principle of Vernier is that when two scale divisions slightly different in sizes can be used to measure the length very accurately. Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is equal to the difference between a main scale division and a Vernier scale division. LEAST COUNT = 1 Main scale division 1 Vernier scale division Uses: It is used to measure the external diameter, the internal diameter and the length of the given specimen. 2.) Micrometer: The micrometer has an accurate screw having about 10 to 20 threads/cm and revolves in a fixed nut. The end of the screw is one tip and the other is constructed by a stationary anvil. LEAST COUNT = Pitch scale division / Number of threads Pitch scale division = Distance moved / number of rotation Uses: Outside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder. Inside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollow cylinders and spheres. 3.) Slip gauges: They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabilized. The surfaces are highly polished to enhance wringing. It is used as a reference standard for transferring the dimensions of unit of length from primary standard. It is generally made up of high carbon, high chromium hardened steel. Uses: These are accurate and used as comparator. 5.) Surface plate:

The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement in workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the bottom. Uses: It is used as a base in all measurements. Procedure For Calibration: 1.) The range of the instruments is noted down. 2.) Within that range, slip gauges are selected. 3.) The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for zero and the slip gauges are placed one by one between the measuring points 4.) The slip gauge (actual) readings and the corresponding (observed) readings in the measuring instruments are noted down and tabulated.
Slip Gauge Reading (Actual) In mm Precision Measuring Instruments Reading (Observedl) in mm Vernier Caliper Micro Meter MSR VSR TR Error PSR HSR TR Error (mm) (div) (mm) (mm) (mm) (div) (mm) (mm)

S.No

1 2

Result: The precision measuring instruments are studied and calibrated.

TORQUE MEASUREMENT
Aim: To measure the torque using shear type load cell. Apparatus Required: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Torque measurement equipment Stand lever stain gauge Weight.

Formula Used: Calculated Torque = Load x Distance (kg-m) Description: Torque is the tangential force to set a body in rotation. It is represented as a vector of a force for a rigged body undergoing force rotation about a single axis. Torque = DX, D = Moment of inertia of body about the axis. X = Angular acceleration. Thus torque is the essential tensional twisting about its axis of rotation. In this setup shear type load is used to measure the torque a inverse method of measuring the load with the output immune to side load and bending moment is based on measurement of shear components. The load cell is balancing a beam supported on both ends. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fix the main frame of transducers rigidity. Connect the cantilever beam with weight pan. Connect transducer wire socket to rear side of indicator. Connect digital indicator at 230V, AC supply. Set zero on indicator, by zero adjust pan provides indicator. Now apply the load gradually and note down reading in upward & downward trend.

Sl.no 1 2 3 4

Weight added (Kg)

Observed torque (Kg-m)

Calculated Torque (Kg-m)

5 Model Calculation: Calculated Torque =Load x Distance (kg-m) Result: Thus measurement of torque using shear type load cell has been carried out.