INDEX

Actionr (financial journal), 78

Adickes, Franz, 1, 12, 134, 147, 148, 149
anatomy, 21, 35, 36, 49, 51, 52, 118
Andral, Gabriel, 54
animal husbandry, 823, 84
annual fees, 267, 412, 501, 58, 60, 634,
97
Applegate, Celia, 130
artisan estate, 16, 20, 28, 41, 67, 76, 77, 103
Association of German Naturalists and Physicians, 17, 34, 37, 11214, 125
Atlas of the Journey to Northern Africa
(Senckenberg Society), 36, 37, 39
Auerswald, General von, 66
Austro-Prussian War (1866), 109, 112, 116

Bethmann, Simon Moritz von, 22, 76, 78

Bielefeld school, 71
Binding, Rudolf, 745, 84
biology, 119
Bismarck, Otto von, 74
Bleker, Johanna, 46
Blo (master glass blower), 41
Blum, Robert, 66
Boettiger, Oskar, 127
Bgner, Johann Wilhelm Joseph, 21
Bose, Count Karl August, 767, 1301, 133
Bose, Countess Louise Wilhelmine Emilie,
767, 1303, 133, 146
botany, 35, 51, 52, 132
Bourguignat, Jules-Ren, 126, 127
Bremen, city of, 3, 42, 100, 143, 154
Brentano, Clemens, 78, 73
British Museum, 29, 31, 40
British trade, 21
Brugger, Karl, 97
Bchner, Ludwig, 97
Burckhardt, Ludwig, 29, 37
Brger, 78, 69, 7980
see also middle class
burgomaster, 20, 114, 136, 148

Copyright

Baden, 4, 56, 134, 154

bank clerks, 8
bankers, 22, 28, 76, 78, 133, 145
banks and banking, 103, 133
Basel, 8, 150, 152
Bauer, Elise, 124
Bauer, Thomas, 102
Beetle Box, see Society for Natural-Scientific
Conversation
Behrends, Johann Bernhard Jakob, 52
Beisassen (second-class citizens), 19, 21, 23,
64, 65, 66, 103, 1068
Benecke, Dr, 115
bequests, 33, 42, 1302, 142
Berlin, 9, 154
Museum of, 134
Royal Academy of Sciences, 37
sewerage debate in, 110
University of, 131, 143, 149, 152
Zoological Garden, 83, 85
Bernus-du-Fay, Franz, 58, 59

Calvinists, 15, 20, 28, 48, 75, 105

Casino (exclusive club), 27, 28, 33, 49, 50,
59, 634, 99, 133
Catholics, 15, 20, 28, 48, 50, 75
Chadwick Edwin, 102
charity for the poor, 23, 323, 556, 69
chemistry, 35, 51, 147
child mortality, 113
cholera, 109, 111
Citizens Club, 11, 46, 47, 62, 634, 65, 66,
68, 69, 108, 117

229

230

Science and Societies in Frankfurt am Main

Citizens Hospital, 22, 23, 52

citizenship, 43
application process for, 20, 32
disagreements on extension of, 66
food guarantee principle, 103, 106
Goethes, 23
physicians and, 56
privileges of, 1920
reforms, 21, 1068
city-republics, 3, 79, 15, 19, 24, 289, 32,
43, 62, 68, 93, 100, 116, 150
civil servants, 28, 48, 97, 102, 149
Clinic for the Poor, 556, 69
Collegium Medicum, 48, 56
Cologne, 8
Conn, S., 137
conservators, 1415
Constitution Amendment Act (1816), 15,
20, 22, 33, 49
1848 revision, 64, 65, 69
consumption, 778
Copenhagen, 40
cosmopolitanism, 96, 100, 101
countryside residents, 55, 64, 65, 66, 93,
105, 106
court menageries, 72
Cretzschmar, Philipp Jacob, 18, 21, 22,
234, 27, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
as lecturer, 52, 57
quarrels with Rppell, 57
curators, 145
Cuvier, Georges, 39

drainage, 89, 113

Dresden, city of, 17, 40, 143, 151, 152
Dunker, Wilhelm, 127
Dupuytren, Guillaume, 54
Edinger, Ludwig, 119, 148, 149
education:
biology, 119
medical, 514, 567
popular science, 96
religious, 50
role of museums in, 133, 134, 136
see also universities
egalitarian sociability, 459, 56, 59, 613,
68, 69
Egypt, 29, 141
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 37, 38
Ehrlich, Paul, 147, 148, 159
Ehrmann, Johann Christian, 22
entomology, 42, 125
entrepreneurs, 3, 4, 7, 82, 103, 105, 11011
Erckel, Theodor, 29, 141, 142
estate society, 10, 16, 17, 248, 46, 68, 150
Ethiopia, 29, 38
ethnography, 4, 137
Evans, Richard, 3, 7, 111
evolutionary theory, 88, 128, 130

Copyright
Dalberg, Prince Karl Theodor von, 19, 20,
21, 50, 52
Darwin, Charles, 88, 89, 128, 130
Daum, Andreas, 5, 956, 120, 150
de Bary, A., 63
democratic political movement, 11, 12, 45,
47, 55, 61, 62, 648, 71, 77, 78, 94, 96,
100, 103, 106, 108
dentists, 56
dermoplastics, 144
Dierig, Sven, 9
dioramas, 86, 88, 137, 145
dissection, 51, 52, 53
Dittrich, Lothar, 72
Dohrn, Heinrich, 127

factories, 102, 103, 105

Father City (Vaterstadt), 12, 23, 25, 32, 38,
110, 120, 134, 136
Fellner, Victor, 116
Fettmilch Upheaval (1614), 66
Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm, 24, 38
fish, 36
foreigners, 56, 95, 99, 101, 103, 105, 1068,
109, 118
Foreigners Hospital, 23
Forster, Johann Georg Adam, 38
fossils, 42, 145
Frankfurt Society for the Promotion of the
Useful Arts and Sciences, 1819, 201
Frankfurt University, see University of
Frankfurt
Frankfurt Zoological Gardens, 5, 11, 713,
7591, 150, 153
Count and Countess Bose and, 767,
131

Index
entrance prices, 812, 845
in print culture, 849, 91
relocation of, 8990
ritualized strolling and, 11, 72, 7984, 90
visitor guidelines, 823
Westend residents and, 11, 727, 834,
8991
Frankfurter archetype, 32
Frankfurter Reform, 84, 89, 109
Free German Academy, 150
free trade, 93, 105, 106, 109, 111
freedom of the press, 55
freemasons, 33, 49, 95
Freirei, Georg, 41
French Calvinists, 105
French malacologists, 126, 127
French Revolution, 46
Fresenius, Georg, 60, 61
Freytag, Gustav, 73
Frietsch, Karl von, 124, 127, 128, 131
Froriep, Robert, 77, 78, 89

231

Gwinner, Otto Michael Hermann, 42

Gymnasium, 49, 50, 513, 78
Habermas, Jrgen, 5, 16
Hadermann, Nikolaus, 63, 64, 66, 106
Haeckel, Ernst, 128, 130, 131
Hagenbeck, Carl, 3, 4
Halle, 534, 127, 128
Hambach Festival (1832), 556
Hamburg, city of, 34, 7, 100, 109, 11112,
143, 150, 154
Hamburg Zoological Gardens, 4
Hannover, 43, 96, 97
haulage, 103
Heimat, 12, 130, 1347
Heimpel, Georg, 39
Hemprich, Wilhelm Friedrich, 37, 38
Hessen-Kassel, 55, 105, 124, 130
Heyden, Lieutenant Colonel Carl Heinrich
Georg von, 21, 37, 58, 98, 133
Heyden, Lucas von, 132
Heynemann, David Friedrich, 12, 11926,
132, 133, 135, 138, 146, 153
Hochadel, O., 88
Hoffmann, Heinrich, 456, 4855, 607,
69, 108
Holy Ghost Hospital, 22, 23, 52, 56, 65
Homeyer, Alexander von, 121
housing in Frankfurt, 734
Huerkamp, C., 54
Humboldt, Alexander von, 38, 41
Humboldt Societies, 96

Copyright

Gagern, Heinrich von, 68

geology, 35, 50, 96, 127
German Association, 64
German Confederation, 28, 42, 56, 74, 95
German Independent Academy, 1113,
934, 95101, 110, 117, 124, 152
German Malacozoological Society, 12, 120,
1259, 131, 153
German unification, 3, 94, 95, 135, 154
German Zoological Society, 128, 129, 151
Goering, Victor, 88
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 18, 21, 37,
878, 96
expatriation of, 234, 38
figurehead of German Independent
Academy, 101
parental home of, 100, 101, 111
refusal of Council seat offer, 323
seventieth birthday of, 31
Goldschmidt, Richard, 83
Gring, Viktor, 144
Gossman, Lionel, 152
Gould, John, 29, 31
Grant, Robert E., 29
Grunelius, Joachim Andreas, 22
guilds, 20, 21, 25, 50, 68, 93, 103, 109

Illustrirte Zeitung, 85, 97, 102

immigrant intellectuals, 1112, 94, 117,
150, 153
immigrants, 20, 22, 48, 55, 93, 94, 100, 124
immigration, 103, 106, 109
Imperial Health Office, 112, 115
industrialization, 102, 103, 105, 106, 130
Innsbruck, 114
Italy, 29
Jassoy, Louis Daniel, 22
Jews, 19, 20, 55, 69, 75, 1068
association membership, 489
bankers, 133, 145
call for political integration of, 64

232

Science and Societies in Frankfurt am Main

discrimination against, 65, 66, 68

doctors, 56
finance for University of Frankfurt,
1479
free medical care for poor, 23
Philanthropin school, 50
Johann of Austria, Archduke, Prince-Regent
of Germany, 689, 100
journals and periodicals, 27, 78, 87, 112, 127
Jucho, Sigismund, 66
Karlsruhe, 134, 154
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von, 88
Kehn, Wolfgang, 80
Kinkelin, Georg Friedrich, 127
Kirchner, Anton, 22, 25, 33
Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von, 24, 38
Klo, Johann Georg Burkhard Franz, 22
Kobelt, Wilhelm, 1, 12, 89, 119, 120, 1249,
1312, 1346, 143, 146, 151, 153
Koch, Adam, 132, 141, 142, 1435
Koch, August, 144
Koch, Carl, 128
Koch, Rainer, 105
Koch-Gontard, Clotilde, 68, 69
Kordofan (region of central Sudan), 367
Kstering, S., 134, 137
Kretschmann, C., 154
Krukenberg, Peter, 534

Lindley, William, 109, 111

Locard, Arnould, 126
London, 9, 29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 43, 151
British Museum, 29, 31, 40
Zoo, 83
Lowood, Henry, 26
Lbeck, city of, 3, 150
Lucae, Johann Christian Gustav, 128
Lucae, Samuel Christian, 52
Lutherans, 15, 20, 23, 33, 48, 56
Lyceum Carolinum (school of humanities),
19, 20
Mah, Harold, 56
Main valley, 12, 1245
Mainlust restaurant, Frankfurt, 80
malacology, 11920, 1257, 150
Mann, Thomas, 3
Mappes, Johann Michael, 38, 53, 56
Marburg, city of, 114, 115, 127, 131
Martens, Eduard von, 127
Martens, Georg von, 40
Martin, Philipp Leopold, 87, 1434
Medical Institute, 22
membership of associations
German Malacozoological Society, 127
Museum Society, 26
Senckenberg Society, 258, 37, 47, 49,
5761, 63, 123, 135
Society for Natural-Scientific Conversation, 1212
menageries, 40, 82, 72, 91
merchant estate, 78, 16, 17, 20, 31, 33, 48,
67, 103, 121, 150, 1534
bequests, 142
education for children of, 50
eroded dominance of, 101, 133
lucrative trade with Britain, 21
political advancement of, 15, 22
union with learned estate, 248, 59, 61,
62, 63
Westend villas of, 734
Zoo shareholders, 76, 77
Merton, Wilhelm, 147
Metzler, Friedrich, 22
Meyer, Bernhard, 35, 36, 378, 39, 41
Meyer, Hermann von, 42, 5960
middle class, 712, 130, 146
cleanliness, 109, 111
hunting, 133

Copyright
labour regulations, 105
Laennec, Ren Thophile Hyacinthe, 54
language education, 50
lawyers, 16, 22, 25, 48
learned estate, 16, 17, 248, 48, 69
Lebenswelt, 6, 9, 71, 137
Leipzig, city of, 115, 143
Leipzig Illustrirte Zeitung, 85, 97, 102
Lempa, Heikki, 79
Lerner, Franz, 1819
Leven, Franz, 756, 78, 86, 87, 138, 143
liberals, 3, 10, 12, 20, 657, 71, 94, 101,
106, 108
physicians, 11, 457, 689, 1023,
10811
shareholders of the Zoological Society,
77, 90
libraries, 42
Lichnowsky, Prince, 66
Lichtenstein, Martin, 83

Index
members of Society for Natural-Scientific
Conversation, 121
ritualized strolling by, 11, 72, 7984, 90
Westend residents, 747, 90
mineralogy, 29, 35
Minutoli, Heinrich von, 37
Model School, 33, 50
Monday Circle, 645
monkeys, 41, 83, 88
Mumm, Hermann, 61, 63
Museum Society, 26, 28, 33, 59, 63
museums, 31, 57, 134, 1378, 143, 154
Mylius, Heinrich, 142
Napoleonic Wars, 3, 10, 15, 16, 33, 34, 43,
49
Nassau, Duchy of, 55, 105
Nassau Society for the Study of Nature, 129
National Assembly (1848), 10, 45, 66, 68,
69, 74, 95
National Association for Public Health, 112,
11314
national identity, 130, 135
nationalism, 43, 94, 95, 978, 130
see also German unification
Natural-Historical Society, 129
natural science, concept of, 17
nature, aesthetic appreciation of, 80
Neuburg, Johann Georg, 18, 21, 34, 35, 37
New Citizens Club, 66
Newburg, Johann Georg, 49
Nipperdey, T., 16
Noack, Ludwig, 97
Noll, Friedrich Carl, 131
non-citizens, 16, 19, 21, 23, 59, 69, 1068
non-marine molluscs, 120, 125, 126, 127,
129
North German Confederation, 3
North German Federation, 114
Nyhart, Lynn, 5, 72, 137

233

patrician estate, 15, 16, 27, 28, 79

Patriotic Society, 62, 667, 68, 108, 150
patriotism, 17, 234, 28, 29, 32, 3442, 130
Penny, Glenn, 137, 151
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 50
Pettenkofer, Max von, 102, 113, 114, 115
Pfeiffer, Louis, 127
pharmacists, 56
pharmacology, 35
Philanthropin ( Jewish school), 50
Phillips, D., 17, 37
Physical Association, 35
Physical Society, 133, 148
physicians, 6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 25, 27, 35, 74,
778, 114, 121
charitable care of the poor, 556, 69
full beard as emblem of politics, 67
liberal, 11, 457, 689, 1023, 108
medical training, 514, 567
members of the Senckenberg Society,
601, 118
participation in the Revolution, 619
professional identity, 4857
sanitary reform, 10212
University of Frankfurt, 148
Physicians Association, 48, 56, 60, 65, 68,
110, 117, 118, 121, 148
physics, 35
physiology, 35
Ploucquet, Hermann, 141, 143, 144
politics, 2, 3, 12, 22, 647, 74, 85, 106
see also liberals; democratic political
movement
Polytechnic Society, 13, 1823, 49, 97, 150
Poppe, Johann Heinrich Moritz, 20
population growth, 1056
Potsdam, 114
Poverty Fund, 105
priests, 22, 25, 48
print culture, 17, 73, 849, 91, 1445
professors, 7, 19, 20, 22, 27, 37, 48, 67, 74,
114, 128, 1489
promenades, 7980
Prussia, 3, 4, 32, 66, 100
Prussian annexation of Frankfurt (1866), 71,
90, 93, 94, 109, 11213, 11617, 135
public health reforms, 12, 71, 77, 94, 102,
103, 10618
public sphere, 4, 56, 7, 16, 23, 24, 67, 79

Copyright

Oken, Lorenz, 15
ornithology, 35, 36, 40, 41, 142
Oswald, Merton and Henry, 147
Palaearctic non-marine molluscs, 120, 126,
127, 129
palaeontology, 42, 127, 145
Palmovski, J., 71, 117
Paris, 21, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 43, 54, 87

234

Science and Societies in Frankfurt am Main

Quarter Schools, 50, 51

railways, 80, 87
Ravenstein, August, 78, 97
Rayer, Pierre-Franois, 54
Reading Society, 267, 64
Rein, Johann Justus, 128, 131
Rei, Jacques, 63
religious discrimination, 6, 49, 66, 68
religious education, 50
republicanism, 62, 934, 120, 130, 1456
see also city-republics
Revolution (1848/9), 10, 11, 16, 24, 457,
619, 74, 96, 97, 100, 106, 153
Rhine valley, 12, 120, 1245
Rieke-Mller, Annelore, 72
ritualized strolling (Spazieren), 11, 72,
7984, 90
Rmer, Fritz, 145, 146
Romler, Emil Adolf, 125, 126
Roth, Ralf, 15, 69, 105
Rothschild, Baron von, 49
Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 37
royal patronage, 100
Rppell, Wilhelm Peter Simon Eduard, 18,
2836, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 57, 789,
132, 145
Rppell Foundation, 124

Senckenberg Foundation, 22, 23, 39, 512,

60, 65
Senckenberg Society for the Study of Nature,
1, 2, 45, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 248,
356, 53, 101, 152, 153
African specimen-collecting expeditions,
29, 31, 348, 124, 132
allegiance to the Reich, 1356
annual fees, 27, 412
bequests to, 1303, 142
breach between members of, 5761
criticism of, 121, 124
Darwinism and, 128
financial base of, 2834
founding episodes, 1724
goal to maintain and not to expand,
389
Heimat local fauna collection, 1309
international renown of, 29, 31, 345, 37
malacozoology, 1259, 145, 150
membership, 258, 37, 47, 49, 63, 123,
135
most popular subject areas with members, 35
museum collection, 3941, 5960, 856,
1324
museum renovation, 1334, 13745
patriotic ideology of, 3442, 47, 601,
69, 116, 136, 1456, 150
professions of members, 278
publications by, 36, 37, 39, 124, 134,
138, 151
recruitment of members, 47, 63
regional public education role, 136
relocation to Bockenheim, 145, 148
Romler collection purchase, 126
Rppell and, 2835, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 57, 789, 132, 145
section heads and classificatory system,
36
snobbery of, 124
Society for Natural-Scientific Conversation and, 1209, 145
song dedicated to the City of Frankfurt,
116
Varrentrapp and, 118
Volger and, 96100, 11718
Servain, Georges, 126

Copyright
Sachsenhausen Citizens Club, 64
St Petersburg Museum, Russia, 40
sanatoria, 778, 89
sanitary reforms, 12, 71, 94, 10618
satire, 45
Saxony, 20, 43
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 39, 52
Scherer, Dr, 78
Schiller, Friedrich, 95
Schmidt, Adolph, 48, 55
Schmidt, Heinrich, 131
school system in Frankfurt, 4951
Schwartz, Vanessa, 87
Select School (Catholic denomination), 50
self-fashioning, 33, 148, 151, 1534
Senate of Frankfurt, 31, 53, 55, 57, 64, 65,
667, 109, 114
Senckenberg, Johann Christian, 22, 234,
98

Index
sewerage projects, 10812, 113
shareholders of the Zoological Society, 767
Siebold, Philipp Franz von, 38
Silesia, 55
Simon, John, 112
Smidt, Johann, 423
sociability, see egalitarian sociability
Society for Natural-Scientific Conversation,
13, 1209
Smmerring, Samuel Thomas, 22, 31, 37
Sonnemann, Leopold, 71, 77
Souchay, Senator Eduard Franz, 62, 65, 66,
67
Spazieren, see ritualized strolling
Special School for Medicine and Surgery,
19, 20
Speyer, Georg and Franziska, 147
Spiess, Gustav Adolpf, 48, 53, 54, 55, 60, 62,
68, 99, 108, 113, 114
Stdel, Johann Friedrich, 33
Stdel Institute for Fine Arts, 33
Stein, Johann Caspar, 22, 32, 132
Stiebel, Salomon Friedrich, 49, 58, 65, 67, 68
Sudan, 29, 367
surgeons, 53

235

Urania Society, 96
urbanization, 72, 93, 102, 106
Varrentrapp, Georg, 12, 46, 48, 51, 54, 55,
60, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 94, 103, 104, 106
death of, 136
and Frankfurt Zoological Gardens, 71,
77
public health reforms, 10818
Varrentrapp, Johann Conrad, 22, 58
veterinary surgeons, 56
Vienna, 29, 35, 40, 66
Virchow, Rudolf, 46, 55, 67, 68, 102, 112
Volger, Otto, 11, 95101, 110, 11718, 124,
142, 153
walking, see ritualized strolling
Warneken, H. J., 81
Weinberg, Arthur von, 147
Weinkauff, Heinrich Conrad, 127
Weinland, David Friedrich, 131
Wei-frauenschule, 501
Westend residential suburb, Frankfurt, 11,
727, 834, 8991, 93, 11011, 117,
150
Wetterau Society for the Whole Study of
Nature, 125
Wetterau Society of Hanau, 129
Wieland, Christoph Martin, 101
Wilhelm of Hessen-Kassel (later electoral
prince Wilhelm II), 76, 130
Wise, Norton, 9
women, 26
associational membership, 100
Zoo shareholders, 76, 77
Wonders, Karen, 86
working-class, 79, 812
Wrttemberg, 43, 134

Copyright

taxation, 19, 23, 28

taxidermy, 76, 867, 88, 89, 138, 141, 143,
144
teachers, 8, 16, 25, 48, 121
Temminck, Conrad Jacob, 38
Tiedemann, Friedrich, 53
trade, 21, 93, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, 111
typhus, 56, 113

universities, 16, 53, 149

University College London, 29
University of Berlin, 131, 143, 149, 152
University of Bonn, 128
University of Frankfurt, 2, 4, 5, 1213, 119,
1479, 152
University of Gttingen, 96
University of Halle, 127, 128
University of Heidelberg, 86
University of Jena, 131
University of Marburg, 131
University of Tbingen, 20

Zimmerman, Andrew, 9
Zoological Museum of Hermann Ploucquet,
141
zoology, 17, 378, 43, 120
Zooplastic Cabinet, 869, 1389, 143, 144
zoos, 6, 346, 73, 778, 849
see also Frankfurt Zoological Gardens
Zlzer, Dr., 115