INVITATION TO SUBMIT A RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON AN ASHRAE RESEARCH PROJECT -1602 1602-TRP, Thermal-Fluid Behavior of Mixed Refrigerants for Cryogenic

Applications Attached is a Request-for-Proposal (RFP) for a project dealing with a subject in which you, or your institution have expressed interest. Should you decide not to submit a proposal, please circulate it to any colleague who might have interest in this subject. Sponsoring Technical Committee: TC 10.1, Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems Co-Sponsored by: TC 1.3 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Budget Range: $150,000 may be more or less as determined by value of proposal and competing proposals.

Scheduled Project Start Date: April 1, 2012 or later. All proposals must be received at ASHRAE Headquarters by December 15, 2011. Electronic copies must be sent to rpbids@ashrae.org. Electronic signatures must be scanned and added to the file before submitting. The submission title line should read: XXXX-TRP, Research Title and Bidding Institutions Name (electronic pdf format, ASHRAEs server will accept up to 10MB) If you have questions concerning the Project, we suggest you contact one of the individuals listed below: For Technical Matters Technical Contact Martin L. Timm, P.E. Praxair Inc. Phone: 716-879-7376 Fax: 716- 879-7660 E-Mail: Martin_Timm@praxair.com For Administrative or Procedural Matters: Manager of Research & Technical Services MORTS) Michael R. Vaughn ASHRAE, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329 Phone: 404-636-8400 Fax: 678-539-2111 E-Mail: MORTS@ashrae.net

Contractors intending to submit a proposal should so notify, by mail, fax or e-mail, the Manager of Research and Technical Services, (MORTS) by November 30, 2011 in order that any late or additional information on the RFP may be furnished to them prior to the bid due date. Proposals may now be submitted electronically. Electronic submissions require a PDF file containing the complete proposal preceded by signed copies of the two forms listed below in the order listed below. ONLY electronic proposals are to be sent to rpbids@ashrae.org. The following forms must accompany the proposal: (1) ASHRAE Application for Grant of Funds (signed) (2) Additional Information for Contractors (signed) ASHRAE reserves the right to reject any or all bids. All other correspondence must be sent to ddaniel@ashrae.org and mvaughn@ashrae.org. Hardcopy submissions require 1-signed original in the same order. In all cases, the proposal must be in the hands of the ASHRAE MORTS by 8 a.m. EDT December 15, 2011.

State of the Art (Background) Refrigeration cycles involving a multi-component, multi-phase working fluid have become increasingly important for a number of cryogenic applications; perhaps the most important of which is the production of liquefied natural gas (LNG) via the autocascade, mixed refrigerant cycle (Stoecker, 1988). The increasing importance of natural gas to the global energy economy is resulting in exploitation of waste gas stock such as landfill gas and coal seam methane (Gongaware et al., 2004) in distributed LNG plants using mixed refrigerant cycles. Mixed refrigerants are also used in smaller-scale Joule-Thomson (JT) systems for cooling detectors (Rijpma et al. 2003), superconducting current leads (Nellis et al., 2004), and cryosurgical probes (Keppler et al. 2004). The JT cycle is similar to a vapor compression cycle except that a recuperative heat exchanger is integrated between the analogs to the evaporator and condenser so that much lower temperatures can be achieved. The use of mixed refrigerants provides a significant thermodynamic advantage relative to pure fluids within these cycles. The mixture is carefully chosen so that it is non-azeotropic; that is, unlike azeotropic mixtures such as R-507, the temperature changes as the mixture undergoes evaporation or condensation at constant pressure. This temperature change is sometimes referred to as a temperature glide and occurs because the equilibrium compositions of the liquid and vapor differ. Several researchers, including Gong et al. (2000), Alexeev et al. (1997), and Little (1997), have shown that the performance of a mixed refrigerant cycle is very sensitive to the composition of the working fluid. However, the use of gas mixtures as working fluids in JT systems have substantially increased their performance and the past decade has seen dramatic improvement in the reliability and performance of low temperature coolers operating with multicomponent refrigerants. The thermal-fluid behavior of the mixed refrigerant working fluid is critically important to the performance of the mixed refrigerant cycle. The heat exchangers within the plant dominate the capital and operating costs of these systems and therefore accurate prediction of the thermal-fluid behavior of mixed refrigerants at cryogenic temperatures is critical to the design of these systems. Correlations developed for pure fluids are not generally applicable for mixed refrigerants because of the concentration gradients between the liquid and vapor phases which results in diffusive mass fluxes that are not present for pure fluids. Several of the potential substitute refrigerants for the synthetic CFCs and HCFCs in conventional vapor-compression refrigeration systems are non-azeotropic mixtures, e.g., R407C. As a result, there has been a substantial amount of work accomplished since the mid-80s related to the measurement of the heat transfer performance of non-azeotropic mixtures. This work is confined to near room temperature conditions and includes experiments on R12/R114 mixtures by Stoecker and Kornota (1985), R12/R22 mixtures by Tandon et al. (1986), R22/R114 mixtures by Koyama et al. (1990) and Jung et al. (1989), R22/R142b and R32/R134a mixtures by Rohlin (1997), and R32/R134a mixtures by Torikoshi and Ebisu (1993) and Shao and Granryd (1997) and (2000). Many of these investigations suggest that the heat transfer coefficient for mixtures is lower than would be expected for a pure fluid under comparable conditions, by as much as 20%-50%. Several correlations have been proposed to predict the heat transfer coefficient for non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures; these range from correlations for specific data, for example Tandon et al. (1995), to semi-empirical correlations that can be extrapolated beyond the generating data set, to theoretical models that claim general applicability, for example Granryd (1991). Very detailed models that explicitly account for the concentration gradients have shown good agreement with data; examples include the model described by Kern and Stephan (2003) for nucleate boiling or by Taylor et al. (1986) for condensation. However, these correlations are very complex and therefore not convenient for use in heat exchanger design. There is currently no generally accepted, predictive correlation that can be extrapolated to the mixed refrigerant working fluids that are used in cryogenic cycles. This is in part because the data sets that have been used to generate these correlations do not overlap the conditions encountered in cryogenic cycles. In addition to the obvious differences in the operating temperatures (~100 K vs ~300 K), these mixed refrigerants tend to include many more and very different components such as inert gases and hydrocarbons in addition to synthetic refrigerants. Experimental results that have been published for cryogenic, mixed refrigerant cycles are confined to measurements of the overall system performance, for example Naer and Rozhentsev (2002) or Arkhipov et al. (1999), or the overall performance of a heat exchanger, for example Boiarski

et al. (1999) and Gong et al. (2002). Nellis et al. (2005) presents the only local measurements of the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of a mixed refrigerant at cryogenic temperatures in a well-defined configuration and Little (2008) presents the only correlation developed specifically from such data. Justification and Value to ASHRAE Mixed refrigerants are widely used to extend vapor compression type cycles to lower temperatures. The thermodynamic and thermal-fluid behavior of these mixtures is critically important to the industrial designer. This work is relevant to ASHRAEs stated strategic plan of advancing the science of refrigeration and directly addresses New Applications for HVAC&R (see Tools and Applications) and Alternative Technologies (see Equipment, Components and Materials). Objective The objective of the proposed work is the measurement of the heat transfer coefficient under heating conditions and pressure drop associated with mixed gas working fluids flowing at cryogenic temperatures while evaporating and condensing. These data will be correlated in a manner that is familiar to refrigeration equipment designers. Scope The project is broken into tasks and subtasks that are described below. Task 1: Review and Concept Development The overall objective of this task is to review the relevant literature and, based on this review, present a conceptual design of the test facility that will be used for the measurements discussed in Task 5. 1.1 Review the relevant literature. The literature review should include the following topics: methods for measuring low temperature and mixed gas heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop applications for low temperature mixed gas working fluids and relevant working conditions methodologies for correlating two-phase pressure drop measurements in the form of friction factor methodologies for correlating two-phase heat transfer measurements in the form of Nusselt number 1.2 Develop a concept for the test facility that can make accurate heat transfer and pressure drop measurements over the range of conditions identified in Task 5. 1.3 Concept Design Review: The research team will present the experimental design concept to the Project Monitoring Subcommittee (PMS) for approval. Task 2: Experimental Facility Design The objective of this task is the development of a detailed design of the test facility. The test facility must be designed with the following criteria: Refrigerant mixtures with various compositions can be introduced and precisely diluted. Mixtures of both hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, isopentane with nitrogen and argon) and synthetic refrigerants (R14, R23, R32, R134a with nitrogen and argon) should be considered. Evaporation heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop can be measured. The test section can be removed and replaced. Flow various tube geometries (diameters from 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm) must be considered. The test facility should allow testing over a range of flow conditions. The achievable temperature range should be at least -150C to room temperature and the achievable pressure range should be at least atmospheric pressure to 1000 kPa. The nominal operating conditions should be a mass flux of 250 kg/m2-s and a nominal heat flux of 10 kW/m2. These parameters should be varied by a factor of at least two in both directions. The thermal losses from the test section must be carefully controlled and measured. The uncertainty in the measured heat transfer coefficient must be carefully considered and temperature instrumentation designed to achieve better than 10% accuracy over the range of design conditions. The committee expects that the test facility will include a high vacuum system with multi-layer radiation shielding in order to control thermal loss from the test section. The committee expects that an external source

of cooling, either a mechanical cryocooler or a cryogen, will be utilized to generate the low temperatures required for testing. The committee expects that very high accuracy and redundant thermometry will be installed and utilized for the measurements. The range of potential mixture compositions is considerable. However, the committee expects that the researchers will utilize at least two "core" mixtures that are precisely formulated by an external vendor. These "core" mixtures can be carefully diluted in order to achieve a range of compositions along several dimensions. One of the "core" mixtures will consist of (by mole) 35% R14/15% R23/15% R32/35% R134a and other will consist of (by mole) 45% methane/35% ethane/20% propane. These mixtures can be diluted with argon, nitrogen, and the other pure refrigerants in order to obtain several sets of data over a range of compositions. 2.1 Design the test section in order to allow testing of the geometries specified above. In addition, the PI should verify that the flow has sufficient time to be fully developed, that the test facility is adequately isolated thermally from the surrounding structure and environment, and that the section can provide a wall temperature that is uniform. The PI should present a quantitative evaluation of the tradeoff between high heat load and low heat load. High heat load results in large temperature differences and therefore precise measurements but leads to large changes in the fluid condition which reduces the ability to resolve the local heat transfer coefficient. Measurements at low heat load have a higher level of uncertainty but represent a local measurement of the heat transfer coefficient. 2.2 Specify the instrumentation and design the integration of the instrumentation with the facility. The PI should demonstrate that the measurement of the fluid temperature and the wall temperature provide sufficient resolution that the heat transfer coefficient can be measured to within 10% over the range of conditions. Particular care should be taken to quantify both the inherent uncertainty in the temperature sensors as well as the uncertainty introduced by the mounting of the sensors in the facility. The pressure measurement instrumentation that will be used to determine the pressure drop will be specified based on estimates of the test section pressure drop. The PI should discuss how the pressure drop associated with the test section header will be removed from the overall pressure drop measurement. 2.3 Specify the balance of the facility. The PI should discuss the remainder of the system including the hardware used to measure and achieve the test conditions specified above. 2.4 Design Review. Present the detailed experimental design concept to the Project Monitoring Subcommittee (PMS) for approval. Task 3: Experimental Facility Fabrication The objective of this task is the fabrication and demonstration of the test facility. 3.1 The test section designed in Task 2.1 will be fabricated. The components and instrumentation specified in Task 2 will be procured. The facility will be assembled. 3.2 The test facility will undergo preliminary shake down tests in order to demonstrate that the gas handling, cooling, heating, vacuum, and data acquisition systems operate correctly. Task 4: Experimental Facility Verification The objective of this task is the verification of the test facility before taking data with mixed gas. 4.1 The thermal isolation of the test facility relative to the environment and surrounding structure must be verified using a test that measures the test facility thermal resistance. The thermal resistance should be sufficiently high that the 10% measurement uncertainty can be achieved. 4.2 The ability of the test section to take accurate heat transfer coefficient measurements will be verified using single-phase flows over the range of temperature and flow conditions specified in Task 2. These data should agree with accepted single-phase heat transfer correlations to within 10%. 4.3 Initial Data Review. The experimental verification of the design will be presented to the Project Monitoring Subcommittee (PMS) for approval to proceed. Task 5: Data Collection The objective of this task is to gather a large set of data under conditions of interest to the industry. 5.1 The test matrix is summarized in Table 1. Each test condition will be carried out over a range of temperatures from 150 K (or the lowest possible with the given concentration) to room temperature. There are a total of 36 test conditions corresponding to 6 mixtures, 2 pressures, and 3 tube diameters.

Parameter Mass flux Heat flux Temperature Pressure Tube diameter Concentration

Table 1: Test Matrix Test condition 250 kg/m2-s 10 kW/m2 150 K to room temperature 100 kPa and 1000 kPa 0.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 3.0 mm Core mix 1 (35% R14/15% R23/15% R32/35% R134a) diluted with 0%, 20%, and 40% argon Core mix 2 (45% methane/35% ethane/20% propane) diluted with 0%, 20%, and 40% nitrogen

5.2

Final Data Review. The final data set will be presented to the Project Monitoring Subcommittee (PMS) for approval.

Task 6: Data Correlation The objective of this task is to begin the process of developing a predictive correlation for the data collected in Task 5. The data itself is the most concrete and widely beneficial outcome of this work. The data will be available to other researchers in order to proceed with the development of sophisticated models and correlations. However, the intent of this task is to begin this process. 6.1 After reviewing the relevant literature in Task 1, the PI will select an approach for developing a correlation that is familiar to heat exchanger designers. One set of data will be held back from the correlation process in order to quantify the accuracy of the correlation over a range of conditions. Typically, the correlations for pure fluids combine a nucleate boiling term and a forced convection contribution to heat transfer. In the well-known Chen correlation, the liquid only heat transfer coefficient is multiplied by an enhancement factor that is greater than one and must be determined experimentally. The nucleate boiling contribution is multiplied by a suppression factor that is less than one and must also be determined experimentally. Chens correlation assumes that the nucleate boiling and convective heat transfer terms are additive. Liu and Winterton (1991), Zhao (2001), and others have suggested modifications of this idea. The PI will at least evaluate modifications to the Martinelli-Chen correlation as well as the methodology proposed by Little (2008). 6.2 Final Correlation Review. The PI will present the results of the correlation to the PMS. The deliverables are listed in Table 2 according to task. Task 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 Table 2: Deliverables listed by task. Deliverable Sum4.2mary of relevant literature Concept4.3ual sketches and description of each important idea Presentation materials for PMS review Detailed design of the test section with supporting calculations and CAD drawings Detailed design of the instrumentation with supporting calculations and CAD drawings specifying their integration Detailed description of the balance of the test facility Presentation materials for PMS review Documentation of the as-fabricated test facility Documentation of the thermal resistance test results Documentation of the single-phase flow test results Presentation materials for PMS review Documentation of the methodology used to accomplish the data reduction as well as any associated computer programs

5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2

Tabulated data including the raw instrumentation output as well as the reduced data and associated uncertainty Presentation materials for PMS review Documentation of the correlating process and results Presentation materials for PMS review

Deliverables: Progress, Financial and Final Reports, Technical Paper(s), and Data shall constitute the only deliverables (Deliverables) under this Agreement and shall be provided as follows: a. Progress and Financial Reports Progress and Financial Reports, in a form approved by the Society, shall be made to the Society through its Manager of Research and Technical Services at quarterly intervals; specifically on or before each January 1, April 1, June 10, and October 1 of the contract period. Furthermore, the Institutions Principal Investigator, subject to the Societys approval, shall, during the period of performance and after the Final Report has been submitted, report in person to the sponsoring Technical Committee/Task Group (TC/TG) at the annual and winter meetings, and be available to answer such questions regarding the research as may arise. b. Final Report A written report, design guide, or manual, (collectively, Final Report), in a form approved by the Society, shall be prepared by the Institution and submitted to the Societys Manager of Research and Technical Services by the end of the Agreement term, containing complete details of all research carried out under this Agreement, including a summary of the control strategy and savings guidelines. Unless otherwise specified, the final draft report shall be furnished, either electronically or hardcopy format (6 copies) for review by the Societys Project Monitoring Subcommittee (PMS). Tabulated values for all measurements shall be provided as an appendix to the final report (for measurements which are adjusted by correction factors, also tabulate the corrected results and clearly show the method used for correction). Following approval by the PMS and the TC/TG, in their sole discretion, final copies of the Final Report will be furnished by the Institution as follows: -An executive summary in a form suitable for wide distribution to the industry and to the public. - One unbound copy, printed on one side only, suitable for reproduction. - One bound copy -Two copies on CD-ROM disks; one in PDF format and one in Microsoft Word. c. HVAC&R Research or ASHRAE Transactions Technical Papers One or more papers shall be submitted first to the ASHRAE Manager of Research and Technical Services (MORTS) and then to the ASHRAE Manuscript Central website -based manuscript review system in a form and containing such information as designated by the Society suitable for publication. Papers specified as deliverables should be submitted as either Research Papers for HVAC&R Research or Technical Paper(s) for ASHRAE Transactions. Research papers contain generalized results of long-term archival value, whereas technical papers are appropriate for applied research of shorter-term value, ASHRAE Conference papers are not acceptable as deliverables from ASHRAE research projects.. The paper(s) shall conform to the instructions posted in Manuscript Central for an ASHRAE Transactions Technica l or HVAC&R Research papers. The paper title shall contain the research project number (1602-RP) at the end of the title in parentheses, e.g., (1602-RP).

All papers or articles prepared in connection with an ASHRAE research project, which are being submitted for inclusion in any ASHRAE publication, shall be submitted through the Manager of Research and Technical Services first and not to the publication's editor or Program Committee. d. Data Data is defined in General Condition VI, DATA e. Project Synopsis A written synopsis totaling approximately 100 words in length and written for a broad technical audience, which documents 1. Main findings of research project, 2. Why findings are significant, and 3. How the findings benefit ASHRAE membership and/or society in general shall be submitted to the Manager of Research and Technical Services by the end of the Agreement term for publication in ASHRAE Insights The Society may request the Institution submit a technical article suitable for publication in the Societys ASHRAE JOURNAL. This is considered a voluntary submission and not a Deliverable. Technical articles shall be prepared using dual units; e.g., rational inch-pound with equivalent SI units shown parenthetically. SI usage shall be in accordance with IEEE/ASTM Standard SI-10. Level of Effort The project anticipates 2 man-months for the principal investigator and 12 total man-months. The estimated cost is $150,000 and the project is expected to take 24 months. Proposal Evaluation Criteria 1. Contractor's understanding of Work Statement as revealed in proposal. 15% 2. Quality of methodology proposed for conducting research. 20% 3. Contractor's capability in terms of facilities. 15% 4. Qualifications of personnel for this project. 15% 5. Student involvement 15% 6. Probability of contractor's research plan meeting the objectives of the Work Statement. 10% 7. Performance of contractor on prior ASHRAE or other projects. 10% References 1. Alexeev, A., C. Haberstroh, and H. Quack, "Further Development of a Mixed Gas Joule Thomson Refrigerator," Adv. in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 43, pp. 1667-1674, (1997). 2. Arkhipov, V.T., V.V. Yakuba, M.P. Lobko, O.V. Yevdokimova, and H. Stears, Multicomponent Gas Mixtures for J-T Cryocoolers, Cryocoolers 10, R. G. Ross, ed., Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 487-495, (1999). 3. Boiarski, M., A. Khatri, and V. Kovalenko, Design Optimization of the Throttle-Cycle Cooler with Mixed Refrigerant, Cryocoolers 10, R. G. Ross ed., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, pp. 457-465 (1999). 4. Chen, J.C., ASME Paper 63-HT-34, National Heat Transfer Conference, Boston, (1963). 5. Genske, P. and K. Stephan, Nucleate Boiling Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer at Moderate Heat Fluxes, Proc. of the Int. Inst. of Ref., Paderborn, Germany, (2001). 6. Gong, M.Q., E.C. Luo, Y. Zhou, J.T. Liang, and L. Zhang, "Optimum Composition Calculation for Multicomponent Cryogenic Mixture used in Joule-Thomson Refrigerators," Adv. in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 45, pp. 283-290, (2000). 7. Gong, M.Q., E.C. Luo, J.F. Wu, and Y. Zhou, On the temperature distribution in the counter flow heat exchanger with multicomponent non-azeotropic mixtures, Cryogenics, Vol. 42, pp. 795-804, (2002). 8. Gongaware, D. F., M.A. Barclay, J.A. Barclay, and M.P. Skrzypkowski, Conversion of a Waste Gas to Liquid Natural Gas,, Adv. in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 49, pp. 83-90, (2004). 9. Granryd, E., Heat transfer in flow evaporation of non azeotropic refrigerant mixtures a theoretical approach, Proc. of the 18th International Congress on Refrigeration, Canada, Vol. 3, pp. 1330-1334.

Jung, D.S., M. McLinden, R. Radermacher, and D. Didion, Horizontal flow boiling heat transfer experiments with a mixture of R22/R114, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 131-145, (1989). 11. Keppler, F., G.F. Nellis, and S.A. Klein, "Optimization of the Composition of a Gas Mixture in a JouleThomson Cycle," Int. Journal of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 213-230, (2004). 12. Kern, J. and P. Stephan, Theoretical Model for Nucleate Boiling Heat and Mass Transfer of Binary Mixtures, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 125, pp. 1106-1115, (2003). 13. Koyama, S., A. Miyaro, H. Takamatsu, and T. Fujii, Condensation heat transfer of binary refrigerant mixtures of R22 and R114 inside a horizontal tube with internal spiral grooves, Int. Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 256-263, (1990). 14. Lockhart, R.W. and Martinelli, R.C., Chem. Eng. Prog., Vol. 45, pp. 39-48, (1949). 15. Little, W.A., "Method for Efficient Counter-Current Heat Exchange using Optimized Mixtures", U.S. Patent No. 5,644,502, (1997). 16. Little, W.A., "Heat Transfer Efficiency of Klemeenko Cycle Heat Exchangers," Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 53, J.G. Weisand II, ed., pp. 606-613, (2008). 17. Liu, Z. and R.H.S. Winterton, A General Correlation for Saturated and Subcooled Flow Boiling in Tubes and Annuli, Based on a Nucleate Pool Boiling Equation, Int. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.34, No. 11, pp. 2759-2766, (1991). 18. Naer, V. and A. Rozhentsev, Application of hydrocarbon mixtures in small refrigerating and cryogenic machines, Int. Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 836-847, (2002). 19. Nellis, G.F., J. M. Pfotenhauer, and S. A. Klein, "Actively Cooled Current Leads for Superconducting Electronics using Mixed-Gas Joule-Thomson Refrigeration," Proc. of the 2004 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Conference, Paper IMECE2004-60284, (2004). 20. Nellis, G.F., C.B. Hughes, and J.M. Pfotenhauer, "Heat Transfer Coefficient Measurements for Mixed Gas Working Fluids at Cryogenic Temperatures," Cryogenics, Vol. 45, pp. 546-556, (2005). 21. Rijpman, A. P., H.J.M. ter Brake, H.J. Holland, and H. Rogalla, "High-Tc SQUID Based Gradiometer Cooled by a Cryotiger Gas-mixture Cooler," Cryocoolers 12, R. G. Ross, ed., Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 789797, (2003). 22. Rohlin, P., Heat transfer coefficients of zeotropic refrigerant mixtures and their pure components in horizontal flow boiling an experimental study, Proc. of the ASME Advanced Energy Systems Division, AES-Vol 37., pp. 383- 394, (1997). 23. Shao, D.W., and E. Granryd, Evaluation of Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures R32/R134a in Flow Condensation, Proc. of the ASME Advanced Energy Systems Division, AES-Vol 37., pp. 395-403, (1997). 24. Shao, D.W., and E.G. Granryd, Flow Pattern, Heat Transfer, and Pressure Drop in Flow Condensation, Part II: Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures (NARMs), Journal of HVAC&R Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 197209, (2000). 25. Stoecker, W.F. and E. Kornotta, Condensing coefficients when using refrigerant mixtures, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 91, pp. 1351-1367, (1985). 26. Stoecker, W. F., Industrial Refrigeration, Volume II, Business News Publishing Company, Troy, Michigan, (1995). 27. Tandon, T.N., H.K. Varma, and C.P. Gupta, "Generalized correlation for condensation of binary mixtures inside a horizontal tube," Int. Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 134-136, May, (1986). 28. Tandon, T. N., H.K. Varma, and C.P. Gupta, Heat transfer during forced convection condensation inside horizontal tube, Int. Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 210-214, (1995). 29. Taylor, R., R. Krishnamurthy, and J.S. Furno, Condensation of vapor mixtures. 1. Non-equilibrium models and design procedures, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Process Design and Development, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 83-97, (1986). 30. Torikoshi, K. and T. Ebisu, Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R -134a, R-32, and a mixture of R- 32/R-134a inside a horizontal tube, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 90-96, (1993). 31. Zhao, Y., Flow Boiling Characterisitics of Carbon Dioxide in Microchannels, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Maryland, (2001). 10.