21 - Deep Foundations

A) Single Pile Analysis Group

01: Pile in cohesive soils with -method. 02: Pile in granular soils. 03: Capacity of a driven concrete pile. 04: Driving criterion for a concrete pile. 05: Meyerhof and Vesic methods. 06: Friction capacity via the , and methods. 07: Tension capacity of piles. 08: The -method to find skin friction. 09: Friction of concrete piles in granular soils. 10: Steel H-piles in granular soils. 11: Tension capacity in granular soils. 12: Bored shaft in cohesive soils. 13: Mat foundation on piles in cohesive soils. 14: Performance of steel pipe piles.

B) Pile Cap Analysis

01: Design a pile cap for a 9-pile cluster. 02: Check the group efficiency of the above problem. 03: Load factor and settlement of a 25 pile group.

C) Lateral Load Capacity

01: Find the lateral load capacity of a steel pile. 02: The Broms method for lateral loads. 03: A mooring bollard subjected to a lateral load.

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**Lateral loads on piles-01: Find the lateral load capacity of a steel pile.
(Revision: February 18, 2009)

Determine the lateral load capacity Qg of a steel H-pile (HP 250 x 0.834) fully embedded to a depth of 25 m in very dense submerged sand. The top end of the pile is allowed to deflect laterally 8 mm. For simplicity assume that there is no moment applied to the top of the pile (that is, Mg = 0). Solution: The subgrade modulus ks is a description of the reaction of the soil mass to vertical loads. The modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction nh is a function of ks at any depth z,

k z = nh z
nh modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction Type of soil lb/in3 kN/m3 Dry or moist sand - loose 6.5 to 8.0 1,800 to 2,200 - medium 20 to 25 5,500 to 7,000 - dense 55 to 65 15,000 to 18,000 Submerged sand - loose 3.5 to 5.0 1,000 to 1,400 - medium 12 to 18 3,500 to 4,500 - dense 32 to 45 9,000 to 12,000 From this table and the soil conditions noted above, choose nh = 12 MN/m3 for the modulus. Now choose the parameters for the steel H-pile,

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For future reference, this is the same table in British units,

For the steel HP 250 x 0.834 pile, the moment of inertia about the strong axis is Ip = 123 x 10-6 m4, its modulus of elasticity is Ep = 207 x 106 kN/m2, the steels yield strength is Fy = 248 MN/m2 and the pile depth d1 = 0.254 m.

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The characteristic length T of a pile-soil system is given by,

T=

EpI p nh

( 207 x10 )(123 x10 ) = 1.16 m

6 6

(12 , 000 )

Therefore, the ratio L / T = 25 m / 1.16 m = 21.6 > 5, so this is a long pile. The formula for the piles top end lateral deflection at any depth z is given by,

= Az

Q gT 3 EpIp

+ Bz

M gT 2 EpIp

but M g = 0

In this problem we are given this value of = 8 mm, and we want to find the allowable lateral load Qg, at a depth z = 0, where the coefficient Az is taken from a table of coefficients kz = nh z for long piles.

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The magnitude of the lateral load Qg limited by the displacement condition only is,

Qg =

(E p I p ) AzT 3

( 0.008 m ) ( 207 x106 kN / m 2 )(123 x106 m 4 ) = = 54 kN 3 ( 2.435)(1.16 )

M z = Am Q gT

Since the value of the allowable lateral load Qg found above is based on the limiting displacement conditions only, and ignores that the pile has a moment capacity, that moment capacity at any depth z is found through, The table above shows that the maximum value of Am at any depth is 0.772. The maximum allowable moment that the pile can carry is,

M max = Fy Qg =

Ip d1 / 2

= 248 MN / m

) ) ( 0.254 m / 2 ) = 240 kN m
6

(123 x10

m4

( 240 kN m ) = 268 kN M max = AmT ( 0.772 )(1.16 m )

This last value of Qg emanating from the moment capacity is much larger than the value of Qg = 54 kN found for the deflection criterion. Therefore use, Qg = 54 kN.

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**Lateral loads on piles-02: The Broms method for pile lateral loads.
For the previous problem, use the Broms method to determine the lateral load capacity Qg of a flexible steel H-pile (HP 250 x 0.834) fully embedded to a depth of 25 m in very dense submerged sand. The top end of the pile is free and allowed to only deflect 8 mm. The unit weight of the soil is = 18 kN/m3 and the angle of internal friction is = 35. Solution: The moment at steels yield failure is,

M y = S( Fy ) =

Ip d1

) 248 x10 F ) ( ( /2 ( 0.254 m ) / 2

6

(123 x10 =

m4

kN / m 2 = 240 kN m

Therefore, the unitless ratio My D Kp

4

( 240 kN m ) ( 0.250 m )
4

35 18 kN / m tan 45 2
3

= 926

Broms graphs are used to determine the ultimate lateral resistance for long piles in sand shown in (a), or in clays shown in (b). We use (a):

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Using Broms graph (a) for granular soils, the ratio of 926 and a ratio of e / D = 0 yields an ultimate lateral resistance ratio of approximately 140, therefore,

35 3 Qultimate = 140 K p D 3 = 140 tan 2 45 ( 0.250 m ) 18 kN / m 3 = 581 kN 2 and the deflection of the head is given by,

n = 5 h = EpIp

( 207 x10 )(123 x10 )

6 6

12 MN / m 3

= 0.86 m 1 e = 0 which is a free-headed pile. L

L = ( 0.86 m 1 ) ( 25 m ) = 21.5 and using

Using Broms graph for estimating the deflection of the pile head in sands (a) and in clays (b), we find for sands a value of 0.15,

Broms graphical solutions for estimating the deflection of the pile head in granular soils is shown below, and for cohesive soils below that one,

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Using figure (a) for the granular soils, the ratio yields,

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 EpIp

) (n )
3/ 5 h

2/5

Qg L Qg = EpIp

0.15 by interpolation
3/ 5 2/ 5 h

) (n )

0.15 L
3/ 5 2/ 5

( 0.008 m ) (12 , 000 ) ( 207 x106 )(123 x106 ) Qg = 0.15 ( 25 m )

= 40 kN

This value 40 kN is much smaller than the 581 kN found above, therefore, The lateral capacity of the pile Qg = 40 kN.

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***Lateral loads on piles-03: Lateral load capacity of a mooring bollard.

Design a steel sheet-pile cellular dolphin for a mooring bollard that will be subjected to an equivalent horizontal load of 60 kips. The live load upon the dolphin will be 250 psf, and assume that there are negligible wave forces because it is located in a shielded area. The mooring geometry limits the diameter of the dolphin to 20 feet or less. Choose a FS = 2.5. The site conditions are shown below.

Solution: Step 1: Determine the Required Depth of Embedment D of the steel sheet-pile cell. For = 30 Ka = 0.33 and Kp = 3.0 and Kp Ka = 2.67

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Apply the factor of safety to the K p K a factor, 2. 5 2. 5 FS Using Tschebotarioff's analysis, the forces E 1 and E 2 are,
reduced

(K

Ka

(K

Ka

actual

( 3.0 0.33) = ( 2.67 ) = 1.07

E1 = area ( abc ) 2d E 2 = area ( cfg ) 2d

where d is the cell diameter = 20 feet In granualar soils, the maximum pressure pmax is pmax = K p K a D = (1.07 ) D
The embedment depth D is usually estimated through trial and error. The depth (ac) is estimated by having the force E1 be a bit larger than the mooring force P. Now locate the point (f) so that the force E2 will satisfy equilibrium, or

546

=0 =0

P + E2 = E1 P h = ( E1 + E2 )( 0.318) d tan ( ) + E2e2 E1e1 P h=E2 ( 0.12d + e2 ) E1 ( e1 0.12d )

Taking moments about the center of the circular base yields,

and with = 20 , First try D = 20 feet. This yields ac = 16 feet and cf = 4 feet Therefore, 1 (16' )(16' )( 0.065 kcf )( 40' ) = 333 kips 2 1 E2 = ( 4' )( 2.67' )( 0.065 kcf )( 20 )( 40' ) = 278 kips 2 Check equilibrium, FH = 0 P + E2 = E1 60 kips + 278 kips 333 kips GOOD E1 =

= 0 P h=E2 ( 0.12d + e2 ) E1 ( e1 0.12d )

2 3

where e1 =

4' ) = 18.7 feet (16' ) = 10.7 feet and e2 = 16' + 2 3( ( 60 kips )( 42 ft ) = ( 278 kips ) ( 0.12 )( 20' ) + 18.7' ( 333 kips ) 10.7' ( 0.12 )( 20' ) 2 , 520 kips ft < ( 5 ,866 2 , 764 ) kips ft = 3,102 kips ft

the D = 20-foot embedment is conservative (could be reduced).

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Step 2: Check the cells Stability against the Over-turning Moment.

The forces F1 and F2 are ,

F1 = E1 tan = E1 tan ( 2 ) = ( 333 kips )( 0.36 ) = 121 kips 3 F2 = E2 tan = E2 tan ( 2 ) = ( 278 kips )( 0.36 ) = 101 kips 3

and the distance f = ( 0.318 ) d = ( 0.318 )( 20' ) = 6.36 feet Find the total weight of the cell above a plane throuogh point A above, W = h= ( 2' )( 0.150 kcf ) + ( 4' )( 0.106 kcf ) + ( 55' )( 0.065 kcf ) = 1, 350 kips 4 4 Note that W R in the figure.

D2

( 20' )

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The total moment about point A is,

M M

A A

= ( 62' )( 60 k ) ( 9.3' )( 333 k ) ( 6.36' )(121 k ) ( 6.36' )(101 k ) + (1.33' )( 278 k ) = 400 kip ft

Therefore, the reactive force R has an eccentricity e of, M 400 kip ft = 0.25 ft M A = Re e = A = 1, 350 kip R This eccentricity is negligible, and clearly the resultant falls in the middle third. The cell is stable with respect to the over-turning moment.
Step 3: Check the cells Stability against Horizontal Sliding. It is clear from the figure that the cell will tilt before it will slide. Therefore, this analysis is unnecessary. Step 4: Check the Bearing Capacity of the soil beneath the cell. The ultimate bearing capacity of a soil under a cellular dolphin is given by the formula shown below. The bearing capacity factors are functions of the angle of internal friction = 30, Nq = 22.5 and N = 20.

The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil beneath the cell is, 1 1 qultimate = qN q + ( 0.6 ) dN = D f N q + ( 0.6 ) dN 2 2 1 qultimate = ( 0.065 )( 20' )( 22.5 ) + ( 0.6 )( 0.065 )( 20' )( 20 ) = 37 ksf 2 The total load pressure ptotal from the cell is,

ptotal = ( 2' )( 0.150 pcf ) + ( 4' )( 0.106 pcf ) + ( 55' )( 0.065 pcf ) + ( 0.250 psf ) = 4.6 ksf qultimate 37 ksf = = 8 GOOD ptotal 4.6 ksf

The Factor of Safety is FS BearingCapacity =

Step 5: Check the steel Sheet-piling inter-lock Tension.

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The maximum internal pressure at ground level is,

Use an "at-rest" lateral pressure rather than an "active" pressure, Ko = 1 tan = 1 tan( 30) = 0.50 Therefore, the pressure pa is given by, pa = Ko ( z ) = ( 0.50) ( 2' )(150 pcf ) + ( 4' )( 0.106 pcf ) + ( 35' )( 65 pcf ) + 250 = 1,625 psf The tension is, 1 1 T = pa D = (1,625 psf )( 20' ) = 16, 250 lb / feet = 1,350 lb / inch 2 2

Use a PSA-23 steel sheet-pile. The wall requires 46 pieces. The actual diameter is 19 feet 6.25 inches.

550

**Pile-caps01: Design a pile cap.

(Revision: Feb-09)

Design a pile cap to support an 18 square reinforced concrete column supporting a live load of 180 kips and a dead load of 160 kips. The geotechnical engineer recommended the use of 12-diameter auger-cast piles, with an ultimate capacity of 70 kips, and a service capacity of 42 kips. The column has 12 No.7 vertical rebars; c = 4,000 psi, y = 60,000 psi. Solution. Step 1. Determine the required number of 12 piles.

1) Loads brought down by the column (axial only): Qcolumn = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL = (1.2 )(160kips ) + (1.6 )(180kips ) = 480kips 2) Estimated pile-cap weight: Qcap = BLT concrete = (10 ft )(10 ft ) (2 ft )(0.150kcf ) = 30kips 3) Estimate the back-filled earth cover (assume 2 foot cover): Qsoil = BLT soil = (10 ft )(10 ft )( 2 ft )( 0.120kcf ) = 24kips Total load on the pile-cap = 480kips + 30kips + 24kips = 534kips
The geotechnical engineer estimated the 12-diameter auger-cast pile to have an ultimate capacity of 75 tons.

Step 2. Determine the dimensions of the pile cap. The Since the footing weight will be about 3 kips/pile, the net service load per pile is 42.0-3.0 = 39.0 kips/ pile. The number of piles required in N=W/P = 340/39 = 8.7, or 9 piles. Use a pile pattern as shown in Fig. 1. The net ultimate load is used to design the footing; thus Wu = (1.4) (160) + (1.7) (180) = 530 kips, and the load per pile is Pu = 530/9 = 58.9, say 59.0 kips/pile, which is less than the maximum ultimate load, 70 kips/ pile. Punching shear around a single pile often governs the footing depth determination, except in cases in which the loads are

525

small. In this case, it will be shown that beam shear governs. Referring to Fig. 2, we calculate the punching shear stress. After several trials, assume d = 19.5. The shear perimeter is bo = (12 + d) = 99.0. The permissible shear force around the pile will be, Vc = 4fc bod = 43000 (99) (19.5) / 1000 = 423 kips Since the actual shear force is the nominal pile reaction, Pn = Pu/ = 59.0/0.85 = 69.4 kips < 423 kips, the pile will not punch through the pile cap (footing).

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Perimeter shear (punching shear) must now be checked around the column in a similar manner. In this case, all of the nominal pile reactions outside of the critical section plus any partial reactions outside of the critical section will contribute to punching shear for the column. Refer to Figure 3. Assuming No. 6 bars will be used, clearance above the pile butts 526

will be 3 and embedment of the piles will be 6. The total dept required will be 28.75. For practical reasons use 29; this furnishes an effective depth d = 19.625. Thus c = a + b = 18.0 + 19.625 = 37.625 and bo = 4(37.625) = 150.0. Hence, Vou = 472 kips on 8 piles outside of the critical section as shown on Fig. 3. The permissible punching shear force (c = 18/18 < 2) is given by (6.12) as Vc = 4 3000 (150) (19.625) / 1000 = 644.9 kips The force to be resisted is Vn = Vou/ = 472/0.85 = 555.3 kips; therefore the pile cap (footing) is satisfactory for punching shear. Beam shear must now be checked. Refer to Fig. 4. Three piles exist beyond the critical section, so Vu = (3) (59.0) = 177.0 kips. Since b = B= 8-6 = 102, the permissible beam shear (one-way shear) force on the critical section is Vc = 2c bd = 2 3000 (102) (19.625) / 1000 = 219.3 kips The force to be resisted is the nominal shear force, Vn = Vu / = 177/ 0.85 = 208.2 kips. Hence the footing is satisfactory for beam shear. The bending moment about the face of the column must now be investigated. Refer to Fig. 4 Mu = (177) (27/12) = 398.3 ft-kips

Ru = Mu / bd2 = 398.3 x 12,000 / (102)(19.625)2 = 121.67 psi

Table 5.2 for c = 3000 psi and y = 40,000 psi, discloses the fact that the steel ration required is less than the minimum steel ration, min = 200 / y = 0.005. Further, if the steel ration required is increased by 1/3, it will still be less than min. It would appear that 4/3 times the required steel ration would satisfy the 1983 ACI Code. However, the Code does not permit un-reinforced (plain concrete) pile caps. Since any section having less than minimum reinforcement is usually considered to be un-reinforced, the minimum are of steel will be provided. Thus, As = (200/y) bd = (200/ 40,000) (102) (19.925) = 10.0in.2 Use seventeen No. 7 bars (As = 10.2 in.2). The 1983 ACI Code is not explicit concerning minimum steel for footings. Hence, some structural engineers use 0.002bh for minimum steel area if y 40,000 psi and 0.0018bh if y = 60,000 psi. This corresponds to temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements. The assumed footing weight must finally be checked. The total weight is WF = (8.5) (8.5) (29) (12.5) / 1000 = 26.2 kips And the weight per pile is 26.2/ 9 = 2.91 kips / pile. The assumed weight of 3.0 kips / pile is most satisfactory. The final details are shown in Fig. 5.

527

Figure 5

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**Pile cap-02: Pile group efficiency and lateral load capacity.

A pile group is constructed in a sand stratum (plan shown below) with piles of =18 in and a center-to-center spacing of 36 inches. (a) Find the pile group efficiency using the Converse-Labarre formula; (b) Piles are acting in friction only; select a hammer to drive them; (c) Determine the allowable load-bearing capacity of the pile group (for a FS = 4); (d) Determine the allowable horizontal load on the pile cap, and the collective bending moment capacity.

Solution: (a) The Converse-Labarre group efficiency is,

d (n 1)m + (m 1)n where = arctan ( in degrees ) 90mn s d 18" = arctan = arctan = 26.6 s 36"

= 1

= 1 ( 26.6 )

(3 1) ( 3) + (3 1) ( 3) = 1 ( 26.6 )( 0.015 ) = 0.61 or 61% 90 3 3 ( )( )

(b) If pre-cast pre-stressed concrete piles are used, assume a pile/hammer ratio,

Wp Wr

2 1 1 k 2 Wr = Wp = [ (1.5 ft ) ( 20 ft ) 1.5 3 = 2.9 kips 1 2 2 4 ft

Choose a hammer from a list of available hammers.

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Vulcan McKiernan-Terry LinkBelt Foster Berminghammer Mitsubishi (c) QW = Q P + Q S = Q S

INI00 DE30 312 K13 B225 M14 (for friction piles only)
20

QW = Q S = D ( C u + tan Hdh ) use = 1

0

H 20 2 = D (0.125) tan 38 = 92 kips 2 2 Q u group Q group = 0 . 61 = u but = Q u SINGLE NO . PILES 92 kips 9 Q w = D (1)(0.125) tan
Q u group = 505 kips but Q all =
Q all = 126 kips
(d) For granular soils

Q u group 505 = FS 4

H u = 1 .15 soil L2 DK P = 1 .15 ( 0 .125 )( 20 ) 2 (1 .5) tan 2 ( 45 +

H all =90 kips

38 ) =362.5 kips 2

Mu =

2 2 H u L = (362 .5)( 20 ) = 4833 k-ft 3 3

M all = 1,210 k-ft

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***Pile caps03: Settlement of the combined pile-cap and pile cluster.

A square group of 25 piles extends between depths of 1 m and 13 m in a deposit of stiff clay 25 m thick over-laying rock. The piles are 0.6 m in diameter and are spaced at 2 m on centers in the group. The un-drained shear strength of the clay at pile base level is 170 kN/m2 and the average value of un-drained strength over the depth of the piles is 105 kN/m2. The adhesion coefficient is 0.45, Eu is 65 MN/m2 and mv is 0.07 m2/MN. The pore pressure coefficient A is 0.24. If the total load on the pile group is 12,000 kN, determine the load factor and the total settlement.

Solution: 1. At the base level, cu = 170 kN/m2. Therefore, qf = 9 (cu) = 9 170 = 1530 kN/m2 2. Over the depth of the piles, cu = 105 kN/m2. Therefore, fs = (cu) = 0.45 105 = 47 kN/m2 3. For a single pile the ultimate load is given by Qf = (Ab) qf + (As) fs = [(/4) x 0.62 x 1530] + ( x 0.6 x12 x 47) = 432 + 1063 = 1495 kN 4. The ultimate load on the group assuming single pile failure and a group efficiency of 100% , QGROUP = 25 x 1495 = 37,375 kN

5. The width of the group is 8.6 m. Therefore the ultimate load on the group assuming a block failure, and taking full un-drained strength on the perimeter:

530

Qult = (8.62 x 1530) + (4 x 8.6 x 12 x 105) = 113 159 + 43 344 = 156,500 kN Hence the load factor is 37,375 / 12,000 = 3.1. Even if the re-molded strength were taken on the perimeter there would be no likelihood of block failure. However, settlement is likely to be the limiting criterion. Referring to the figure below, the equivalent raft is located 8 m (2/3 x 12 m) below the top of the piles. The width of the equivalent raft is 12.6 m. The load on the equivalent raft (12 000 kN) is spread at a slope of 1:2 to the underlying clay

Equivalent raft concept

The pressure on the equivalent raft is: q = 12 000 / 12.62 = 76 kN/m2 The immediate settlement is determined using the graphs for the coefficients for vertical displacements, shown below. Now, H/B = 16/12.6 = 1.3 D/B = 9/12.6 = 0.7 L/B = 1

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Coefficients for vertical displacement. (Reproduced from N. Janbu, L. Bjerrum and B. Kjaernsli (1956) Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Publication No. 16, by permission.)

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Therefore 1 = 0.50 and 0 = 0.80; thus i

= (0

1 ) (qB/E) = 0.80 x 0.50 x [(76 x 12.6)/65] = 6 mm

To calculate the consolidation settlement, the clay below the equivalent raft will be divided into four sublayers each of thickness H = 4m. The pressure increment () at the center of each sublayer is equal to the load of 12,000 kN divided by the spread area and is shown in the Table below. The settlement coefficient is obtained from the last graph that is shown below. The diameter of a circle having the same area as the equivalent raft is 14.2 m. Thus H/B = 16/14.2 = 1.1. Then from the graph with the settlement coefficients for A = 0.24 and H/B = 1.1, the value of is 0.52 and the consolidation settlement is: c = soed = 0.52 x 36.9 = 19 mm

Layer

Z (m)

Area (m2)

(kN/m2) 56.3 34.7 23.5 17

mvH (mm)

1 2 3 4

2 6 10 14

14. 62 18. 62 22. 62 26. 62

15.8 9.7 6.6 Soed = 4.8 36.9

The total settlement is:

= i + c = 6 + 19 = 25 mm

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Settlement coefficient. Reproduced from R.F Scott (1963).

534

*Single-Pile01: Pile capacity in a cohesive soil.

(Revision: Oct.-08)

A concrete pile 20 m long with a cross section of 381 mm x 381 mm is fully embedded in a saturated clay stratum. The clay has sat = 18.5 kN/m3, =0 and cu = 70 kN/m2. The water table lies below the tip of the pile. Determine the allowable capacity of the pile for a FS = 3 using the -method. Solution: Qult = Qpoint + Qshaft = Ap q p + ( cu ) ( perimeter ) L = Ap ( cu ) N c + ( cu ) ( perimeter ) L Notice that the value of the cohesion is reduced by the " " factor found in the graph below, Qult = ( 0.38m ) (70 kN / m 2 )(10.97) + ( 0.75 ) (70 kN / m 2 )4(0.38m)(20m) = 1,890 kN
2

The ultimate capacity of the pile Qult is given by the simple formula,

The allowable capacity is, Q 1,890kN Qall = ult = = 630 kN 3 3

490

*Single-Pile02: Pile capacity in granular soils.

(Revision: Oct.-8)

Find the ultimate load of a slightly tapered precast pre-stressed concrete pile, given Pile length L = 50 ft Width of pile b = 16 in Bearing capacity factor Nq* = 55 Unit weight of sand = 110 lb/ft3 Effective sands friction angle = 30 Effective earth coefficient K = 1.3 Soil-pile friction angle = 0.8 Solution:

The ultimate load Qult is found from the formula, Qult = Q p + Qshaft = Ap q N q * + 16 Qult = b 2 ( D f h )( N q *) = ( ft ) 2 (0.110kcf ) ( 50 ft ) (55) = 538 kips 12 b) Ultimate frictional resistance Unit skin friction at depth z =0, fs(0) = 0 ksf Unit skin friction at depth z = L Where L = 15D = 15(16 in)/12 = 20 ft fs(L) = Ko tan = (1.3)(2.2 ksf)(tan24) = 1.27 ksf Where o = L = (110 lb/ft3)(20 ft)/1000 = 2.2 ksf Frictional resistance from z = 0 to z = L = 20 ft Qs(0-L) = pLfs(avg) = (5.33 ft)(20 ft)(0.635 ksf) = 67.7 kips Where p = 4b = 4(16 in)/12 = 5.33 ft fs(avg) = (fs(L) - fs(0))/2 = (1.27 ksf 0 ksf)/2 = 0.635 ksf Frictional resistance from z = L = 20 ft to z = L = 50 ft Qs(L-L) = p(L-L)fs(L) = (5.33 ft)(50 ft -20 ft)(1.27 ksf) = 203 kips Total frictional resistance Qs = Qs(0-L) + Qs(L-L) = 67.7 kips + 203 kips = 271 kips
The total pile capacity = 56 + 68 + 203 = 327 kips.

491

*Single-Pile03: The friction of a concrete pile in granular soils.

Find the length of a 14 square pile required to carry a 50 ton load embedded in a firm sand (N = 25). Given: Design load Side length of the square pile Atmospheric pressure Avg. corrected SPT at 10D above and 4D below pile point Average standard penetration resistance Factor of safety Solution: Ultimate load Qult = Qdesign FS = (100)(3) = 300 kips Length of the pile is found from Meyerhofs method, Qult = 4Pa(N1)60Ap + 0.02Pa( N 1)60As
300 = 4(2)(25)(1.36) + 0.02(2)(25)(4.67)L = 272 + 4.67L L = (300 272) / 4.67 = 6 feet where Ap = D2 = (1.167)2 = 1.36 ft2 and As = 4DL = (4)(1.167)L = 4.67L

Qdesign = 100 kips D = 1.167 ft Pa = 2 ksi (N1)60 = 25 ( N 1)60 = 25 FS = 3

502

+*Single-Pile04: The capacity of a driven concrete pile.

(Revision: Sept.-08)

Find the ultimate and the design (allowable) capacities of a prestressed precast concrete pile (PSPC) driven with a 72 blows/feet criterion. The piles are 30 feet long and have 14 square cross sections. The hammer available is a LinkBelt 520 with a ram weight of 5,070 lbs and a drop height of 5.2 feet. The hammer efficiency is 0.9, and the contractor intends to use scrap plywood in place of cushion blocks (hence, n = 0.4). Given: Concrete pile length Width of pile Weight of the ram Height of the fall of the ram Hammer efficiency Penetration of pile per hammer blow Coefficient of restitution Elastic compression of the pile cap Elastic compression of the pile itself Elastic compression of the soil Factor of safety Solution: L = 30 ft b = 14 inches Wram = 5,070 lbs h = 5.2 feet e = 0.9 s = 0.17 inches / blow n = 0.4 sc = 0.37 in sp = 0.18 in ss = 0.10 in FS = 3

The ultimate load capacity Qult of a driven pile is found through Hilley's formula, Qult = s + 0.5 ( sc + s p 12Wram h eeff

(W + s ) (W
s

ram

+ n 2W pile ) + W pile )

ram

The weight of the pile W pile is, W pile = b L concrete

2

14in = ( 30 ft )( 0.150kcf ) = 6.13kips 12in / ft 12 ( 5.07 kips )( 5.2 ft ) ( 0.9 )

( 5.07 k ) + ( 0.4 )2 ( 6.13k ) = 311 kips Qult = ( 0.17in ) + 0.5 ( 0.37in ) + ( 0.18in ) + ( 0.10in ) ( 5.07k ) + ( 6.13k ) The service load is commonly a factor of 2 to 3 from the ultimate pile capacity: Q 311 kips Qservice = ult = = 104 kip (52tons ) 3 3

492

*Single-Pile05: The driving criterion for a concrete pile.

A highway bridge will be founded on 14 x 14 square pre-stressed pre-cast (PSPC) concrete piles. Establish the driving criterion for a 50 ton design capacity for these end bearing piles using MKT S-14 pile driving hammer with a plywood cushion. Given: Design load Qdesign = Qall = 100 kips Concrete pile length L = 50 ft Width of pile b = 14 in Factor of safety FS = 3 Weight of the ram Wr = 14 kips Hammer energy HE = 37.5 ft-kips Height of fall of the ram h = HE / Wram = 37.5 /14 = 2.67 ft Hammer efficiency e = 0.9 Coefficient of restitution for plywood n = 0.4 Elastic compression of the pile cap sc = 0.37 in Elastic compression of the pile itself sp = 0.006L = 0.006(50) = 0.30 in Elastic compression of the soil ss = 0.10 in Solution: Ultimate load: Qult = Qall FS = (100)(3) = 300 kips Weight of the pile Wp = b2Lwc = (14 in/12 in/ft)2(50 ft)(150 lb/ft3) = 10.21 kips Hileys dynamic pile driving formula is, Qult = 300 = 12 Wr h e _ x (Wr + n2Wp) s + (sc + sp + ss) (Wr + Wp) 12(14)(2.67)(0.9) s + (0.37 + 0.30 + 0.10) x (14 + 0.42(10.21)) (14 + 10.21)

300(s + 0.385) = (403.7)(0.646) s = 0.484 inches / blow 0.484 / 12 = 0.0403 ft / blow The pile driving criterion is, 1 / s = 1 / 0.0403 = 24.79 25 blows / foot

493

*Single-Pile06: The Meyerhof and Vesic methods for pile capacity.

For the pile described below, find: a) the ultimate point load using the Meyerhof method, b) the ultimate point load using the Vesic method, c) an approximate ultimate point load method, d) the ultimate shaft friction resistance, and e) the total design load. Given: Pile length in sand Diameter of pile Atmospheric pressure Bearing capacity factor Bearing capacity factor Reduced rigidity of the soil Dry unit weight of sand from 0 to 5 m Effective soil friction angle from 0 to 5 m Cohesion of soil supporting pile tip at 5 m Water table Unit weight of water Unit weight of saturated sand from 5 to 10 m Effective soil friction angle from 5 to 10 m Cohesion of soil supporting pile tip at 10 m Unit weight of saturated sand from 10 to 25 m Effective soil friction angle from 10 to 25 m Cohesion of soil supporting pile tip at 25 m Effective earth coefficient Soil-pile friction angle Factor of safety Solution: a) Ultimate point load using Meyerhofs method Qp1 = Apqp = (0.073 m2)(5,652 kN/m2) = 413 kN 2 Where Ap= D2/4 = 3.14(0.305 m)2/4 = 0.073 m o 2 N q = 150 for =37 and pA = 100 kN/m (atmospheric pressure) qp = 0.5paNq*tan = 0.5(100)(150)tan37 = 5,652 kN/m2 b) Ultimate point load using Vesics method Qp2 = Apqp = (0.073 m2)(11,644 kN/m2) = 850 kN Where Ap = D2/4 = 3.14(0.305 m)2/4 = 0.073 m2 N = 71 for I R = 50 qp = oN* = 164(71) 11,644 kN/m2 and o = [(1+2Ko)/3]q = {[1+2(0.398)]/3}(274) = 164 kN/m2 and Ko = 1 - sin = 1 - sin37 = 0.398 L = 25 m D = 0.305 m Pa = 100 kN/m2 Nq* = 150 N* = 71 Irr = 50 dry = 16 kN/m3 = 32 c = 0 WT = 5 m w = 9.81 kN/m3 sat = 18.4 kN/m3 = 32 c = 0 sat = 19.9 kN/m3 = 37 c = 0 K = 1.4 = 0.7 FS = 4

494

q = (5-0) dry + (10-5)(sat-w) + (25-10)(sat-w) = (5)(16) + (5)(18.4-9.81) + (15)(19.9-9.81) = 274 kN/m2 c) Approximate ultimate point load: (Average between the Meyerhof and Vesic methods) Qp = (Qp1 + Qp2)/2 = (413 + 850)/2 = 631 kN

d) Ultimate frictional resistance Unit skin friction at depth z =0, fs(0) = 0 kN/m2 Unit skin friction at depth z = L Where L = 15D = 15(0.305) = 4.575 m Use L = 5 m fs(L) = Ko tan = (1.4)(80 kN/m2)(tan22.4) = 46.16 kN/m2 Where o = dryL = (16 kN/m3)(5 m) = 80 kN/m2 = 0.7 = 0.7(32) = 22.4 Frictional resistance from z = 0 to z = L = 5 m Qs(0-L) = pLfs(avg) = (0.958 m)(5 m)(23.08 kN/m2) = 110.55 kN Where p = D = 3.14(0.305 m) = 0.958 m fs(avg) = (fs(L) - fs(0))/2 = (46.16 0)/2 = 23.08 kN/m2 Frictional resistance from z = L = 5 m to z = 10 m Qs(L-L) = p(10-L)fs(L) = (0.958 m)(10 m-5 m)(46.16 kN/m2) = 221.1 kN Frictional resistance from z = 10 m to z = L = 25 m Qs(L-L) = p(L-10)fs(L) = (0.958 m)(25 m-10 m)(46.16 kN/m2) = 663.32 kN Total frictional resistance Qs = Qs(0-L) + Qs(L-10) + Qs(10-L) = 110.55 kN + 221.1 kN + 663.32 kN Qs = 995 kN

e) Total design load Qall = (Qp + Qs)/FS = (631 kN + 995 kN)/4 = 406 kN

495

*Single-Pile07: Friction capacity via the , and methods.

Find: a) the ultimate friction resistance using the method, b) the method, and c) the method. Given: Pile length in clay Side length of the square concrete pile Water table Unit weight of water Pile length above water table Dry unit weight of silty clay from 0 to 8 m Un-drained shear strength from 0 to 8 m Pile length below water table Unit weight of saturated clay from 8 to 22 m Un-drained shear strength from 8 to 22 m Drained friction angle of remolded clay Solution: a) Ultimate frictional resistance using the method Effective vertical stress at depth z = 0 o(0) = 0 kN/m2 Effective vertical stress at depth z = 8 m o(8) = dryL1 = (17.8 kN/m3)(8 m) = 142.4 kN/m2 Effective vertical stress at depth z = 22 m o(22) = o(8) + (sat-w)L2 = 142.4 kN/m2 + (19.6-9.81)(14 m) = 279.46 kN/m2 Average effective vertical stress at depth 0-8 m o(0-8) = (o(0) + o(8))/2 = (0 + 142.4) / 2 = 71.2 kN/m2 Average effective vertical stress at depth 8-22 m o(8-22) = (o(8) + o(22))/2 = (142.4 + 279.46) / 2 = 210.93 kN/m2 Obtain using table, Randolph and Murphy (1985) cu(1)/ o(0-8) = 28 / 71.2 = 0.39 1 = 0.78 cu(2)/ o(8-22) = 85 / 210.93 = 0.40 2 = 0.78 L = 22 m D = 0.405 m WT = 8 m w = 9.81 kN/m3 L1 = 8 m dry = 17.8 kN/m3 cu(1) = 28 kN/m2 L2 = 14 m sat = 19.6 kN/m3 cu(2) = 85 kN/m2 R = 25

496

Ultimate frictional resistance Qs = p[1cu(1)L1 + 2cu(2)L2] = 1.62[(0.78)(28)(8) + (0.78)(85)(14)] Where p = 4D = 4(0.405) = 1.62 m Qs = 1,786 kN b) Ultimate frictional resistance using the method Average un-drained shear strength cu(av) = [cu(1)L1 + cu(2)L2] / L = [(28)(8) + (85)(14)] / 22 = 64.3 kN/m2 Areas of the effective vertical stress diagrams A1 = [o(8)L1] / 2 = [(142.4)(8)] / 2 = 569.6 kN/m A2 = o(8)L2 + [(o(22)-o(8))L2] / 2 = (142.4)(14) + [(279.46-142.4)(14)] / 2 A2 = 2953 kN/m Average effective vertical stress o = (A1 + A2) / L = (569.6 + 2953) / 22 = 160 kN/m2 Obtain using table, McClelland (1974) L = 22 m = 0.16

497

Average unit skin friction fav = ( o + 2cu(av)) = 0.16 [160 + 2(64.3)] = 46.2 kN/m2 Ultimate frictional resistance Qs = pL fav = 1.62(22)(46.2) = 1,646 kN c) Ultimate frictional resistance using the method Average unit skin friction from 0 to 8 m fav(0-8) = (1-sinR) tanR o(0-8) = (1-sin 25)(tan 25)(71.2) = 19.17 kN/m2 Average unit skin friction from 8 to 22 m fav(8-22) = (1-sinR) tanR o(8-22) = (1-sin 25)(tan 25)(210.93) = 56.79 kN/m2 Ultimate frictional resistance Qs = p[ fav(0-8)L1 + fav(8-22)L2]= 1.62[(19.17)(8) + (56.79)(14)] = 1,536 kN

498

*Single-Pile08: Tension or pull-out capacity in granular soils.

Find the allowable pullout capacity for a 10.4 m long by 406 mm square concrete pile embedded in a sand stratum. Given: Pile length in sand Side of square pile Unit weight of sand Effective soil friction angle Effective earth coefficient Soil-pile friction angle Factor of safety Solution: Unit skin friction at depth z =0, fs(0) = 0 kN/m2 Unit skin friction at depth z = L where L = 8D = 8(0.406) = 3.25 m fs(L) = Ko tan = (1.4)(51.35 kN/m2)(tan 21) = 27.59 kN/m2 Where o = L = (15.8 kN/m3)(3.25 m) = 51.35 kN/m2 = 0.7 = 0.7(30) = 21 Frictional resistance from z = 0 to z = L = 3.25 m Qs(0-L) = pLfs(avg) = (1.624 m)(3.25 m)(13.8 kN/m2) = 72.84 kN Where p = 4D = 4(0.406 m) = 1.624 m fs(avg) = (fs(L) - fs(0))/2 = (27.59 0)/2 = 13.8 kN/m2 Frictional resistance from z = L = 3.25 m to z = 10.4 m Qs(L-L) = p(10.4-L)fs(L) = (1.624 m)(10.4 m-3.25 m)(27.59 kN/m2) = 320.36 kN Total pullout capacity Qs = Qs(0-L) + Qs(L-L) = 72.84 kN + 320.36 kN = 393.2 kN Allowable pullout capacity Qall = Qs/FS = 393.2 kN / 4 = 98.3 kN L = 10.4 m D = 0.406 m = 15.8 kN/m3 = 30 K = 1.4 = 0.7 FS = 4

499

***Single-Pile09: The settlement of a drilled shaft in cohesive soils.

To illustrate the calculation of the settlement of a single pile, consider the case of a large bored pile in clay. The pile has been tested by Whitaker and Cooke (1966) and is denoted as Pile F in the graphs shown here. The pile details are as follows: L = 39.9 ft (12.2 m) [shaft length = 36.5 ft (11.1 m)] D = 2.0 ft (0.61 m) db = 4.0 ft (1.2m) Ep = 3.0 X 106 lb/sq in. (19.3 X 104 tons/sq ft, 20.67 x 106 kN/m2) The soil details are as follows: Along shaft, c u= 1.2 tons/sq ft (129 kN/m2) At base, c u = 1.4 tons/sq ft (150 kN/m2) Average Es along shaft = 10,500 lb/sq in (675 tons/sq ft, 72, 400 kN/m2) vs = 0.5 (assumed undrained conditions) Solution: From the above data, L/d = 19.5, db/d = 2.0 K = 3 X 106/1.05 X 104 = 285 Determination of I and From Fig. 5.18, Io = 0.085 (for L/d = 19.5 and db/d = 2.0) From Fig. 5.19, RK = 1.35 (for K = 285) From Fig. 5.21, Rv = 1.0 Treating the pile as a floating pile in a deep soil layer, Rh = 1.0 From =
PI , I = 0.085 X 1.35 X 1.0 X 1.0 = 0.115 Es d From Fig. 5.11, o = 0.215

where I = IoRKRhRv = settlement of pile head P = applied axial load Io = settlement-influence factor for incomp pile in semi-infinite mass, for vs = 0.5. RK = correction factor for pile compressibility From Fig. 5.12, CK = 0.76 From Fig. 5.13, Cv = 1.0 = 0.215 X 0.76 X 1 = 0.164

506

Determination of Ultimate Shaft and Base Resistance Assuming ca/cu = 0.33, Psu = X 2.0 X 36.5 X 1.2 X 0.33 = 92 tons (920 kN) Pbu = 9.0 X 1.4 X 12.6 = 158 tons (1580 kN) Determination of Overall Load-Settlement Curve The total load at ultimate shaft yield is PYl =
P SU 92 = = 110 tons (1100 kN) 1 0.836

I The settlement at ultimate yield shaft is Y 1= E sd

0.115 *110 *12 = 0.112 in. (PYl ) = 2.0 * 675

The settlement at ultimate failure of pile [Pu = 92 + 158 = 250 tons (2500 kN)] is u = Psu + Pbu

I Pbu Psu L 0.115 158 u = + Pbu (1 ) A E = 2.0 * 675 * 0.165 * E p p sd 0.165 39.5 *12 12 + 158 92 * = 1.088 * 0.835 3.14 *19.3 *10 u = 1.088 in. (27.6 mm) The load-settlement curve is thus drawn as two straight lines, the first joining the origin to the point P = 110 tons, = 0.112 in., and the second joining the latter point to the point P = 250 tons, = 1.088 in. This computed curve is compared with the measured curve in Fig. 5.46c.

507

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***Single-Pile10: The performance of steel pipe piles.

Piles are being considered for a power plant, specifically a closed-ended steel pipe pile, 24.4 m long and 0.32 m in diameter, driven into a fine sand grading to coarse and having an average standard penetration value, N, of about 16. The water table was 3.4 m below the surface. On the basis of the available data, the following values were adopted: a) Bulk unit weight above water table = 17.3 kN/m3. b) Submerged unit weight below water table = 7.8 kN/m3. c) Angle of internal friction angle prior to installation: 1 = 25 (0 2.4 m) 1 = 32 (2.4 18.3 m) 1 = 30 (18.3 20.8 m) 1 = 33 (> 20.8 m) Solution: (Reference to Poulos and Davis). First, find the ultimate skin resistance (given by =
3 1 +10), as follows: 4

= 28.75 (0 2.4 m) = 34 (2.4m 18.4 m) = 32.5 (18.3 20.8 m) = 34.75 (>20.8 m)

The values of Ks tan a are 1.00 (0 2.4 m), 1.30 (2.4 18.3 m), 1.18 (18.3 20.8 m), 1.35 (20.8). If it is assumed that the critical depth is less than 2.4 m below the surface, then for = 28. 75, zc/d = 5.0; that is, zc = 5.0 x 0.32 = 1.56 m. Thus, the assumption is justified. At the critical depth, the effective overburden stress is

vc = 1.56 x 17.3 = 26.99 kN/m2

Because the pile has uniform diameter, Fw = 1. For the ultimate base resistance, the value of + 40 given by = is 36.5. The value of Nq is 98. 2 The formula for the ultimate load capacity of a single pile

K S tan a + Ab vb Nq W Pu = Fw C
0

0 + 26.99 1.56 + 26.99 (2.4 1.56) 2 0.32 2 Pu = 0.32 1.00 + 26.99 (18.3 2.4) 1.30 + 26.99 + 26.99 98 4 (20.8 18.3) 1.18 + 26.99 (24.4 20.8) 1.35

516

Pu = 816 + 213 = 1029 kN (115.6 tons)

This compares well with the measured value of 1,112 kN (125 tons) from a load test. The second type of pile (B) considered was a Raymond Standard Pile, 10 m long, with a head diameter of 0.55 m and a tip diameter of 0.20 m. The pile taper w= 1, so Fw = 3.35 (0-2.4 m), and F = 4.1(2.4-18.3 m). Assuming again that the critical depth is above 2.4 m, zc / d = 5.0 as before, and taking an average value of d of 0.51, zc = 2.55 m, that is, greater than 2.4 m. However, the difference is negligible and hence zc will be taken as 2.55 m. At this level,

c = 2.55 17.3 = 44.12 kN/m2

At 2.4 m,

= 2.4 17.3 = 41.52 kN/m2

Since the pile tip is founded in the second stratum, from is 36 and the 2 corresponding value of Nq is 88. Substituting into Pu and using, for simplicity, the mean diameter of the pile in the upper 2.4 m and the lower 7.6 m,

+ 40

K S tan a + Ab vb Nq W Pu = Fw C
0

0 + 41.52 (41.52 + 44.12 ) Pu = 0.15 + 44.12 (10 2.55) 0.51 3.35 1.00 2.4 + 2 2 2 0.20 0.33 4.1 1.30 + 44.12 88 4 Pu = 2243 kN (252.2 tons) The measured ultimate load for this pile was 2,400 kN (270 tons).

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Figure 3.11 Relationship between Nq and (after Berezantzev et al., 1961)

Figure 3.12 Pile taper factor F (after Nordlund, 1963)

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