Analysis on stability of integration of wind farms into power systems

Qi Yang, Jianhua Zhang, Ziping Wu, Weiguo Li and Juan Yang

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department North China Electric Power University Beijing, China yuanfangren_ren@126.com
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AbstractBy case study, an in-depth study on the characteristic of transient stability is made when wind farms are connected to the power grid. Combined with the transient characteristics of wind turbine, the impacts on the power system and wind turbine have been studied when the three short-circuit fault occurring in the power grid. The different impacts on the stability of power system and the bus voltage are analyzed and compared on condition that different capacity of wind farms are connected at the same point of the power grid, as well as the varying degrees of influence when wind farm connected at different points. The impact of the bus voltage is studied when the access point between the wind farm and power grid broke down. Under the premise of guaranteeing the safety of static binding of the power grid and dynamic security requirements of large disturbance cases, it will provide the basis of the best wind power capacity connected to the power grid. Key words- Power system, Transient stability, Wind power generation, Wind turbine

I. INTRODUCTION Excessive consumption of coal-based mineral resources has caused serious pollution to the environment, it has become a major concern in the world. In China, the exploitation and using of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy has been an important component of the strategy of sustainable development. Along with the rapid development of wind power technology and the state relevant policy, as the most matured and the best kind of economic benefits of renewable energy, the status of wind power has changed in power system. The construction of wind farm is now in a period of rapid development. In the early, the impact on the power grid can be ignored for the small installed capacity of wind power. However, with the increasing of its capacity, the original distribution of power flow the transmission power of line and the inertia of the whole system would be changed after wind farm connected. And due to the
Qi Yang is a Ph.D student in the Electrical Engineering Department, North China Electric Power University. His major research interest includes optimization of power system operations and planning. (e-mail: yuanfangren_ren@126.com). Jianhua Zhang is a professor in the Electrical Engineering Department, North China Electric Power University. His major research interest includes power system operations and control. (e-mail: Jhzhang001@163.com).

different characteristics of transient and stable state between wind turbine and traditional synchronous generator, the voltage stability and transient stability of the grid would also be changed. Some researches about changes of power grids stability after wind power connected have been done [1-13]. In document [1], short-circuit failure is set at the inlet line, voltage characteristics of substations are analyzed. The paper points out that the capacity of wind powerfault position and fault duration are main causes which affect the voltage stability. In document [2], by analyzing the transient stability characteristics of power grid after wind farm connected, the concept of safe capacity of wind farm is put forward, which could guarantee power grid and wind turbines safe operation. When the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and the synchronous generator are respectively connected to the power grid at the same point, it is proved that the grid is more stable on the condition that DFIG connected [3]. The concept of low voltage ride though (LVRT) is put forward [5], the influence of voltage on the wind turbines is difference when various bus short circuit happened. From the literatures above, it can be seen that: at present, the existing researches are often only aimed at one respect. Based on the existing research results, this article will give comparative comprehensive analysis on the stability problems about wind farm connected to the power grid by establishing a perfect research system. Its main content includes three aspects. After wind turbine connected to the power grid, the impacts on the grid and wind turbines would be studied when three phase short circuit fault occurs at different position, including the influence on the power grid when fault occurs at the point where wind turbine connected to and the influence on the wind turbine when system filature occurs; Under the premise of guaranteeing the safety of static binding of the power grid and dynamic security requirements of large disturbance cases, the basis of the best wind power capacity connected to the power grid will be provided; Through comparison of the influence on grid transient stability after wind farm connected to different positions, it demonstrates that influences are different when wind farm connected at different positions under the wind source condition of the almost same.

978-1-4244-2487-0/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

II. THE MODEL OF POWER GRID The structural diagram of 220kV power network in some area is given below. As showed in the diagram, the output voltage of the wind turbine is 0.69 kVand steps up to 10 kV by the substation transformer, ignoring voltage loss in this network. To make study convenient, it is assumed that every wind turbine runs under the same state. In this way, all of the wind turbines are equivalent to one. Comparative analysis would be done as wind turbines connected to point 13 and 12 respectively.
WF A TPP1 1 TPP5 TPP2 2 4 12 5 6 TPP3 7 3 EM2 TPP4 EM1 8 10 WF=Wind Farm 220kV Substation EM=Equivalent Machine TPP=Thermal Power Plant 9 11 16 17 EM3 18 TPP6 13 14 15

IV. THE IMPACT OF SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT ON POWER SYSTEM A. The Impact of Internal Circuit Fault on Power Grid While Wind Farm Connected In the current mode of operation, the stability of power grid will be studied when three-phase short circuit fault occurs. We set all of three-phase short circuit faults occur at the time will be compared. t=1s. The critical fault clearing time tCCT The transient stability of the grid is characterized by the length of fault clearing time, and it will reflect the ability of remaining stable after fault disturbance. Take the fault between point 12 and 14 as an example, the installed capacity of the wind farm reaches 150MW, the fault occurrs at the time t=1s, and the critical fault clearing time ( tCCT ) on line is 0.326s by calculating. If the fault could be cleared before the time t=1.326s, all of the synchronization generators in grid can keep stable, otherwise some of them would become unstable. The figure below shows the changes of active power (P) reactive power (Q) rotational speed (W) and generator terminal voltage (U) from the nearest 2nd thermal power plant when the grid keeps stable and unstable.

WF B

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of integration of wind farm

III. POWER FLOW CALCULATION AND STATIC VOLTAGE ANALYSIS AFTER INTEGRATION OF WIND FARM Assuming that output of generations, transformer tap position and load level keep invariant in this area, the impact on the power flow and voltage level is studied while various capacity of wind farm conneted to the power grid. The results of calculation are shown as P-V curve, P for the active power of wind farm and V for the bus voltages of substaions.
0.936 0.934 0.932 0.93 0.928 0.926 U(p .u) 0.924 0.922 0.92 0.918 0.916 0.914 0.912 0.91 0 50 100 150 200 250 P(MW) 300 350 400 450 500

Fig.3 Variables of 2nd thermal power plant in condition of stability and instability

13node

14node

17node

15node

16node

12node

Fig. 2 P-V curve of wind farm

The injection power of wind power changes the power flow direction among substations as well as the transmission power of lines, and the bus voltages of 220kV substations increase first and decrease afterwards.The voltages will reach the maximum when the output of DFIG comes to 250MW; it will decrease slightly when exceeds 250MW. The voltage level in this area satisfies the basic requirement of normal operation.

It can be seen from the results of simulation that some of generators would become unstable if the fault is not cleared in time. In this casethe 2 thermal power plant will be affected at first and lose its synchronism. For the rest of thermal power plants, some may lose synchronism (such as the 1 thermal power plant) while some would be affected and lead to sustained oscillation of active and reactive, though not losing synchronization (such as the 6 thermal power plant). When three-phase short circuit fault occurs, wind turbines would be affected to a certain extent. The figure below shows the status of the generators in the state of stable and unstable.

clearing timebus voltage of wind turbine and the installed capacity of the wind farm is shown as below.

Fig.5

Relationship of variables when wind farm A and B connected

Fig.4 Variables of wind turbine in condition of stability and instability

It can be seen that the terminal voltage of wind turbine will drop dramatically when the grid is not stabledrop to 0.45 pu ,and the oscillation amplitude of its speed will keep continuously increasing and can not recover to the stable state; The wind farm needs to absorb some reactive power. The wind turbine will accelerate due to the unbalance of torque, and it will result in collapse of generator terminal voltage, as well as the network voltage. The variable speed wind turbines, using doubly-fed machines, will accelerate for its unbalance between electromagnetic torque and dynamic torque. But part of unbalance energy will be temporarily stored in the kinetic energy of accelerated rotary from wind turbine blade and shaft; it will take less effect to the grid from fluctuation of the wind power. Therefore, the transient stability of power grid will be improved when a certain number of wind turbines connected. The installed capacity of wind turbines has colse relationship with the critical fault clearing time of the system, and the characteristics of power grid stability would be also different after fault when wind farm connected to the grid at different positions. Meanwhile, the terminal voltage of wind turbine would drop a lot as fault from grid side occurs, which means the transient voltage stability of the wind farm itself cannot be ensured. Removal of wind turbines is usually taken to ensure the security of wind farm and power grid. However, some foreign corporations require the wind turbine having the ability of low voltage ride-though, the minimum voltage when fault happens will be regarded as the minimum voltage requirement of LVRT. Combining analysis above, it is known that there is a close connection between the critical fault clearing time and installed capacity of wind farm, and the influence on wind turbine is various when fault occurs at different positions[15 16].Now, wind farm with a capacity of 150MW will be connected at point 13 and point 12 respectively, and three-phase short circuit fault is also set between point 12 and 14. Fault occurs at time t=1s. The relationship of critical fault

In this case wind farm A connected to point 13, the critical fault clearing time would have a gradual increasing accompanied by growth of installed capacity of wind power when it is lower than 180MW. It means the grid stability performance has been strengthened at the same time (the critical fault clearing time increased from 0.326s to 0.338s). If the voltage is not stability, the reason is that synchronous generators lose power angle stability. Then the regional power grid will lack of reactive power to support the voltage level, and would result in over speed of unit and the voltage of wind farm collapse. When the installed capacity exceeds 200MW, the critical fault clearing time on lines will decrease as well as the grid stability. With the increasing of the capacity of the wind turbine, the self-adjusting ability of the wind farm would be strengthened as long as the capacity lower than 200MW, which increases the LVRT voltage limitation of the wind turbines. Therefore, falling of bus voltage would reduce. When exceeds 200MW, it makes the capacity to the limit, it will weaken the stability of the grid instead of strengthening. In two different access points (point 13, 12), the influences on the system stability and the line fault on the wind turbines are various. Because the 12th point is a strong liaison point whose connection with the thermal power plant 1, 2 and 6 is more tightly than point 13. Thus wind turbine and generators in plant 1, 2 and 6 can reactive with each other better during the fault and balance the voltage drop caused by fault. When connected to a strong liaison point, part of reactive power can be afforded. As the power network structure is strong and both of access points are reasonable, the critical fault clearing time on lines indicates the strong voltage stability of system, as long as the installed capacity lower than 180MW. B. The Impact on Power Grid When Fault Occurring at the access point Three-phase short circuit fault is set at junctions (point 12, 13) respectively, the capacity of wind farm is 150MW. And fault duration is set to 1s, 2s, 3s respectively, simulation duration is 10s. Simulation result (taking fault duration 2s for an example) is showed in the figure below.

[2]

[3]

[4] Fig.6 Voltage of all nodes in condition of false

During the process of short circuit fault, the voltages of 220KV buses decrease rapidly when fault occurs. The power grid in this case is in the stable state according to security and stability standard requirements. The curve of bus voltages (failure duration is 1s and 3s) is similar. Changing curves of bus voltages in substations failure duration last for 1s and 3s are similar to the curve last for 2s.It can be obtained that when 150 MW wind power connected, the fault of access point would cause bus voltages a sharp drop, but not change the grid stability. The greatest change was appeared at the point 13 where the wind farm connected to. The value of the minimum bus voltage comes to 0.785. All of bus voltages can return to normal level after the fault cleared. The influences on points are various when wind farm connected at point 13 and 12 respectively. Though system stability is not destroyed under three phase fault, the degree and the range of influence is different. For instance, bus voltages drop at point 1, 16 and 11 are lower than the value when connected at point 13, while the recovery time of voltages at point 12 is shorter than point 13. V. CONCLUSION Voltage stability is not only related to characteristics of wind turbine, but also has close relationship with power grid. If the grid is strong enough, and can provide sufficient reactive power, it can guarantee voltage stability; As far as the strong network structure, transient stability not only has the relation with the wind power capacity and fault position, but also the position that the wind farm connected to. For the accessing point with strong ties, compared the other point after integration, the power grid may become more stable, which shows an inseparable relationship with network structure; In the case that when network structure is strong and accessing position is reasonable, in a relatively short time, three-phase short circuit fault on lines has little influence on the terminal voltages of wind turbine, but the degree of influence would be different when connected at various point, thus the requirements on LVRT capability of wind turbine is also different. REFERENCES
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