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Joaqun Mur ngel A. Bayod Jess Salln University of Zaragoza CIRCE Foundation Electrical Engineering Department
to now, distributed generation in Spain must inject power with unity power factor. But directive is going to change and some feasible regulations for reactive power are studied, attending specially to voltages across the grid. The range of reactive power depends on generating technology and the wind parameters. The proposed method can help to evaluate the affection to the profile of voltage and the availability of reactive power injection or absortion. I. INTRODUCTION Distribution networks are usually limited for the limits in voltage variation (specially at the end of the line). Therefore, distribution companies prefer distributed generation to be connected to higher voltage levels, where its impact in voltage profile is smaller. If reactive power is available, voltage fluctuations can be limited with lower cost. In addition, wind energy could reduce the losses in the grid if the zone has generation shortage (of active or reactive power). II.
WIND FARM MODEL
AbstractUp
the medium voltage network that connects the substation to the wind turbines. the wind turbines (including the MV to LV transformer)
ZSC grid -Igrid PCC
PCC, point of common coupling
0.8
0.6
Ugrid PCC
Uturbine
(average)
+ U0
A C
B D Farm
0.4
P=
Pnominal 2
0.2
0 0 5
CDF@ActivePower < pD = 2 p yShapey v25 + v75 Hv25 - v75L 1- ^i- i + ArcTanhA1 E Log@3D Scale Pn { k k 2Scale {
10 Wind 15 Speed
H m s L
20
25
30
Figure 1: Model of the farm with fixed tap transformer using its transmission matrix. Final representation of the Wind Farm
Density
Farm with tap-changing transformer Substation voltage at the MV side of the transformer is almost the commanded value. A.1 Added model of turbines using the model of moment
a)
Substation Usubstation Distance substation 1st turbine Distance 1 st turbine - last Isubstation Nturb Distance substation 1st turbine Dist. 1 st turbine - last 3 Equivalent model with the turbines concentrated at 1/3 distance from the first one Nturb
Solid Red -> mean wind speed = 5 Pink -> mean wind speed = 5,5 Dark blue -> mean wind speed = 6 Light blue -> mean wind speed = 6,5 Green -> mean wind speed = 7
0.6
0.8
b)
Substation Usubstation
Isubstation
N de horas en el intervalo
2500
2000
1500
1000
In this model, the farm is divided into the following parts: substation (including the parks substation and the portion of the line that goes to the PCC)
Cnet MV
Bnet MT 1 0 . Dnet MT 0 N
5 0 0
Figure 3: Simplified scheme of the medium voltage network of the park with added generator model.
Usubstation
0 -0.2
0.2
1.2
1.4
IV.
DISTRIBUTION OF VOLTAGE
C2 =
"
Active power corresponding to a certain voltage C3 - C2 C2 + C3 ; P2 = ; 2 H1 + k2L Abs@BD2 2 H1 + k2L Abs@ BD2 CDF@ U < uD = 1+ CDF@ActivePower < P1D - CDF@ActivePower < P2D;
P1 =
In the analyzed cases, power and voltage are linearly related by short circuit impedance:
Reactive power can be controlled in a range, depending on the wind. Some turbines can generate reactive power even when they are still. The ability to generate reactive power is best characterized using the statistical distribution of the feasible reactive output. The objective of the control can be stabilize voltage or diminish losses. The availability must be computed taking into account if reactive generation is possible at stand-by, possible voltage limit violations.
FQmax@Qturbine qD = FP@P mn p < P mxD = FP@p < P mxD - FP@p PmnD
Availability p.u.
Cumulative Distribution Function of voltage can be computed through Cumulative Distribution function of power and supposing a relationship between active and reactive power. For example, if power factor is fixed, Q = k P, where k = tan()
Note: Near collapse, voltage decreases quickly and this equation is no longer valid, but this is not the case of wind farms in Spain (in normal operation), due to the limit:
MinAPcutout, MaxAPcutin,
Sn2 - Q2 EE
V.
-1
U Uo +
PR + QX Uo
Therefore, voltage and power distribution have almost the same shape (minor influence in voltage when k = -Rsc / Xsc). Study case: Simple impedance connecting the farm to the network (sc=60, Zsc=1/20 p.u.)
Probability Voltage
< v
Induction generator with capacitor banks Reactive power in a farm with induction generators follow approximately a quadratic relationship. Q Qcond - Q0 - Qmgen - b S - cS2
Availability 1 of Reactive Power Regulation
Availability p.u.
Solid Red -> mean wind speed = 5 Pink -> mean wind speed = 5,5 Dark blue -> mean wind speed = 6 Light blue -> mean wind speed = 6,5 Green -> mean wind speed = 7
1.005 1.01 Voltage 1.015 p. u. 1.02
Availability p.u.
-0.4
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
-0.2 Reactive
0 Power Q
0.2
Voltage 40
profile
REFERENCES
[1] UNE-EN 50160 Caractersticas de la tensin suministrada por las redes generales de distribucin [2] J. Mur, J. Salln, A. A. Bayod, Statistical model of wind farms for power flow, International Conference On Renewable Energies And Power Quality (ICREPQ03), Vigo 2003. [3] A. E. Feijoo, J. Cidrs, J.L.G. Drenlas, Wind speed simulation in wind farms for steady-state security assessment of electrical power systems, IEEE Trans, on Energy Conv., Vol. 14, No 4, Dec. 1999, pp 1582-1588. [4] C.L. Masters, J. Mutale, G. Strbac, S. Curcic and N. Jenkins Statistical evalualtion of voltages in distribution systems with embedded wind generation, IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib. Vol. 147, N 4, July 2000, pp. 207-212. [5] R. Allan, R. Billinton, Probabilistic Assessment of Power Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 88, No 2, February 2000, pp 140-162.
Probability density
30
20
10
-0.4
1.005 1.01 Voltage 1.015 p. u. 1.02
-0.2 Reactive
0 Power Q
0.2
Farm with
kmax cap = 0,3 = tan(max cap); kmax ind = 0,5 = tan(max ind)