MATERIAL

- The Return of the Living Dead (1985)

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC? - Return of the Living Dead was never really

intended for classroom instruction. It is a horror-comedy movie with lots of gore and violence.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE? - It is effective in classroom instruction because the

movie contains many oxymorons on life and death in the characters dialogues as they try to escape the reanimated corpses.

OXYMORON
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms. Oxymora appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors such as ground pilot and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective-noun combination of two words. For example, the following line from Tennyson's Idylls of the King contains two oxymora: "And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true." Other examples of oxymora of this kind are: dark light, living dead, guest host, mad wisdom, mournful optimist, etc. Oxymoron is derived from the 5th century Latin "oxymoron", which is derived from the Ancient Greek: oxus "sharp, keen" + mros "dull, stupid", making the word itself an oxymoron. The combined Greek form "" (oxumron) does not in fact appear in the extant Greek sources, however.

Questions:
1. What is an oxymoron? 2. What is its most common form? 3. Give an example of an oxymoron. 4. What does the word oxymoron mean? 5. What is the words etymology?

VALUES Adaptability, amusement

MATERIAL
- Ship of Theseus (or Theseus paradox)

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?

The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned [from Crete] had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question of things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same.

- Ship of Theseus is a puzzle that questions whether or not something is essentially the same and original object when its original parts have all been replaced. Later versions also questioned whether a new object built from the same material comprising the old object is essentially the same object.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- The puzzle clearly demonstrates the nature of a paradox: philosophical and puzzling while giving contrasting ideas and opinions about the subject it talks about.

- Plutarch, Theseus

PARADOX
A paradox is an argument that produces an inconsistency, typically within logic or common sense. In common usage, the word "paradox" often refers to irony or contradiction. Examples outside logic include the Grandfather paradox from physics, and the Ship of Theseus from philosophy. Paradoxes can also take the form of images or other media. For example, M.C. Escher featured perspectivebased paradoxes in many of his drawings. Patrick Hughes outlines three laws of the paradox: Self-reference - An example is "This statement is false", a form of the liar paradox. The statement is referring to itself. Contradiction - "This statement is false"; the statement cannot be false and true at the same time. Vicious circularity, or infinite regress - "This statement is false"; if the statement is true, then the statement is false, thereby making the statement true.

Questions:
1. What is a paradox? 2. What does the term often refer to? 3. Give an example of a paradox. 4. Give one form a paradox can take. 5. What are the three laws of the paradox?

VALUES Creativity, exploration

MATERIAL
- Lame Pun Raccoon Meme

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?
- Memes were created in the spirit of fun. They are, strictly speaking, used mainly for humorous content and were never intended to be incorporated in classroom discussions.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- Lame Pun Raccoon depicts the usage of a pun with every version due to the nature of the image.

PUN
The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use and abuse of homophonic, homographic, metonymic, or metaphorical language. Puns can be classified in various ways. The homophonic pun, a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous. A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones. A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns. A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.

Questions:
1. What is a pun? 2. What is another term for pun? 3. From where do puns arise? 4. Give one ambiguity a pun can arise from. 5. Give one classification of a pun.

VALUES Humor, wittiness

MATERIAL
- I Am a Cell Phone

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?
- Although some poems were clearly meant to be the topic of classroom discussion, some were created for entirely specific purposes such as free speech.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- Poems convey a wide range of emotions, from the most subtle to the overly explicit. Any poem is sure to appeal to a person.

PERSONIFICATION
Anthropomorphism or personification is any attribution of human characteristics (or characteristics assumed to belong only to humans) to other animals, non-living things, phenomena, material states, objects or abstract concepts, such as organizations, governments, spirits or deities. The term was coined in the mid-1700s. The term derives from the combination of the Greek (nthrpos), "human" and (morph), "shape" or "form". As a literary device, anthropomorphism is strongly associated with art and storytelling where it has ancient roots. Most cultures possess a long-standing fable tradition with anthropomorphised animals as characters that can stand as commonly recognised types of human behavior.

1. What is personification? 2. When was the term coined? 3. What does its other name anthropomorphism mean? 4. What is personification strongly associated with? 5. What things stand as types of human behavior?

VALUES Uniqueness, liveliness

Questions:

MATERIAL
- Roasted Garlic Recipe

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?
- Recipes are not standard topics in classrooms. (This is, however, untrue if you are taking up Culinary Arts, but that is not our case.)

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- The thought of actually cooking up a nice meal and anticipating the outcome is enough to make anybodys mouth water!

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
Most narrative stories are constructed around a sequence of events. Students gain a deeper understanding of the story by acting out or retelling the proper order of the important events in stories, describing cause and effect relationships and how the events affect the central meaning of the story. Curiously, sequencing is not a natural skill, and many young children recall stories and episodes, not so much through the sequence of important events, but through a collection of salient features that seemed relevant or interesting to the student. Sequencing, therefore, is a skill that students must learn in a fairly structured way. Students need to understand and recreate sequences of events. Students must learn to distinguish important events from less important ones. They need to understand cause and effect and plot development and the way characters change over time. These and other academic skills have foundations in sequencing instruction.

Questions:
1. Why is there a need for a sequence of events? 2. What can the students gain from this? 3. Is sequencing a natural skill? 4. Therefore, what is sequencing? 5. Give one reason for learning sequencing of events.

VALUES Inventiveness, direction

MATERIAL
- Map to PETA Theater Center (B) from Bagumbayan, Taguig City (A)

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?
- Maps are very useful for the average person, but not so with the average student.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- This will imbue in the students the importance of following directions so that they would not get lost or get confused with whatever they are doing.

FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS
Following instructions is essentially two kinds of skill, depending on whether successive or simultaneous processing is required. Where an 'expert' is directing a 'novice', successive processing is required: attending to detail, imitating, sequencing the steps, seeking clarification, remembering, and so on. Exam instructions, instructions on procedures, instructions in a new skill are all successive. As a student advances from novice status towards mastery, instructions change to require simultaneous processing, where only the purpose or outcome is articulated and the student understands without being told what appropriate intervening steps are, makes judgments of selection and priority and gets the task done without further instruction. Following instructions is a more complex skill than may at first appear. Causes of difficulty in following instructions may include hearing problems, difficulties in auditory sequencing, reading or language difficulties, problems of attention, low successive processing skills, impulsiveness, not understanding the purpose, not valuing the purpose, and so on. Difficulties may also be caused by the way the instruction is given.

Questions:
1. Why is there a need to follow instructions? 2. What can the students gain from this? 3. Is following a natural skill? 4. Is following more complex than it appears? 5. Give one cause of difficulty in following instructions.

VALUES Direction, clear-mindedness

MATERIAL
- Through the Fire by Chaka Khan

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?
- Songs are not encouraged to be used as instruments for classroom instruction because there is fear of informality issues. However, given the eye and ear to properly select a song, anything is possible.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- Songs are universally regarded as catchy, although this depends on the type of listener and the type of music. However, a common song everybody is familiar with is enough to spark interest among students.

PREPOSITIONS
A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably use your hands to show how something is situated in relationship to something else. Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun (called the object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened.

Questions:
1. What is a preposition? 2. Do they mean anything on their own? 3. Do they mean anything when paired with other words? 4. What do you call prepositions with other words? 5. Give one role of prepositions.

VALUES Carefulness, structure

MATERIAL
- Valentines Day Letter from Bernardine Umali Santos to yours truly

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?
- Letters are not very often used in classroom instruction, especially nowadays when there is already the advent of digital technology which effectively puts behind traditional methods of writing.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- A letter, no matter how old-fashioned and outdated it might seem, still holds its own charm, and the recipient would still feel elated when he or she receives one especially from a loved one.

PARTS OF A LETTER
Letterhead - Stationary printed at the top of the page including the company name, logo, full address, and other elements such as trademark symbols, phone & fax numbers, and an e-mail. Dateline - The date is the month (spelled out), day, and year. Letter Address This is the complete address of the recipient of the letter. Salutation - The word Dear followed by the personal title and last name of the recipient Body - The text that makes up the message of the letter. Complimentary closing - A phrase used to end a letter. Name and title of writer - Type the first and last name of the sender. The sender's personal title (Mr., Ms., Dr., etc) should be included. Use a comma to separate the job title if it's on the same line as the name. Do not use a comma if the job title is on a separate line.

Questions:
1. Which part of a letter is printed at the top of the page? 2. Which has the month, day, and year? 3. Is the complimentary closing really necessary? 4. How should you type the name of the writer? 5. What is used to separate the job title from the name?

VALUES Sophistication, sincerity

MATERIAL
- Label on Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?
- Labels are generally uninteresting to look at. At first glance, it is as if they were meant to describe the product in an exaggerated way.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- Labels are actually very informative and can tell a lot about the product. it can describe its quality in fanciful or plain words and it would still end up as truthful.

TYPES OF PARAGRAPH
There are four different types of paragraphs. The type of paragraph you use will depend on your purpose for writing. Narrative paragraphs tell about an event or series of events, usually in chronological order. Most short stories and newspaper articles are examples of narrative writing. Descriptive paragraphs do exactly what you think they do; they describe a person, an object, or a scene in detail. Expository paragraphs are used for explanation. They can list facts, give directions, or explain ideas. Writers also use expository paragraphs to define terms, make comparisons, and show cause and effect. Since information in expository writing can usually be put into categories, it often uses logical order. Persuasive paragraphs are used to share an opinion about a particular subject. Writers of persuasive paragraphs try to convince readers to agree with the opinions in the paragraphs and, sometimes, to take action. A persuasive paragraph often uses order of importance.

Questions:
1. How many types of paragraphs are there? 2. What is a narrative paragraph? 3. What do descriptive paragraphs do? 4. What are expository paragraphs used for? 5. Who often use persuasive paragraphs? Why?

VALUES Structure, direction

MATERIAL
- Facebook post (I WILL LOVE YOU FIVE-EVER)

WHY IS IT AUTHENTIC?
- Facebook is regarded many as a social networking site ONLY. They are quick to comment that it is not suitable for classroom instruction.

WHY IS IT EFFECTIVE?
- However, students would know that Facebook is not all about the usual arguments and irrelevant status updates. It is actually regarded as a treasure trove for new information.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech is saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word. Indirect speech/ Reported Speech does not use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word. When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Questions:
1. What is direct speech? 2. How should direct speech be written? 3. What is indirect speech? 4. How is indirect speech written? 5. Why is it that the tense changes in indirect speech?

VALUES Accuracy, precision