Title Normal Development of Central Nervous System Structures of a Frog Introduction Frog is belonging to kingdom animalia, phylum chordate

(which have the backbone), class amphibians and order anura. Frog lives in a moist area which fix to their internal system. Frog is classified as the amphibians because it has the ability to live in to environment (water and terrestrial). The development of central nervous system of the vertebrates is basicly the same. It is one of the earliest systems that develop in the frog. It gives rise to other in the head area and the vertebrae column of the frog. Frog has ten cranial nerves as much as the spinal nerve. It is quite complicated animals that can be doing any difficult task compared to fishes, because it cerebrum is larger than fishes. However, it is not as clever as human being because its cerebrum is smaller than the human. Materials Embryo models, histological slides of neuralation, brain models of the frog. Method 1. The brain and embryo models are being studied through observation. 2. Histological slides of neuralation, are observed under the light microscope. 3. Report prepared is based on the brain and embryo models and the histological slides that have been studied before. Result

Figure 1 : Neuralation process in frog

figure 2: Neural plate

figure 3 : Neural groove

figure 4 : Neural fold

Cerebrum

Optic lobe Diencephalon

Medulla oblongata

figure 5 : Anterior part of the frog brain model

Cerebrum

Frontal organ

Optic lobe

Cerebellum Medulla oblongata

figure 6 : Posterior part of rat brain model

Discussion Diagram below shows the life cycle of a frog

A journey of frog life starts with the fertilization of the gamet from the male and female. After fertilization, the egg will undergo mitotic division repeatedly until it becomes the cleavage. Then, it continues it growth and become the blastomer and gastrulation. At the end of the gastrulation stage, it will perform 3 layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and encoderm. Each of these layers will develop and become the different future organ of a frog. Changes of gastrula will happen then and become the neurula stage (embryonic stage in which the neural tube is formed). The embryo will grow in size as they have their nutrition drawn from yolk cells so that they elongated antero-posteriorly. The gastrula will thicken on the mid-line to form neural plate. The formation of neural plate then are followed by the formation of neural groove and neural fold as a ridge develops along each side of the mid-line by folding the side of the neural plate upwardly. Then, two folds grow together and make the neural folds united. The zipping is going caudal and rostral ends of neural tube. The cell lying below neural tube then, folds upward to the notochord that is the most important and crucial organ in nervous system that will give rise to the skull-brain and vertebrae-spinal chord. Organegenesis will then take place. The result of this stage makes the frog moved to another stage of its life cycle; tadpole.

Tadpole will undergo some adaptation to the environment for about 3 days to 3 weeks (depending on the species of the frog). The tadpole will grow until it is big enough for them to break and live in the water environment. They eat small plants to survive and stick to the larger plant as their habitat. After five weeks, the tadpole will start to change and the organ of the adult frog will start to appear out. This changes process is also called metamorphoses. At last, an adult frog is there after eleventh weeks from the fertilization. The frog continues to survive and will breed new generation of a frog.

References Life Cycle, Retrived on August 6 2009, from http://www.tooter4kids.com/Frogs/life_cycle_of_frogs.htm From egg to adult via tadpole (certification), Retrived on August 6 2009, from http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/q/6j/BM/6JBM0602.htm Neuralation, Retrived on August 6 2009, from http://courses.biology.utah.edu/gard/development/Html/Images_movies/neuralation.html Neural tube, Retrived on August 6 2009, from http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/images/neuron/late%20tube_small.JPG Neural plate, Retrived on August 6 2009, from http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/images/neuron/flat%20plate_small.JPG Neural groove, Retrived on August 6 2009, from http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/images/neuron/groove_small.JPG