Reading Quiz

By Chris Mason

My Postcards
3-4 Instructional Design History 5-6 Definition of Instructional Design 7-8 Systematic 9-10 Instructional Design Models 11-12 Constructivism 13-14 Empiricism 15-16 Behaviorism 17-18 Information Processing Theory 19-20 Instructional Design and Educational Technology

Instructional Design History

A lot of work around instructional design was happening during the time of World War 2. Educators and psychologist were called upon to try and train many people in a short period of time for a specific task. During the 1940s and 1950s psychologists viewed training as a system and created innovative analysis, design, and evaluation procedures. This approach was replicated in business and education and is still used in the military. A fast food restaurant is the metaphor used for instructional design history. Many people are trained quickly to work at fast food restaurants. The food that you get in the U.S.A. at a particular fast food restaurant is the same in other countries around the world. The creation of fast food and instructional design occured around the same time frame.

http://www.verandaparknews.com/nostalgia.html

Instructional Design Definition

Instructional design is an orderly and ruminative process. It is a process where one has to consider everything that needs to be done in order for a goal, outcome or objective to be completed. Instructional design entails integrating the fundamentals of learning into a process for improvement. The process includes considering the materials, activities, resources, and evaluation. It takes into consideration every part of a learning plan. "Instructional design is a system of procedures for developing education and training programs in a consistent and reliable fashion" ( The visual metaphor for instructional design is an enchilada. Instructional design is the whole enchilada of the learning process. It is the whole thing or it includes everything.

http://cuisine-america.com/Cusisine-pics/Enchiladas.jpg

Systematic
A system is a set of interrelated parts. They work together to accomplish a goal. Each part of the system realizes on the other parts to be successful. Systematic means having a method or plan. The reason why instructional design implements a systematic approach is because all components in the process are important. There is no part that is more important than another. A variety of sources provide input to the final product. The metaphor for systematic is an orchestra. An orchestra is a complex system that has to work togehter to make incredible music. Each member of an orchestra is important in the creation of music.
.

http://www.danielsmithonline.com/conductor/2012/01/saskatoon-symphony-orchestra/

Instructional Design Models

A model will help designers make meaning of a problem. The model allows the designer to manage their task by having an image of what is going to happen and how it will look. A model breaks the design into manageable parts. Models provide guidelines to coordinate and refine the way in which one creates instruction. The water cycle is the metaphor for instructional design models. Each step of the water cycle is related to the next step. Each on is essential. The water cycle never ends. It is cyclical. The image of the water cycle allows one to see what will happen and how it will look.

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/physics/physics-i/heat/evaporation.php

Constructivism
Constructivists believe that knowledge is not disseminated, it is constructed. Constructivism is an active process. Knowledge is constructed based on personal experiences. The learner does not come with a blank slate. Each person constructs and interprets knowledge in a different way. The learner is an information constructor. "Constructivist invite students to construct their own knowledge by making meaning of their world" (Mercuri, Rea, 2006, p. 1). A lego pyramid is a metaphor for constructivism because the blocks represent background knowledge, skills, and ideas. Each piece builds on the next. Each block maybe a different color because each person comes with a different set of experiences. They will each construct their knowledge in a different way.

http://bit.ly/zNoOKD

Empericism
Empiricism is a belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience. Empiricism is also represented by trying to decrease the complexity of something. It values experiments and the evidence born from those experiments. Knowledge from the real world comes from experience (Molenda, 1997). A baby einstien is a metaphor for empericism. Babies learn through their senses. Adults, and parents, are always trying to simplify things for babies and children so they can understand it. Empericism also values experiments. Albert Einstien was one of the most famous and knowledgeable people ever to conduct experiments.

http://bit.ly/yIIJ92

Behaviorism
Behaviorist believe that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind (Mergel, 1998 p. 2). Behaviorism is a view that assumes that learners are passive and they are responding to their environment. One s behavior is shaped through positive and negative reinforcement. Learning is a change in behavior. The metaphor for behaviorism is touching a hot surface. A person will learn, through negative reinforcement, that touching the hot surface is a bad idea.

http://www.onecraftymother.com/

Information Processing Theory

Information processing theory explains learning as a succession of changes of information through different types of memory. Humans process information they receive as opposed to responding to stimuli. A metaphor to explain the information processing theory would be to think of computer. It exemplifies information processing theory. The computers RAM is like the working memory and a Hard Drive like the long term memory. Sensory information is received and enters the short term memory where it may or may not be transferred to long term memory.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer

Educational Technology
Education technology expands the possibilities of instructional design. It allows the designer to seek assistance and have greater access to subject experts or other designers for collaboration purposes during the development and analysis phase. It enables the designer to be more creative during the design phase, The designer is also able to stay in constant communication with the facilitator. The web also makes resources readily available. I used a picture of the sun coming up on the horizon, because education technology expands the horizon of instructional design.

http://bit.ly/AuFBm2

References
Gustafson, K. L., & Branch, R. M. (2002). What is instructional design? In Reiser, R, A. and Dempsey, J. V. (eds) Trends and issues in instructional design and technology. Columbus: OH, Merrill Prentice Hall. Mergel, B. (1998). Instructional design and learning theories. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from University of Saskatchewan, College of Education Web site: http://www.usask. ca/education/coursework/802papers/mergel/brenda.htm Molenda, M. (1997). Historical and philosophical foundations of instructional design: A North American view. In R. Tennyson (Ed.), Instructional design: International perspective (pp. 41 53). Mercuri, S., Rea, D. (2006). Research - based strategies for English language leaners: How to reach and meet standards, K-8. Portsmouth, NH. Heinemann Smith, P., & Ragan, T. (2005). Instructional design, 3rd Ed. Hoboken, NJ. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://www.learning-theories.com/