AKPOBI BOLA Inclinded Slider Bearing SPRINGER

Performance of Infinitely Wide Parabolic and Inclined Slider Bearings Lubricated with Couple Stress or Magnetic Fluids
Mobolaji Humphrey Oladeinde and John Ajokpaoghene Akpobi Citation: AIP Conf. Proc. 1394, 58 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3649936 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3649936 View Table of Contents: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=1394&Issue=1 Published by the American Institute of Physics.
Related Articles
Quasi-static analysis of a ferrofluid blob in a capillary tube J. Appl. Phys. 111, 074901 (2012) Shape oscillations of an electrically charged diamagnetically levitated droplet Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 114106 (2012) Magnetic fluid dynamics in a rotating magnetic field J. Appl. Phys. 111, 053901 (2012) Observations of ferrofluid flow under a uniform rotating magnetic field in a spherical cavity J. Appl. Phys. 111, 07B313 (2012) Carbon nanotube-coated silicated soft magnetic carbonyl iron microspheres and their magnetorheology J. Appl. Phys. 111, 07B502 (2012)
Additional information on AIP Conf. Proc.

Journal Homepage: http://proceedings.aip.org/ Journal Information: http://proceedings.aip.org/about/about_the_proceedings Top downloads: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/most_downloaded.jsp?KEY=APCPCS Information for Authors: http://proceedings.aip.org/authors/information_for_authors
Downloaded 05 Jul 2012 to 128.40.128.117. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions
Performance of Infinitely Wide Parabolic and Inclined Slider Bearings Lubricated with Couple Stress or Magnetic Fluids
Mobolaji Humphrey Oladeinde and John Ajokpaoghene Akpobi
Production Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin. P.M.B II54, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria Abstract. The hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) lubrication problem of infinitely wide inclined and parabolic slider bearings is solved numerically using the finite element method. The bearing configurations are discretized into three-node isoparametric quadratic elements. Stiffness integrals obtained from the weak form of the governing equations are solved using Gauss quadrature to obtain a finite number of stiffness matrices. The global system of equations obtained from enforcing nodal continuity of pressure for the bearings are solved using the Gauss-Seidel iterative scheme with a convergence criterion of 10-10. Numerical computations reveal that, when compared for similar profile and couple stress parameters, greater pressure builds up in a parabolic slider compared to an inclined slider, indicating a greater wedge effect in the parabolic slider. The parabolic slider bearing is also shown to develop a greater load capacity when lubricated with magnetic fluids. The superior performance of parabolic slider bearing is more pronounced at greater Hartmann numbers for identical bearing structural parameters. It is also shown that when load carrying capacity is the yardstick for comparison, the parabolic slider bearings are superior to the inclined bearings when lubricated with couple stress or magnetic lubricants. Keywords: Hydrodynamic, magnetohydrodynamic, finite element, slider PACS: 47.10.ad
INTRODUCTION
The contacting surfaces in slider bearings are separated by fluids to help reduce wear and friction. Slider bearings find applications in many types of machine elements in which rectilinear sliding motion occurs. Areas of practical application of slider bearings include mechanical seals, machine tool ways, piston rings and plain collar thrust bearings. The need to increase the bearing loads has led to the introduction of the use of non-Newtonian fluids in the clearance zone of sliders. The increasing use of non-Newtonian lubricant blended with long chain polymers has been documented, as well as the use of electrically conducting fluids in the presence of a magnetic field A number of researchers have investigated the effect of the couple stress fluid on the steady-state performance of different slider bearing configurations using different numerical schemes. In recent times, most numerical work in hydrodynamic lubrication has involved the use of the Reynolds equation and the finite difference method [1]. A finite difference multigrid approach was used to investigate the squeeze film behavior of poroelastic bearing with couple stress fluid as lubricant by Bujurke et al [2]. They reported that poroelastic bearings with couple stress fluid as lubricant provide augmented pressure distribution and ensured significant increase in the load carrying capacity. Serangi et al [3] solved the modified Reynolds equation extended to include couple stress effects in lubricants blended with polar additives using the finite
Current Themes in Engineering Science 2010 AIP Conf. Proc. 1394, 58-68 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3649936 2011 American Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-0964-4/$30.00
58
difference method with a successive over-relaxation scheme. They reported an increase in load carrying capacity and a reduction in the friction coefficient as compared to Newtonian lubricants. Lin [4] used the conjugate method of iteration to build up the pressure profile in a finite journal bearing lubricated with a couple stress fluid. The results obtained included an increase in the load carrying capacity, in agreement with those obtained by Serangi et al [3] and Bujurke et al [2]. Elsharkawy [5] provided a numerical solution for a mathematical model describing the hydrodynamic lubrication of misaligned journal bearings with couple stress fluids as lubricants using the finite difference method. Lin [6] calculated the steady and perturbed pressure of a two-dimensional plane inclined slider bearing incorporating a couple stress fluid using the conjugate gradient method, and reported improved steady and dynamic performance compared to the Newtonian case, especially for higher aspect ratios. Nada and Osman [7] investigated the problem of finite hydrodynamic journal bearing lubricated by magnetic fluids with couple stresses using the finite difference method. They obtained the pressure distribution for different couple stress parameters and magnetic coefficients, and concluded after comparison of the bearing static characteristics that fluids with couple stresses perform better compared with the Newtonian case. The finite difference multigrid method was used by Bujurke and Kudenati [8] for the solution of the modified Reynolds equation governing the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) flow between rough rectangular plates, and reported an increase in the load capacity with Hartmann number. Anwar and Rodkiewicz [9] obtained the pressure distribution in a MHD finite width parallel plate slider bearing theoretically. The open literature is replete with slider bearing design studies with couple stress fluids and magnetic lubricants using the finite difference method as the numerical tool for analysis, as can be deduced from the literature cited. However, previous researchers seem not to have exploited the applicability of the finite element methods in slider bearing design. The finite element method is probably the most accurate and versatile, but tends to be very time consuming and requires high level of expert knowledge, making it less assessable to the common designer [10], hence its conspicuous absence in the perused literature. It is this gap that the present paper seeks to fill. In particular, this work centers on the use of continuous Galerkin finite element method for carrying out a comparative study of the pressure distribution and the bearing load of infinitely wide parabolic and inclined slider bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids and magnetic lubricants.
THE MODIFIED REYNOLDS EQUATION

The geometry of parabolic and inclined slider bearings under consideration is shown in figures 1 and 2 respectively. The lubricant in the clearance zone is taken to be a couple stress or magnetic fluid. The slider bearing has a length L and moves with a velocity U.
59
d h U
FIGURE 1. Bearing geometry of a parabolic shaped slider
hm

FIGURE 2. Bearing Geometry of inclined shaped slider
The oil film profile for the parabolic slider in non-dimensional form is as shown in Eq. 1. The corresponding film profile equation for the inclined slider bearing is shown in Eq. 2.
* h* = hm + hp = hm + (1 2 x + x 2 )
(1) (2)
h = h + (1 x )
* * m
* is the dimensionless minimum film thickness at the exit of the slider and hm
represents the profile parameter of the bearing, computed using the expression d h , m where d is the shoulder height of the bearing. The non-dimensional modified Reynolds equation governing the hydrodynamic film pressure for a slider with couple stress is given by
d dp* dh* f h* , l* =6 dx* dx* dx*
( )
(3)
60
The function f h* , l* is defined by Eq. 4 for a slider with couple stress lubricant parameter. l represents the dimensionless couple stress parameter which accounts for the addition of long chain polymers to the lubricant. 2 h* (4) f ( h* , l * ) = h*3 12l * h* 2l * tanh * 2l As the value of l* approaches zero, Eq. 4 is reduced to the classical form for a Newtonian lubricant case. For a slider bearing lubricated by a magnetic fluid, the function f h* , l* is replaced by Eq. 5 below with the boundary conditions for the
*
bearings given in Eq. 6. M is known as Hartmann number which accounts for the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. The Hartmann number is defined by the expression B0 hm , where B0 is the applied magnetic field, hm is the minimum film thickness, is electrical conductivity of the fluid and is lubricant viscosity. f h* , M =
( )
1/ 2
6 h* Mh* coth 0.5Mh* 2 M2
) )
(5) (6)
p x* = 0 = p x* = 1 = 0
) (
WEAK FORMULATION
The weak form of Eq. 3 is:
e d e die dp e dh e j * * , , , , + f h l M p f h l M i dx = 0 ( ) ( ) j i 6 e dx e dx dx dx j =1 n
(7)
Here, for the sake of generality, the function f h* , l*
term f h* , l* , M . The function reduces to Eq. 5 when a bearing with a magnetic lubricant is considered; and to Eq. 4 for a slider bearing with couple stress lubricant. The details of the weak formulation can be found in Oladeinde and Akpobi [11]. e n d e die dp e dh e j * * (7) f ( h, l , M ) e p j + f ( h, l , M ) i e 6 i dx = 0 dx dx dx j =1 dx FINITE ELEMENT MESH The physical domains of the one dimensional bearings under consideration are divided into uniform meshes of 1-D linear quadratic elements. A typical element in the mesh is depicted in Figure 3. Each element is bordered by two end nodes and an
has been replaced by a
61
interior node is located at the middle of the element. Neighboring elements are interconnected at a common node. The length of each element in the domain is obtained by dividing the dimensionless length of the bearing by the number of elements. The solution methodology is first carried out on a mesh with a few elements. The finite element mesh is refined progressively by halving the length of the element used for the previous solution, until the nodal pressure solution becomes mesh independent. At a mesh discretization of 80 linear quadratic elements, equivalent to 161 nodes, the solution obtained becomes mesh independent. This mesh discretization was employed for parametric studies.

( e)
()
FIGURE 3. A typical element showing end and interior nodes
SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
The dimensionless physical domain is divided into uniform quadratic elements of length x .This leads to a constant transformation to a local element co-ordinate system in which the differentials dx and d dx are respectively given by:
dx = xd
d 1 1 = dx x d
(8) (9)
Here is the natural co-ordinate system within an element. The pressure in an element is approximated by basis or trial functions ie over each element and is given by
p ( ) = p j j ( )
j =1
(10)
The transformed element integrals obtained from the weak formulation of the governing equation shown in Eq. 7 are evaluated numerically by Gauss quadrature making use of the transformed integral of the form 3 1 1 d ( ) 1 d ( ) e e e , K f x l J ( ) d ( ) = (11) ( ) e e 1 J ( ) d J ( ) d
( (
))
62
where J e ( ) is the Jacobian defined by
J e ( ) =
3 d ( ) dx = xie i d i =1 d
(12)
The element stiffness integrals are evaluated iteratively using three Gauss points and weights according to the expression
+1 1
I ( ) d wnl I (nl )
l =1
(13)
After writing the global integral as a sum of the individual element stiffness integrals, a system of algebraic equations is obtained. Boundary conditions (Eq. 6.) are imposed on the global system of equations resulting in a condensed matrix which is solved by Gauss-Seidel iterative scheme to obtain the pressure solution. Parametric studies are carried out to determine the effect of bearing parameters on the pressure distribution and bearing load of the bearing configurations. The load capacity is determined by streamwise integration of the oil film pressure in the bearing, i.e.
W = P ( x ) dx .
0 1
(14)
NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The validity of the finite element simulation result is first examined. In particular, we investigate the convergence characteristics of the results obtained using the finite element method. The finite element model was built using progressively finer meshes from 10 elements to 80 elements for both slider bearing configurations with couple stress lubricants and magnetic fluids. The bearing parameters used for the simulation
* = 1 , 0 l* 0.6 , and 1 M 10 . For both slider bearing are 0.5 2.5, hm configurations, the nodal pressures were found to converge fully to a meshindependent solution when 80 elements were used for the simulation. Consequently, this mesh density was used for the parametric studies.
Parametric Studies
To provide information for engineers involved with slider bearing design, comparison of the performance of the two bearing profiles when the lubricant is couple stress and magnetic fluid is presented below.
63
FIGURE 4. Dimensionless pressure profiles for infinitely wide parabolic and inclined slider bearings with couple stress.
W
W /
FIGURE 5. Dimensionless pressure against dimensionless distance for inclined and parabolic slider without couple stress. ( = 1)
FIGURE 6. Dimensionless pressure against dimensionless distance for infinitely wide inclined and parabolic slider bearings, without couple stress ( = 1.4 ).
64
Figure 4 shows the dimensionless pressure generated under the same conditions for inclined and parabolic slider bearings with couple stress. The graph shows that a lower maximum pressure is generated using the same bearing parameters for an inclined slider bearing with couple stress compared to a parabolic bearing. The maximum dimensionless pressure generated for parabolic slider bearing is 0.34 compared to 0.31 for the inclined slider bearing. Under the magnitude of the parameters considered, the parabolic slider bearing generates a load capacity of 0.21 compared to 0.19 for the inclined slider bearing. Figure 5 shows the dimensionless pressure distribution of the two bearings without couple stress for = 1 . The graph shows that the parabolic slider bearing retains its higher maximum pressure as in the non-Newtonian lubricant case. However, the effect of simulating the two bearings without couple stress is to decrease the pressure generated from 0.34 to 0.28 and from 0.31 to 0.25 for the parabolic and inclined slider bearings respectively. Increasing the profile parameter from = 1 (Figure 4) to = 1.4 (Figure 6) results in a decrease in the maximum pressure generated in the parabolic slider, in contrast to the inclined case where it has a positive effect. Increasing the profile parameter is equivalent to increasing the wedge effect, ultimately results in greater pressure in the lubricating film of the inclined slider bearing. The net result of simulating the bearings without couple stress is to decrease the load carrying capacity, as shown in Figure 7.
FIGURE 7. Dimensionless load capacity against dimensionless couple stress for parabolic and inclined slider bearings.
Figure 7 shows that the load carrying capacity for a parabolic slider bearing is higher than that for the inclined case for the same couple stress parameter. Parabolic slider bearings are observed to be superior at higher couple stress parameters.
65
FIGURE 8. Dimensionless pressure in inclined slider bearings for = 0.1 , h* m = 1 , using different
values of Hartmann numbers.
Figure 8 shows that in general, the pressure generated in the bearing increases with the Hartmann number. This finding is consistent with that by Lin and Lu [12] who theoretically came to a similar conclusion. Figure 9 shows the pressure generated in inclined and parabolic slider bearing using M = 8 , = 0.1 and h* m = 1 . The pressure * generated is higher in the parabolic slider for x 0.58 . At dimensionless distance along the slider greater than 0.58, the pressure in the inclined slider is greater. This position at which the transition occurs is independent of M for a particular magnitude of and KP . The load capacity generated in the inclined and parabolic slider bearings for 1 M 10 , and KP = 1 using two instances of profile parameter namely, = 1 and = 2.8 is shown in Figure 10. The plot shows that the load capacity increases with the Hartmann number M , which agrees with the finding of Ramanaiah [13]. In addition it can be deduced from the graph that at low profile parameters, there is no significant difference in the bearing load developed in both slider configurations. At = 2.8 , however, the load capacity of a parabolic slider bearing is observed to be greater than that developed in inclined slider bearing for a particular value of Hartmann number. The increase in the load capacity for a parabolic slider bearing is greater at higher values of M .
FIGURE 9. Pressure generated in inclined and parabolic slider bearings lubricated with magnetic fluid.
66
FIGURE 10. Load capacity as a function of the Hartmann number for different profile parameters.
CONCLUSION
A comparative study of the pressure distribution and load capacity of infinitely wide parabolic and inclined slider bearings has been presented. The finite element method was used to discretize the governing equation with the associated boundary conditions. The infinitely wide parabolic slider bearing has been shown to be superior in terms of bearing load as a result of the greater pressure generation when lubricated with couple stress and magnetic lubricants.
REFERENCES
1. B. P. Mitidierri, Advanced Modeling of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, Doctoral Thesis, Tribology Section and thermo fluids section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College, London, pp 19 (2005). N. M. Bujurke and B. R., Kudenati, Multigrid solution of modified Reynolds Equation incorporating poroelasticity and Couple Stress, Journal of Porous Media, 10(2), pp 125 136 (2007). M. Senangi, B. C. Majumda and A. S. Sekhar, Elastohydrodynamically lubricated ball bearings with couple stress fluids, Part 1: Steady state analysis, Tribology Transactions, 48(3), pp. 404 414 (2005). R. Linj, Squeeze film characteristics of finite journal bearings; couple stress fluid model, Tribology International, 31(4), pp 201 207 (1998). A. A. Elsharkawy, Effects of misalignment on the performance of finite journal bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids, International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology (IJCAT), 21(3), 2004. J. R. Lin, Derivation of dynamic couple-stress Reynolds equation of sliding-squeezing surfaces and numerical solution of plane inclined slider bearings, Tribology International, 36(9), pp 679 685 (2003).
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
67
7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
12.
13.
G. S. Nada and T. A. Osman, Static Performance of Finite Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings Lubricated by Magnetic Fluids with Couple Stresses, Tribology letters, 27(3), pp 261 268 (2007). H. M. Bujurke and R. B. Kudenati, MHD lubrication flow between rough rectangular plates, Fluid dynamics Research, 39(4), pp. 334 345, 2007. M. I. Anwar and C. M. Rodkiewicz, Slider bearing with Segmented Electric Field, Wear, 29(2), pp. 171 179, 1974. F. Paulo, J. C. Pimenta, and A. Jorge, Journal Bearings Subjected to Dynamic loads: The Analytical Mobility Method, Mecanica Experimental, 13, pp.115 127 (2006). M. H. Oladeinde and J. A. Akpobi, A Comparative study of load capacity and Pressure distribution of infinitely wide Parabolic and Inclined Slider bearing, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, London, UK, 30th June 2nd July 2010, pp. 1370 -1377. J. R. Lin and R. F. Lu, Dynamic Characteristics for Magnetohydrodynamic Wide Slider Bearings with exponential film profile, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 18( 2), 268-276, 2010. G. Ramanaiah, Magnetohydrodynamic step slider bearing with variable viscosity, Applied Science Research, 12(5 6), pp. 424 434, 1965.
68

AKPOBI BOLA Inclinded Slider Bearing SPRINGER

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

AKPOBI BOLA Inclinded Slider Bearing SPRINGER

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Performance of Infinitely Wide Parabolic and Inclined Slider Bearings Lubricated with Couple Stress or Magnetic Fluids

Additional information on AIP Conf. Proc.

THE MODIFIED REYNOLDS EQUATION

6 h* Mh* coth 0.5Mh* 2 M2

Here, for the sake of generality, the function f h* , l*

has been replaced by a

FIGURE 3. A typical element showing end and interior nodes

where J e ( ) is the Jacobian defined by

NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi