2.

Genetics Variations

LOGO

Binary fission in prokaryotic cell

Replication of bacterial chromosome Asexual reproduction
offspring genetically identical to parent where does variation come from?

Genetic Variation : in bacteria Sources of variation

spontaneous mutation transformation
plasmids DNA fragments
bacteria shedding DNA

transduction conjugation transposon

Spontaneous mutation
Spontaneous mutation is a significant source of variation in rapidly reproducing species Example: E. coli
human colon (large intestines) 2 x 1010 (billion) new E. coli each day! spontaneous mutations
for 1 gene, only ~1 mutation in 10 million replications each day, ~2,000 bacteria develop mutation in that gene but consider all 4300 genes, then: 4300 x 2000 = 9 million mutations per day per human host!

Transformation Bacteria are opportunists

pick up naked foreign DNA wherever it may be hanging out
have surface transport proteins that are specialized for the uptake of naked DNA

import bits of chromosomes from other bacteria incorporate the DNA bits into their own chromosome
express new gene form of recombination

Conjugation
Direct transfer of DNA between 2 bacterial cells that are temporarily joined
results from presence of F plasmid with F factor
F for fertility DNA

E. coli male extends sex pilli, attaches to female bacterium cytoplasmic bridge allows transfer of DNA

Transduction

Phage viruses carry bacterial genes from one host to another

Transposons Insertion of transposon sequence in new position in genome

Insertion sequences cause mutations when they happen to land within the coding sequence of a gene or within a DNA region that regulates gene expression

Genetic variation : in human Genetic variability in sexual reproduction

independent assortment
homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1

crossing over
between homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

random fertilization
random ovum fertilized by a random sperm

metaphase1

Independent assortment Meiosis introduces genetic variation

gametes of offspring do not have same genes as gametes from parents genetic recombination
random assortment in humans produces 223 (8,388,608) different combinations

from Mom

from Dad

new gametes made by offspring

Crossing over During prophase 1

homologous pairs swap pieces of chromosome sister chromatids intertwine crossing over

tetrad

synapsis

Meiosis & Crossing over Meiosis & crossing over introduce great genetic variation to population
drives evolution

Random fertilization Any 2 parents will produce a zygote with over 70 trillion (223 x 223) diploid combinations

Sexual reproduction creates variability

Sexual reproduction allows us to maintain both genetic similarity & differences.
Michael & Kirk Douglas

Baldwin brothers

Martin & Charlie Sheen, Emilio Estevez

The end