1

Tan Chee Hoon

Senior Principal Engineer, WRN
Planning Used Water Network
2
Topics
Overview
Used Water Network Planning
Projects and Schemes
Design of Used Water Network
Rehabilitation of Sewers
3
Used Water Network Overview
#Used water is collected separately from rain water
4
Used Water Sources

Domestic - generated by human
activities such as cooking, bathing and
washing.

Industrial - generated mainly from
commercial activities and factories and
generally called trade effluent.


Extraneous Infiltration & Inflow

5
Water Reclamation (Network) Department
Mission Statement
To convey all used water for reclamation cost-
effectively and reliably

Function
Plan, upgrade, operate and maintain the public Used
Water Network System
Regulation of sewerage and sanitary facilities by
private developers
Role in the Closed Water Loop
6
Water Reclamation Network & their Catchments
Kim Chuan WRP
(decommissioned
in Feb 2008)
Bedok WRP
(decommissioned
in Apr 2009)
Water Reclamation plants
Sewage pumping stations
Ulu Pandan WRP
Seletar WRP
(decommissioned
in Aug 2011)
Jurong WRP
Kranji WRP
Singapore was historically divided into 6 catchments
3384 km of sewers
113 km of pumping mains
78 pumping stations
7
Component Length
(km)
Max Dia
(m)
Depth
(m)
North 38 6.0 25-49
Spur 10 3.3 25-49
Link Sewers 60 3.0 10-25
Total 108


Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS)
8
Used Water Network Planning
9
Six Sewerage Catchments
Structure of Catchment Planning
10
Used Water Network Planning

(1) Planning for :

Provision New network for future developments
Upgrading Existing network and pumping station/mains
Rehabilitation Sewer/ pumping main
Extension Relief and diversion within existing network



Land Use Plan Catchment Plan
11
Project Planning and Regulatory Works

(2) Cost estimation and submission of plan cost paper

(3) Control and approve proposal for new network
facilities for development projects
Development Agencies (URA, HDB, JTC, EDB)s
consultation/plan submissions for Infrastructure or
Development projects
QPs DC plan/BP plan submissions for private building
projects
12
Catchment Planning:
Maintain knowledge of the overall reticulation system, flow
distributions and design sewer capacity in the catchment
- Catchment Sewerage Network Map

Update changes in land use, development schedules and flow
projections
- URA 5-year Master Plan on Land-use
- Infrastructure Development Consultation by Development
Agencies (URA, HDB, JTC, EDB) on Specific Land Use

Control provision of new sewers, new connection to existing
sewers and provision of interim facilities
- Development Control (DC) Plan and Building Plan (BP)
submissions

Update development/sewer proposals in Sewerage Mapping
System

13
Projects and Schemes
14
Sewerage Works for Additional Reclamation Areas Off
Tuas Hockey Stick
Objective
To extend sewerage facilities to serve Tuas View area

Estimated Cost
$80 million

Project Detail
30 km of sewers
1 km of pumping main
2 pump sumps

15
Objective
To lay sewers to serve new developments in Marina South, Pasir Ris/Tampines
areas, and phase out Nee Soon Pumping Station (PS)

Estimated Cost
$199 million

Project Details
Lay 27km of sewers
Phase out 1 PS


Project Duration
2007 to 2013

Marina South & Pasir Ris/Tampines Sewerage Schemes
Marina South
Pasir Ris/Tampines
16
Jurong East Sewerage Schemes
Objective
To lay sewers to serve Jurong
Eastern catchment & Jurong Lake
District; and phase out 4 pumping
stations

Estimated Cost
$230 million

Project Details
Lay 21.9km of sewers
Construct 2 lift stations
Phase out 4 pumping stations

Project Duration
2010 to 2015
17
Design of Used Water Network
18

Involves 2 Main Steps :
Projection of peak Used Water Flow generated
Designing Adequate Hydraulic capacity

Design of Used Water Infrastructure
Capacity
19
Determination of Design Flow

Network infrastructure to convey peak used water flow

Projected Flow = Area (equivalent) Population
X Per Capita Average Flow
X Peaking Factor
20
Domestic Population Densities For Flow Projection
Land Use Population Density
Person per Ha
Public Housing
Less than 100 ha
100 500 ha
501 1000 ha
More than 1000 ha

740
500
400
300
Private
High Rise PR = 1.4
PR = 1.9 2.8
PR = 5

Landed

400
740
1300

250
21
Land Use Population Density per Ha
Commercial
Hotels
Shopping Centres
Offices

2200
3300
2800
Light Industries 210
Medium / Heavy Industries 130
Hospitals 680
Open Space e.g. Parks 12
Agriculture 25
Commercial and Industrial Population
Densities Equivalent for Flow Projection
22
AVERAGE FLOW PER CAPITA
AND PEAK FACTOR
(Present) Ultimate
Ave. Flow per capita
(lcpd)
Peak Factor
HDB Flats
(167)
230
2.5 to 3
Landed
Property
(250)
345
2.5 to 3
Commercial
and Industrial
(250)
345
2.5 to 3
23
Design of Sewers

Hydraulic Design
Types of Sewer Pipes

24
(

+ =
gDS D
r
D
k
gDS v
2
51 . 2
7 . 3
log 2 2
Classic Hydraulic Design

Colebrook-White equation for a sewers flow
velocity

[l/s] discharge Q
gradient hydraulic S
[m] sewer of diameter D
relate to used are Charts Design

/ m 10 x 1.41 viscosity kinematic r
m 10 x 0.6 t coefficien roughness surface k
10m/s on accelerati nal gravitatio g
[m/s] flow of velocity v where
, full flowing pipe Concrete For
2 6 -
3
2
=
=
=
= =
= =
= =
=
s
25
Sewer Network Planning
Network Planning Module
(being Developed)
ArcGIS
CATCHMENT PLANNING INFORMATION MAPS
(CPIM)
migrate
Sewer Modeling Module
(Pilot by 2013)
26
Network Planning and Design with Operational
Inputs
Network
Operation
Analysis
Module
Network
Design
Module
(DeMo)
Sewer
Modeling
Module
(SeMo)
ArcGIS
Database
(Sewer Network, Planning &
Land-use parameters, Level,
Assets, Models, Options)
eg.
InfoSWMM
(Network Model &
Calibration)
eg.RDII
Analyst
(Identification of
surcharge issues)
eg. Designer
(Sewer network Design)
eg. ICM Live
(Operational Forecasts)
Network
Level
Sensors
(Rainfall &
Surcharge
sensors)
ReNe
Remote Network
Monitoring
System
Monitored
Alarms
Monitored
Flows &
Levels
Forecasted
Alarms
Existing WRN system
Proposed
Modules
CMS
(Network and
DTSS Flow
Monitors)
Network
Planning
Modules
(NeMo)
CPIM
Sewer Capacity
Checking & Classical
Sewer Sizing
27
#Practical Hydraulic Design

Other Considerations

(a) Minimum diameter, D C 200 mm
and at food establishmentD C 250 mm
(to reduce blockage)

(b) Flow Velocity to transport suspended solids with little
sedimentation while not causing erosion

v > 0.9m/s for self-cleaning velocity
v < 2.4m/s to limiting scouring
28


Vitrified Clay (VC) pipes - EN 295



Reinforced Concrete pipes - SS183
for diameters < 900mm internal sacrificial
layer of 38mm provided
for diameters > 900mm, pipes lined with
PVC /HDPE

Types Of Pipes Used For Sewers
29
Permit inspection, cleaning and change
of flow direction
Precast rings with concrete surround
from 1050 dia. to 1800 dia.
Standard cast iron manhole cover
Spaced not more than 120m apart.
For sewers > 1800 dia., spacing may
be increased to 500m
Manhole
Cover
Chamber
Ring
Cast
In-
Situ
Base
30
Back Drops and Vortex Drops
Difference in
invert levels
Sewers
diameter
450 mm
D 6m

Backdrop

D > 6m

Vortex Drop

31
Sewer Rehabilitation
32
Cracks
Joint
s
Tree-root Intrusion Cracked Pipe
Joint breakage
Long Term Problems in Sewers
Sewers deteriorate due to:

long-term wear and tear
corrosive gases within the sewers
progressive ground movement
adjacent construction
intruding tree roots


33








Sewer Rehabilitation
After
Before
Sewers can be rehabilitated to

Restore their structural integrity
Extend their lifespan
Reduce infiltration & exfilitration
34
Rehab Method Description Before & After






Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP)
The process involves the
insertion of a flexible lining
impregnated with a
thermosetting resin into a
cleaned pipe via inversion. (hot
water or steam).





Spiral Wound Lining (SWL)
The process involves winding
interlocking PVC strips in a
spiral pattern into the existing
pipe.






Fold and Form (F&F) The
process involves the expansion
(steam) of a continuous coil of
formulated PVC pipe to form a
tight fitting liner (when cooled)
within the existing host pipe.

Types of Sewer Rehabilitation Liner

Cured-in-place-pipe
lining
Spiral Wound Lining
Fold & Form lining
35
Before
After
Equipment for Spray Coating
Rehabilitation of Manholes
36
Sewer Rehabilitation Programme

Estimated Cost
$150 million (sewer)
$68 million (SDS)

Project Detail
Rehabilitate 600 km
of sewers and
drainlines

Project Duration
2006 to 2012
SINGAPORE RIVER
STAMFORD RIVER
ROCHOR RIVER
KALLANG RIVER
PELTON RIVER
GEYLANG RIVER
Objective
To rehabilitate the sewers and sanitary
drainlines in Marina Reservoir Catchment

37
Rehabilitation Of Sewerage Network System Phase 4
Sewers and Mains
Objective
To rehabilitate the
sewers (> 30 yrs)
and pumping
mains (> 20 yrs)
islandwide


Project Details
1,130 km of sewers
50 km of mains

Project Duration
2009 to 2014
38

Thank You