Acids & Bases Review Notes Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton (H+) donor. Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton (H+) acceptor.

To form a conjugate acid, add one H+ to its base; to form a conjugate base, remove one H+ from its acid. A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor. A Lewis base is an electron pair donor. A dative bond is formed because both electrons come from the base aka ligand. If just one then redox rxns. A substance that can act as both an acid and a base is amphoteric or amphiprotic. All Bronsted-Lowry acids are Lewis acids, but not vice versa. So Lewis acids are those that do not release H+. Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water to from the hydroxide ion OH-. All other bases accept H+ ions. Litmus paper turns pink in acids and blue in alkalis, but can't distinguish strengths. Methyl orange is red in acids and yellow in alkalis. Phenolphthalein is colorless in acids and pink in bases. Table 16 in Data booklet has more indicators and colors. Universal indicator, is a mixture of several indicators and so changes colors many times across a range of different acids and alkalis. So it can be used to measure concentration of H+ on the pH scale. Acids react with metals, bases and carbonates to form salts. Salts- compound formed when the H of an acid is replaced by a metal or another positive ion. Parent acid is what forms the salt. 3 Main types of reactions by which acids react to form salts1. Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen gas Ionic equations with species that don't change are called spectator ions and can be canceled out. Reason why acids are corrosive on most metals. 2. Acid + Base Salt + water Neudtralization rxns, used in titrations to determine concentrations, equivalence point is when acid and base neutralize each other. Process is known as standardization of an acid or alkali. 3. Acid + carbonate Salt + water + carbon dioxide When a gas is given off, visibly producing bubbles is is known as effervescence. Reactions of acids and bases depend on their dissociation in solution, acids produce H+ ions and bases produce OH- ions. Their aqueous solutions exist as equilibrium mixtures containing both the undissociated form and the ions. The position of this equilibrium is what defines the strength of an acid or a base. If equilibrium lies to the right, the acid has fully dissociated so a strong acid so ti will exist almost entirely as ions in solution. ie. Hcl. If equilibrium lies to the left, then weak acid b/c only partially dissociated. **Strength (strong vs. weak) refer to the extent of dissociation while concentration (concentrated vs. dilute) refers to the amount of water added to the solution. Weak acids and bases are much more common than strong acids and bases. pg. 155 Pearson Strong acids: Hcl, HNO3, H2SO4; Strong bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2

Weak acids: ethanoic acid/acetic acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid Weak bases: ammonia, ethylamine and other amines. Strong acids and bases dissociate more so contain higher concentration of ions than weak, which can be used to distinguish between them. Comparison only valid with same concentration solutions at the same temperature. 3 properties that depend on the concentration of ions: 1. Electrical conductivity- conductivity meter. 2. Rate of reaction- rate depends on H+ ion concentrations, but not easy means to quantify data to distinguish between strong and weak acids. 3. pH- pH scale is a measure of H+ concentrations, the lower the pH value to higher the H+ ion concentration. Universal indicator (pg. 158 Pearson for color chart) or pH meter. PH scale- a quantitative scale used to measure H+ ion concentration. More user friendly in the logarithmic scale b/c mostly weak acids. PH = -log [H+] OR [H+] = 10^ -pH

pH numbers are usually positive and have no units. Range 0-15, corresponding to 1 M to 10^ -15 M. pH number is inversely related to the [H+]. Strong acids have lower pH. A change of one pH unit represents a 10 fold change in [H+]. Increasing the pH by one unit represents a decrease in [H+] by 10 times and decreasing by one pH unit represents an increase in [H+] by 10 times. B/c the pH scale is logarithmic, this means that it compresses a very wide range of [H+] into a much smaller scale of numbers; a small pH change represents a dramatic difference in the acidity of a solution. ie. Acid rain and blood pH changes could be fatal.