ROEL F.

BALUGO

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION Saint Mary Criminology Review Center

Contact #09187763642/09272448368

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (RA-1436) DEFINITION OF TERMS

ROEL F. BALUGO

TRANSPORTATION Is the movement of conveying of persons and goods from one location to another. ROADWAY SHOULDER TRAFFIC - refers to either side of the roadway motor vehicle pass. - it refers to either side of the roadway especially along highways. - refers to the movement of persons goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel. - refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to the use of the public purpose of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.

TRAFFIC WAY

Major causes of traffic congestion based on the studies conducted by authorities. 1. 2. 3. 4. Physical Inadequacy lack of roads , bridges, railroads crossings, lack of traffic facilities. Poor control measure- ineffective mechanical control device inefficient traffic officers and poor implementation of traffic laws. Human errors- poor driving habits pedestrian mistakes poor planning, poor legislation. Poor maintenance.

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

ROEL F. BALUGO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) City or Municipal Engineers Office Department of Public Works and Highways Legislative Philippine National Police Academic Institution Courts Public Information Offices Citizen Support Groups Media Other agencies which help in the implementation of traffic rules and regulation.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC Traffic Engineering is the science of measuring traffic and travel. Traffic Education - is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge. 3. Traffic Enforcement deals mostly the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and regulations. 4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment this is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale and density or new urban concentration and new activities carried out air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion. 5. Traffic economy. IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA- 4136
ROEL F. BALUGO

1. 2.

1.

MOTOR VEHICLE - shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public highways, but excepting the rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, sprinkles, lawn movers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian tracts, and cranes if not used in public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors. Trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes. PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES shall mean pneumatic tire vehicles of types similar to those usually known under the following terms: touring cars, command cars, speed car, speedster, sports car, roadster, cycle car (except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are classified with motorcycles) coupe, landaulet, closed ca, limousine, cabriolet, and sedan. ROEL F. BALUGO

2.

ROEL F. BALUGO
3.

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

ARTICULATED VEHICLE shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer rest upon the motor vehicle and substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such trailers shall be called as semi- trailer. DRIVER shall mean any licensed operator of a motor vehicle. PROFESSIONAL DRIVER - every any driver hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle whether for private use or for hire to the public? Any driver driving his own motor for hire is a professional driver. OWNER the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle duly registered with the LTO.

4. 5.

6.

*****************************************************ROEL F. BALUGO***********************************************

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION ROEL F. BALUGO CONCEPT Traffic Accident Investigation generally to know what question to ask what to look for, you must have some fundamental bearing on accidents and their causes. When you speak of traffic accident, everybody knows what you mean SOMETHING WENT WRONG on the highway either a wrecked car, somebody is injured or possibly killed. What traffic accident investigation determines? It aims to know the five (5) W and one(1) H of the accident. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What happened? Who and What is involved? Where did it happen? Why did it happen? How did the accident occur? When did the accident happen?

DEFINITION OF TERMS - it is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death or property damage. 2. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way. 1. ACCIDENT 3. MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT event resulting in unintended injury or property damage attributed directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads includes are. a. Accident injury from inhalation of exhaust gas. b. Fires c. Explosion d. Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle in motion e. Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train or street car on stationary rail or tracks, and f. Failure of any part of the motor vehicle while the vehicle i s in motion. 4. MOTOR VEHICLE - every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails. 5. KEY EVENT - An event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident. 6. DEDRIS - the scattered broken parts of the vehicle, rubbish, dust and other materials left at the scene of the accident caused by collision. 7. SKID MARKS- these are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked. 8. TRFFIC UNIT- any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is using. It applies not only to motor vehicles but also: a. Pedestrians b. Cyclist ROEL F. BALUGO

ROEL F. BALUGO
ROEL F. BALUGO c. d. e. f.

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

Street cars Horse-drawn(animal drawn) vehicles Farm tractors Other users in almost any combination-example; a traffic accident could involved a cyclist and a pedestrian.

9. HAZARDS - a hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationships between a traffic unit and another object due to the movement of either both. Example: a curved in the path is a hazard; another traffic unit in the path is also hazard. 10. SAFE SPEED - it is the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of motion, giving signals of intent to turn or slow down, or any other action in situation involving potentials hazards. 11. TACTICS - any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like steering, breaking, or accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.

12. IMPACT

- the striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle with another motor vehicle.

13. CONTACT DAMAGE - damage a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign object in collision or roll over. It is usually indicated by striations, rub-off of material or puncture.

14. STRATEGY - it is the adjusting of speed, position of the road and direction of motion giving signals of intent to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations involving potential hazards. 15. FACTOR - any circumstances contributing to a result without which the result could not have occurred or it is an element necessary to produce the result but not by itself sufficient. 16. PRIMARY CAUSE misnomer loosely applied to obvious or easily explained factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition factor. 17. CAUSE -the combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any of which result could not have occurred. 18. ATTRIBUTE - any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle or a person that affects the probability of a traffic vehicle, or a person that affects the probability of a traffic accident. 19. MODIFIER
ROEL F. BALUGO

- a circumstances that alters an attribute permanent or temporarily.

KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 1. Non-motor vehicle traffic accident- refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion: Example: Pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way. 2. Motor vehicle non-traffic accident- any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way. 3. Motor vehicle traffic accident any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way. Classification of motor vehicle traffic accident according to key event. 1. Running off the road this is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling on the roadside or on a cliff along mountainous roads. 2. Non-collision on road this does not involve any collision an example of which is overturning. 3. Collision on road - this type of accident includes all forms of accidents as long as there is a collision. Example: of this motor vehicle colliding with: a. Pedestrian - may be walking, running or standing on a roadway. b. Other motor vehicle in traffic - may be head on, head and rear sides opposite direction, sides the same direction, head and side collision. c. Parked motor vehicle - the form of collision may be similar to a moving vehicle like head on collision, however, one is parked anywhere on a roadway. d. Railroad train this type of collision usually occurs along railroad crossings. e. Bicycle - in this form of collision, it is either the motor vehicle or the bicycle who initiated the collision. f. Fixed objective - traffic island, barriers, electric post. g. Other objects - street cars, ice cream vendor etc.

ROEL F. BALUGO

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

ROEL F. BALUGO

1. Property damage accident there is no fatal or injury to any person but only damage to the motor vehicle or to other property including injury to animals. 2. Slight - only slight damages to property. 3. Non-fatal injury accident - this results in injuries other than fatal to one or more person. 4. Less serious - only less serious injuries to persons. 5. Serious - this causes serious injuries to persons. 6. Fatal - this result in death to one or more persons. Causes of motor vehicle traffic accidents - traffic accidents occur due to varying circumstances and only after thorough investigation, when liability and responsibility can be ascertained. Notwithstanding that no driver will readily accept that he initiated. The accident, with these, the traffic investigator is faced with a gargantuan task of bringing out the truth on who should be held responsible for the unusual accident. His primary concern will be to determine be to determine how and why the accident happened. 1. Simultaneous factors a. Road condition b. Drivers attitude or behavior c. Weather condition 2. Sequential factors a. Speed is greater or less than safe b. Defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction) 3. Operation factors a. Road hazards b. Drivers non compliance to traffic laws, rules and regulations 4. Perception factors a. Drivers inability to react promptly to a situation. b. Drivers faulty action to escape collision course. c. Chain of events in a vehicular accident- for the purpose of reporting, traffic accident may usually be described well enough as a single occurrence but when accidents is investigated, attention is directed to particular stages of the occurrence. a. Perception of hazard it is seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as sign of the accident about to happen. b. Start of the action it is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid hazard. c. Initial contact - the first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise avoid hazards. d. Maximum engagement it is creates collapse or overlap in a collision. The force between the traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement. e. Disengagement - it is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has collided. The force between the object cease at the time. f. Stopping - this is the traffic units/involved comes to rest. It usually stabilizes the accident situation. g. Injury - it is receiving bodily harm. This event does not necessary occur after the accident but within any of the chain of events. It may also happen right after the evasive action taken by the drivers involved or during the initial contact. 7. Other events that may occur during an accident. a. Point of possible perception the time and place of which the hazard could have been perceived by a normal person. It precedes actual perception and is the beginning of the perception delay. b. Point of no escape it is that place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot be preserved by the traffic unit under consideration. c. Perception delay the time from the point of possible perception to actual perception. d. Final position it is the place and time when objects involved in an accident finally come to rest without application of power. FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION ROEL F. BALUGO 1. Reporting this stage involves basic data collection to identify and classify a motor vehicle traffic and persons properly and planned movements involved. 2. At Scene investigation- this level involves all action taken by the investigator at the scene of the crime or accident. 3. Technical preparation this involves delayed traffic accident data collection and organization for duty and interpretation. ROEL F. BALUGO

ROEL F. BALUGO

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

ROEL F. BALUGO 4. Profession reconstruction - this involves effort to determine from whatever information is available, how the accident happened. 5. Cause analysis - this last level usually involves final analysis on the causes of accident which are the bases for the prevention of similar accident. SKID MARKS AS A TOOL IN TRAFFIC INVESTIGATION ROEL F. BALUGO Skid Marks the sudden application of brakes results in the locked wheel condition places great pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum that the function force at this point becomes greater than the friction force between the tire and the road surface. When this condition exists the wheels skid: A. Skid marks as a tool in traffic accident investigation. Principles: 1. Measurement of skid marks gives idea on how fast the car which left these marks was going prior to the accident. 2. Estimates of speed based on the skid marks may lead to conviction knowing how to estimate speed correctly may help an innocent person from being convicted. B. Other tire marks- the investigators first job is to find out if the mark on the pavement is a skid or another type of tire marks. Thus, he must familiarize himself with the following marks that may be left by a motor vehicle on a road surface. 1. Centrifugal skid mark a marking on a roadway left by a rotating tire and wheel of a speeding vehicle on a curve when the speed of the vehicle is above the critical speed of the curve and the centrifugal force entirely or partially overcomes the friction between the mass of the vehicle and it tires and the surface of the roadway. Impending skid marks marks caused by the forward rotation of the wheel being slower that the forward movement of the vehicle. The shadowy beginning of a skid mark along the approach path of the vehicle is the impending skid mark ( as tire shadow marks), while the darker marking are the skid marks which begins in the impending skid mark and ends at the point of collision or final rest. Yawn mark a scuffmark made while vehicle is yawning than mark made on the road by rotating tire which is slipping in a direction parallel to the axle of the wheel.

2.

3.

4.

Skip mark a braking skid mark interrupted at frequent regular intervals the skid mark made by a bouncing wheel on which brakes keep the wheel from turning compare with gap skid. Sid skid mark (scuff mark) it is roadway marking left by the tire and wheel of a vehicle sliding sideways as a result of force other than centrifugal force. Gap skid a braking skid mark which is interrupted by release and reapplication of brakes or which terminates by release of breaks before collision.

5.

6.

OTHER MARKS AND IMPRESSION LEFT BY A MOTOR VEHICLE ETHEIR ON THE ROAD OR SURFACE OR ON THE OTHER MOTOR VEHICLE ROEL F. BALUGO 1. Ruts a sudden sunken track worn by a wheel as in road hence, a groove forming a path for anything. 2. Gouge a groove made by a hard part of a motor vehicle to another car after sideswiping. 3. Paints strips when a vehicle collided with other object it sometimes transfers its paints to the other object. OTHER FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SKIDDING 1. Brake pedal pressure when wheel are actually sliding, additional brake pedal pressure will not make the stop any quicker. Once the wheels have been locked and the car is sliding the brakes have done all they can in slowing the car and the grab of the pavement on the tires is what determines how fast the car slows down. 2. Weight of the car makes a great difference in stopping distance before the wheels, lock but once they have locked it makes a very little difference. It is true that takes much greater pressure to lock the wheels on a vehicle when it is heavily loaded than it is empty. However, when the wheels are once locked, a greater weight of the vehicle, which gives it greater momentum, also causes it to press harder on the road surface and therefore, give it a corresponding greater drag from the pavement. ROEL F. BALUGO

ROEL F. BALUGO

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

ROEL F. BALUGO 3. Tire thread on the most ordinary surface a smooth tire and one of the deep thread patterns will stop the car in about the same distance. On some other surface particularly on ice, a smooth thread is better because it distributes the weight over a greater area. 4. Air pressure makes a very slight difference in stopping distance. On ice, for example, soft tire will distribute the weight a little and more and give somewhat better traction. 5. Tire material there is a slight difference between tires made by synthetic and those made of natural rubbers. 6. Road surface of surface such as mud, snow, and ice, tires equipped with chains have a better road-gripping capacity. On some hard pavements, however, chains may decrease road gripping capacity. 7. Direction of slides makes a slight but unimportant difference. A tire lengthwise except in materials so soft that it plows or sinks.

REVIEW RA-1436 TRAFFIC LAW

----------------------------------------------------------------------------ROEL F. BALUGO-----------------------------------------------------------------------------