The main purpose of the geotechnical and materials investigations will be: To determine the condition of the roadbed

d materials and the foundations of the major crossing sites To identify the possible poor roadbed materials and/or swampy stretches(if any) and to propose the possible remedial measures Based on the collected data and analysis determine the appropriate pavement structure, which is suitable to the prevailing traffic condition, roadbed materials and available construction material type and also provide the safe bearing value and footing level for foundations of the crossing sites To identify suitable sources of construction materials with feasible hauling distances To identify the geological hazards like slide prone areas and propose the possible remedial measures, Following the desk study, reconnaissance survey of the project alignments, which includes identifying the types of sub grade materials, observing the foundation conditions of major crossing sites as well as identifying the existing construction materials sources will be made. In the second stage, the detail geotechnical investigations will be made through excavation of test pits. And based on the hydrologic study, the foundation investigation will be conducted using appropriate methods of subsurface investigation. Samples of construction materials will be collected and tested for their qualities.

Task 45.1.1: investigation of the roadbed materials

General Soil extension survey along alignment The first phase of soil investigation starts with desk study, i.e. demarcation of the different soil types using aerial photographs and preliminary investigation. This will be followed by reconnaissance survey. Finally, based on the data collected in the first phase, the detail soil extension survey will be determined during the detail investigation phase, which includes locating the exact lateral demarcation of the different soil types and their thickness, which is confirmed by test pitting. A, Existing pavement condition survey and Sub grade materials Investigation Investigation will be carried out for the existing gravel road. Under this activity, proper attention will be given for sections of the road which used the existing sub grade as roadbed materials and sections that require imported sub grade materials. The following approach will be implemented: Checking the suitability of the existing sub-grade materials for swelling, plasticity and strength properties for possible sub grade preparation such as replacement and also the suitability of materials to be used for embankments in areas to be raised. Conduct in-situ density tests and DCP tests

 From the test pit, identification of the thickness of the existing wearing gravel as well as the roadbed materials will be conducted. Representative samples for classification and standard modified Proctor 3 point CBR and classification tests will be taken from the pits Moreover soil survey will be conducted to differentiate the different soil types, which is important for pavement design purpose. The soil survey includes: Visual identification of the roadbed material Demarcation of the different soil boundaries with respect to chainage

i, Existing Pavement Condition Survey, testing and sampling

To assess the existing condition of the road, existing pavement condition survey will be carried out. Existing condition survey for the gravel and paved sections will emphasizes on the following issues: The type of wearing gravel and thickness(for gravel road section) and condition of the surfacing for the paved section The types of distresses observed, i.e. Rutting along the wheel tracks Deformation due to poor roadbed materials and drainage problems or traffic loading Longitudinal erosion gullies due to lack of camber and developed along the wheel track potholes formed due to weak spots and drainage problems corrugation formed due to segregation of the fine and coarse fractions loss of camber developed due to surface irregularities loss of the wearing gravel and exposure of the sub grade material caused because of traffic and rainfall existing road contaminated with clay due to sub grade deformation and/or flooding Condition of the side slope Condition of the side ditches Based on the observed distress types and available information propose the required maintenance measures before the rehabilitation or upgrading. Moreover for conducted: the sections with wearing gravel thickness > 100mm, the following tests will be Conduct DCP test every 500m to correlate with that of the laboratory CBR Conduct in-situ density tests with the interval of 2 km Collect samples of the existing wearing gravel (gravel road) and base course and sub base (paved road) every 2km for modified Proctor 3point CBR, gradation and classification

These tests will help to decide whether the existing pavement shall be incorporated in the new pavement structure or scarified. Finally based on the observed distress types and available information propose the required maintenance/rehabilitation/upgrading measures.

(i) Investigation and sampling of the existing roadbed material To assess the existing roadbed material the following tests will be conducted: Carryout the soil extension survey Conduct DCP test every 500m to correlate with the laboratory CBR values Excavate test pit and log the layers every 500m, collect samples for classification Conduct in-situ density tests every km and Every 500m collect samples for modified Proctor 3 point CBR and classification tests B, Method of investigation for the re-alignment (if any): i, Roadbed materials Investigation The purpose of sub grade material investigation is to properly identify the types of materials along the route corridor(realignment) as well as to determine the engineering properties, which is necessary to determine the pavement structure and also to propose the necessary remedial measures to avoid the problems that may arise due to poor roadbed materials. The sub grade material investigation will be carried out only through test pit excavation and sampling of the sub grade materials. The sampling will be conducted for 500m, but for poor roadbed materials closer sampling will be made. The sub grade material will be investigated by digging test pits up to 1m below the formation level. However for part of the alignment with problem sub grade materials, the test pit will be dug up 1.5m below the formation level. After completing the excavation, the thickness of the different horizons will be measured, the material will be described and representative sample will be collected for laboratory testing from each layer having minimum thickness of 200mm. After completing the sampling and logging, the test pits will be backfilled compacted and leveled to the natural ground level. The collected samples will be tested for the following tests: modified Proctor density CBR swelling classification determination of the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) determination of the optimum moisture content (OMC) shrinkage limit The test pit logs and test results will be submitted in the appendix of the materials report.

Task 45.1.2: Investigations of Construction Materials

During the detail investigation phase, in addition to the material sources identified during the preliminary investigation, trial will be made to locate more material sources suitable for the construction. Moreover emphasis will be given to assess the quality and quantity of material sources. Representative samples will be collected from the existing as well as from the new sources for quality tests.

All the material sources will be properly described, photographed and their location will be described with respect to the chainage of the project road. In locating the construction material sources, emphasis will be given to minimize the environmental impacts and displacement. Rock sources for crushing: Crushed aggregate is required for cement concrete, base course, bituminous mixing and may be for sub base if suitable natural gravel is not available. Based on experience, rock materials that are suitable for the mentioned works are obtained from basaltic rocks, which are commonly found as observed during the site visit. Therefore aggregate sample will be collected from the existing and new sources that will be located by the materials Engineer. The collected samples will be tested for the following quality tests: Los Angeles abrasion test (LAA wear) Aggregate crushing value (ACV) Flakiness index Plasticity characteristics(LL and PI) Soundness loss using sodium or sulphate solutions Water absorption and specific gravity Coating/stripping Rock sources for masonry works: The common types of rocks used for masonry works are trachite and ignimbrites, which are easy to shape, which are randomly observed in the project area. As a result rock samples will be collected from the available sources used for local construction or from the new sources. The sample will be tested for: Compressive strength(optional) Water absorption However, the compressive strength may also be assessed on site using Schmidt hammer. Natural Gravel for wearing gravel/sub base/shoulder, capping layer and back fill of structures: The project road standard will be decided following the feasibility study. Therefore the natural gravel material can be used for wearing gravel/subbase/shoulder, capping layer and back fill of structures. And samples will be collected from the existing and the new sources that will be located by the materials Engineer. The collected samples will be tested for: LAA Modified Proctor-CBR Gradation Swelling Plasticity behavior (LL and PI) Determination of the MDD and OMC However based on the test results, i.e. if it is not possible to get natural gravel sources that do not meet the requirements, trial will be made to improve the quality of the gravel by some mechanical stabilization technique; otherwise crushed stone will be used. However during the investigation phase, trial will be made to locate natural gravel sources that can be used without processing.

Based on the observations made during the site visit, most section of the project area is characterized with rocky sub grade, which is excellent road bed material; however few stretches are covered with light brown silty clay soil, which is acceptable and normally that doesnt need replacement; but may require provision of capping layer. Therefore natural gravel sources that can be used as capping layer material will be located. The material that will be used for capping layer will be tested for: Modified Proctor-CBR Swelling Plasticity behavior (LL and PI) Determination of the MDD and OMC Borrow materials for replacement and embankment constructions As observed during the site visit, the project area is located in mountainous and escarpment area, which is not prone to flooding and do not require raising, except some flat sections. Therefore, only for the flat sections borrow materials will be required. Thus emphasis will be given to locate borrow sources at reasonable distance. Besides the overburden material and waste material at the quarries and natural gravel sources will also be tested. Moreover the possibility of using the excavated material in the cut section of the project area will also be assessed. The borrow materials will be tested for: modified Proctor-CBR Classification tests (Atterberg limits) MDD and OMC Swelling Sand sources: Sand is required for mortar and cement concrete works. Therefore all the riverbeds, which bear sand, will be properly inspected. Based on the information gathered during the site visit, there are sufficient natural sand sources. Thus sand sample will be collected from the streams and rivers and tested for the following quality tests: Sieve analysis Clay lumps Organic impurity Sodium/Magnesium soundness Mortar making properties Water Sources Water is required for construction purposes, i.e. for compaction and cement concrete mixing. Moreover potable water is required for the construction crew. Therefore, trial will be made to record information about all the intermittent and perennial rivers as well as dams, lakes, springs and ground water tables. Besides the villages supplied with potable water will be also listed. As observed during the site visit, there is no perennial river in the project area. And water sample will be collected from the available sources and tested for: Cl-content PH value Sulphate content TDS

Task 45.1.3: Soils and materials report

The data obtained during the feasibility study and detail investigation phases will be summarized and presented in the soils and materials report. Among other things the main body of the report will incorporate the following items: Sub grade and foundation investigations Summary of in-situ tests Analysis of the laboratory test results In the appendix part of the report, all the laboratory test results will be summarized and presented. Moreover the following information will be included: Test pit logs Soil maps Construction materials map Soil extension Soil and materials map of the project road alignment

Task 46: Pavement and foundation design

Pavement and foundation design of the project road will be made based on the data collected from field investigations and laboratory test results. Moreover traffic data collected during the feasibility study and if available previous traffic data, existing and legal axle load limits of the country. Based on the findings of the study, the Consultant will provide typical cross sections indicting the proposed pavement structure for the various sections of the project. Based on the data collected from the relevant organizations and also from site, analysis will be made and the type of pavement structure required to accommodate the overwhelming traffic, which is structurally adequate and is economical will be proposed using different manuals, and finally the most feasible one will be recommended for the project road. In designing the pavement structure, emphasis will be made to utilize the locally available materials. For the crossing sites that require widening and/or new structure, based on the subsurface investigation results, the footing depth, at which scouring is not a problem will be determined. And at the proposed footing level the allowable safe bearing capacity will be recommended.

Task 46.1: Detail discussion of pavement and foundation Design

As stated in the TOR, the project road standard will be decided after the feasibility study. Therefore the Consultant will carryout all the activities, i.e. traffic study, materials investigations and design keeping in mind the TOR. The Consultant will further update and refine the traffic studies and forecast carried out during the feasibility phase so that the data can be used for the proposed pavement design purposes. The day time 12 hours traffic count will be adjusted to 24 hours in the same proportion as the 12hours/ 24 hours split on those days when full 24 hours counts, have been taken. The performance of roads is very sensitive to the types and number of commercial vehicles that use the road. Therefore in designing the pavement structure, it is very important to give emphasis on traffic analysis, i.e. determination of the design traffic and determination of the design sub grade CBR value.

For this particular project the traffic analysis will be made based on the data collected from ERA, traffic count conducted during the feasibility. The design sub grade CBR value will also be determined based on the soil extension and the laboratory CBR test results as well as the borrow material that will be used for embankment construction. Based on the design traffic and design CBR values the pavement thickness will be determined using different manuals. And after comparing the merits and demerits of the pavement structures determined using the different manuals, the one, which is structurally adequate and economical, will be recommended for the project road.