AC Signals

Week 3 - Lecture 1 Mark Bocko

Topics:
Brief mathematical review
A few simple deriva/ves Simple harmonic oscillator Natural base e Complex numbers Eulers formula

Phasors

Limits and Derivatives

f(x) f(x0+x)

f(x0) tangent x0 f(x0+x) - f(x0) Slope = x0+x x0 Make x 0 = x0+x x

f(x0+x) - f(x0) x

lim x 0

f (x 0 + x ) f (x 0 )
x

d f (x ) dx

f '(x 0 )
x0
2

f(x) f(x0+x) f(x0+x) f(x0) f(x0) tangent x x x x0 x0+ 0+ x

A few simple derivatives we will need

d n x = nx n 1 dx d Const = 0 dx d x =1 dx
Product rule:

d sin(x ) = cos(x ) dx d cos(x ) = sin(x ) dx d x e = ex dx

d f (x ) g (x ) = f (x ) g '(x ) + f '(x ) g (x ) dx
d x sin(x ) = x cos(x ) + 1 sin(x ) dx

d ax = a dx

Chain rule:

d f (g (x )) = f '(g (x )) g '(x ) dx
d ax e = ae ax dx
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d 2 2 sin( x ) = cos( x ) 2x dx

Whats so special about e?

e = 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 47093 69995

The only exponential function (ax) where the slope of d x x e = e the function equals the value of the function at every dx point. Exploding rabbit population: Lets say that there is a colony of rabbits and that each pair of rabbits has 2 offspring per year. How does the population grow over time? (Assume that we start with
just two rabbits and that rabbits are immortal and never perish they just keep making more rabbits.)

Let y(t) = number of rabbits at time t, and y(t=0) = 2, (initial condition) then

d y = 1y dt

(1 because it takes 2 rabbits to produce 2 more rabbits)

50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 0

and since y(t=0) = 2 A = 2

y (t ) = 2et

rabbits

solution is

y (t ) = Aet

years

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sin(t)

Derivatives of sin, cos

d sin(t ) = cos(t ) dt

cos(t)

d cos(t ) = sin(t ) dt
- sin(t)

d sin(t ) = cos(t ) dt
- cos(t)

d cos(t ) = sin(t ) dt

F A k m
x = 0 v = vmax

Simple Harmonic Oscillator

xmax
A
x = xmax v = 0

B C

x(t) = xmaxsin(t)
E D

-xmax
C
x = 0 v = - vmax

vmax A
D
x = -xmax v = 0

v(t) = vmaxcos(t)
B D C

-vmax
E
x = 0 v = vmax

Simple Harmonic Oscillator

m k

Newtons 2nd Law F = ma Hookes Law F = -kx

d x = v , velocity dt d v = a , acceleration dt
d dx d 2x =a 2 dt dt dt
d 2x 2 , so = x 2 dt

d 2x m 2 = kx dt

d 2x k = x 2 m dt

k let 2 m

It works! Can we nd a function that satises this differential equation?

x = x 0 sin t

( )

d x = x 0 cos t dt

( )

d2 2 x = x sin t 0 2 dt
k m

( )
8

so x (t ) = x 0 sin t

( )

where

Complex Numbers
The need for imaginary numbers x2 4 = 0 x2 = 4 , so x = +2 and x = -2 are solutions

How about: x2 + 4 = 0 x2 = -4 = (-1) (4) so x =

-1 4

x = 2

-1

x = 2j

j = -1
j1 = j j2 = -1 j3 = -j j4 = 1 j5 = j

Complex Number: z = x + j y
real part imaginary part

Re(z) = x Im(z) = y
9

Complex Number Arithmetic

Addition:
(a + jb) + (c + jd) = (a+c) + j(b+d) (a + jb) x (c + jd) = (ac-bd) + j(bc+ad) (a + jb) (a jb)
cc

Multiplication:

Complex Conjugate:

z = a + jb

z* = a jb

Graphing Complex Numbers:

imag b r z = (a + jb)

|z|2 = z x z* = a2 + b2

b a real

b , b = r sin r a cos = , a = r cos r

sin =

r = |z|

r 2 = a2 + b2 , r = a2 + b2 b b tan = , = tan1 a a

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Complex Exponential Function

Taylor Series Expansions
hMps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series

n! = n(n-1)(n-2)1

Consider
e
j

x3 x5 x 7 sin x = x + + ... 3! 5 ! 7 ! x2 x 4 x6 cos x = 1 + + ... 2! 4! 6! 2 3 4 5 x x x x x ex = 1 + + + + + + ... 1 ! 2 ! 3! 4 ! 5 !

j ( j )2 ( j )3 ( j )4 ( j )5 =1+ + + + + + ... 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
3 5 2 4 = 1 + ... + j + ... 2! 4! 1 ! 3! 5 !

e j

= cos + j sin

Eulers Formula
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A remarkable equation!
e
j

= cos + j sin -1 0

or equivalently

e
2

+1= 0

e j 0 = cos 0 + j sin 0 = 1

re j = r cos + jr sin
imag b r rsin a real

e j
e
j
3 2

+ j sin = j 2 2 = cos + j sin = 1

= cos 3 3 + j sin = j 2 2 = cos2 + j sin2 = 1 = cos
imag

e j 2

rcos

ej/2 ej0
1 real

ej ej3/2

ej2

Complex Arithmetic revisited

Simplications using complex exponential notation:

Multiplication: r 1e Division:

j 1

r2e

j 2

= r 1r2e

j 1 +2

re

= r2

Magnitude:

re j = r

r 1e r2e

j 1 j 2

r1 r2

j e ( 1 2)

Useful Identities

e j + e j = cos 2 e j e j = j sin 2

Complex phasors and sinusoidal oscillations

e jt = cos t + j sin t
Circular motion in the complex plane
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