A PROJECT REPORT ON

SUBMITTED TO : MRS. NIVEDITA (MATHS DEPTT.)

SUBMITTED BY : GROUP IV B.COM-I (ODD) PRIYA KHANNA (359) RASLEEN KAUR (367) ASHIMA (397) PALAK MITTAL (399) RAJNI SUNEJA (439) SHIKHA KHANNA (497)

 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the interlinked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail. Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet, giving rise to services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV. Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Web sites, blogging, and web feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking sites. The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. . Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely-affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The term the Internet, when referring to the Internet, has traditionally been treated as a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter. There is a trend to regard it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as "the internet", without the capital.

 The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA or DARPA) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead. ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. UCLA professor Leonard Kleinroc had provided the theoretical foundations for packet networks in 1962, and later, in the 1970s, for hierarchical routing, concepts which have been the underpinning of the development towards today's Internet. Professor Leonard Kleinroc (in picture ) with one of the first ARPANET Interface Message Processors at UCLA. The ARPANET was one of the "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of X.25-based networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The X.25 packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976. During the next years , work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating systems. The first TCP/IP-based wide-area network was operational by January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols. In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of the NSFNET, a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone using computers called "fuzzballs" by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF sponsored the conversion to a higher-speed 1.5 megabit/second network. A key decision to use the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at NSF. The opening of the network to commercial interests began in 1988. The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the

commercial MCI Mail system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic e-mail services were soon connected. In that same year, three commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) were created: UUNET, PSI Net and CERFNET. This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first Web server.

Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s. On 6 August 1991, CERN, a pan European organization for particle research, publicized the new World Wide Web project. The Web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. An early popular web browser was Viola WWW, patterned after HyperCard and built using the X Window System. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois released version 1.0 of Mosaic, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic, technical Internet. By 1996 usage of the word Internet had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its use as a synecdoche in reference to the World Wide Web.

Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as Fido Net, have remained separate). During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet grew by 100 percent per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997.This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network .The estimated population of Internet users is 1.67 billion as of June 30, 2009.

PROTOCOLS
The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP) which provides addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. IP enables internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of the today's Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3 billion (10 9) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion which is estimated to enter its final stage in approximately 2011. A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid 1990s which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 is currently in commercial deployment phase around the world and Internet address registries (RIRs) have begun to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.

STRUCTURE
The Internet structure and its usage characteristics have been studied extensively. It has been determined that both the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks. Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large sub networks such as GEANT, GLORIAD, Internet2 (successor of the Abilene Network), and the UK's national research and education network JANET. These in turn are built around smaller networks. Many computer scientists describe the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system". The Internet is extremely heterogeneous; for instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely. The Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal selfsimilarity. The principles of the routing and addressing methods for traffic in the Internet reach back to their origins the 1960s when the eventual scale and popularity of the network could not be anticipated. Thus, the possibility of developing alternative structures is investigated.

ICANN headquarters in Marina Del Rey, California, United States The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. However, to maintain interoperability, all technical and policy aspects of the underlying core infrastructure and the principal name spaces are administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), headquartered in Marina del Rey, California. ICANN is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces, in which names and numbers are uniquely assigned, are essential for the global reach of the Internet. ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. The US government continues to have the primary role in approving changes to the DNS root zone that lies at the heart of the domain name system. ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body on the global Internet. On November 16, 2005, the World Summit on the Information Society, held in Tunis, established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.

 The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and web applications. The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, data cards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a wireless network supporting that device's technology. The Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of lowcost advertising and commerce through the Internet, also known as e-commerce. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast number of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising medium. Examples of personalized marketing include online communities such as MySpace, Friendster, Facebook, Twitter, Orkut. The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier, with the help of collaborative software. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to easily form in the first place. An example of this is the free software movement, which has produced, among other programs, Linux, Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org. Internet "chat", whether in the form of IRC chat rooms or channels, or via instant messaging systems, allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way. Version control systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without either accidentally overwriting each other's work or having members wait until they get "sent" documents to be able to make their contributions. The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of security and authentication.

Portal yahoo.co.in Social Networking orkut.com News ibnlive.com Health healthy-india.org Jobs Search monsterindia.com Books granth.com Matrimony shaadi.com Filing Taxes taxsmile.com Shopping homeshop18.com Legal Services legalserviceindia.com Travel cleartrip.com Food and Beverage kitchensofindia.com Cricket cricinfo.com Parenting indiaparenting.com Properties hdfcrealty.com Online Directory sulekha.com Online Radio raaga.com Entertainment indiafm.com Search google.co.in Bill Payment visa bill pay .in Automobiles carwale.com Education schoolsahead.com Tourism keralatourism.org Astrology ganeshaspeaks.com Technology tech2.com Mobile Contents rediff.com/mobile Gaming indya.com Movie Rentals seventymm.com Gifts and Flowers fnp. in Photo Sharing zoom. in NGO careindia.org

Media Freedom Internet Cookbook by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media Vienna, 2004 Living InternetInternet history and related information, including information from many creators of the Internet First Monday peer-reviewed journal on the Internet How Much Does The Internet Weigh? by Stephen Cass, Discover 2007 Rehmeyer , Julie J. 2007. Mapping a medusa: The Internet spreads its tentacles. Science News 171(June 23):387-388. Available at Sciencenews.org Castells, M. 1996. Rise of the Network Society. 3 vols. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Castells, M. (2001), Lessons from the History of Internet, in The Internet Galaxy, Ch. 1, pp 935. Oxford University Press. RFC 1122, Requirements for Internet HostsCommunication Layers, IETF, R. Braden (Ed.), October 1989 RFC 1123, Requirements for Internet HostsApplication and Support, IETF, R. Braden (Ed.), October 1989

CONTINENT
ASIA EUROPE NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA AFRICA MIDDLE EAST OCEANIA /AUSTRALIA

INTERNET USERS (X) (in %)

37 27 20 9 3 2 2 X =100

MEAN
Mean = = 100 / 7 = 14.29

MEDIAN
Median = Size of (N+1/ 2) th item = Size of (7+1/ 2) th item = Size of 4 th item = 9

In project Role of internet in life, the sample size of 30 persons has been taken for this Report. If the sample size would be large than it is quite possible that the findings of the research would have been more accurate. Since the sample size is small it is really very difficult to know the preference of the people. It is also assumed that all the information provided by different persons is true. On the basis of this sample, we can assume the preferences of the population. The analysis can be seen with the help of pie chart, bar diagram and measures of central tendency.

 Introduction Terminology History Governance Working Technology Modern uses Advantages Disadvantages Best Website Questionnaire Analysis 1) Graph 2) Pie chart 3) Measures of central tendency References

This project comes out to be a great source of learning and experience. Lot of efforts has been put by various people to make this project a success. This has greatly enhanced my knowledge about the vast field of Internet in life. I felt my sincere gratitude towards Mrs. Nivedita ( Maths Department ) for guiding me throughout this project. I am very much thankful to all people who spent their valuable time to fill questionnaires and give their suggestions regarding it. Last but not the least I would like to thank all the persons directly or indirectly involved

The Internet provides many facilities to the people. The main advantages of Internet are discussed below. 1. Sharing Information: You can share information with other people around the world. The scientist or researchers can interact with each other to share knowledge and to get guidance etc. Sharing information through Internet is very easy, cheap and fast method. 2. Collection of Information: A lot of information of different types is stored on the web server on the Internet. It means that billions websites contain different information in the form of text and pictures. You can easily collect information on every topic of the world. For this purpose, special websites, called search engines are available on the Internet. 3. News: You can get latest news of the world on the Internet. They have their websites from where you can get the latest news about the events happening in the world. These websites are periodically updated or they are immediately updated with latest news when any event happens around the world. 4. Searching Jobs: You can search different types of jobs all over the world, Most of the organizations/departments around the world, advertise their vacant vacancies on the Internet. The search engines are also used to search the jobs on Internet. You can apply for the required job through Internet. 5. Advertisement: Today, most of the commercial organizations advertise their product through Internet. It is very cheap and efficient way for the advertising of products. The products can be presented with attractive and beautiful way to the people around the world. 6. Communication: You can communicate with other through Internet around the world. You can talk by watching to one another; just you are talking with your friends in your drawing room. For this purpose, different services are provided on the Internet such as;

Chatting Video conferencing E-mail Internet telephony etc.

7. Entertainment: Internet also provides different type of entertainments to the people. You can play games with other people in any part of the world. Similarly, you can see movies, listen music etc. You can also make new friends on the Internet for enjoyment. 8. Online Education: Internet provides the facility to get online education. Many websites of different universities provide lectures and tutorials on different subjects or topics. You can also download these lectures or tutorials into your own computer. You can listen these lectures repeatedly and get a lot of knowledge. It is very cheap and easy way to get education. 9. Online Results: Today, most of the universities and education boards provide results on the Internet. The students can watch their results from any part of country or world. 10. Online Airlines and Railway Schedules: Many Airline companies and Pakistan Railway provide their schedules of flights and trains respectively on the Internet. 11. Online Medical Advice: Many websites are also available on the Internet to get information about different diseases. You can consult a panel of online doctors to get advice about any medical problem. In addition, a lot of material is also available on the Internet for research in medical field

Although Internet has many advantages disadvantages. The main disadvantages are:

but

it

also

has

some

1. Viruses: Today, Internet is the most popular source of spreading viruses. Most of the viruses transfer from one computer to another through e-mail or when information is downloaded on the Internet. These viruses create different problems in your computer. For example, they can affect the performance of your computer and damage valuable data and software stored in your computer. 2. Security Problems: The valuable websites can be damaged by hackers and your valuable data may be deleted. Similarly, confidential data may be accessed by unauthorized persons. 3. Immorality: Some websites contains immoral materials in the form of text, pictures or movies etc. These websites damage the character of new generation. 4. Filtration of Information: When a keyword is given to a search engine to search information of a specific topic, a large number of related links a displayed. In this case, it becomes difficult to filter out the required information. 5. Accuracy of Information: A lot of information about a particular topic is stored on the websites. Some information may be incorrect or not authentic. So, it becomes difficult to select the correct information. Sometimes you may be confused. 6. Wastage of times: A lot of time is wasted to collect the information on the Internet. Some people waste a lot of time in chatting or to play games. At home and offices, most of the people use Internet without any positive purpose. 7. English language problems: Most of the information on the Internet is available in English language. So, some people cannot avail the facility of Internet.