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LATIN FOR THE FIRST YEAR

BT
WALTER
B.
GUNNISON,
AND
Ph.D.
NEW YORK
LATE PRINCIPAL OF ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL, BROOKLYN,
WALTER
S.
HARLEY, A.M.
TEACHER OF LATIN, ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL
SILVER,
BURDETT AND COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO
Copyright, 1915, 1917, by
SILVER,
BURDETT AND COMPANY
PREFACE
"
Latin for the First Year

direct
"
is
intended to prepare, in a simple
and
To
manner, for the reading of Latin authors. achieve the utmost simplicity of treatment consistent with
thoroughness and to make the study of Latin interesting were the chief aims of the authors.
Inflections.
To
pupils speaking English only, a highly inflected

difficulties.
language naturally presents special
The variety
of
case endings, tense endings, and tense signs, grammatical gender, the agreement of adjectives, and the order of words, are all pracRealizing that for tically new to the minds of beginners in Latin.
the pupil the most important
work
of the first year is to learn the
have endeavored to present At the beginning only one case is these clearly and logically. declension is learned. In the third in until the first a given lesson, declension the difficulties have been reduced to a minimum. Only one tense is given at a time in the development of the verb. Experience seems to show that it is best to contrast the forms of one tense in the different conjugations and later to contrast the tenses of each conjugation as a whole by synopses. Declensions and conjugations
inflections of the language, the authors
are given in alternate lessons, so far as possible. Syntax. In the matter of syntax the authors have endeavored
to avoid the error of attempting to teach all in one year. Only the The independent uses of the subessentials, therefore, are given.
junctive are omitted entirely.
The subordinate
clauses are those
of purpose, result, indirect question, and the more common clauses of time, cause, and condition. Much use is made of the infinitive
with subject accusative. Prepositional phrases are carefully distinguished, and the important ablative absolute is fully explained.
Rules and principles are derived inductively. Comparison is constantly made with English usage, though a thorough knowledge of
the technicalities of English
grammar
is
not assumed.
Vocabulary. The vocabulary of the eighty-two lessons includes about seven hundred words, which with few exceptions are used by
60553 9
VI
PREFACE
Caesar. Words related in meaning are associated, and simple The derivation words are given before their compound forms. of English words is emphasized. Exercises. In the Latin exercises the purpose has been to make short sentences that are intelligible in themselves, and not dependent upon the context of an author. Many sentences have been adapted, however, from the reading matter for the second year. For variety many interrogative sentences are used in the exercises; to these, so far as possible, answers should be given in Latin, as an excellent drill in forms. The constant aim has been to fix firmly
repetition in the exercises the important principles of syntax explained in the lessons.
by frequent
Reviews.
Much
emphasis has been
laid
in the twelve special review lessons, but also in the
upon reviews, not only summaries of

In the
forms and constructions, whenever a
series is terminated.
Appendix the inflections and rules of syntax are brought together. Connected Reading. Short paragraphs for reading begin in Lesson X.
fied
In Lessons
of
XLII-LXXXII
first
portions
Caesar's
Bellum Helveticum.
these paragraphs are simpliFollowing the

is
lessons this story of Caesar's
campaign
repeated, but with
fewer changes from the exact words of Caesar. A section of fables and short stories in Latin has been added for general interest. Quotations. The many standard quotations from Latin writers
be appreciated by pupils as part of their permanent possession, and in a measure will form a connecting link between the study of Latin and its practical use in our present-day activities.
will
The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Mr. E. W. Harter, Head of the Classical Department, Erasmus Hall High School, and to Mr. Walter E. Johnson, Head of the Latin Department, Lane Technical High School, Chicago, 111., who have given
suggestions during the preparation of the manuscript and the reading of the proof; and to J. B. Lippincott Company for the privilege of reproducing illustration of a Roman warship from " Ships and Ways of Other Days," by E. K. Chatterton.
many valuable
Brooklyn, N. Y., August
i,
1915.
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction:
Lesson
I.
The Latin Language

Pronunciation
The Alphabet.
Syllables.
3
5
7
II.
Accent
III.
The Nominative Case. The Verb sum IV. The First Conjugation: Present Tense, Active
Voice
9
11
... The Accusative Case. The Direct Object The Genitive VI. The First Declension: Singular.
V.
Case
12
.
The First Declension: Plural. The Dative Case VIII. The Ablative Case. Order of Words IX. The Second Conjugation: Present Tense. The
VII.
15
18
Accusative with Prepositions
20
23
X. Review
XL
Gender.
The Second Declension:
Masculine
24
Nouns
XII. The Second Declension: Neuter Nouns.
Apposi-
and Predicate Nouns XIII. The Third and Fourth Conjugations:

tive
28
Present
31
of Adjec-
Indicative.
The Present
Infinitive
XIV. Adjectives
tives
in -us, -a, -urn.

in
Agreement
-er.
33 Adjectives
Possessive
XV. Nouns and
Pro-
nominal Adjectives
36
XVI. Prepositional Phrases XVII. Review XVIII. The Passive Voice:
39
41
XIX.
The Present Indicative. Ablative of the Agent The Passive Voice: Present Indicative (Completed).
42
46
Third Conjugation in
-io
Vlll
CONTENTS
Lesson
Page
Nouns XXI. The Third Declension: Nouns

Declension:
perfect Indicative of
XX. The Third
in
-1,
-6, -r
49
51
in -s, -x.
The Im-
sum
XXII. The Third Declension: Neuter Nouns in -men, -us. The Future Indicative of sum XXIII. The Imperfect Tense, Indicative Active. The
Predicate Accusative
54
56
XXIV. The
Imperfect Tense, Indicative Passive.
Ques59 62
.
tions
and Answers
XXV. Review
XXVI. The Third Declension: Genitive Plural in -ium XXVII. The Third Declension: Gender; Special Nouns XXVIII. The Ablative Case: Separation; Place from Which XXIX. The Future Tense, Indicative (Conjugations I and
.
63
65
67
II)
69
72
XXX. The
XXXI.
Future Tense, Indicative (Conjugations III and IV) Adjectives of the Third Declension. The Dative with Adjectives
Perfect Tense, Indicative Active Perfect Tense, Indicative Passive
74
77
XXXII. The XXXIII. The
81
XXXIV. Review
84
87
Case.
XXXV. The
XXXVI.
Fourth Declension
Prefixes.
The Locative
Expressions of
89
of
Place Reviewed
XXXVII. The Fifth Declension. Expressions XXXVIII. The Pluperfect Indicative
Time
92
94
of the In-
XXXIX. The
Future Perfect Indicative. dicative. Synopses XL. Pronominal Adjectives
Review
97
102
XLI. Review XLII. The Relative Pronoun qui. The Interrogative Pronoun quis. Complex Sentences. Clauses
.
104
106
109
113 116
XLIII. The Present
Infinitive. The Uses of the Infinitive XLIV. The Demonstrative Pronouns hie, ille, iste. The
Objective Genitive
XLV. The
Perfect Infinitive.
The Ablative
is
of
Cause
XL VI.
The Demonstrative Pronoun
118
CONTENTS
Lesson
iX
Page
of the Infinitive.
XL VII. XL VIII.
L. LI. LII. LIII.
The Future Infinitive. Review The Ablative of Specification
122
Personal and Reflexive Pronouns
126 129
131
XLIX. The Demonstrative Pronoun idem. The Intensive

Pronoun ipse Review
Deponent Verbs. Deponents

pose
The Ablative with Certain

133
Active.
Passive.
The Present Subjunctive The Present Subjunctive

pose
Clauses of Pur136
Negative Pur139
142 147
LIV. The Imperfect Subjunctive. Primary and Secondary Tenses LV. The Dative with Special Verbs. Noun Clauses with ut, or ne LVI. The Verb possum. Clauses of Result LVII. Compounds of sum. The Dative with Compound Verbs. The Dative of the Possessor .... LVIII. Review
150
153 155
LIX. Comparison
parison
of Adjectives.
The Ablative
of
Com157 161
163 166
LX. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives LXI. Adverbs: Their Formation and Comparison LXII. The Perfect Subjunctive. Indirect Questions LXIII. The Pluperfect Subjunctive. Review of the Sub. .
junctive.
Temporal Clauses with cum

Adjectives.
168
173
LXIV. Cardinal Numeral

Extent
The Accusative
of
LXV.
LXVI.
Ordinal Adjectives. The Genitive of the Whole. The Genitive and Ablative of Description
.
176
Indefinite Pronouns. Review of Pronouns. view of Prepositions
Re178
181
LXVII. Review. Certain Noun Suffixes LXVIII. The Imperative Mood. The Vocative Case LXIX. Participles: The Present and the Perfect ... LXX. The Ablative Absolute LXXL The Future Participles. The Dative <>f the Agent LXXII. The Gerundive. The Gerund
.
.
183
185
iSS
191
193
X
Lesson
CONTENTS
Page
of Purpose.
LXXIII. The Supine. Review of Expressions The Three Stem Systems
196
199 200
LXXIV.
Review.
Adjective Suffixes
flo.
LXXV. The
Irregular Verb
Idioms
LXXVI. The verb eo. Temporal Clauses LXXVII. The Verb fero. Causal Clauses
LXXVIII. The Verbs
void and nolo.
204
207
Conditional Sentences
of
209
212 215 217 218
221
LXXIX.
Impersonal
Clauses
Verbs.
Review
Subordinate
LXXX. Review of Conjunctions. Review of the Nominative and Genitive LXXXI. Review of the Dative and the Accusative ... LXXXII. Review of the Ablative The War with the Helveth, Caesar, Book I, Chapters 1-29, Adapted Supplementary Reading New York State Additional Supplementary Reading
.
234
253
267
Syllabus
Appendix Table of Abbreviations Latin-English Vocabulary English-Latin Vocabulary Vocabulary for the First Year
labus
302 303
New
328
York State
Syl-
338
345
Index
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
The Roman Forum. A restoration Frontispiece A Roman Emperor on his Way to the Baths. AlmaTadema
xiv
8
A Roman Trumpet A Street in Pompeii

Writing Materials used by Romans ...... Roman Girl Coin of Julius Caesar The Ancient Porta Ostiensis. Now known as the
Porta San Paolo
14
15 17 18
22 25
The Appian Way An Ancient Roman Sword

Signum
(Aquila)
29
30
36 38
41 43
of
Roman Youth
Standard Bearers Books of Ancient Rome
The Roman Forum

Porta Asinaria.
as it looks today
the wall about
Showing part
Rome Roman Horsemen The Roman Army Marching
48
53
out.
bas-relief
on Trajan's Column The Rhone and the Alps, St. Maurice, Switzer-
55
land Roman Foot Soldier
58 61
65
Roman War Ship Roman Bridge, Narni, Italy The Alps, Pontresina, Switzerland
69
72
Xii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
A Standard Bearer A Roman Emperor in

Scutum
L.
76
Military Attire
79
83
Cornelius Sulla House oe the Vetii, Pompeii, Italy Statue of a Roman Matron Attack on a German Fortress. As depicted on the column of Marcus Aurelius Captives Pleading for Mercy from a Roman
85 86
91
97
101
Conqueror
A Roman
Festival.
Alma-Tadema
. .
103 105 112

115
Julius Caesar A Street Scene in Ancient Rome. E. Forte ... Statue of a Roman dressed in the Toga Lake Geneva. The ancient Lacus Lemannus ... A Scene along the Rhine Temple in the Forum Boarium Ruins of Palace of the Caesars, Palatine
Hill, Rome Romans passing
vetians.
124
13.2
138
140
under the Yoke of the Hel146
Charles Gleyre
View of the Rhine River Ruins of a Roman Aqueduct
159
172
The Meta Sudans.

E. Levy
fountain near the Colosseum.

184
Panels from the Painting "The Triumph of

Caesar." Andrea Mantegna 202, View of Rome as it looks today A Roman Woman and her Maids. /. Coomans. Double page map (colored) showing places mentioned in this book Following
.
.......
203 210
219
220
233
252
Roman Eagle and Oak Wreath

Looking toward the Palatine Hill from the
Forum

INTRODUCTION
THE LATIN LANGUAGE
Latin, the language of the ancient Romans, derived
its
name from
Italy,
the Latini
(la-tl'nl),
who spoke
it
first.
The
Latini inhabited
Latium (la/shi-um), a district of central and became the founders of Rome, their capital city.
Beginning in 753 B.C. (the traditional date), Rome extended her dominion over all Italy, and finally over all the territory surrounding the Mediterranean, which comprised the civilized world of that time.
Latin was the chief language of this vast empire. During the twelve centuries of Roman history (753 B.c-476 a.d.)
The languages do. ''golden age" (80 B.c-17 a.d.) was the period of the best writers, including Caesar, Cicero, the poets Vergil and
the language changed greatly, as
all
Horace, and others.

that
It is
mainly the Latin
of this period
we study to-day. The Latin language, however,

In
its
did not end with the

it
Roman
empire.
literary
form
continued to be used by
statesmen, lawyers, clergymen, physicians, and scholars in The Magna Charta general, until the time of Shakespeare. charter of the famous English liberties, was (121 5 a.d.),
written in Latin.
Such men as Erasmus (1466-1536), leader of the literary world of his age, and Sir Isaac Newton (16421727), discoverer of the law of gravitation, wrote their works in the language of Caesar and Cicero.
1
The English pronunciation

on page
288.
of proper
names
is in
accordance with the
table of sounds
As a spoken language Latin never ceased to be used in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, but grew into different forms or dialects, which we now call Italian, French, SpanThese national tongues are together ish, and Portuguese. called Romance languages, that is, modern forms of the language of the Romans.
It
is
of greater
importance to us that our English

this historic
is
also
very closely related to
language.
Our words
have come from many different sources, but chiefly from Anglo-Saxon and Latin. It has been said that English gets most of its strength from Anglo-Saxon and most of its refinement from Latin. The majority of the words in our Some of these have not dictionaries are of Latin origin. changed in form or meaning for two thousand years, as
actor,
animal, census,
superior, victor.
dirigible,
color, error, honor, labor, minus, plus, Others have been coined in recent years, as This coining of new words incubator, locomotive.
still
from Latin elements
goes on from year to year.
THE STUDY OF LATIN

Among
i.
the reasons for the study of Latin are the following:
one a clearer knowledge of the meaning of English words, two-thirds of which are of Latin origin. 2. It provides a better understanding of English syntax. 3. It is the foundation of other modern languages and is
It gives
a good basis for the study of language in general. 4. It makes clear the terms of law, medicine, and other
sciences.
5.
It trains
6. It affords
7.
It
one in the power of expression. an excellent training of the mind. helps one to appreciate more fully the
civilization of the
literature,
thought, and
Romans, upon which our
own
are so largely based.
THE ALPHABET
LESSON
The Latin alphabet
it
THE ALPHABET
1. is
the
same
as the English, except
that
2.
has no
and no w.
are a, e,
i,
The vowels
a.
o, u,
and
y.
The other
letters
are consonants.
i is used for either a vowel or a consonant generally a consonant between vowels: ma'ior, major, greater; and at the beginning of a word when followed by a vowel: Iulius, Julius.
The
letter
is
sound.
It
PRONUNCIATION
according to the Roman method, as nearly as can be determined. A vowel is either long or short. Long vowels 4. Vowels.
3.
Latin
is
now pronounced
are
marked
thus: a, e,
are:
I,
6,
u; vowels not marked are short.

Short
The sounds
Long
a as in father e as in they
l
a as in along, Cuba e as in net

i
as in machine
as in
it
6 as in ode
o as in obey
as in rude
in
as in pull 2
y (found only
words of Greek
man
5.
origin) is like
French u or Ger-
il.
Diphthongs.
The common diphthongs (double sounds)

and
oe,
are ae, pronounced as ai in aisle; au, as ou in our; as oi in oil.

a.
In a few words the following occur:
ei,
pronounced as
in eight;
1
eu, like eh'ee; almost like we.
and
ui, like oo'ee
rapidly uttered,
A long vowel requires twice the time of a short vowel in pronunciation. 2 u has the sound of w in -ngu- preceding a vowel, in qu-, and in the words suavis, suaded, suesco.
2
4
6.
Consonants. The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions:
b has the sound

C
is
of
p before
s or
t.
always hard, as in can.

like k.
get.
ch
is
g
i
is
always hard, as in
(consonant) is like y in yet. s is like s in son or this, not as in

/
his.
t is like
in native, in wet.
not as in nation.
is like
x, a
double consonant
= cs
or gs),
11,
is
like
x in
extra.
Doubled consonants such nounced separately, with a
as cc,
mm,
ss, tt are to
be pro-
distinct
sound
for each: mit'to.
LENGTH OP VOWELS
long or short chiefly by observation, but the following rules are to be noted:
7.
is
We
learn whether a vowel
a.
vowel vowel vowel
is
generally short before another vowel or h:

short before
di'es,
b.
day;
ni'hil, nothing.
is
A
A A
nd
or nt
and before
final
m or
t:
por'tant, they carry; por'tat, he carries.

c.
is
long before nf, ns, nx, or net: In'fans, infant:

is
iunc'tus, joined.
vowel resulting from contraction co-a'go, / bring together.

d.
long: co'go, from
EXERCISE IN PRONUNCIATION
8.
1.
pax, ab, ad.

5.
tii,
2.
me,
rex, et.
3.
hi,
id, is.
7.
4.
sol,
quod.
8.
tu'us.
6.
prae,
aut,
poe'na.
cui,
huic.
seu, dein'de. 9. cen'tum.

13.
10. pul'cher.
11. gens.
12.
iam,
hii'ius.
pes, vir.
14. urbs, dux.
SYLLABLES
LESSON
II
SYLLABLES
with or syllable consists of a vowel or a diphthong, without one or more consonants. Hence a word has as many
9.
syllables as
it
has vowels and diphthongs: aes'tas, summer;
mag-ni-tu'do, greatness.
u is not a vowel in qu and sometimes gu and Exception, 1 su these combinations are treated as single consonants:
;
a'qua, water.
In dividing words into syllables, a single consonant between two vowels goes with the second: pa'ter, father.
10.
Exception.
their
Prepositional
compounds
is
are
divided
into
component
parts: ab'est, he
away.
11.
If
two or more consonants occur between vowels, the

is
before the last consonant: ma-gis'ter, vinc'tus, bound.

division
Exception.
r: cas'tra,
master;
mute 2 followed by
pu'bli-cus, public.
or r goes with the
or
camp;
The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; the to the last, the penult; the one before the penult, the next
12.
antepenult.
LENGTH OF SYLLABLES
Syllables are long or short. contains a short vowel not followed
13.
syllable by two or
is
short
if it
more conso-
nants: vi'a, way; vi'det, he

14.
sees.
long by nature if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong: ma'ter, mother; nau'tae, sailors.
syllable
is
1
See page 3, footnote Of the consonants, p,
2.
b,
t,
d, c,
g are called mutes;
1, r,
liquids.
6
15.
syllable is long by position if it contains a short in the same word by x or z, or by any two followed vowel consonants except a mute 1 with 1 or r u'xor, wife; an-gus'tus,
:
narrow.
ACCENT
16.
A A
word word
of
two
syllables
is
accented on the
is
first:
pu'er,
boy.
17.
of three or
more
syllables
accented on the
if
penult if that is long: a-ml'cus, friend; on the antepenult the penult is short: bre'vi-tas, brevity.
18.
-que {and) and a few other words are called
enclitics,
being joined to a preceding Enclitics require an accent
word and pronounced with it. upon the syllable preceding
them, regardless of
its
length: ar-ma'que, and arms.
EXERCISE IN ACCENT
19.
fllii.
i.
silva,
causa, tabula.
2.
miles, milites.
3.
6.
fllius,
4.
digitus,
Germanus.
7.
5.
nati5, nationes.
8.
merca*
tor, mercatores.
iiinior,
oppidum.
obtinet,
terraque, homines11.
que.
9.
exemplum.
12.
10.
obtinetur.
saepe,
proelium.
annus, puella, sagitta.
Memorize :
Integer vltae scelerisque piirus
Non
eget Mauris iaculis nee arcu,

sagittis,
2
Nee venenatls gravida

Fusee, pharetra.
Translation
:
"The pure
in
life
and free from crime need no

Fuscus, a quiver laden with
Moorish darts nor bow, nor,

poisoned arrows."
1
my
See page
5,
footnote
2.
The
first
stanza of a famous ode by the
Roman
poet Horace.
NOMINATIVE CASE.
VERB SUM
III
LESSON
THE NOMINATIVE
20.
CASE.
THE VERB SUM
Parts of Speech.
In Latin, as in English, there are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs,
eight parts of speech:
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. is no article in Latin.

21.
There
Latin nouns and adjectives and nominative case are have a singular or plural in number. In some nouns and adjectives the nominative singular ends
in -a, the plural in -ae:
The Nominative Case.
via longa, long way, a long way, the long way. viae longae, long ways, the long ways.
22.
Word
Order.
it
noun, unless long way.

23.
is
A descriptive adjective, as a rule, follows the emphatic: via longa, long way; but longa via,
Latin verbs are conjugated to show voice, mood, tense, number, and person. These terms have,
Conjugation.
in general, the
same meaning
as in English.
24.
INDICATIVE PRESENT TENSE OF SUM

Singular
Plural
First Person
sum, / am
Second Person es, {thou art), you are Third Person est, (he, she, it) is
sumus, we are estis, you are

sunt, (they) are
a. He, she, it, and they are not to be used when the subjects of est and sunt are expressed by separate words: via est, the road is; viae sunt, the roads are.
25.
i.
MODEL SENTENCES
Via est longa, the way is long. Viae sunt longae, the ways are long.
2.
8
Notice that

if
the
noun
is
plural, the verb
and adjective
with
26.
it
are plural.
Rule.
Case
of the Subject.
The
subject of a verb is
in the nominative case.
Rule.
27.
Verb Agreement.
verb has the
same number and
person as the subject.
VOCABULARY
Nouns
filia,
Adjectives
daughter
silva, forest
bona, good lata, broad

longa, long
terra, land, country
tuba, trumpet
via,
magna,
street
great, large
way, road,
parva,
little,
small
Interrogative Adverb
Conjunction
et,
ubi? where?
and
EXERCISES
(Pronounce, with careful attention to the length of vowels and to accent.
Translate.)
28.
latae.
1.
Filia bona.
2.
Flliae bonae. 3. Silva lata. 4. Silvae

6.
5.
Terra magna.
Terrae magnae.
8.
7.
Tuba
parva.
9.
Tubae parvae.
10.
2.
Via
lata.
29.
1.
Filia est bona.

3.
Viae latae. Flliae sunt
bonae.
4.
Ubi
5.
sunt
Estis
flliae
flliae.
bonae?
6.
Sumus
flliae.
Es
filia
Terra est longa et lata. 7. parva. 8. Silvae sunt magnae. 9. Terra et silva tuba parva? 10. Ubi est sunt magnae.
11.
A Roman Trumpet
Ubi
est
1 parva tuba?
12.
Via lata
est
longa.
(Give the Latin for the following, marking long vowels in written work.)
30.
1.
The road
is
broad.
4.
2.
Where
is
countries are small.
The
forest is large.
1
the broad road? 3. The the large 5. Where are
See 22.
first conjugation: present tense, active voice

forests?
6.
9
ars
small.
8.
The good trumpet is small. 7. The good trumpets The forests are long and broad.
LESSON IV
THE FIRST CONJUGATION: PRESENT TENSE, ACTIVE
VOICE
31.
MODEL VERB
Singular
Endings
First Person
a'mo, /
love,
am
loving,
do
love
-6
-s
-t
Second Person a'mas, you love, are loving, do love Third Person a'mat, {he, she, it) loves, is loving,
does love
Plural
First Person
ama'mus, we
love, are loving,
do love
-mus
-tis
Second Person ama'tis, you Third Person a'mant, they
love, are loving, do love love, are loving, do love
-nt
a. Latin has no special words for the progressive and emphatic forms, as, am loving, do love.
32. Personal Endings. The letters -6, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt are called personal endings. When a separate subject
lacking, they indicate the subject, I you (or thou), he {she or it), we, you, they: amant, they love; but
of the
is
,
verb
amant, the daughters love. Stem. The present tense is 33. The Present Tense. formed by adding the personal endings to a fixed part called the stem: ama-. Verbs having a stem ending in -a compose the first conjugation and are conjugated like amo.
filiae
a. Final a of the stem becomes short in the third person and disappears before -o in the first person.
IO
34-
VOCABULARY
Nouns
ACCUSATIVE CASE.
DIRECT OBJECT
II
LESSON V
THE ACCUSATIVE
CASE.
THE DIRECT OBJECT
39. The case of the direct object in Latin is called the In the singular of most words and in the plural accusative. of many, it differs from the nominative in form.
Nouns and adjectives ending singular in -am and the accusative

40.
in -a
have the accusative
plural in -as:
Singular
Plural
flliae
fflias
Nom.
Ace.
41.
i.
fflia
ffliam
MODEL SENTENCES
Nauta
Fflias
ffliam
bonam
vocat, the sailor calls (his) good

the sailor calls
daughter.
2.
bonas nauta vocat, DAUGHTERS.
(his)
good
The object, as a rule, stands between the a. Word Order. subject and the verb, but when emphatic it stands out of this position, as in sentence 2. b. The words for my, your, his, her, and the like are sometimes omitted in Latin, when the meaning is clear without
them.
42.
Rule.
Direct Object.
The
direct object of
a verb
is
in the accusative case.

43.
VOCABULARY
Nouns
Verbs
Stent
aqua, water
victoria, victory
do, I give
danuntia-
nuntio, I report, an-
Galba, Galba, a man's

a.
name
nounce
The
a
in
dant.
is
present tense of do is: do, das, dat, damus, datis, short, by exception to the rule, in the stem da^
datis.
and
damus,
12
EXERCISES
Nautas vocamus. 3. Regina fllias vocat. 4. Reginam filiae vocant. 5. Galba terrain magnam laudat. 6. Nautae reginas bonas laudant. 7. Quis tubam dat? 8. Qui tubas dant? 9. Agricola silvam latam
44.
i.
2.
Nautam laudamus.
amat.
nimtiat?
10.
Agricolae
aquam
portant.
11.
Quis victoriam
13.
15.
12.
Galba
magnam
victoriam nimtiat.
amatis.
longas portamus.
victorias
45.
1.
14.
Reginam bonam
report.
3.
Tubas Nautae
magnas
niintiant.
2.
We
give.
You
6. 5. Who is reporting? reporting. 8. They 7. I love the broad forests.
4. They are the Where good water? are calling the farmers and
is
He
giving.
is
the sailors.
9.
Who
carries the water?
LESSON VI
THE FIRST DECLENSION: SINGULAR
THE GENITIVE CASE
46.
Declension.
We
is
of a Latin
noun
differs
have seen that the objective form from the nominative. So we shall see
different, just as in English
that the possessive

boy's, in distinction
we say
from
boy.
We
of,
shall find also that there

to,
are special endings to indicate the English uses prepositions.

relation to other
from, by, etc., where noun, therefore, shows its
words by its form or case. When words are changed to show different cases and numbers, they are
said to be inflected or declined.
47.
1.
Cases.
Latin nouns have five cases:
2.
The The
nominative, the case of the subject. genitive, denoting possession, or the object with of;
dative, the case of the indirect object; the to or for
the of case.
3.
The
case.
first declension: singular,

4.
5.
genitive case
13
The The
accusative, the case of the direct object.

ablative,
the case used adverbially; the from, by,
with, or in case.
called the vocative case, a few have a locative case, the denoting person addressed; the where. denoting place
a.
Some nouns have another form
48.
MODEL NOUN
Endings -a
Norn, tu'ba, a (the) trumpet Gen. tu'bae, a (the) trumpet's, of a (the) trumpet Dat. tu'bae, to ox for a (the) trumpet
Ace.
-ae -ae
tu'bam, a
(the)
trumpet
-am
-a
AM.
tu'ba, by or with a (the) trumpet
49. Case Endings. Base, -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a are called case endings of the singular number. The part of a declined word to which the endings are added is called the base:
tub-.
first
Words
declined like tuba are said to belong to the
declension.
50.
THE GENITIVE OP POSSESSION

the
Regina filiam nautae amat,
queen loves the sailors

.
daughter (or the daughter of the sailor)
In this sentence the ending -ae of nautae has the same meaning as -'s in sailor's, answering the question Whose? A
genitive so used is called a genitive of possession and is equivalent to the English possessive, or the objective with of.
a.
The
genitive, as a rule, follows the
noun that
the
it
limits.
51.
Rule.
Possession.
word denoting
owner or
the
possessor is in the genitive case.
14
52.
VOCABULARY
Nouns
Verbs
Stem
copia, plenty, supply; pi.

supplies, forces, troops
accuso, / accuse paco, / subdue, pacify

Adverb
accusapaca-
Cornelia, Cornelia
epistula, letter, epistle
Iulia,
semper, always
52,
Julia
a.
Decline like tuba the nouns of

43.
and
also those of 27,
34,
and
EXERCISES
53.
4.
7.
1.
Fllia agricolae.
5.
2.
Terra reginae.
6.
3.
Tuba
nautae.
terrae.
Epistula Iuliae. Victoria Galbae.
Copia aquae.
Regina
8.
Aqua
silvae.
A
54.
i.
Street in Pompeii
est
Regina terrae
bona.
2.
Terra
4.
6.
reginae
est
magna. 3. Viae terrae sunt longae. laudamus. 5. Filiam Galbae vocamus.
Fllias
agricolae
Victoriam nau-
first declension: plural,

tae nuntiat.
agricolas
10.
7.
dative case
8.
15
Agricola copiam aquae portat.

9.
Quis
acciisat?
Galba
agricolas
11.
reginae
acciisat.
Epistula Galbae non

12.
Iuliae?
Ubi sunt epistulae Nautae epistulas Corneliae portant. 13. Copiae

est longa.
terram pacant.
55. 1. Who is Cornelia? 2. Cornelia is the farmer's daughter. 4. You are the queen's sailors. 3. Cornelia's letters are always long. not the of the great land ? 6. I accuse does Who queen praise 5.
the troops of Galba. 7. Galba always praises troops do not always fight.
(his) troops.
8.
The
Writing Materials used by Romans

Showing ancient inkstands, wax
tablet,
and stylus
LESSON
VII
THE FIRST DECLENSION: PLURAL

THE DATIVE CASE
56.
MODEL NOUN
Endings
tu'bae, (the) trumpets
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
-ae
trumpets
tuba'rum,
(the) trumpets', of (the)
-arum
-is
tu'bis, to or for (the) trumpets
Ace.
Abl.
tu'bas, (the) trumpets tu'bis, by or with (the) trumpets
-as
-Is
16

57.
Case Endings,
-ae, -arum, -Is, -as, -is are the plural
Notice that -ae is case endings of the first declension. the ending of three different cases: the genitive singular, the dative singular, and the nominative plural; the rest of
the sentence will determine which case
a.
filiis,
is
meant.
is
The dative and

to distinguish
it
ablative plural of fHia from fHius (100).
filiabus,
not
Declension of Adjectives. Adjectives are declined When used together, they have the same case like nouns. and number.
58.
Singular
Plural
Notn. tuba longa tubae longae Gen.

Dat.
tubae longae tubarum longarum

tubis longis
tubae longae
Ace.
tubam longam
tuba longa
tubas longas
tubis longis
AM.
59.
THE DATIVE OF THE INDIBECT OBJECT

like give,
tell,
require an indirect object to complete their meaning, that is, an object to or for which something is given, said, or done.
Verbs
report
may
Galba
filiae
epistulam dat, Galba gives his daughter a

letter to his
letter (or
daughter).
Daughter and filiae in this illustration are indirect objects, answering the question To whom?
" dative comes from do, I give, and means the case of the object to which something is given. primarily The indirect object, as a rule, stands b. Word Order. before the direct.
a.
The word
"
60.
case.
Rule.
The
indirect
object
of a verb is in the dative
first declension: plural,

61.
dative case
Nouns
17
vocabulary
Nouns
puella, girl
sagitta,
incola, inhabitant
insula, island patria, native land
arrow
Adjective
pecunia, money
clara, {clear),
Conjunction
famous, renowned
sed, but
a.
Decline the nouns above and those of former lessons in
both numbers.
Roman Girl
i8
EXERCISES
62.
i.
Puellae
4.
bonae.
Reginls
2.
Puellls
bonis.
3.
Puellarum
bonarum.
6.
5. parvarum. latarum. Silvarum 8. 7. Sagittae longae. 10. Peciinia nautarum. Sagittae agricolarum. 9. 2. Viae terrarum 63. 1. Sagittae nautarum sunt longae. Filiae sunt bonae. sunt latae. 4. Galbae 3. reginarum tubam do. 5. Puellls parvis tubas do. 6. Quis victoriam
bonis.
Filiarum
Flliabus parvis.
agricolarum nuntiat?
8.
7.
Quis agricolis victoriam nuntiat?
parvae pecuniam dat. 9. Iuliae epistulam damus. 10. Galba agricolae sagittas dat. 11. Agrilongam colae nautis copiam sagittarum dant. 12. Incolae patriam amant. 13. Incolae msularum sunt nautae. 14. Insula est parva, sed reglna incolarum est clara.
64.
1.
Iulia puellae
The
3.
girl
is
Galba's daughter.
sailors'
2.
You
4.
always praise
good
girls.
Where
are the sailor's arrows?
Where
are the
Coin or Julius Caesar
arrows? giv5. Who is ing water to the queen's daughter? 6. Cornelia and Julia are reporting the victories to the girls. 7. They do not give the farmer a supply of money. 8. The troops of the great countries are fighting.
LESSON
THE ABLATIVE
65.
VIII
CASE.
ORDER OF WORDS
English uses from, by, with, or in and the objective case, Latin uses the ablative, sometimes with a separate preposition, sometimes without. This case, in words of the first declension, has the endings
Ablative Case.
-a (singular) and -is (plural), as given in sections 48 and 56. Thus, the troops fight with arrows in the forest is oopiae sagittis in silva pugnant. Sagittis shows by, or with, what means
The
When
ABLATIVE CASE.
they
fight,
ORDER OF WORDS
19
and
is
called an ablative of means.
Silva, with
the preposition in, tells the place where they fight. 66. Rule. Ablative of Means. The means or instrument
of
action is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. The place where is 67. Rule. Ablative of Place with In.
an
regularly expressed by the ablative with the preposition in. 68. Order of Words. The normal order of words in a
the subject; (2) the modifiers of the This subject; (3) the modifiers of the verb; (4) the verb. normal order, however, is often changed, because the relation
is:
Latin sentence
(1)
of Latin
words
is
shown by
their endings,
if
position as in English.
Thus,
and not by their we transpose Galba copias
laudat to copias Galba laudat, we emphasize the object. If we say laudat copias Galba, we emphasize the act of praising. Any word becomes emphatic by standing out of its normal
position.
a. The position of adjectives and of the genitive, dative, and accusative cases has already been mentioned. b. A word in the ablative normally precedes the object and other modifiers of the verb Iulia in via reginae epistu:
lam
c.
non
d.
dat, Jidia gives a letter to the queen in the road. Most adverbs precede the word they modify: Copiae semper pugnant, the troops do not always fight. Forms of sum stand practically as in English: Viae
sunt longae.
69.
VOCABULARY
20
EXERCISES
70.
4.
7.
i.
In
silvls latis.
2.
In
vils novls.
3.
In terra magna.
In aqua
alta.
5.
In
fossls altls.
8.
In provinciis parvis.
12.
Iuvant.
iuvat.
9.
6. In provincia parva. Vulnerant. 10. Iuvas.
11. Vulneratis.
Non
71.
1.
nautas
iuvant.
Parva puella aqua, copias iuvat. vulnerant. 3. Filiae reglnarum

4. 6.
2.
Copiae
5.
sagittls
pecunia,
Galbam
Fossae
Galba sagitta agricolam non vulnerat.

In provincia sunt fossae altae. 7. 8. In Italia non sunt magnae silvae.
are the
1
sunt altae.
est in fossls.
Aqua non
new trumpets? 2. Galba is giving the daughters. 3. The farmers in the provinces 1 carry good arrows. 4. (There) is a good queen in Italy. 5. We 6. There are great supare not aiding the queen with supplies. The land of the in the good queen. 7. money is in the deep plies water. 8. He gives the signal 2 with a trumpet.
72. 1. Where new trumpets to
(his)
LESSON IX
THE SECOND CONJUGATION: PRESENT TENSE
THE ACCUSATIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS
73.
MODEL VERB. STEM: MONESlNGULAR
mo'neo, / warn, am warning, do warn mo'nes, you warn, are warning, do warn
mo'net,
{he, she, it)
'
warns,
is
warning, does warn
Plural
mone'mus, we warn,
are warning, do warn mone'tis, you warn, are warning, do warn mo'nent, {they) warn, are warning, do warn
1
Omit words
in parentheses.
SIgnum.
THE SECOND CONJUGATION: PRESENT TENSE

74.
21
Verbs with stems ending in -e compose the second In the model conjugation and are inflected like moneo.
verb notice that the personal endings are the same as those
of the first conjugation (32).
75.
The Accusative with
Prepositions.
In the last lesson
we saw
that a Latin preposition may be used with the ablative case (65). Prepositions may also be used with the ac-
cusative: trans viam, across the road; per viam, through the road; inter vias, between the roads.
a.
The accusative and
the ablative are the only cases used
with Latin prepositions.

76.
osition
Rule.
A noun
connected with another word by a prep-
may
be in the accusative case.
77.
VOCABULARY
Nouns
Prepositions Governing the Accusative
inter, between,
among
porta, gate
per, through trans, across, beyond
praeda, booty, plunder
pugna,
or
fight, battle
ante,
before
(in
space
Verbs
Stem
time)
post, after, behind (in space
habeo, / have
habe-
or time )
/ warn, I advise moneI timetimeo, fear videvideo, / see
m0 ne6,
a.
Inflect the
nouns and verbs.
EXERCISES
78.
4.
8.
i.
Ante pugnam.
5.
2.
Post pugnas.
6.
3.
Post portam.
7.
Inter portas.
Per silvam.
10.
Trans
fossas.
11.
Vides.
Habes.
9.
Videtis.
Habetis.
Videmus.
12.
Habemus.
1.
79.
He
5.
sees.
2.
He
fears.
6.
3.
You
are fearing.
forest.
7.
4.
not
fear.
They do not have.
Behind the
We do Between
22

9.
8. Across the country. the countries. 10. Before the victory.
Through the water.
Memorize :
Via
trlta,
via tuta. 1
is the safe path.
The beaten path
The Ancient Porta

Now known
as the Porta
Ostiensis
San Paolo
i. Vias novas video. 2. Puellae non timent. 3. Retimemus. monent? est Ubi glnam 4. Qui reglnam 5. praeda nautarum? 6. Agricolls praedam non dant. 7. Galba in
80.
Italia
copias
1
habet.
8.
is
Sagittas
copiarum
non
times.
The verb
often omitted in proverbs.
REVIEW
9.
23
Quis trans vias epistulam et pecuniam portat? 1 1 Copiae sunt ante portam. 12. Post pugnam victoriam nuntiamus. 13. Puellae longam
trans provinciam portant.
.
Praedam
10.
epistulam
habent.
14.
Copiam
aquae
bonae
semper
habemus.
81.
3.
1.
The 4. Galba and Julia warn the good queen. 5. Who sees the farmer's little daughter? 6. Who fears the deep water? 7. (There) is a large forest between the countries. 8. The victory is not before the battle.
2. gates are large. sailors' plunder is in the forest.
The new
You do
not see the gate.
LESSON X
REVIEW
82.
The
following
list
includes the Latin words of les-
sons III-IX, except proper nouns.

agricola
24
REVIEW QUESTIONS
84.
2.
i.
3.
5.
What What
are the case endings of the first declension? the are personal endings of the present tense? is meant by base? 4. What is the stem of a verb?
.
What
Conjugate the present tense of sum; of voco; of video. 7. What is an indirect object? 8. How is the genitive case used? The dative? 9. Name two uses
Decline via lata.
6.
of the accusative;
two
of the ablative.
differ
10.
How
does the
order of words in Latin
from that in English?
ITALIA
85.
Italia est
magna
terra Europae. 1
Terra non insula,
sed paenlnsula longa est. Incolae sunt agricolae et nautae. Patriam et linguam patriae amant. Bonam reginam habent.
Reglna incolas iuvat, et vita est beata. 2 longae, quae sunt antlquae et clarae.
In Italia sunt viae
LESSON XI
GENDER.
86.
THE SECOND DECLENSION: MASCULINE NOUNS
Gender. Latin, like English, has the masculine, femiEnglish words are masculine or nine, and neuter genders. feminine according as they signify male or female beings. So in Latin nauta is masculine and filia feminine. This is called natural gender. But in Latin many words are mascufeminine which are neuter in English. Thus, for example, aqua, via, and tuba are feminine. The gender of such words is said to be grammatical and is determined by
line or
the form or ending of the noun, without regard to its meaning. This idea is not so strange as it may seem, if we recall that
1
For new words see the general vocabulary at the end of the book. Which, nom. pi.
$
<
1-4
<
Oh
w w
25
26

speak of our
we say
She is a staunch vessel," and of a ship, country and her glory, the sun and his rays.
a. All nouns of the first declension are feminine, except a few which denote males.
87.
The Second Declension.
declension end in -us or -um.
Most nouns of the second Nouns in -us are masculine,
those in
-um
are neuter.
88.
MODEL NOUN
Singular
Endings
Norn, car'rus, a (the) cart Gen. car'ri, a (the) cart's, of a (the) cart Dat. car'ro, to or for a (the) cart
Ace.
Abl.
-US
-1
-o
car'rum, a
(the) cart
-um
-5
car'ro, by or with
(the) cart
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
car'ri, (the) carts
-I
1 ,
carro'rum,
car'iis, to
(the) carts
of the carts
-orum
-is
or for (the) carts
Ace.
Abl.
a.
car'ros, (the) carts

car'rls,
-6s
-is
by or with (the) carts

the base (49) of carrus?
lost the
is:
What
is
89.
lar.
Vir,
man, has
declension
ending of the nominative singu-
The
Singular
GENDER.
90.
THE SECOND DECLENSION: MASCULINE NOUNS
27
VOCABULARY
1
amicus,
carrus,
-I,
-I,
M., friend M., cart
Marcus,
-I,
M., Marcus, a man's

M.,
slave, servant
name
servus,
vicus,
-I,
-I,
equus, equi, M., horse

legatus,
M., lieutenant, ambassador

-1,
a. The base of equus regularly to this.
M.,
village
vir, viri,
is
M.,
man
are
equ-.
The endings
added
Memorize :
Vita sine
litterls
mors
est.
is death.
Life without literature
Lux
et Veritas.
Light and truth.
(The motto of Yale University)
EXERCISES
91.
3.
i.
Reglna servum laudat.
2.
Galba amicos amat.

5.
Legatum timent. 4. Amid servos vocant. equum vulnerat. 6. Qui legatum monent?
Sagitta
2. see the men. 92. 1. The farmers have carts. 3. You are helping Marcus. 4. Who sees the horses? 5. The slaves do not fight. 6. Who is calling the man?
We
93.
1.
Marcus equos
iuvat.
et carros habet.
2.
Marcus
agri-
4. 3. Quis inter silvas vicos videt? cus Iuliae trans vlcum epistulam portat. 5. Viri
colas
cams
Ami-
legati epistulas dant.

7.
Legatum
et copias
Amicos non accusamus.

6.
in vlcls Italiae
8.
amlc5 habemus.
Non
estis servl
reglnae. 9. Vir et servus sunt inter vias vicl. 10. Pecuniam servls non dat. n. Legati amicls Galbae et Marci victoriam
magnam nuntiant.
12.
Sumus amlci legatorum
et
nautarum.
94. 1. The horses and carts are in the village. 2. I do not fear the friend of Marcus. 3. The girls give good water to the man's
1
The gender
In the vocabularies the genitive ending is indicated after the noun. of nouns is indicated by M., F., or N.
28
horses.
4. Where are the lieutenant and the sailor? 5. Galba's servants are warning the men. 6. The lieutenant praises (his) new troops. 7. (There) are villages and long roads in the province.
LESSON XII
THE SECOND DECLENSION: NEUTER NOUNS
APPOSITIVE AND PREDICATE NOUNS
95.
1
MODEL NOUN
Singular
Endings
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
pl'lum, a {the) javelin pl'li, a {the) javelin's, of a {the) javelin pl'lo, to or for a {the) javelin
{the) javelin or with a {the) javelin pi'16, by
-um
-1
-6
Ace.
pl'lum, a
-um
-6
AM.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Plural
pi'la, {the) javelins
-a
plWrum,
pi'lis, to
{the) javelins', of the javelins
-orum
-is
or for {the) javelins
Ace.
Abl.
a.
pi'la, {the) javelins

pi'lis, by or with {the) javelins
-a
-is
What
is
the base of pflum?
96.
-1
Nouns
-il)
:
in -ius
and -ium have the genitive singular

cases retain the
in
(not
filius, son, fill, of
of the battle.
filio,
The other
a son; proeiium, battle, proell, -i of the base: dat.
proelio, etc.
a.
The
accented on the penult even

genitive of imperium,
genitive singular of words in -ius and -ium is when this is short: impe'ri,
command.
97.
i.
APPOSITIVE AND PREDICATE NOUNS

Galba,
filius legati, est
nauta, Galba, the lieutenant's
son, is a sailor.
THE SECOND DECLENSION: NEUTER NOUNS

2.
29
Galbam, fllium
ant's son.
a.
legati, video,
/ see Galba, the lieuten-
A noun used
noun
to explain or define another
noun, or a
fflius
b.
in the predicate used with an intransitive or a It passive verb, to define the subject, is a predicate noun. 1 agrees with the subject, as nauta above.
and noun
in apposition. fllium in the models.
is an appositive Such nouns agree in case, as
98.
Rule.
Rule.
Agreement
noun
of
or
an Appositive.
A noun
it
in ap-
position with another
99.
Agreement
pronoun agrees with of a Predicate Noun.
in case.
predicate
noun
agrees with the subject in case.
An Ancient Roman Sword

100.
filius, fill,
VOCABULARY
M., son
pflum,
a
-1,
N., javelin, spear

re-
gladius, gladi, M., sword
Lucius, Luci,
M., Lucius,
praemium, praemi, N., ward
man's name
nuntius, nunti, M., messenger;
sroelium, proeli, N.. battle oppidum, -1, N., town
message
signum, -i, N.,

-i,
(sign) signal;
,
frumentum,
crops
N., grain;
pi.
standard (military)
cur, adv.,
why?
Memorize :
Fortes fortuna iuvat.
Fortune favors the brave.

Forti et fideli nil
difficile.
To
the brave
and
faithful, nothing is difficult.
1 A predicate noun is usually a predicate nominative, but predicate accusative, as will be seen later (190).
may be
30
EXERCISES
2. Puellae Regina praemia dat. pila timent. 4. Filil nautam laudant. 5. Fllios 3. Proelium nuntiant. laudat. 6. habent. nauta Virl gladios 7. Frumentum 8. Nuntius pilum portat. damus. videt. 9. Signum
i oi.
i.
10.
Qui oppida vident?

1.
102.
2.
Filil
et flliae
Galbae, legatl, sunt

3.
in
oppido.
Cur nuntius regmam monet?

4. Ntintil
flliis
Legatus signum proell

epistulas dant. 6. Virl non sunt
dat.
5.
et flliabus
nautarum
Inter oppida et vicos est silva magna. servi; sunt nautae. 7. Gladios, pila, et sagittas
non habe-
mus. 8. Gladil, pila, et sagittae ante portam oppidi sunt. et flliam Marcl vocat. 10. Filil Galbae et 9. Fllium 11. Cur signa non videtis? Luci frumento viros iuvant.
12. Lucius, servus agricolae, magnam copiam f rumen tl non habet. 13. Agricola equis frumentum non dat.
2. The are fighting with swords and javelins. towns and villages are in the province. 3. The messenger reports the battle. 4. The farmers carry the grain through the towns of 6. The friend Italy. 5. The troops do not fight before the signal.
103.
1.
They
of the lieutenant gives a reward to the slaves. 7. swords and javelins? 8. Who are the friends of the
Who
men?
fears the
9.
The
men
are aiding the sailor's sons.
Signum (Aquila)
THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS
31
LESSON XIII
THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS: PRESENT INDICATIVE. THE PRESENT INFINITIVE
io4.
model verbs
Fourth Conjugation
Stem: audl-
Third Conjugation
Stem: rege-
Singular
re'go, / rule
re'gis,
1 1 au'dio, / hear
you rule
au'dis,
you hear
it)
re'git, {he, she, it) rules
au'dit, (he, she,
hears
Plural
re'gimus, we rule re'gitis, you rule
re'gunt, (they) rule
audi'mus, we hear
audi'tis,
you hear
au'diunt, (they) hear
in -e (not e) compose the third and are conjugated like rego verbs with stems conjugation in -1 compose the fourth conjugation and are conjugated like
105.
Verbs with stems
audio.
a. Notice in rego that -e of the stem does not appear before -6, that it becomes -u- before -nt, and -i- before the other endings. In audio notice that -u- stands between the does the length of -i- differ in the two stem and -nt.
How
conjugations?
106.
forms.
The Present Infinitive. Latin verbs have infinitive The present infinitive active is the stem plus the endto
ing -re: amare, to love; monere,
warn; regere,
to
rule;
audire,
to hear.
a.
What
are the infinitives of laudo, porto, pugnd, voco;
habed, timed, video?
The four conjugations, the pres107. Four Conjugations. ent indicative forms of which have now been given, include
1
The
progressive and emphatic meanings
may
also be given.
Indicative
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES
113.
i.
33
2.
Copiae
terrain
venit.
defendere
debent.
Amicus
3. Legatus oppida munire debet. 4. Nuntium trans provinciam mittunt. 5. Servi venire pa6. Reglna ante portam nuntium audit. rant. 7. Reginam bonam timere non debes. 8. Servus copiam frumenti parat. 10. Cur epistulas 9. Fllios et filias amicorum defenditis. non mittis? 11. Tubam audlmus et signum videmus.
Marci per vlcum
114. to fight.
is
1.
The
3.
girl is
sending
5.
letters.
2.
You ought
to see the forest.

I
7.
The troops are preparing 4. The son of the lieuten-
ant defends
(his) friends.
coming through the gate?
ought to praise the man. 6. Who Why do they not fortify the towns?
LESSON XIV
ADJECTIVES IN
115.
-US, -A, -UM.
Latin adjectives have different endings, denoting gender, number, and case; not because they have these properties themselves, but because they are used with nouns having them. We have learned
that adjectives ending in -a are declined like tuba (58). These are feminine. The same adjectives have masculine
Declension of Adjectives.
forms in -us, declined

declined like pilum.
like carrus,
and neuter forms

-um.
in -urn,
first
They
are called adjectives of the

in -us, -a,
1
and second declensions, ending

Il6.
MODEL ADJECTIVE
34
120.
35
Attributive
and Predicate Adjectives.

1
When an
ad-
jective stands with a noun, as in

called
an
attributive adjective.
He has a large sword, it is When it stands in the predia predicate adjective.

:
cate, as in
The sword
is
is large, it is
The
;
same
distinction
made
in Latin
Gladium magnum habet
Gladius est
magnus.
EXERCISES
Amlcis bonis. 3. Vici parvl. 6. In oppidls 4. 5. In oppido longo. 8. Inter multos agricolas. 7. Inter servos bonos. longis. vlcum latum. 11. Multum in 10. Trans 9. In silva densa.
121.
i. 2.
Amico bono. Vlcorum parvorum.
parvo.
122.
ers.
4.
2. The long battles. 1. The high walls. 3. The new farmWith a large horse. 5. To the bad slave. 6. To the bad
slaves.
forests.
7.
Of the
little son.
8.
Of the
little
sons.
9.
In the dense
123.
1.
virorum.
Per silvam densam venit. 2. Estis fllii bonorum 4. Marcus, 3. Muri oppidorum sunt alti, non lati.
5. Oppida nova et agricola bonus, multos amicos habet. vicos parvos nunc defendunt. 6. Incolae Galliae sunt Galli. 7.
In Gallia sunt multl
viri.
8.
Galli sunt bonl
nautae
et
9. Marcus non est Gallus, agricolae. Aedificia Gallica non sunt nova. 10.
sed Gallos laudat.

11.
Legatus multa
praemia nautis Gallicls dat. oppidum muniunt.

124.
1.
12.
Muro
longo et fossa alta
2. The friends send are reporting great battles. the to aid Lucius, good farmer. 4. 3. ought many sees the long walls? Who are not friends of the bad sailors. 5. 6. The messengers are now calling the men with new trumpets.
They
letters.
We
We
The Gauls do not have broad roads in the forests. farmer's horses are small. 9. The forests of the Gauls 10. You owe much grain to the Gallic sailor. large.
7.
1
8.
The
are not
Or adherent
adjective.
36
LESSON XV
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN -ER. POSSESSIVE PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES
Nouns in -er. Some masculine
125.
nouns
the
of
the second
declension have lost
termination -us
and
base
field,
end
puergen.
in
-er:
puer, boy, gen. pueri,

;
ager,
agri,
base
that
agr-.
Notice
ager drops -e- in the base. The base of
any declined word
is
the genitive singular
without the case end-
Learn the declension of puer and ager on page 267.

ing.
126.
-er.
Adjectives in In the same
way, some adjectives have lost the termination -us: liber, libera, liberum, free, base liber-; pulcher,
Learn pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful, base pulchr-. declension of these adjectives on pages 270 and 271.
127.
the
Possessive Pronominal Adjectives.
The
following
(thy),
pronominal adjectives are possessive:

your; suus, his, her,
a.
meus, my; tuus,
its, their; noster, our; vester, your.

is
dressed,
Your is expressed by tuus when one possessor by vester when two or more are addressed.
ad-
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN -ER

b.
37
to which
The meaning
Iulia
of
suus
is
shown by the subject
it refers:
i.
Galba amlcum suum
videt, Galba sees his friend.
2.
3.
c.
amlcum suum videt, Julia sees her friend. Galba et Iulia amlcum suum vident, Galba and
when
the meaning
is
Julia
see their friend. As was stated in 41 b, possessives
a Latin sentence
may be omitted in clear without them.
128.
ager, agri, M., field 1 liber, libri, M., book
VOCABULARY
tuus, -a, -um, (thy), your
suus, -a, -um,

pi.,
his,
her, its,
puer, pueri, M., boy; or children

signifer, signi'feri,
boys
their
noster, nostra, nostrum, our

vester, vestra, vestrum, your
M., stand-
ard-bearer
liber, libera,
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,
liberum, free
beautiful
miser,
misera,
miserum,
magister, magistri, M., waster,
wretched, unfortunate
teacher
meus,
-a,
-um,
my
Memorize :
Alter ipse amicus. A friend is a second
self.
Amid
probantur rebus adversis. Friends are proved by adversity.
EXERCISES
EquI trans agrum veniunt. Ubi sunt multas sagittas dant. 3.
129.
i.
Nautae pueris 1 libri flliae meae?

2.
5.
4.
Signifer
magnum slgnum
6.
portat.
8.
slgna nova dat.

berl virl; servl
Mel amid sunt

Hberl.
non sunt
9.
Legatus slgniferls amid. 7. Sumus llVirl pueros et puellas non

tul
vlcl.
semper laudant.
1
In Italia sunt multl et 2 pulchrl

2
Distinguish liber from liber.
English omits the conjunction.
3
10.
Cur puerum miserum accusatis?

nautae mittit.
12.
n. Cornelia
fllias
suas
et fllium
Flliae vestrae sunt pulchrae. 13. Gallia est terra
libera.
14. Galll terram suam amant.

15.
Ubi
est
liber
tuus?
equos
16.
Quis
agricolae in videt? agro 17. Flliam tuam et fllios
meos laudo.
18.
Co-
piae reginam terrae
suae
19.
defendunt.
Magister noster Marcum et Cor-
neliam laudat.
20.
Marcus
et
Cor-
nelia
21.
magistrum
puero-
suum laudant.
Magistri
rum sunt
Standard Bearers
amlclvestrl.
3.
Marcus
5.
is
books.
We
a good friend of the boys. are the Gallic standard-bearers.
130. 1. The boy has a new book. 2. The farmer has broad fields. 4. Cornelia praises your
6.
We We
ought
8.
to protect our friends. 7. Our country is not a province. daughters of Marcus aid the unfortunate slaves. 9.
The
see the
beautiful streets of the town. n. Where 10. Where are my slaves? are your arrows? 12. Who does not love our free country? 13.
The
ter.
lieutenant calls his son.

15.
The daughters
lieutenant calls his daughcall their servant.

14.
The
Note. As far as possible pupils should answer in Latin the interrogative sentences of the exercises. Thus we may answer sentence 3 of 129 bv Cornelia libros flliae tuae habet.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
39
LESSON XVI
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
131.
VOCABULARY
Romanus,
-a,
audacia, -#e, F., boldness

cura, -ae, F., care
-um, Roman
studium, studi, N.,

ness
zeal, eager-
1 ad, prep., w. ace, to cum, prep., w. abl., with
in,
prep., w.
ace, into; w.
Roma, -ae, F., Rome Romanus, -I, M., a Roman

132.
tive
abl., in
duco, ducere, lead
How
may
to say into. We have learned that the accusabe used with ante, inter, per, post, trans (77), and
the ablative with in (meaning in, 67).

also
The accusative
is
used with
1.
in,
meaning
into:
2.
In oppido est, he is in the town (place where). In oppidum venit, he comes into the town (place into
which)
.
say to. After verbs meaning give, report, and the like, the dative ending, as we know, expresses to; but after verbs meaning go, come, send (verbs of motion), the
133.
How to
accusative with ad must be used:

1.
Fflio
librum dat, he
gives a book to his son (indirect
object).
2.
Ad oppidum venit, he
Rule.
is
comes
to the
town (place to which).

in.
134.
Accusative with ad and

the
The place to
with
which
regularly expressed by into which by the accusative with in. place In section 65 to say with. 135.
accusative
ad
the
How
it
was shown that

expressed by the
with, denoting the means of an action,

1
is
w., the abbreviation for with.
40
ablative without a preposition: Gladiis pugnant, they fight with swords.

venit, the boy is
denote accompaniment: Puer cum amico coming with a friend. This regularly requires cum and answers the question With whom? b. With may also denote manner:
a.
With
may
1.
Cum
care.
cura oppidum muniunt, they fortify
tlie
town with
2.
Magna (cum^cura oppidum muniunt,

town with great
care.
they fortify the
ner?
These phrases answer the questions How? In what manCum may be omitted if an adjective modifies the
Ablative of Accompaniment.
ablative.
136.
Rule.
Accompani-
ment
is
expressed by the ablative, regularly with the preposition
cum.
137.
Rule.
Ablative of Manner.
The manner of an
ac-
tion is expressed
omitted if
by the ablative with cum, but an adjective modifies the noun.
cum may
be
138.
Preposition
SUMMAEY
Denoting
Expressed by
To
To, into
indirect object place to which
dative
ad, in, -f accusative in -f ablative
In
place where
[means (by means

With
of)
ablative
< accompaniment (together with) cum + ablative [manner (in what manner) (cum 4-) ablative
EXERCISES
Nuntium ad reglnam mittunt. 2. Servl in vicum frumentum portant. 3. Copiae magna cum audacia pugnant. 4. Galbam cum filiis mels video. 5. Galll magno in cum studio oppida defendunt. 6. Virl agrum pulchrum
139.
1.
1 A preposition of one syllable, like cum, often stands between an adjective and its noun: magna cum cura, with great care.
REVIEW OF LESSONS XI-XVI

Amici nostri 7. equos ducunt. 8. Quis in provinciam copias ducit?
Gallia.
10.
41
veniunt.
ad
9.
portam
Multl puerl sunt in

,
Cur
ad
~'^</c..x^-i,^lllr^<'" ^l1^:l:^JlJIM/1lrt^' ,,,
'I
amicos vestros epistulas 11. Lenon mittitis? gatus Marco amlco suo
''lOifw.iraviw"'-"'
.IWLNI
pecuniam
12.
non
debet.
Agricola flliabus suls
libros
13.
pulchros
14.
dat.
Legatus cum
Gallls
pugnat.
Incolae
15
Books of Ancient Rome

Galli signa
Romae
140.
sunt Roman!.
1.
Romana non
2.
portant.
girls
The
girls are
3.
with friends in Italy.
The
send
letters to Julia.
slave (to the slave) a supply of 4. The farmer is leading the horse to the water. grain. 5. Galba 6. They carry the new books carefully is coming into the street.
We
owe the
(with care).
7.
The
8.
free
men ought
to fight very eagerly (with
great eagerness). the battle.
The messenger boldly
(with boldness) reports
LESSON XVII
REVIEW OF LESSONS XI-XVI
141.
42
142.
Give English derivatives. For example, library comes from liber, book; liberal from liber, free; audience from audio.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
does the gender of Latin words differ from the gender of English words? 2. What are the case endings Of neuter of masculine nouns of the second declension? nouns? 3. How does a predicate noun differ from an ap143.
1.
How
How are the positive? 4. Decline equus, filius, signum. 5. is a comple6. What four conjugations distinguished?
mentary
venio.
infinitive?
7.
Conjugate defendo.
10.
8.
Conjugate
Decline agricola magnus. 9. 12. How do at11. How do adjectives agree with nouns? tributive and predicate adjectives differ? 13. Decline sigDecline altus.
14.
nifer.
Decline noster.
to in
15.
Distinguish
the
ways
of
expressing
Latin.
16.
Distinguish the, ways of express-
ing with.
ROMA
144.
In Italia sunt multa et 1 pulchra oppida.
Roma
2
est
in Italia.
Magna
est
fama Romae, dominae
orbis
terrarum.
Altos muros et multas portas habet. Pulchra sunt aedificia Rulnas Fori RomanI nunc videmus. et templa et hortl.
LESSON XVIII
THE PASSIVE VOICE: PRESENT INDICATIVE
THE ABLATIVE OF THE AGENT
145.
The Passive
Voice.
The verbs
in the preceding les-
sons have been in the active voice, the form required
when
1 Omit et in translation. Latin regularly requires a conjunction to connect two adjectives belonging to the same noun. " " 2 of lands). circle Orbis terrarum, of the world (the
43
44
the subject is represented as acting or being. Latin verbs have also a passive voice, when the subject is acted upon.
Active
Passive
(is
The boy praises puer laudat. The boy sees (is

videt.
praising),
The
boy is laudatur.
praised,
puer
seeing),
puer
The boy
is seen,
puer videtur.
146.
Passive Endings.
The present
indicative passive
is
formed by adding to the stem the following personal endings:

Singular
First Person
-r,
Plural
/
1
-mur, we
-mini, you
-ntur, (they)
Second Person -ris (-re), thou, you Third Person -tur, (he, she, it)
147.
model verbs
Second Conjugation
Singular
First Conjugation
a'mor 2 /
,
am
loved
mo'neor,
mone'tur,
Plural
7"
am warned 3
warned
ama'ris, you are loved
mone'ris, you are warned

(he, she, it) is
ama'tur,
(he, she, it) is loved
ama'mur, we are loved ama'mini, you are loved

aman'tur, (they) are loved
mone'mur, we
are
warned
mone'mini, you are warned monen'tur, (they) are warned
a. In dare, the infinitive of do, give, the -a- is short, conThe passive present indicative is dor, trary to rule (43 a). daris, datur, damur, darnini, dantur. b. Conjugate the present passive of laudo, nuntio, vulnero ; timeo, video. less common ending -re is omitted in this book. added to the corresponding active form, not to the stem. 3 The progressive meanings / am being loved, I am being warned are sometimes used.
1
The
r is

148.
45
VOCABULARY
supero,
Celtae, -arum, M. pi., the Celts, a people of Gaul
superare,
overcome,
Garumna,
defeat -ae, M., the Garonne, vasto, vastare, devastate a river of Gaul
the Seine, a
lay
waste,
Sequana, -ae, F., river of Gaul
doceo, docere, teach a or ab, prep., w. abl., by
numerus,
-1,
M., number
a. a is used before consonants except or consonants.
ab before vowels
149.
i.
THE ABLATIVE OP THE AGENT

Nautae puerum laudant, the sailors praise the boy. Puer a. nautis laudator, the boy is praised by
sailors.
2.
the
is
Notice that nautae, the subject of the active verb laudant, put in the ablative with the passive verb laudatur. The
ablative here denotes the doer or agent of the action answers the question By whom?
a.
and
something
ablative of the agent denotes a person by whom is done, with a (ab) meaning by. The ablative of means (66) denotes a thing by or with which something is done, without a Latin preposition.
The
150.
is
Rule.
With a passive
verb the person by
whom an
act
done
is expressed
by the ablative with a or ab.
Memorize :
Tempora mutantur,
et nos
mutamur
in
illis.
The times change, and we change with them.
EXERCISES
Laudor, videor. 2. Accusamur, docemur. 3. Porvulneraminl. doceris. taris, 4. Vocamini, 5. Datur, timetur. 6. Iuvantur, timentur.
151.
1.
46
152.
feared.
i.
You
are
is
4.
7.
1.
They
2. taught. are defeated.
We
5.
are
wounded.
are seen.
3. 6.
We
are
They
It is re-
ported.
He
aided.
8.
You
(sing.) see, are seeing, are seen.
153.
Puer servum vocat; servus a puero vocatur.

superant. 3. vocor.
Galli
5.
man!
4.
Gallos
Ab amico meo
RoRdmanis superantur. copiis Romanls iuvaris.

2.
6. Regina a. magno numero puellarum amatur. 7. Cornelia, 8. Cur nauta Romanus accufilia mea, a Galba docetur.
10. In agros copiarum vulneramur. 12. Multa praemia 11. Slgnum tuba datur. vocamini. Romanorum ab incolls non 13. Copiae pueris dantur. timentur. 14. Multi equ! et cam in viis Romae videntur. 16. Ro15. Victoria Romanorum a signifero nuntiatur. man! agros Celtarum inter Sequanam et Garumnam vastant. 17. Agri Celtarum a copiis Romanls vastantur.
satur?
9.
Sagittis
154.
4.
number
We
Galba teaches a great are 3. Many boys taught by Galba. girls. are called into the town. 5. You (sing.) are warned by the
1.
The
grain
is
carried
by
slaves.
2.
of
boys and
7. You messenger. 6. I am praised by the Roman lieutenant. 8. Why is the good queen (pi.) are not seen by your friends. feared? 9. Who is defeating the Roman farmers?
LESSON XIX
THE PASSIVE VOICE: PRESENT INDICATIVE (COMPLETED)
THIRD CONJUGATION IN -IO
155.
model verbs
Fourth Conjugation
Singular
au'dior, /
audi'ris,
Third Conjugation
re'gor, I
re'geris,
am
ruled
am
heard heard
you are ruled

it) is
you are heard

it) is
re'gitur, (he, she,
ruled
audi'tur, (he, she,

Plural
re'gimur, we are ruled regi'minl, you are ruled
regun'tur, (they) are ruled
47
audi'mur, we are heard audi'mini, you are heard

audiun'tur, (they) are heard
156.
end
in
Verbs in -zo. Some verbs of the third conjugation -io and are distinguished from those of the fourth
conjugation by the infinitive ending -ere: capio, capere, take. They are inflected like audio, but the -i- is short throughout
and becomes -e-
in the second singular of the passive.
48
160.
i.
Roma
munltur.
3.
2.
Roman!
longam
copias
Gallorum
debes.
vincere
parant.
Epistulam
scrlbere
4. Copiae pila iacere docentur. 5. Nauta praedam capere parat. 6. Vlcus magno cum studio defenditur. 7. Epistulae
Porta Asinaria
Showing part
of the wall about
Rome
magna cum
mittitur.
9.
cura. scrlbuntur.
8.
Puer
in
oppidum cum amlcls
EquI agricolae
oppida
a.
Gallis
12.
defendor.
regimur. Celtae cum oppidanis bellum gerere cupiunt. 15. oppidanos vincere cupiunt.
non
viam ducuntur. 10. Magna muniuntur. 11. A magno numero amlcorum A copiis Romanls vincimini. 13. A reglna, 14. Signa trans agrum non audiuntur.
in
16.
Celtae
THE THIRD DECLENSION

l6l.
i.
49
do the
The
javelins are being hurled.
2.
Why
Roman
troops hurl javelins? 3. Who is captured by the Gauls? 4. We are not conquered; we are free. 5. You are sent (as) a messenger (99) to (133) the queen. 6. You (pi.) are heard by your daughters. 8. The 7. The town is being fortified by Marcus, the lieutenant.
province
is
ruled
by the queen's
friend.
9.
We are protected by the
high walls of the town.
LESSON XX
THE THIRD DECLENSION: NOUNS IN
162.
-I, -6,
-R
Genitive Singular. The third declension is composed nouns whose genitive singular ends in -is. There is no common ending for the nominative singular. The base and declension are to be learned, therefore, from the genitive, which is given after the nominative in the vocabularies. 163. Gender. Nouns of the third declension are mascuMasculine and feminine nouns line, feminine, or neuter. have the same case endings. Nouns in -tor are masculine: victor, victor; most nouns in -io are feminine: natio, nation.
of
164.
MODEL NOUNS
consul, consul
M.
victor,
victor
M.
pater,
M.
natio, F.
father
patr-
nation nationEndings
na/tio
Base
consul-
victor-
SlNGUXAR
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
con'sul
con'sulis
c5n'suli
vic'tor
victo'ris
victo'ii
pa'ter
pa'tris
pa'tii
natio'nis
natio'nl
-is
-1
con'sulem
con'sule
victo'rem pa'trem
victo're
natio'nem
natio'ne
-em
-e
AM.
pa'tre
50

Plural
Endings
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
165.
con'sules
victo'res
pa'tres
natio'nes
-es
con'sulum
victo'rum
pa'trum
natio'num
-um
-ibus
-es
-ibus
consu'libus victo'ribus pa'tribus natio'nibus victo'res natio'nes con'sules pa'tres

consu'libus victo'ribus pa'tribus natio'nibus
in the genitive, as
Some nouns in -6 have -inis hominis, M., man; base, homin-.

Singular
homo,
Plural
Nom. ho'mo
Gen.
Dat.
ho'mines
ho'minis
ho'minum
homi'nibus
ho'mini
Ace.
Abl.
166.
ho'minem
ho'mine
ho'mines homi'nibus
VOCABULARY
1
consul, consulis, M., consul

sol, solis,
pater, patris, M., father
M., sun
M.,
victor
mater, matris,
frater, fratris,
F.,
mother
2
soror, sororis, F., sister

victor, victoris,
M., brother
legio, legionis, F., legion
imperator, imperatoris, M.,
natio, nationis, F., race, nation
commander, general
mercator,
trader
a.
mercatoris,
M.,
homo, hominis, M., human

being,
man 3
Decline frater meus, legio nova, imperator noster.
EXERCISES
167.
i.
Consules Roman!.
4.
2.
A consule Romano.
4
sulibus Romanis.
1
Cum
sorore mea.
5.
ConSororis meae.
3.
republic there were two presidents, called consuls. division of the Roman army was the legion, corresponding to our regiment. It numbered 6000 foot soldiers when fully recruited. 3 Homo means man as opposed to lower animals or to the gods; vir means man as opposed to woman. 4 A possessive adjective, unless emphatic, follows its noun.
In the
Roman
The main

6.
51
Sororum mearum.
9.
7.
Mercatori magno.
10.
toribus magnis.
168.
1.
Pater noster.
8. A mercaMatres nostrae.
the legions. 4. your brothers.
mander.
169.
9.
1.
2. Of the small nations. 3. Between With the legions. 5. Of your brother. 6. To 8. Of the Gallic com7. The good commanders. To the free man. 10. Many human beings.
small nation.
Solem non semper videnius. 2. Galll in proelio non sunt victores. 3. Magna praemia victoribus dantur. 4. Marcus est imperator legionum Romanarum. 5. Agricolae a mercatoribus monentur.
vocant.
7.
ad
10.
matrem
Puerl servos patris sui Iulia epistulam matri dat. 8. Cornelia epistulas fratres consulis iuvant. scrlbit. 9. Nautae
6.
11. Fratres mercatoris a Regina sororem Marc! laudat. 12. Multae nationes a legionibus supecopils capiuntur.
rantur.
venit.
13.
Magnus hominum numerus
trans
provinciarn
14.
1.
Quis hominibus miseris proelium nuntiat?
The sun is large. 2. The boy is taught by his father. warn the farmers. 4. We are good friends of the 3. The traders. 6. Galba is the 5. legions are led by the consul. little son of the commander. The is 7. girl coming with her sisters. 8. The Gauls are a great nation. The commander is sending 9.
170.
The
traders
men
to the town.
LESSON XXI
THE THIRD DECLENSION: NOUNS IN
-S
AND -X
THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE OF SUM

Nominative Singular. Some nouns of the third declension have the ending -s in the nominative singular:
171.
hiems, winter ; princeps, chief. Bases in -d- or -t- drop these letters in the nominative: pes, foot, for peds, from base ped-; virtus, manliness, for virtuts, from base virtut-.
Bases in -c- or -g- have -x in the nominative, standing or -gs (6): dux, leader, for dues, from base due-; rex, king, for regs, from base reg-.
a.
for -cs
52
172.

Gender.
Nouns
in -tas or -tus are feminine: civitas,
state; servitus, slavery.
Nouns
in -x are masculine or femi-
nine: rex, king, M.; lex, law, F.

173.
MODEL NOUNS
rex,
M.
dux,
M.
pes,
M.
miles,
M.
llbertas, F.

Memorize :
53
Palma non
The palm
without
sine pulvere. not gained without dust; success is not
is
won
effort.
EXEBCISES
176. I. Caesar Milites magna erat
consul
Romanus;
3.
non
erat
rex.
2.
cum
4.
virtute pugnant.
Llbertas servls
vulnerantur.
a
5.
victore
datur.
Duces
6.
Gallorum
pills
Puer erat
filius equitis.
7.
Principes clvitatum ad regem

8.
mittuntur.
Multa
plla
a militibus iaciuntur.
iuvatis?
9.
Cur
ducem
clvitatis vestrae
non
Miles regi gladium
novum
11.
Erat magnus equitum numerus in Italia. Equites Romanos videre debemus. 12. Civitatem pardat.
10.
vam
14.
iuvare paramus.
13.
Consul in provincia
mllitis boni.
Dux militibus gladios et cum multis militibus erat.
plla dat.
15.
Era-
mus amid
Roman Horsemen
54
177*
!

Caesar was the commander of the
soldiers.
2.
The king
praises the valor of his troops. 3. Men ought to love liberty. 4. The victory is reported to the leaders. 5. The queen's horsemen
6. A messenger is sent by the chief. 7. The 8. The king's son and conquering many states. daughter were in the forest.
have good horses.

soldiers
are
LESSON XXII
THE THIRD DECLENSION: NEUTER NOUNS
IN -MEN, -US
THE FUTURE INDICATIVE OF SUM

Special Endings. In the singular of neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative forms are alike and have no
178.
case endings. are also alike
In the plural the nominative and accusative
and end
in -a.
Nouns
in
-men
(gen. -minis)
and -us
179.
(gen. -eris, -oris) are neuter.
MODEL NOUNS
flumen, N. opus, N. work river
tempus, N.
time
caput, N.
head
capit-
Base
flumin-
oper-
temporSingular
Endings
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
flu'men
flu'minis
flu'mini
o'pus
o'peris
o'peri
tem'pus
tem'poris
ca'put
ca'pitis
ca'piti
-e -a
-i
-is
tem'pori
Ace.
Abl.
flu'men
flu'mine
o'pus
o'pere
tem'pus
tem'pore Plural
ca'put
ca'pite
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
flu'mina
o'pera
tem'pora
ca'pita
flu'minum
o'perum
tem'porum
ca'pitum
-um
-ibus
-a
Ace.
Abl.
flumi'nibus ope'ribus tempo'ribus capi'tibus flu'mina tem'pora ca'pita o'pera flumi'nibus ope'ribus tempo'ribus capi'tibus
-ibus
THE THIRD DECLENSION: NEUTER NOUNS

l8o.
55
THE FUTURE TENSE, INDICATIVE OF SUM

Singular
Plural
e'rimus, we shall be
e'ro, / shall be
e'ris, (ihou wilt be),
e'rit, (he, she, it)
you
will be
e'ritis,
you
will be
will be
e'runt, (they) will be
181.
VOCABULARY
-I,
annus,
M., year agmen, agminis, N., army flumen, fluminis, N., river
opus, operis, N., work
tempus, temporis, N., time

divido, dividere, divide
separate,
nomen, nominis, N.,

caput,
capitis,
name
head;
N.,
propter,
prep.,
w.
ace,
on
capital
a.
account of
Decline
agmen bonum, opus magnum.
EXERCISES
182.
est
Lata provincia est inter fltimina. 2. Nomen pueri Marcus. 3. Magnum agmen non habemus. 4. Capita
i.
equorum
dant.
catores
9.
6.
agricolae video.
5.
Opus bonum puellarum
lau-
Propter tempus annl mllites non pugnant. 7. Mer8. Erimus cum mercatoribus. in vico erunt.
Propter
numerum ducum bonorum
clvitas
erit
libera.
The Roman Army marching out A bas relief on Trajan's Column
56
10.
Terrae fluminibus dividuntur. n. Agmini magno copiam frumenti dant. 12. Terra vestra agmine magno defenditur. 14. Agmen trans provin13. Praeda inter nautas dividitur.
ciam venit
183.
1.
et in terra regis erit.

rivers are
15.
Ubi erunt amlci
tui?
The
were
is
Roman
6.
names.
the capital of Italy.

7.
broad and deep. 2. Julia and Marcus The 3. kings have large armies. 4. Rome The town is fortified by the work of the 5.
to praise the
soldiers.
You ought
good work.
Who
will
boys on-account-of (their) be the leaders of the armies?
LESSON XXIII
THE IMPERFECT TENSE, INDICATIVE ACTIVE
THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
184.
Tenses.
There are
six tenses in Latin: present,
im-
perfect, future, perfect, pluperfect,
and future
perfect.
185.
THE FIRST CONJUGATION: IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE

Singular
Tense Endings
ama/bam, I was
loving,
I loved
loved
-bam
-bas
she, it)
ama'bas, you were loving, you loved ama'bat, (he, she, it) was loving, (he,
Plural
-bat
amaba'mus, we were
loving,
we
loved loved
-bamus
-batis
amaba'tis, you were loving, you ama'bant, (they) were loving, (they) loved
186.
-bant
tense sign is an element in a verb to indicate time, corresponding to the English auxiliary words was, shall, will, etc. The imperfect tense is formed by add-
Tense Sign.
ing to the stem the tense sign -ba- and the personal endings -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt. -ba- is shortened to -ba- before
-m,
1
-t,
-nt (7
b).
is
The
position of the tense sign
immediately before the personal
ending.
THE IMPERFECT TENSE, INDICATIVE ACTIVE

187.
57
In the other conjugations the models are mone-bam, / was warning, I warned; rege-bam, / was ruling, I ruled; capie-bam, / was taking, I took; audie-bam, / was hearing, I
heard.
Notice that in the third conjugation

is
final -e- of
the
stem (rege-)
a.
b.
tional -i- in -id
lengthened (rege-), and that there is an addiverbs of the third and fourth conjugations.
Learn the conjugation of these models given on page 281. Conjugate also the imperfect active of paro, habed,
scribo, iacio, venio.
Tense. The imperfect indicaan act or state as continuing in past time, like the English past progressive: Caesar copias laudabat, Caesar was praising the troops.
188.
Time
of the Imperfect
tive represents
189.
VOCABULARY
F.,
Germania, -ae,
Germany
ripa, -ae, F.,
bank
call
Germanus,
-1,
M., a Ger-
appello,
appellare,
1
(by
man
Germanus, -a, -urn, German Rhenus, -1, M., the Rhine Rhodanus, -1, M., the Rhone
190.
i.
name), name
navigo, navigare,
sail,
navigate
incolo, incolere, dwell; w. ace, inhabit
THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE

Terram Galliam
Terra Gallia appellator,
first
2.
appellant, they call the land Gaul. the land is called Gaul.
is
In the
sentence terram
predicate accusative.
191.
like take
In the second sentence Gallia

b).
the direct object, Galliam a is a
predicate nominative (97
Rule.
The
verbs
name,
call,
two accusatives: one the direct
choose, make, and the object, the other a predi-
cate accusative.
1
To
be distinguished from voco, which means
call in
the sense of
summon.
58

a. In the passive voice these verbs take two nominatives: the subject and a predicate nominative (99).
Memorize
Dum
vlvimus, vlvamus. While we live, let us live.
Gaudeamus iuvenes dum sumus.

Let us rejoice while we are young.
EXERCISES
192.
1.
Laudabam,
videbam.
iaciebam.
2.
Mittebam,
4.
muniehabe-
bam.
bat.
7.
3.
5.
Dabam
(43 a),
Portabat,
Defendebat, muniebat.
8.
6.
Vocabatis, docebatis.
9.
Scribebatis, veniebatis. jnus. 10. Incolebant.
Nuntiabamus.
Vinceba-
193.
4.
1. You were. You were fearing.
dividing.
writing.
7.
10.
3. You were leading. sailing. were 6. They were 5. They accusing. were 8. I was They coming. carrying. 9. He was We were taking.
2.
You were
The Rhone and the
Alps, St. Maurice, Switzerland
THE IMPERFECT TENSE, INDICATIVE PASSIVE
59
194. i. Pater pueros docebat. 2. Agricola equis f rumenturn dabat. 3. Viri pila iaciebant. 4. Munire parabamus.
5.
Miles
magna cum
virtiite
7.
pugnabat.
6.
Multas epistulas
Caesar, imperator Romanus, magno agmine regem superabat. 8. Quis trans flumen niintios mitmultos carros habebant. tebat? 9. Mercatores in vlco
10.
ami cis
tuis scrlbebas.
civitatis
Pueri equites Gallicos in via videbant. 11. Prlnceps 12. Magna cum ciira homines miseros iuvabat.
epistulam scrlbebam. 13. Cur fratrem ducis capiebant? 14. Incolae Germaniae GermanI appellantur. 15. GermanI trans Rhenum incolunt. 16. Fllil mercatoris ad ripam fluminis navigabant.
195.
soldiers
1.
17.
Roman!
was
Celtas Gallos appellant.

2.
The
lieutenant
calling his son.
The German
were defending the towns. 3. We were coming across the street. 4. I was coming with my friends. 5. The consul was leadThe sailors were into Gaul. 6. a dividing the booty. ing large army a sword and a The slave was javelin. 8. The Rhone is 7. carrying a long river of Gaul. 9. The name of the boy's brother was Lucius.
LESSON XXIV
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
196.
THE FIRST CONJUGATION: IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE

Singular
Tense Endings
-bar
-baris
ama'bar, / was {being) loved

amaba/ris, you were {being) loved
amaba'tur,
{he, she, it)
was
{being) loved
-batur
Plural
amaba'mur, we were
{being) loved
-bamur
-bamini -bantur
amaba'minl, you were {being) loved amaban'tur, {they) were {being) loved
6o

a. Notice that -ba- is the sign of the imperfect tense in the passive also, and that the personal endings are those already learned for the present passive (146). b. Learn from page 284 the conjugation of monebar, / was (being) warned; regebar, / was (being) ruled; capiebar, I was (being) taken; audiebar, / was (being) heard.
Questions. Quis, qui, ubi, and cur have been used to introduce Latin questions. When there is no special ina terrogative word, question may be indicated by the en197.
clitic
-ne
1.
(18), joined to the first (the
emphatic) word.
Puerne tubam audit?
2.
Tubamne puer
does the boy hear the trumpet? audit? does the boy hear the trumpet?
the boy
3.
Auditne puer tubam? does
hear
the
trumpet?
a. -ne has no meaning by itself; it is merely the sign of a question. b. If the answer yes is implied, the question begins with nonne: Nonne puer audit? does not the boy hear? If the answer no is implied, the question begins with num: Num puer audit? the boy does not hear, does he?
Answers. The answer yes is usually expressed by repeating the verb of the question; the answer no, by repeating the verb with a negative. Thus audit or non audit an198.
swers the questions in 197.
199.
vocabulary
-ae,
amicitia,
F.
(amicus),
the Belgae
confirmo, confirmare, (make

firm),
establish,
friendship
strengthen
(liber),
set
Belgae, -arum, M.,

(bel'je), the
libero,
Hberare,
Belgians
free, liberate
captivus,
tive,
-1,
M.
(capio), cap-
nonne,
interrog.
adv.,
not?
prisoner
pax, pacis, F., peace
(implying yes) -ne (enclitic, 197 a)
pedes, peditis,
M.
(pes), /0c/
num,. interrog. particle (implying no)
soldier; pi., infantry
61
EXERCISES
Laudatne? 2. Laudabatne? 3. Nonne laudabat? 6. Mittebatur, 5. Laudabatur, videbatur. 4. Laudaturne? 8. Defendemuniebatur. Portabamur, timebamur. 7. bamur, capiebamur. 9. Vocabantur, docebantur. 10. Duce200.
i.
bantur, iaciebantur.
201.
1.
11.
Videturne?
2. You were being warned. 3. He You aided. were was being heard. 4. were, you were 5. being were 6. being conquered. 7. Do They sending, you were sent. you give? 8. Did you give? 9. Was he seen? 10. Was he not
was being accused.
We
seen?
202.
2.
Estne Marcus in via? Eratne Caesar rex Romanorum?

1.
Non erat cum amicis

3.
rex.
4.
Puellaene erunt
5.
tuis?
Tela a militi-
bus iaciebantur.
6.
NSnne slgnum
7.
imperatoris audiebatur?
Galll a
Caesare superabantur. bus bonis docebamur.

captlvl
10.
8.
patri-
9.
Multi
in
Italiam
ducebantur.
captlvos
Princeps
11.
12,
civitatis
liberabat.
consule
Romano
llberaminl.
Pedites erant amici
dux 13. Eratne oppidanorum. 14. Cum peditum cum consule? civitatibus pacem et amlcitiam confirmare cupiebat.
15.
Belgae inter
incolunt.
fortified
Roman Foot Soldier
Sequanam
203.
1.
et
Rhenum
by many men. 2. Marcus was sent (as) a messenger. 3. I was advised by my brother. friend. 5. The captive's 4. You were being praised by the consul's 6. The victory was being sister was before the gate of the chief.
The towns were being
announced to the men of the written to the king and queen?
village.
7.
Was
the letter being
62
LESSON XXV
REVIEW OF LESSONS XVHI-XXIV
204.
VOCABULARY
agmen
THE THIRD DECLENSION! GENITIVE PLURAL IN -IUM
63
TERRAE EUROPAE
Britannia, Gallia, Germania, Hispania, sunt terrae Britannia, magna Insula, contra Galliam est. Europae.
206.
Incolae Britanniae BritannI appellantur.

in
Galll et
Roman!
Britanniam navigant.
Gallia
inter
flumen et Oce'anum posita 1 est. Fliimina Galliae sunt Rhodanus, Sequana, Matrona, Garumna, Axona, Arar. Genava et Massilia sunt oppida Gallica.
Rhenum
Belgae et Celtae et AquitanI Galliam incolunt. In Germania sunt Trans Rhenum incolunt German!.
silvae latae et
rlpls
multa
fliimina.
Pulchr! vie!
Germanorum
in
RhenI sunt.
Hispania, terra clara Hispanorum, erat provincia sed Germania non erat provincia.
Romana,
LESSON XXVI
THE THIRD DECLENSION: GENITIVE PLURAL
207.
IN -IUM
nubes, cloud; hostis, enemy; mons, mountain; nox, night; animal, animal; insigne, decoration,
Learn the declension
of
page 269.
208.
The Genitive
Plural.
The
genitive plural ends in
-ium
in the following classes of nouns:

a. Nouns in -es or -is having the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative: nubes, hostis. b. Nouns in -s or -x having a base ending in two conso-
nants: mons, nox.

c.
Neuter
nouns
in
-e,
-al,
or -ar:
Insigne,
animal
calcar (spur).
1
Situated.
64
209.
The Accusative The
in -is or -es.
210.
The accusative plural ends In this book only -es is used. Ablative Singular. The ablative singular ends
Plural.
in -1 or -e in
some words:
as avis (bird), civis (citizen), classis
collis (hill), finis (end), ignis (fleet), (fire),
navis (ship), pup-
pis (stern), sementis (sowing), turris (tower).

a.
-ia in the
Neuters in -e, -al, or -ar have -1 in the ablative singular, nominative and accusative plural.
211.
VOCABULARY
navis, navis, F., ship
animal, animalis, N., animal

cohors, cohortis, F., cohort (a
nox, noctis, F., night

pars, partis, F., part
tenth of a legion)
hostis, hostis, M.,
enemy;
pi.,
urbs, urbis, F., city
enemy
tion,
decern, adj., (indeclinable),

ten
insigne, insignis, N., decora-
badge
teneo, tenere, hold
mons, montis, M., mountain
EXERCISES
212.
1.
RomanI multas naves non habebant.
2.
Dux
hostium erat miles bonus. 3. Agricola animalibus partem frumenti dabat. 4. Erant decern cohortes in legione Romana. 5. Quis erat dux cohortium? 6. Videsne pulchrum montem? 7. Nonne urbs muris latis munitur? 8. Nomen
urbis
10.
est
FiliT et
Roma. 9. Equites ab filiae nautarum sunt in

oppidum tenebant.
13. 12.
hostibus
navT.
capiebantur.
Galll
n.
magna
cum
1
virtute
plla iacere parant.
Parva pars montis a

state;
Milites gladios tenent; copils tenebatur.
Hostis means enemy of the Pronounced urps ; see 6.
inimicus, personal enemy.
THE THIRD DECLENSION: GENDER; SPECIAL NOUNS

213.
I.
65
nights will not be long. 2. Rome is a large city of 4. The 3. Many animals were seen on (in) the mountain. Italy. are new. boy has the soldier's badge. 5. The soldiers' badges 6 The general was conquering the enemy with ten cohorts. 7. The
The
sailors
ought to have a large number of
ships.
^
a
' :
<,-'
',
Roman War
Ship
LESSON XXVII
THE THIRD DECLENSION: GENDER; SPECIAL NOUNS
As we have seen, the gender of nouns of 214. Gender. the third declension cannot be determined by the nominative
singular, as in the first
and second declensions.

Abstract nouns
in
It
must be
learned with the word.

-tus, are feminine:
-do, -io, -tas,
altitudo, natio, libertas, virtus.

(gen.
-eris, -oris) are
Nouns
in -al, -e,
-men, -us
neuter: animal,
inslgne, flumen, opus, tempus.
66
215.
VOCABULARY
N.
pi.,
castra, castrorum,
multitudo, multitudinis, F.,

(multus), multitude, {great)
camp
iter,
itineris,
N.,
journey,
number
pons, pontis, M., bridge
vis, vis, F., force; pi., strength
march, route, way
mare, maris, N., sea

altitude), altitudinis, F., (al-
facio, facere,
make, do; iter
tus), height, depth

a.
facere,
of iter
march
page
269.
Learn the declension
and
vis,
EXERCISES
216.
et fossa
i.
Milites
Roman!
castra
defendebant.
3
2.
Muro
semper muniebant. 3. Ad portam castrorum pugnabant. 4. Signiferi slgna in castra portant. non 6. Erant multa itinera ad urbem. Iter erit longum. 5. 8. Copiae longo 7. Agmen per provinciam iter faciebat.
castra
itinere
ducuntur.
10.
9.
Mons
multittidine
hominum
tene-
Multitudo Gallorum per terram ducebatur. multitudinem equitum habebant. 12. Estne mare altum? 13. Multae naves sunt in 4 marl. 14. Vim facere 5 16. Pontem latum 15. Consul vl viam facit. parabant. 6 in numine faciebamus. 17. Caesar ponte trans flumen agmen dticit. 18. Cur magnas naves non faciunt? 19. Altitudo montis non est magna.
batur.
11.
Galli
217.
seas?
5.
1.
Do you
3.
of the river.
4.
Did you not

have
cities,
fear the deep sea? 2. He fears the great force see the mountains, the rivers, and the
We
towns, and villages in our country.
The king was

1
giving liberty to a great
number
of
men.
6.
Ten
The
At.
plural
form castra has a singular meaning.

of facio
is
The
singular form
tastrum,
2
3 *
fort, is rarely used.
The passive
On.
irregular (597).
6 8
To
use.
English says over.
THE ABLATIVE CASE! SEPARATION; PLACE FROM WHICH 67

cohorts were marching into the camp. 7. They were coming to the bridge by many routes. 8. In the camp (there) were captives of the Romans.
LESSON XXVIII
THE ABLATIVE CASE: SEPARATION; PLACE FROM WHICH
218.
a, ab, prep.,
VOCABULARY
w.
abl.,
away
absum
from, from; by de, prep., w. abl., down from,
be away, be absent, be distant
(ab
+ sum),
from
e, ex, prep.,
exspecto, exspectare, expect, wait for

pertineo,
w.
abl., out of,
pertinere
(per
from
periculum, -I, N.
a.
b.
,
teneo), extend, reach, belong

peril,
danger
longe, adv., far
from; de, down from; ex, out from. consonants except h; ex, like E, ab, before vowels or consonants (148 a).
like a, stands before
Ab means away
219.
How
to say from.
We
have seen that the ablative
expresses: a. by a person or thing (the agent or the means). b. with a person or thing (denoting accompaniment, means, or manner).
in a place (the place where). The ablative is also used to express from a person or thing:
c.
1. 2.
Cura regem
liberat, he frees the king
from
care.
Flumen Rhenus Gallos a Germanis

river separates the
dividit, the
Rhine
Gauls from the Germans.
An
From what
ablative answering the question From what person? 1 thing? is called an ablative of separation.
"
1 The ablative case is named from this use, for the case of " taking away."
ablative
"
means
68
220. The ablative expressing separation is used with such verbs as separate, divide, differ, defend, deprive, refrain, move,
set free, lack, be absent.
221.
Rule.
Ablative of Separation.
ration require an ablative to out ab, de", or ex.

a.
Verbs denoting sepacomplete their meaning, with or withused when the ablative denotes a
A
A
preposition
is
person.
literal,
preposition is regularly used when the separation is as in 219, 2. c. preposition is regularly omitted when the separation is figurative, as in 219, 1.
b.
222.
Place from which.
ablative answers the question

1.
In the following sentences the Whence? From what place?
Ab urbe
venit, he comes
2.
Roma
Rule.
venit,
from the city. he comes from Rome.

is regularly
expressed by the ablative with ab, de, or ex; but the preposition is omitted with
223.
Place from which
names
of towns.
Memorize :
Factum fieri mfectum non What has been done cannot Facta non verba.
Deeds not words.
potest.
be undone.
EXERCISES
224.
aftsunt.
1.
Agricolae ex agris veniunt.

3.
2.
Fratres mel a vico
Epistulam ab amico exspecto. 4. Plla de muro alto iaciebantur. 5. Oppidum Gallicum a provincia Romana a, montibus ad mare pertinet. 6. Terra longe aberat. in oppidum iter faciebant. novae e castrls 7. Legiones 8. Prlnceps bonus ab hostibus clvitatem defendit. 9. Legatus mllites ab opere vocabat. 10. Vicus a ponte longe abest.
11.
Nonne perlculum puerorum
vides?
12.
Cur fratrem
THE FUTURE TENSE, INDICATIVE
69
fru-
tuum et Marcum exspectabas? mentum capiunt.
13.
Nautae ex navibus
225. 1. The slaves were being sent out of the villages. 2. We ought to free our city from danger. 3. The animals were not far away from the forest. 4. He was expecting a messenger from 1 the consul. 5. Who was defending the bridge from the army of the enemy? 6. The camp extended from the river to the mountain. a javelin (down) from the bridge into the water. 7. The boy throws
Roman
Bridge, Narni, Italy
LESSON XXIX
THE FUTURE TENSE, INDICATIVE (CONJUGATIONS
226.
I
AND
II)
Tense Sign. The future tense of the first and second conjugations is formed by adding to the present stem the tense sign -bi- and the personal endings. In the first person
singular -i- of the tense sign disappears before the ending
1
Defendo always takes ab.
70
-6
;

in the third person plural it
it
ond person singular passive

227.
becomes -u- and becomes -e-.

;
in the sec-
the future indicative

Active Voice
Tense Endings
ama/bo, /
shall love
mone'bo, /
ama/bis, you will love

ama/bit, (he)
3
will love
shall cove
ama/bimus, we
ama/bitis, you will love a ma/bunt, (they) will love
warn 2 -bo -bis mone'bis, you will warn 3 -bit mone'bit, (he) will warn we shall warn -bimus mone'bimus, -bitis mone'bitis, you will warn mone'bunt, (they) will warn -bunt
shall
228.
Passive Voice
mone'bor, / shall be warned -bor
mone'beris, you will be
-beris
will
ama/bor, / shall be loved

ama/beris,
loved
you
3
be
warned
will be
ama/bitur, (he)
loved
mone'bitur, (he)
will be
-bitur
warned
shall be
ama/bimur, we
loved
mone'bimur, we warned
shall be
-bimur
-bimini
amabi'mini, you will be

loved
monebi'minl, you will be
warned
(they)
amabun'tur,
be loved
will
monebun'tur, warned
(they) will be
-buntur
229.
vocabulary
pi.,
arma, -orum, N. weapons
arms,
paratus,
-a,
-urn,
(paro),
explorator, exploratoris, M., scout

oratio, orationis, F., speech, oration
ready primus, -a, -um,
first
decimus,
tenth
-a,
-um, (decern),
-que, enclitic conj., and

2
atque or ac, conj., and,

1
and
3
also
Or /
shall be loving.
Or I
shall be warning.
Or
she, or
it.
THE FUTURE TENSE, INDICATIVE
71
a. Et, the common conjunction, simply connects; -que combines more closely and is attached to the second of the connected words: terra mareque, the land and the sea. Atque (ac) throws emphasis upon the second connected word or phrase: terra atque mare, the land and also the sea. Atque may stand before a vowel or a consonant, ac only before
consonants.
EXERCISES
230.
cabit,
Laudabo, videbo. docebit. 4. Dabimus,

i.
2.
Portabis, timebis.
5.
3.
Vo-
habebimus.
7.
Nuntiabitis,
tenebitis.
8.
Parabunt, pertinebunt. Laudabimur, videbimur.

1.
6.
Vocabor, docebor.
231.
4.
We
You
shall expect.
5.
2.
We
12.
shall see.
6.
You
will teach.
8.
They
will fight.
9.
3. You will set They will fear.
free.
7.
shall
overcome.
11.
I shall have.
He
will aid. will
10.
He
will
be
held.
will
be called.
They
be seen.
2. Marcus, ami232. 1. Puella a patre sud laudabitur. cus noster, pueros docebit. 3. Multos amlcos in urbe ha-
bebimus.
iuvabimur.
7.
4.
6.
Cura
llberaberis.
5.
A
8.
nationibus
Gallicis
Multi milites ante victoriam vulnerabuntur.

Quis ducem mone10. Amid copiae nostrae tenebunt?
Hostes civitatis vestrae superabitis.

9.
bit?
Montemne
12.
regis appellabimini.
pilumque.
13.
Romani erant gladius hostium videbunt. castra Exploratores prim!

11.
Arma
mllitis
Prmcipes civitatis orationemconsulis laudabant. 14. Decima legio iter facere erit parata. 15. Nationes pacem atque amicitiam confirmant.
233.
1.
The boys
will
be taught by Galba.
2.
The
trader will
praise his daughter. 3. The messenger will give a letter to the king. 4. You will see the high mountains. 5. The slaves will be freed from peril. 6. I shall call the men out of the field. 7. Who
will report
the
first
victory of our forces?
72
The
Alps, Pontresina, Switzerland
LESSON
XXX
THE FUTURE TENSE, INDICATIVE (CONJUGATIONS III AND IV)

234. In the future of the third the tense sign is not -bi-, as in the
tions (226),
first
and fourth conjugations and second conjuga-
but -a-
for the first person singular, -e- or-e- for the
other persons.
235.
the future indicative

Active Voice
/ shall take
/ shall rule
I shall hear
re'gam
re'ges
re'get
ca'piam
ca'pies
ca'piet
au'diam
au'dies
au'diet
rege'mus
rege'tis
capie'mus
capie'tis
audie'mus
audie'tis
re'gent
ca'pient
au'dient
the future tense, indicative

236.
73
Passive Voice
I shall be taken
ca'piar
capie'ris
/ shall be ruled
re'gar
rege'ris
I shall be heard
au'diar
audie'ris
rege'tur
capie'tur
audie'tur
rege'mur
rege'mini
regen'tur
a.
capie'mur
capie'mini
capien'tur
audie'mur
audie'mini
audien'tur
Conjugate the future of mitto and munio.
237.
VOCABULAEY
-1,
consilium,
finis,
N., plan
obses, obsidis, M., hostage

pi.,
finis,
M.,
end;
socius,
soci
(96),
M.,
ace,
ally,
boundaries, territory
finitimus,
bor
liberi,
-1,
confederate
M.
(finis),
neigh-
apud, prep., w.
with,
among, in the presence of
-orum, M.
pi.,
children
EXERCISES
238. 1. Mittam, muniam. 2. Defendis, defendes. 3. Du5. Vincimini, vin4. Scribimus, scrlbemus. citur, ducetur. dlvident. cemini. 6. Dlvidunt, 7. Capient, capientur.
239.
1.
They
are throwing, they will throw.
2.
We
are making,
5.
we
shall
make.
3.
You
will
be defended.
4.
He
will
come.
You
be
8. I shall will be conquered. 6. will fortify. 7. I shall be. shall lead, we shall be led. away. 9. I shall be sent. 10.
He
We
ad sordrem suam librum pulchrum mittet. 2. Legatus in Galliam cum copils mittetur. 3. Urbem magna a Flliae cum audacia defendemus. 4. regis perlculo defen240.
1.
lulia
dentur.
sulis
1
Legiones ex castris ducentur. 6. Nonne films conagmen diicet? 7. Multis proeliis vincetis. 8. Multae
5.
hostage was a person given by one nation to another, to be held
as a pledge of good faith in keeping treaties.
74
LATIN FOK THE FIRST YEAR

9.
civitates Galliae vincentur.
Navesne a ponte longe abe11.
runt?
10.
Per terram
novam
iter facie tis.
Mllites ante
signum
plla
non
iacient.
12.
Galli portas
urbium suarum
Consilia sociorum ab exploratoribus nuntia2 buntur. 14. Liberl mittentur obsides. 15. Apud llberos 16. Obsides erunt apud regem. erit fllius ducis. 17. Fhlmen
munient.
13.
Rhodanus
will
est in flnibus
Gallorum.
241. 1. Marcus will write a letter to his father. 2. The letters be written by the slaves. 3. I shall come with your brother. You will not be far away from the town. 4. 5. The boys will make new arrows. 6. We shall make a way into the forest. 7. The 8. The tribe will javelins will be thrown (down) from the wall. make peace with the neighbors.
LESSON XXXI
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

Adjectives of the third de242. Nominative Singular. clension are classified according to the number of endings in
the nominative singular: 1. Adjectives of one ending, for
N., powerful; base, potent-.
2.
all
genders: potens, M., F.,
Adjectives of two endings one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter: fortis, M. and F., forte,
N.; base, fort-.
Adjectives of three endings, differing for each gender: acer, M., acris, F., acre, N., sharp; base, acr-. Most adjectives of the third declension, 243. Endings.
3.
except comparatives, have -i in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive plural, -is or -es in the accusative plural,
1
This expresses time.
As
hostages (99).
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
75
masculine and feminine, and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural neuter.
Learn the declension of the models potens, acer, as given on page 272.
a.
fortis,
and
244.
locus,
-I,
VOCABULARY
M.
-a,
(pl.,loca,
-orum,
fortis, forte, brave, strong
N.), place
gratus,
omnis, omne,
every, all
-um,
pleasing,
1
similis, simile, like, similar
agreeable
audax
nearest,
(gen., audacis), bold,
proximus, -a, -um,

next; last
daring
par (gen., paris), equal
acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen, eager
potens (gen., potentis), powerful
idoneus, -a, -um, suitable,

a.
fit
Decline puer acer, omnis puella, natio potens.
245.
i
.
THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

Civitas proxima Gallis est, the tribe is next to the Gauls. Fllius patri similis est, the son is like his father.
2.
3.
Locus
castris idoneus erat, the place
was
suitable for a
camp.
Notice that after proxima, similis, and idoneus the noun to which the quality is directed is in the dative. This construction 246.
called the dative with adjectives. The dative is used with adjectives meaning Rule.
is
near, like,
opposites.
1
equal, friendly,
pleasing,
suitable,
and
their
Proximus and adjectives
of quantity, like
multus and omnis, nor-
mally precede their nouns.
70

Memorize:
Vultus est index animi. The countenance is the index of
Fideli certa merces.
the
mind*
The reward
of the faithful is certain.
EXERCISES
247.
1.
Vir erit idoneus operl.

sunt.
3.
2.
Epistulae tuae flliabus
meis
gratae
Imperator
videt.
5.
castris
idoneum locum
grati
4.
Sumusne
reginae?
Galll
multitudine 1
pares.
hominum
6.
Romanis non erant

tios
7.
Niin-
ad proxima oppida mittemus.

Milites
sunt
audaces;
8.
magna
Potens
cum
tur.
audacia.
pugnant.
clvitas
Galliae a Caesare superabiomnibus 9. Similia praemia
puerls
11.
dabimus.
ex
et fortes
12.
10.
Cur
omne
frumentum
Multos debemus.
navibus
portant?
homines habere
Erat proelium acre cum copiis hostium. 13. Copiae acres slgnum exspectabant. 14. In Italia sunt multa et pulchra loca.
15.
Labor omnia 2
1.
vincit.
The letter is pleasing to the The beautiful books will be 3. The small pleasing to your brother. field was not fit for a camp. 4. Our village is next to the river. 6. The 5. The cohort will be captured by the daring horsemen. The will for all the soldiers. be 7. army is not danger equal 8. The captives are like the far away from powerful tribes. slaves. 9. Marcus and the leader's sons are brave men.
248.
Standard -Bearer
trader.
2.
In number.
All {things), everything.
THE PERFECT TENSE, INDICATIVE ACTIVE
77
LESSON XXXII
249. Principal Parts. Verbs have four principal parts, so called because all forms of the verb may be derived from
them.
itive,
They
are the present indicative, the present infin-
the perfect indicative, and the supine (a verbal

Indicative
noun
form).
s.
78
252.
THE PERFECT INDICATIVE OF REGULAR VERBS

I have warned I warned
2
/ have loved I loved

l
I have ruled
ama/vi
amavis'ti
ama'vit
ama/vimus
amavis'tis
amave'runt
a.
took,
With the same endings conjugate and audivi, / have heard, I heard.
cepi,
/ have taken, I
79
A Roman Emperor
in Military Attire
EXERCISES
254.
I.
mus. 5. 9. Misimus.
Veni, vldi, vlci. 2. Afuisti. 3 Duxit. Habuistis. 6. Fecerunt. 7. Laudavisti.

.
4.
8.
Dedi-
Docuit.
Vocavit-
10.
Muniverunt.
11.
Vidimus.
12.
8o
255.
4.
1.
He
has taken.
5.
2.
He
has heard.
6.
3.
They have
feared.
taken.
7.
They have heard.

8.
have praised.
10.
You
We
wrote.
You
sent.
9.
I defended.
We
fought.
Servus bonus multas epistulas scrlpsit. 2. Ad miserunt. Multa et Caesarem, imperatorem, legatos 3. idonea loca vldit. 4. Opusne fecisti? 5. Ubi fuerunt nautae? 6. Nonne consilium audivistl? 7. Pater cum flliis at256.
1.
Via ab fmmine ad montem pertinebat. 10. Tuba slgnum dedit. n. Dux 9. 12. Servos incolarum propter virtutem copias laudavit.
que
filiabus venit.
8.
Dux
signa dabat.
llberavimus.
14.
13.
Celtae in fines Belgarum iter fecerunt.
Incolae
1.
cum
The
finitimis
bellum gesserunt.
2.
257.
We
3.
have been
girls.
friends.
in the city.
horses have
5.
come
to the bridge.
There were brave horsemen 4. I have given
conquered the Gauls? 6. Did you see the beautiful buildings of the city? 7. Why have they devastated the fields of the neighbors?
many
rewards to the
Who
258.
principal parts of verbs thus far given

First Conjugation
-
laudo
iuvo
a.
laudare
iuvare
laudavi
iuvi
laudatum iutum
With
the regular endings -6, -are, -avi, -atum, form the
parts of accuso, appello, conflrmo, exspecto, libero, navigo,
nuntio, paco, vulnero.
paro,
porto,
pugno, supero, vasto, voco,
Second Conjugation
debeo doceo habeo
pertineo teneo
debere
timeo
vide5
THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE

Third Conjugation
defendo
divido
8l
defendere
duco
gero
incolo
mitto
scrlbo
vinco
cupio
facio
iacio
&2

260. Perfect Participle.
sive participle, which supine (249) to -s:
is
Latin verbs have a perfect pasmade by changing final -m of the
ama/tus, -a, -um, loved, having been loved

mo'nitus, -a, -um, warned, having been warned rec'tus, -a, -um, ruled, having been ruled
-um, taken, having been taken audTtus, -a, -um, heard, having been heard
cap'tus, -a,
a.
This participle
is
declined like the adjective bonus, -a,
-um.
261. Perfect Indicative Passive.
The
perfect indicative
passive
is
compound
tense, consisting of the perfect par-
ticiple and sum: amatus (-a) sum, / have been loved, I was loved amatus (-a) es, you have been loved, you were loved amatus (-a, -um) est, {he, she, it) has been loved, was loved
amati (-ae) sumus, we have been loved, we were loved amati (-ae) estis, you have been loved, you were loved amati (-ae, -a) sunt, {they) have been loved, were loved
a.
The ending
and number amata est.

b.
of the participle depends upon the gender of the subject: thus pater amatus est, but filia
In the same way conjugate monitus sum, / have been warned, rectus sum, / have been ruled, captus sum, / have been taken, auditus sum, / have been heard.
262.
VOCABULARY
M.,
citizen
centurio, centurionis, M., centurion

civis, civis,
scutum, centum,
adj.),
-1,
N., shield
(indeclinable
populus,
-1,
-1,
Quintus,
Sextus,
M., people, nation M., Quintus
hundred
gravis, grave, heavy
-1,
M., Sextus
THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE
83
EXERCISES
263.
4.
i.
Vocatus
est.
2.
Visi
6.
sunt.
3.
Missi
sumus.
7.
Audltus es. 5. Capti estis. tus sum. 8. Miinltum est.

9.
Laudatae sunt.
Doc-
Iacta sunt.
10.
Non
victi
sumus.
1.
264.
called
2.
They have been

were
called).
(or,
has been seen (or, was seen). 3. I have been led
He
been heard.
4. We have She has been expected. 6. You have been defended. 7. It has been. 8. It has been reported.
(or,
was
led).
5.
tum men
4.
265. 1. Centurio cenmllites duxit. 2. No-
Scutum
centurionis
3.
erat
et
Sextus.
Quintus
a
Sexto,
Sextus
erant
elves
est.
Romanl.
5.
Quintus
centurione,
laudatus
Scu-
tum
Quint! non grave erat. 6. Scuta nova mllitibus data 8. Populus Romanus sunt. 7. Scuta nova mllitum vidl.
cum
10.
civitatibus Galliae
pacem
faciet.
9.
Ab
Castra a centurionibus
munita sunt.
urbe afuimus. 11. Hostes a
populo
Romano
defensi sumus.
12. Magno cum perlculo superatl sunt. 14. A 13. Ad elves niintius missus sum.
es.
matre bona doctus
266. 1. Many tribes in Gaul have been subdued. 2. The boy has been warned. 3. The animals have been seen in the forest. 4. A beautiful shield was carried into the camp. 5. Who has seen the brave centurion? 6. We have come to the gate of the city with many citizens. 7. The war has been carried on with great bravery. 8. Who made the Roman shields? 9. Where were the citizens? 10. Were they away from the town?
7
84
LESSON XXXIV
267.
REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVI-XXXHI
VOCABULARY
altitudo
REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVI-XXXIII

veni and veniebam differ in meaning?
perfect indicative passive formed? the third declension of
classified?
14.
13. 12.
85
How
is
the
How
are adjectives
Decline
acer.
16.
15.
Decline omnis.
is
How
expressed?
separation Place from
which?
adjectives
17.
is
With
the
what
dative
used?
POPULUS ROM ANUS

269.
Multae f abulae de *
septem regibus Romanis narrantur. Romulus, pri-
mus
rex,
urbem
Romam
Propter mulappellavit. iniurias tas Tarquinius

Superbus, rex septimus, ex urbe expulsus est. Post reges consules creati sunt.
Roman! fuerunt populus

Multls cum napotens. tionibus bellum gesserunt et Italiam, Graeciam, Galliam,
L.
Cornelius Sulla
Hispaniam vicerunt.
Sclpio,
Magni imperatores erant Apud Romanos fuerunt

bus Ciceronis non audlvit?
Marius, Sulla, Caesar. oratores clarl. Quis de orationi-
Vergilius et Horatius, poetae sunt.
Roman!, ab omnibus laudati
About.
o
Oh
>
3
o w w o
86
THE FOURTH DECLENSION
87
LESSON XXXV
THE FOURTH DECLENSION
270.
The fourth
declension includes
all
nouns whose genin -us or -u.
itive singular
ends in -us.
The nominative ends
Most nouns of the fourth declension are 271. Gender. masculine. Domus, house, manus, hand, and a few others
are feminine.
Those
in -u are neuter.
272.
MODEL NOUNS
88
274.
VOCABULARY
cornus,
(of
cornu,
N.,
horn;
lacus, lacus, M., lake
wing
an army)
F.,
portus,
house,
port
portus,
M., harbor,
domus, domus, home

exercitus,
senatus, senatus, M., senate

dexter, -tra, -trum, right
sinister, -tra, -trum, left
army manus, manus,

band, force
a.
exercitus, M., (a trained body)

F.,
hand;
saepe, adv., often
Decline together exercitus f ortis ; cornu dextrum.
EXERCISES
275. senatus.
1.
In
2.
civitatibus
Galliae
fuerunt
principes
et
Consules
duces
exercituum
saepe
erant.
4. Animalia in silva cor3. nua longa habent. 5. Decern cohortes militum erant in dextro cornu. 6. Dextrum cornu Romanorum hostes vlcit; sinistrum cornu hostium superatum est. 7. Lacus et flumen provinciam Romanam a Gallia diviserunt. 8. Domusne agri-
Noster exercitus non vincetur.
colae longe a lacu abest?
9.
domos pulchras
vulnerata
amicls
13.
14.
est.
in
11.
urbe habebunt.
Sextus et Marcus, amid mei, 10. Manus dextra legati
nostris.
In manibus servorum erant epistulae ab 12. Iulia manu sua epistulam scripsit.
Frtimentum
1
in
portum
multis
navibus
15.
portabitur.
In portu naves longas saepe vidimus.
Senatus popu-
lusque Romanus.
276. 1. Caesar sent a message to the Roman senate. 2. The victory has been reported to the senate. 3. The consul was praising the brave army. 4. The leader of the army will be seen with his lieutenants. 6. The little 5. Have you seen the beautiful lakes? is next to the lake (246). 7. The brave chief led a large band village
of Gauls.
1
The
title of
the
Roman government,
abbreviated
S.
P. Q. R.
PREFIXES.
THE LOCATIVE CASE
89
LESSON XXXVI
PREFIXES.
THE LOCATIVE CASE
EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE REVIEWED

277. Prefixes.
Many compound
verbs are
made by com-
Most of the bining simple verbs with adverbial prefixes. prefixes are also used as prepositions and include the following already learned: a (ab), away; ad, to; ante, before; de, down, away; e (ex), out; in (im-), in, into, against (negative, not); inter, between; per, through; post, after; trans (tra-),
across.
Other
common
prefixes,
not used separately, are conapart; re- (red-), back.
(com-, co-), together; dis278.
(di-),
VOCABULARY
-1,
Corinthus,
F.,
Corinth
Helvetia
importo, (im
in,
+ porto),
+
bring
Genava,
-ae, F., Geneva

F.,
import
teneo),
Helvetia, -ae,
(Switzerland)
contineo, continere, continui,
contentum (con
hold
together,
2
Helvetii, -drum, M.,the Eel1 vetii, the Helvetians
restrain,
bound (geographically)
Helvetius
(Helveticus), -a, Helvetian -um, Oce'anus, -1, M., ocean
+ duco), lead out reduco, (re + duco), lead back traduco, (tra + duco), lead
educo,
(e
rus, ruris, N., country (opposed to the city)
across
convenio,
vinum,
habito,
-1,
N., wine
-avi,
(con + venio), come together, assemble
-are,
atum,
2
pervenio, (per
+ venio), {come
dwell, live
through), arrive, reach.
comporto, (com
together
1
porto),
bring
Pronounced
Hel-vc'shi-i.
The
principal parts are like those of the simple verb.
90
279. The Locative Case. Names of towns in the singular of the first and second declensions, and a few other words,
case, the locative (47 a), denoting place where The ending in the first declension is -ae: (locus, place). Romae, at Rome; in the second declension, -1: Corinthi, at
have a special
Corinth.
Domus and
rus have the locative forms doml,
at
Home; run, in the country.

280.
PLACE IN WHICH
Marcus in oppido est, Marcus is in the town. Marcus Romae est, Marcus is in Rome. Marcus doml est, Marcus is at home.
with in
Place in which or at which is regularly expressed by the ablative (67), but the locative case is used for domus, rus, and names of towns in the singular number.
281.
PLACE PROM WHICH

Ab
Roma Domo
oppido venerunt, they came from the town. venerunt, they came from Rome. venerunt, they came from home.
is
Place from which
ab, de, or ex (223), but with preposition is omitted.
expressed by the ablative, regularly with names of towns, domus, and rus the
282.
PLACE TO "WHICH
Ad oppidum
Romam venerunt, they came to Rome. Domum venerunt, they came home.
Place
is
venerunt, they came
to the
town.
to
which
is
or in (134), but with
expressed by the accusative, regularly with ad names of towns, domus, and rus the preposition
omitted.
EXERCISES
283.
i.
Gallia,
2.
magna
erat
terra,
a.
Rhodano ad Oceanum
et
pertinebat. batur. 3.
Helvetia montibus et fluminibus contine-
Genava
magnum oppidum
proximum
PREFIXES.
Helvetils.
4.
THE LOCATIVE CASE
91
Ex
pido
pons
ad
opHelvetios
eo
Genavae. Multae epistulae Genava mittentur. 7. Mar6.
5. pertinebat. erunt catoris
Filii
mer-
cus et Qulntus
Romae
in
Italia
8.
habitaverunt.
in
Iulia
urbe habitat;
Sextus, frater Iuliae, run. 9. Pueri Corinth! cum pa-
tre
10.
suo habitabunt. Flumen Rhenus Gera

Gallia
dividit.
maniam
n. Agricolae ex
agris fru-
mentum
12.
comportabant. Mercatorne in Galliam
vinum importavit?
13.
Decemne
cohortes ex
castris eductae sunt?

Legatus copias in castra reducet. 15. Hostes trans Rhenum in Galliam
14.
tradiicuntur.
16. Viri con-
veniunt et ad lacum pul-
chrum pervenient.
284.
live
2
Does your brother at home? 2. The soldier

1.
Statue of a Roman Matron

4. There were ships at Corinth. Caesar led his army to Geneva.
7.
has carried
grain.
3.
home a supply of The traders saw many

5.
many
6.
soldiers in the ships.
The Roman
lieutenant
is
away from home.
The Roman
8. The Bellegions conquered the Germans and the Helvetians. with homes their defended and the Celts great valor. gians
1
That.
Habito.
92
LESSON XXXVII
THE FIFTH DECLENSION. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
285.
The
last
declension,
the
fifth,
includes
whose genitive singular ends

ends in -es.
286.
in -ei or -ei.
nouns The nominative

all
Gender.
Nouns
of the fifth declension are feminine,
except dies, day, which is masculine in the plural, but masculine or feminine in the singular.
287.
MODEL NOUNS
THE FIFTH DECLENSION.
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
93
290.
i.
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
Multos annos Romae
years.
habitavit,
he
lived
at
Rome
last
{for)
many
2.
Proximo anno Romae
habitavit, he lived at
Rome
year.
3.
Decern annis multas urbes
vidit,
within ten years he

expresses the time
has seen
many
cities.
The accusative phrase multos annos
during which he lived and answers the question How long? The ablative proximo anno expresses the time when he lived,
while decern annis
tells
the time within which he has seen
the
cities.
291.
Rule.
Duration of Time.
Duration of time
is ex-
pressed by the accusative case.
Time when 292. Rule. Time When or Within Which. or within which anything is or is done is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
293.
VOCABULARY
brevis, breve, short
acies, aciei, F., line of battle,
army
dies, diei, M.,
pauci, -ae, -a,
pi.,
a few
meridies,
-ei,
day M., midday,
heri, adv., yesterday
hodie,
adv.,
(on this day),
noon
res, rel, F., thing, fact, matter
to-day
eras, adv., to-morrow
aestas, aestatis, F., summer hiems, hiemis, F., winter
maned, manere, mansi, mansum, remain, abide
mensis, mensis, M., month

294. Synonyms. Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning: acies, army in battle array; agmen, army on the march; exercitus, army, a trained force; copiae, troops, forces.
94

Memorize:
Non
Not many
multa, sed multum. things, but much.

nobis solum.
ourselves.
Non
Not merely for
EXERCISES
domi mansimus. 2. Paucis diebus amicos nostros videbimus. 3. Ab monte aciem hostium
295.
1.
Multos
4.
5.
dies
vidimus.
imperator.
In
acie
erant
milites,
Exercitus
Romanus
centuriones, legatl, cum multis clvitatibus
Non semper vlcit, sed non pugnavit. est. 7. Agmen partem noctis iter fecit.
6.
saepe superatus 8. Aestate dies
sunt longl;
hieme sunt breves.

10.
partem
oppido.
12.
aestatis.
11.
Eramus run magnam Omnium rerum magna copia erat in

9.
Dies est in horas dlvisa; annus in menses.
Marcus
herl erat
Romae,
13.
eras erit in provincia, paucis
mensibus
aberunt.
erit in Gallia.
14.
Nautae multos menses domo Ante meridiem (a. m.); post meridiem (p. m.).
296. 1. The next day Caesar sent his army to Geneva. 2. Before noon they fortified the camp. 3. Have you seen your brother today? 4. We ought to be in the city to-morrow. 5. The king's forces held the mountain many hours. 6. The army will march a
great part of the day. with the traders.
7.
few slaves
will
remain in the village
LESSON XXXVIII
THE PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE
297.
The
pluperfect indicative corresponds in meaning to
the English past perfect: active, / had loved; passive, 7" had been loved. It represents an act or state as completed in past
time.
THE PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE
95
In the 298. The Pluperfect Indicative of Regular Verbs. active voice the pluperfect tense is formed by adding eram The tense sign is -era- (shortened to the perfect stem (250).
to -era- before the endings
-m,
-t, -nt).
Active Voice
I had loved
/ had warned / had ruled
ama'veram
ama/veras ama/verat
monu'eram
monu'eras monu'erat
re'xeram
re'xeras
re'xerat
amavera'mus
amavera'tis
monuera'mus
monuera'tis
rexera'mus
rexera'tis
ama/verant
monu'erant
re'xerant
a. With the same endings conjugate ce'peram, / had taken; audiVeram, / had heard; fu/eram, / had been.
In the passive voice the pluperfect indicative is compound, consisting of the perfect participle (260) and eram.
299.
Passive Voice
Singular
amatus amatus amatus
(-a)
eram, / had been loved

you had been loved -um) erat, {he, she, it) had been loved
Plural
(-a) eras,
(-a,
amati (-ae) eramus, we had been loved amati (-ae) eratis, you had been loved amati (-ae, -a) erant, {they) had been loved
a. In the same way conjugate monitus eram, / had been warned; rectus eram, / had been ruled; captus eram, / had been taken; auditus eram, / had been heard.
96
300.
VOCABULARY
quartus, -a, -um, fourth
quattuor, (indeclinable adj.),
-1,
magistrates, -us, M., magistrate
pagus,
M.,
district,
canton
l
four
postea, adv., afterwards quod, conj., because
creo, creare, creavi, creatum,
elect, create
vigilia, -ae, F.,
watch
antiquus, -a, -um, ancient
duodecim, (indeclinable
twelve
adj.),
EXERCISES
301.
veratis.
8.
i.
Laudaveras.
5.
2.
Viderat.
6.
3.
Miseramus.
eras.
7.
Fecerant.
9.
Vocatus
erat.
4. MunlDocta erat.
Victi erant.
Munltum
10.
Afueramus.
302.
4.
7.
We
I
led.
2. You had held. 3. He had written. had divided. 5. You had come. 6. They had been heard. had been elected. 8. He had been seen. 9. They had been 10. It had been hurled. 1.
had waited.
Equos ex agro eduxeramus. 2. Nuntius ad ducem equitum missus erat. 3. Navesne in portum navigaverant? 4. Nonne ad vicum in montibus perveneras? 5. Agmen
303.
1.
quattuor horas
iter fecerat.
7.
pagos
erat.
divlsa.
8.
Pax cum
Helvetia erat in quattuor Quarta pars ab exercitu Caesaris victa Celtis conflrmata erat. 9. Rex German6.
orum a populo Romano amicus appellatus erat. 10. Diem Roman! in duodecim horas divlserunt; noctem in quattuor n. Mllites laudati sunt, quod magna cum virtute vigilias.
pugnaverant. 12. Vlcerunt quod fortes erant. non timebant, quod oppidum muniverant.
13. 14.
OppidanI
temporibus fuerant reges in Gallia;

civitatibus creatl sunt.
AntTquis postea magistrates a

2.
304.
1
1.
had
called the
called friends.
3.
We
boys my friends. had lived 2 ten years
The boys had been
in the district of Hel-
A watch was a fourth part of the night, from sunset to sunrise. Habiro-
THE FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE

vetia.
4.
97
supply of grain had been given to the men by the I love tribe's magistrate. 5. I shall remain in the country because the broad fields. 6. We had desired to see the house of the merhe has often dechant. 7. Marcus will be elected consul because
fended the people.
Attack on a German Fortress As depicted on

the column of
Marcus Aurelius
LESSON XXXIX
REVIEW OF THE INDICATIVE. SYNOPSES
future perfect tense in Latin corresponds to the English future perfect: active, / shall have loved; passive, I It represents an act or state as comshall have been loved.
305.
The
pleted in future time. 306. The Future Perfect Indicative of Active Verbs. the active voice the future perfect is formed to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -eri-.
In
by
adding -ero
98
latin for the first year

Active Voice
Singular
ama/vero, / shall have loved

ama/veris,
loved
monu'ero, /
monu'eris,
shall have
warned
have
you
will
have
you
(he,
will
warned
it)
ama/verit, (he, she, have loved
will
monu'erit,
she,
it)
will
have warned
Plural
amave'rimus, we
loved
shall have
monue'rimus, we warned
monue'ritis,
shall
have
amave'ritis,
loved
you
will
have
you
will
have
warned
will have
ama/verint, (they)
loved
a.
monu'erint, (they) will have
warned
With the same endings conjugate
rexero, / shall have / have shall ruled, cepero, taken, audivero, / shall have heard, fuero, / shall have been.
In the passive voice the future perfect indicative compound, consisting of the perfect participle and ero.
307.
is
Passive Voice
Singular
(-a) ero, (-a) eris,
I shall have been loved
you
will have been loved
(-a, -urn) erit, (he, she, it) will
have been loved
Plural
amati (-ae) erimus, we shall have been loved amati (-ae) eritis, you will have been loved amati (-ae, -a) erunt, (they) will have been loved

a.
99
In the same way conjugate monitus ero, / shall have been warned; rectus ero, / shall have been ruled; captus ero, / shall have been taken; auditus ero, I shall have been heard.
308.
indicative endings
First Person Singular
IOO
310.
VOCABULARY
moveo, movere, movi, moturn,
lux, lucis, F., light f daylight
regnum,
N. (rego), royal power, kingdom

-1,
move
(con
contendo, -tendere, -tendi,
celeriter, adv., (celer, quick),
-tentum,
stretch
tendo,
strive,
quickly
fortiter, (fortis), adv., bravely
thoroughly), contend; hasten

-ficere,
-feci,
2
postquam,
occupo,
conj., after
1
perficio,
-fec-
ubi, adv. or conj., when, where

-are,
-avi,
turn, (per+facio),
(do thorcorn-
-atum,
oughly),
plete
is
accomplish,
seize, take
a.
possession of
perfect indicative ubi.
The
used with the conjunctions
postquam and
Memorize:
Homo
I am a sum; human! nihil a me alienum puto. man and deem nothing that relates to man a matter of
indifference to me.
EXERCISES
311.
veritis.
8.
i.
Vocavero, dedero.
4.
6.
2.
Habueris, vlderis.
3.
Dp*
fenderit, scripserit.
Iecerunt,
erit.
9.
Venerimus, pervenerimus. 5. Cupiiecerant, iecerint. 7. Missus ero.

10.
Munltum
312.
Capti erunt.
Docta
eris.
have made. 2. You will have aided. 3 3. He will have led. 4. We shall have brought-together. 5. They will have been absent. 6. He will be elected. 7. He will have been elected. 8. You will have been sent. 9. You will be sent.
i.I
shall
313.
2.
1.
Frumentum
celeriter
mercatoribus
3.
importatum
erit.
Opus
1
perficietur.
4.
Ante
4
horam decimam
multas res perfecerimus.

Ubi
is
2
Nostrl
fortiter contenderint.
either a conjunction or adverb, according to its use in a sentence. passive of perficio is regular, like that of capio. 3 What are the principal parts of iuvo? 4 Milites is often to be supplied, as here, with the masculine plural of possessive adjectives.
The

5.
1QI
Galli ante
lucem castra moverint.
regnum occupabit, quod magnum signum pugnae datum est, milites
Princeps civitatis exercitum habet. 7. Ubi

6.
fortiter
pugnaverunt.
Postquam pontem fecit, traduxit. 9. Postquam milites

8.
derunt.
erant.
suos \ plla iecerunt, gladiis conten10. Ubi civitates victae sunt, pacem facere paratae
Caesar
trans
Rhenum
11.
Hostesne montem heri occupaverunt
12.
Quis
opus hodie perficiet?
Captives Pleading for
Mercy from a Roman Conqueror
314. 1. When I was in the city, I saw the harbor and the ships. After I arrived at (ad) the city, I wrote to my friends. 3. The camp will be moved before the fourth watch. 4. The magistrates will have been elected by the citizens. 5. They were hastening the work. had because completed home, they
2.
1
See Daee 100. footnote
4..
IOT
LATIN.
FOR THE FIRST YEAR
LESSON XL
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES VOCABULARY
alia,
315.
alius,
aliud,
another,
other
alter,
altera,
alterum,
the
other (of
two)
neuter,
neutra,
neutrum,
(of
-um, none, no ullus, -a, -um, any solus, -a, -um, alone, sole totus, -a, -um, whole, entire unus, -a, -um, one
nullus, -a,
sine, prep., w. abl., without
neither (of two)
uter, utra,
utrum, which?
two)
Nine pronominal adjectives of the first and second declensions, given in the above vocabulary, have the ending -lus in the genitive singular and -1 in the dative singular, for
316.
all
of the singular
genders, instead of the regular endings. In other cases and in the plural they are declined like bonus,
liber, or pulcher.
Note the exceptional form
of alius in the
neuter.
a. Learn the declension of alius, alter, neuter, given on page 271.
unus
as
317.
alii
Alter repeated (alter

.
alter)
means one
.
the
pi.,
other; alius repeated (alius

.
alius), one
another;
alii,
some
others: Alii pila, alii gladios portant,
some carry spears, others swords. 318. The pronominal adjectives of this lesson regularly stand before their nouns.
a.
Decline tota navis, uter puer, neutrum cornu.
Adjectives as Nouns. Adjectives in Latin as in English are often used alone as nouns: altum, the deep (sea);
319.
fortes fortuna iuvat, fortune favors the brave.
masculine
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES
adjective so used generally implies adjective, thing or things: nostri,
103
man
our
or men, a neuter
{men,
soldiers)
omnes,
all
(men); omnia,
all (things).
EXERCISES
320. i. Belgae unam partem Galliae incolunt; aliam (partem) Celtae. 2. Alterum oppidum erat in Gallia; alterum
in
Italia.
3.
Neuter locus
castrls erat idoneus.
4.
Utrl
puero
epistulam dedistl? 5. Prmcipes Caesarem venerunt. 6. Totam diem erant

7.
totius
Galliae
ad
niillae
naves
in portu.
perfectum est. 8. Legatus cum sola decima legione venit. 9. Multl contenderunt; domum pervenerunt, 10. Ubi victores pauci vlcerunt. omnes laudatl sunt. 11. Mercatores per provinciam venient, quod aliud iter habent nullum. 12. Nostri castra fortiter
Opus
sine ullo perlculo
defenderant.
everything (all things) with great was aided by the other. 3. The a shield. 4. Some Romans were The men of one district are ready 6. The sisters of Marcus will remain in the to come-together. country the whole summer. 7. After our friends arrived at (ad)
321.
1.
care.
The boys were doing Neither of the consuls brave centurion fought without 5. soldiers, others were orators.
2.
Corinth, they sailed to

1
(in) Italy.
8.
See 313, sentences 4 and
A Roman Festival
Alma-Tadema
io4
LESSON XLI
REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXV-XL
322.
acies
VOCABULARY
REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXV-XL
I05
Julius Caesar
VICTOR GALLIAE
324.
Gaius Iulius Caesar, vir clarissimus
Romae,
miles,
<5rator, a populo
Romano
consul creatus
2
est.
Post consula-
tum Galliam provinciam

civitatibus Gallicls bellum
Turn octo annos accepit. et eas omnes pacavit. gessit,

qui trans
2
cum
Pon-
tem
in flumine
1
Rheno fecit et Germanos,
Rhenum in-
Most famous.
Received.
io6
Postea in Britanniam navigavit, et colebant, superavit. cum Britannis pugnavit.
LESSON XLII
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN QUI. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN QUIS. CLAUSES
325. The relative pronoun qui, who, which, or that, clined as follows:
Singular
is
de-
Plural
M.
Nom.
Gen.
qui
F.
N.
M.
qui
F.
N. quae
quae
l
quod
cuius
quae
who, which, or that

cuius
cuius
quorum
quibus
quarum quorum
quibus quibus
whose, of
Dat.
whom, or
of which
cm
quern
cui
to
cui
or for
whom
or which
Ace.
quam
qua.
quod
quos
that
quas
quae
whom, which, or
AM.
quo
quo
(etc.)
quibus
quibus
quibus
from
whom
or which
326. The interrogative pronoun quis, who? what? is declined in the plural like the relative qui ; in the singular as
follows:
M. and
F.
N.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
quis cuius
cui
2
who? what? quid cuius whose? of whom? of what? cui to or for whom? to or for what ?
quid
quern
AM.
1
quo
Pronounced
quo
coo'yus.
whom? what? from (etc.) whom? from

2
(etc.)
kivee.
what?
Pronounced
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
107
327. The interrogative adjective qui, what? which? is declined like the relative pronoun in both numbers: qui vir?
what
man? quae
Use
of
terra? what country?
quod flumen? what
river ?
328.
the Relative Pronoun.
noun noun
is
a connecting
word
relative prothat refers or relates to a preceding
The
or
pronoun
called its antecedent.
1.
Viri, qui
oppidum defenderant, laudati
sunt, the men,
2.
who had defended the town, were praised. Viri, quorum oppidum defensum erat, laudati sunt, the men, whose town had been defended, were praised.
In these sentences qui and quorum have the gender and number of the antecedent viri; but qui is a subject nominative and quorum a possessive genitive without regard to the
case of
viri.
329.
Rule.
Agreement
of Relative
Pronouns.
relative
its
pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number ; case depends on its use in its own clause.
330.
Complex Sentences.
With regard
to form, sentences are
simple, complex, or compound, as in English. The Latin sentences of 328, and in former lessons those containing postquam, ubi {when),
or
quod
(because), are
principal or independent,
complex; for they have two clauses each, a and a subordinate or dependent.
a. The clauses of a complex sentence are connected by a relative pronoun, or a subordinate conjunction. clause beginning with a relative pronoun is called a relative clause.
331.
The Use
of Clauses.
Clauses
may be
used as nouns, ad-
jectives, or adverbs.
a. A noun clause, or substantive clause, is one that is used as the subject or object of a verb, or as an appositive or know that the earth revolves. Latin predicate noun: illustrations are given later. b. An adjective clause is one that modifies a noun or pronoun. Relative clauses are used in this way.
We
108
c.
An
adverbial clause
jective, or
is one that modifies a verb, an adClauses introduced by quod another adverb.
{because), ubi, or
postquam are
illustrations.
332.
VOCABULARY
tres, tria,
1
Aquitania, -ae, F., Aquitania
three -avi,
Aqultanus,
cultus,
-us,
-1,
M., an
A qui-
expugno, -are,
(ex
-atum,
tanian; pi., the
Aquitanians
civilization
+ pugno),
capture, take
M.,
by storm
lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum, dissimilis, -e, unlike (ob +\>ugno) y fight against, third attack tertius, -a, -um,
EXERCISES
333.
datum
est
Puer, cuius frater veniet. 2. Miles, cui scutum est. 4. Oppidum, quod 3. Terra, quam incolimus.
1.
proximum. 5. Via, qua venistl. veneram. 7. Montes, qui sunt altl.

lata.
9.
1.
6.
8.
Amicus, quocum Flumina, quae sunt
Incolae, quos vlcimus.
10.
Puellae, quas vocabant.

2.
334.
is
new.
The days, which 3. The merchants,

will see.
are short.
to
5.
The
sailors,
whose ship
camp, which they

6.
he gave the grain. 4. The The leaders, by whom we were sent.

lived.
7.
whom
The
villages, in
8.
which they
to
The
consul,
whom
they
will elect.
The queen,
whom
the letter has been given.
Aquitania est tertia pars Galliae. 2. Qui linguam Aqultanorum audlverunt? 3. Quas linguas audlvistl? 4. Hel335.
1.
Romanae non longe aberant. 5. Quis cultum Romanorum non laudat? 6. Hostes tria oppida expugnaverunt; multa oppugnaverant. 7. Consilia, quae
vetil a cultii provinciae
nuntiant, sunt bona. 9. Sextus amlc5s suos,

vocavit.
10.
11.
8.
Quibus
c5nsilia
nuntiaverunt?
quorum magnum numerum habebat,
cupiebat.
1
Neuter puerorum, quos vidimus, navigare Cuius manu epistula scrlpta est? 12. Mllites
The numeral
Cum may
tres is declined like the plural of fortis, page 272. follow the ablative of the relative pronoun, as an en-
clitic (18).
THE PRESENT INFINITIVE.

omnia
signa,
USES OF THE INFINITIVE

13.
109
quae habent, comportabunt. oppugnant, non expugnabitur.
Urbs,
quam
336. 1. We shall remain at home three days. 2. (There) were ten ships, that carried the sailors. 3. (There) are many animals in the 4. To whom had they written the letter? forest, which you see.
6. Was the 5. With what legions did the general attack the town? town quickly captured? 7. Caesar made peace with the tribe, 8. There are many other cities, whose chief had been wounded.
that I desire to see.
GAUL
337. Gallia est omnis dlvisa in partes tres, quarum tinam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqultani, tertiam Celtae. Celtae
Linguae civitatum lingua Romanorum Galli appellantur. sunt dissimiles. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen (dividit); a Belgis
Matrona
et
Sequana
dlvidit.
LESSON XLIII
THE PRESENT
INFINITIVE.
THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE
The Latin infinitive has 338. The Present Infinitive. three tenses in each voice: present, perfect, and future. The
present passive infinitive is formed by changing final -e of the active to -1, except in the third conjugation, in which
-ere becomes
-I.
Active
Passive
amare, monere,
to love
to
amari,
to be loved to be
warn
moneri,
warned
regere, to rule capere, to take
regi, to be ruled
capi, to be taken
audire,
to
hear
audiri, to be heard
HO
339.
in
Uses
of the Infinitive.
The Latin
infinitive is
used
two ways: 1. As a noun

2.
in the
nominative or accusative, without a
subject.
As a verb, with a subject accusative. 340. The Infinitive without a Subject. As stated
the infinitive is
in 109
used as the subject, the object, or the complement of a verb; sometimes as an appositive or predicate nominative: Errare est humanum, to err is human; videre
cupiunt, they desire videre est credere,
to see;
venire debent, they ought

1
to
come;
to see is to believe.
341.
i.
THE INFINITIVE WITH SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE

Mons
est altus, the mountain is high.
2.
3.
Audio montem esse altum, / hear {that) the mountain is high (lit., the mountain to be high). Video montem esse altum, / see {that) the mountain
is high.
4.
Nuntio
montem
esse altum, / report
{that) the
moun-
tain is high.
In the
first
sentence there
is
a direct statement.
is
In the
other sentences
montem
esse altum
an indirect statement,
having the verb in the infinitive with a subject in the accusaThis indirect statement forms a noun clause, used as tive. the object of the main verb. Notice that there is no Latin word for that, to connect the clause. The sub342. Rule. Subject Accusative with Infinitive. is in the accusative case. an ject of infinitive Rule. Uses of Infinitive with Subject Accusa343. The infinitive with a subject accusative is used with verbs tive. 2 meaning say, think, know, perceive; also with some verbs
meaning order, compel, desire, permit.
1
Review 109 and no.
* I. e.
with verbs of
"
mental action."
THE PRESENT INFINITIVE.

344.
USES OF THE INFINITIVE
III
The Meaning
infinitive
of the Present Infinitive. The present denotes the same time as the verb on which it
1
depends
(say, think, etc.)-
It
may,
therefore,
have a present
or past meaning, as in the following sentences:

1.
Audit milites vincere, he hears

quer, or are conquering
.
that the soldiers con-
(lit.,
the soldiers to be con-
2.
quering) Audivit milites vincere, he heard that the soldieis conquered, or were conquering (lit., the soldiers to be
conquering).
3.
Audit milites vinci, he hears

quered.
(that) the soldiers are con-
4.
Audivit milites vinci, he heard

conquered.
(that) the soldiers
were
345.
VOCABULARY
dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, say
puto, -are, -avi, -atum, think
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum,

order
disco, discere, didicl,
learn
scio,
credo, credere, credidi, ere-
scire,
scivi,
scitum,
ditum,
believe
know
EXERCISES
'
346.
scrlbere.
1.
Dicit,
puerum epistulam
4.
epistulam scrlbit." scrlbere. 3 3. Dixit puerum

copias
fortiter
Puer
2.
Dicit
Puto
6. copias fortiter pugnare. habere. 7. Scivimus puellas multos amlcOs habere.
epistulam Putavi pugnare. 5. Sclmus puellas multos amicos

8.
Dis-
cimus Galliam esse
magnam
terram.
9.
Credisne natiOnem
1 With verbs like plan, promise, infinitive refers to future time. 2 3
and sometimes hope, the present
The The
direct statement, giving the exact words of the speaker. indirect statement.
112
10. Quis credidit nationem pacarl? n. Videtisne pacarl? 12. Frater meus Insulam esse pulchram agros vastari?
scribit.
13.
Rex
servos llberari iubet.
14.
Legatus pila
iaci 15. Nuntiatum est Gallos oppidum munire. 16. Nonne putas nautam slgnum videre? 17. Mercatores frumentum mittl iusserant. 18. Omnes sciunt magnum bellum gerl. 19. Vidi elves quarta hora, convenire. 20. Leiussit.
21. Esne puer quern giones iter facere paratae sunt. vidi? 22. Quae navis est inVquam video?
Romae
1 347. 1. Do you think the place is suitable? 2. Did you think the place was suitable? 3. I hear that my friends are not far away.
order the slaves to carry the grain. 5. The leader says army is marching into Gaul. 6. Marcus said that neither of the men was living at Rome. 7. They often come to Rome. 8. We all know the boys desire victory. 9. We desire to learn many
4.
They
will
that the
(things).
10.
All
men ought
is
to be free.
?
n. Do you know
that is
the
farmer, whose horse

1
in the field
2
that (349).
The conjunction
understood.
Street Scene in Ancient Rome
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
"3
LESSON XLIV
HIC, ILLE, ISTE
THE OBJECTIVE GENITIVE

348.
ille,
There are five demonstrative pronouns in Latin iste, is, idem. Hie, this, is declined as follows:
hie,
114
351.
VOCABULARY
-a,
cupidus,
eager
-um,
desirous,
hie, haec, hoc, this; he, she,
it
ille, ilia, illud, that (yonder);
cupiditas, -tatis, F., desire
he, she,
iste,
it
memoria, -ae,
recollection
F.,
memory,
ista,
istud,
1
that
(of
yours)
diu,
adv.,
long,
spes, spei, F., hope
for
a long
induco
(in
+ duco),
lead on,
time
influence
a.
Decline hie nauta, haec legio,
ilia
domus, istud pilum.
352.
i.
THE OBJECTIVE GENITIVE

Victoriam cupiunt, they desire
victory.
the victory.
2.
Cupidi victoriae sunt, they are desirous of {eager for)
3.
Magna
cupiditas victoriae est, there
is great desire
for
(of) victory.
In the illustrations the genitive victoriae
is
related as an
object to the adjective cupidus and the noun cupiditas, just as victoriam is the object of cupiunt. Victoriae is called an
objective genitive.
353.
Rule.
The
genitive
is
used with certain nouns and

action or feeling implied.
adjectives to denote the object of
an
EXERCISES
354. 1. ducibus.
Huic
3.
servo.
2.
Ad hanc
insulam.
3.
Cum
his
Apud
opus.
10.
7.
Ilia
6. Istud hos equites. 5. Haec castra. animalia. 8. Illorum lacuum. 9. Illls nautls.
Ab
illo
1.
principe.
11.
Illlus aciei.
illae
12.
Sine isto gladio.

2.
355.
Hae
1
puellae venerunt;
afuerunt.
far.
111!
opus
Long in
time,
opposed to longe,

fecerunt,
4. 6.
HIC, ILLE, ISTE
115
non
hi.
3.
Memoria huius
regnl.
5.
victoriae diu manebit.

erit castrls
7.
Hi fuerunt cupidl
Hie locus
idoneus.
IllI
Cum
hac natione Roman! pacem fecerant.
servl
cupiditate libertatis in8. Nuntius duct! sunt.
ab
illls
civitatibus,
quae
1
trans flumen incolebant,

venit.
9.
Unus
ex
his,
qui nunti! venerant, erat
frater
10.
centurionis.
illorum
mlsistl,
Neutrum
quos
11.
librorum,
vlderam.
consilium,
Istud
quod ab exploratore nuntiatum est, 12. Hanc bonum. est

terram,
defendemus.
quam amamus, 13. Hoc

didicimus.
facere
facere
14.
15.
Illud
debeo.
Nautas spe praedae

1.
indue! dlcunt.
356.
2.
Who will do this?
is
This river is deep, that broad. 3. We shall remain in that village all winter.
4.
have not seen

5.
those
cities.
Who
is
not
Statue of a Roman dressed in the Toga
desirous of liberty? 6. The memory of these things will
be pleasant. 2 The en7. are these emy towns; those they have captured. 8. The attacking soldiers of that legion fought bravely. 9. We have often written letters to that man concerning these things.
1
See 529,
b.
Iucunda.
Il6
THE BELGAE
x 2 357. Horum omnium fortissiml sunt Belgae, propterea 3 quod a cultti provinciae Romanae longe absunt, et merca-
vlnum non important; proximlque 4 sunt Germanls, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum bellum gerunt.
tores
LESSON XLV
THE PERFECT
358.
INFINITIVE.
THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE

The
perfect infinitive is formed in the active voice by adding -isse to the perfect stem; in the passive by combining the perfect participle and
esse.
The Perfect
Infinitive.
Active
Passive
amavisse,
to
to
monuisse,
amatus esse, to have been loved have warned monitus esse, to have been warned
have loved
rexisse, to have ruled audivisse, to have heard
rectus esse, to have been ruled auditus esse, to have been heard
fuisse, to have been
359.
finitive
Meaning
of the Perfect Infinitive.
The
to be translated
1.
denotes time before that of the main by the perfect or the pluperfect indicative:
perfect inIt is verb.
Dicit mllites vicisse, he says {that) the soldiers conquered, or have conquered.
2.
Dixit mllites vicisse, he said {that) the soldiers conquered, or had conquered.
Dicit milites victos esse, he says {that) the soldiers were conquered, or have been conquered.
1
3.
The
three divisions of the Gauls.

;
2
3
The bravest. Propterea quod See 229 a.
for the reason that.
THE PERFECT INFINITIVE

4. Dixit mllites victos esse,
117
he said {that) the soldiers
were conquered or had been conquered.

a. The participle in the perfect passive agrees with the subject accusative in gender, number, and case.
360.
VOCABULARY
angustus, -a, -um, narrow ob,prep., w. ace, on account of convoco, -are, -avi, -atum
(con
(timeo),
bonitas, bonitatis, F. (bonus),

goodness, excellence
causa, -ae, F., cause, reason

cibus,
-1,
M.,food
+ voco),
call together
inopia, -ae, F., lack, scarcity
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum,

flee
timor,
timoris,
M.
fear
361.
THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE

fortiter
Spe victoriae
pugnaverunt, because of
the
hope of
victory they fought bravely.
The
reason? and
of cause
is
ablative here answers the question Why? is called an ablative of cause or reason.
of,
For what
The
of,
idea
shown in English by because The ablative without a 362. Rule.

cause or reason.
a.
on account
is
preposition
from. used to
express
Cause may also be expressed by de or ex with the ablaand by ob or propter with the accusative: multis de causis, for (from) many reasons; qua ex re, because of (from) this fact; ob has causas, for these reasons; propter tempus
tive
anni, on account of the time of the year.
EXERCISES
363.
fortes
i.
Legatum
3.
fuisse
fortem
scio.
2.
Legatos fuisse
dicit.
4.
sclvi.
Regem
nautas laudavisse
5.
Rex
principes convocaverat. dixit. 6. Quis nuntiabit
Regem principes convocavisse Romanos castra movisse? 7. Hel8.
vetios fines angustos habuisse discimus.
Nostra consilia
n8
nuntiamus.
tasne

esse
dicit.
9.
hostibus nuntiata
10.
Oppidum munitum
esse
11.
esse
Epistulas scriptas
esse?
pacem conflrmatam
13.
14.
Puputavit. 12. Incolas monitos esse
audlverunt.
fecit.
Multis de causis pontem in 1 flumine Rheno Incolae inopia cibl erant miserl. 15. Hostes inoin perlculo fuerunt.
16.
pia
ria
navium magno
Puerum arma-
monebo. 17. Agricolae propter bonitatem agrorum in ilia terra manebunt. 18. Ob hanc causam oppidum non expugnatum erat. 19. Timore hostium oppidan! fugerunt.
20.
Explorator mintiat oppidanos fugisse.

1.
364.
He
The
come.
3.
says the boys have come. 2. He said the boys had 4. I heard girls know (that) the letter was written.
(that) the citizens
had been
called together.
5.
The
captives will
6. They said the flee, because there are few soldiers in the camp. 7. The captives were fleeing because-of a desire for (of) liberty. general is said to have been a large man. 8. Between the mountains there is a narrow road. 9. Does the leader fear the lack of food?
10.
Whose work
did you praise?
LESSON XLVI
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
365. The demonstrative declined as follows:
is,
IS
this,
that; pi. these, those, is
IS
119
366. The Use of Is. Like hie and ille (350), is may be used as a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, or as a personal pronoun.
a. As a demonstrative is is less definite than hie or ille and may denote any person or thing mentioned: is liber, this book or that book (of which I am speaking); hie liber,
this book (here); ille liber, that book (there).

b. Is is often used as the antecedent or in agreement with the antecedent. of a relative pronoun: 1. Ei, qui castra defendunt, those who are defending the
camp.
2.
Ea
legio,
quae in castris
est, that legion
which
is
in the
camp.
367.
Is as a
Personal Pronoun.
There
is
no special word
it,
in Latin for the
pronouns Of the four demonstratives, hie, ille, iste, is, which used as personal pronouns, is is the most common.
of the third person, he, she,
they.
may
b?
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
is,
he; ea, she; id,
it it
eius, his, her, its; of him, of her, of

ei, to (or
for)
him; him;
to (or for)
it
her; to (or for)
it
Ace.
eum, him;
edyfrom,
earn, her; id,

ea. }
AM.
etc.,
from,
etc., her;
e6 from,
y
etc., it
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
Abl.
ei
(ii),
eae, ea, they

of them
eorum, earum, eorum, their, eis (iis), to (or for) them eos, eas, ea, them eis (iis), from, etc., them
368. Eius and Suus Compared. refer to the subject of the verb, suus
When
is
his, her, its, their
used.
When
a person
120

is
or thing other than the subject is meant, his, her, or its pressed by eius their is expressed by eorum or earum.
;
ex-
i.
Consul fllium suum laudavit,

(own) son. Consul filium eius laudavit,
(another man's) son.
the consul praised his
2.
the
consul praised his
3.
Eius
filii
in oppido sunt, his sons are in town.

the boys
4.
Pueri amicos suds vlderunt,

friends.
saw
their
(own)
5.
Amicos eorum vidimus, we saw
their friends.
369.
initium,
is,
-1,
VOCABULARY
N., beginning
it
ea, id, this, that, he, she, verus, -a, -um, true
obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tenturn (ob + teneo), hold, oc-
cupy
persuaded, -suadere, -suasi,
memoria teneo,
ory),
a.
{hold in
mem-
remember
-suasum, persuade
In the phrase memoria teneo, the noun remains unchanged; the verb is conjugated regularly. b. Persuaded means "I give a persuasive reason to" and so takes an indirect instead of a direct object, requiring
the dative case instead of the accusative: Viro persuadet, he persuades the man. c. Decline is lacus, ea legio, id flumen.
Memorize : Leve fit quod bene fertur onus. The burden which is well borne becomes Ante victoriam ne" canas triumphum.
light.
Do
not sing your triumph before your victory.
EXERCISES
Eas puellas laudat. pueros vocabit. 4. Eos vocabit.
370.
i. 2.
Eas laudat. 3. Eos 5. Fratrem tuum vldl,

et el libros
dedi.
8. 6.
IS
121
Fratri suo
Fratrl
eius persuasl.
7.
persuadebit.
est pulchra.
9.
Puellae in ea urbe habitant; domus earum Liberl tui venient; quis cum els veniet?
11. Is fuit 10. Incolae sunt miseri; cibum els dare debemus. prlnceps civitatis. 12. Helvetii ad eum legatos miserunt.
quas legati dlxerunt, memoria tenebat. 15. Ea de causa pacem cum 14. Ob 16. Mult5s eorum, qui vulnerati flnitimis suls facient. erant, vidimus. 17. Pater eius consul creatus esse dlcitur. 18. Scio eos fuisse amlcos mult5s annos. 19. Scio ea esse
13.
Caesar eas
res,
earn rem niintium misi.
vera.
20.
Celtae earn partem Galliae obtinent.
21.
Omnia,
quae discimus, memoria non tenemus.

2. Their country is famous. 1. His daughter was at home. Brave men defend their country. 4. Do you not praise them? 6. Who remembers the man's 5. Did you persuade your neighbor? name? 7. Three cohorts of that legion were in Gaul. 8. Those
371.
3.
boys, whom you see, are the merchant's sons. the forest, others across the river.
9.
Some
fled into
THE BOUNDARIES OF GAUL

x pars Galliae, quam Celtae obtinent, initium capit a, flumine Rhodano; continetur Garumna, flumine, 2 Oceano, finibus Belgarum; attingit flumen Rhenum. 3 Belgae ab finibus Celtarum ad Inferiorem partem flu-
372.
Ea
minis RhenI pertinent.
Aquitania
earn
a#
Garumna
flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et

est
partem Ocean! quae

:
ad
Hispaniam, pertinet.
2.
Answer in Latin
fortissimi
1.
Qui Galliam incolebant?

3.
Qui erant
4.
Gallorum?
flumina sunt in Gallia?

1
Cur ill! erant fortissimi? 5. Ubi erat Aquitania?
Quae
2
3
Initium capit a (takes a beginning from), begins Borders on. 4 Lower. Near.
at.
122
LESSON XLVII
THE FUTURE
INFINITIVE.
REVIEW OF THE INFINITIVE
THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION

Future Active Participle. The future active partici1 ple is formed by adding -urus to the supine stem and is declined like bonus: amaturus, about to love; moniturus,
373.
about to
warn; recturus, about
to
rule;
auditurus, about
to
hear.
is
374. the future participle with esse; the future infinitive passive is the supine with Iri. 2
Active
Passive
The future participle of sum is futurus, about to be. The Future Infinitive. The future infinitive active
amaturus esse,
love
3
to be
about
to
amatum
loved
iri, to
be about to be
moniturus esse,
to be
about
to
monitum
iri, to
be about to be
warn
recturus esse,
rule
to
be about to
warned rectum iri,

ruled
to
be about to be
auditurus esse,
hear
to be
about
to
auditum
to be
Iri,
to
be
about
to
be heard
futurus esse,
375.
finitive
about
to be
Meaning
of the
Future
Infinitive.
The
future init
denotes time
after the
main verb on which
depends.
It is to
1.
be translated by
'
will or shall,
would or should?
Dicit milites victuros esse, he says (that) the soldiers

will conquer.
The supine stem is found by dropping -um of the supine amat-, monit-, rect-, audit-. 2 Iri is the present passive infinitive of eo, go. " " 3 The to be about to is used only to give the literal meanphrase of See the infinitive form. ing 375.
1
:
THE FUTURE INFINITIVE

2.
23
Dixit mllites victuros esse, he said {that) the soldiers
3.
would conquer. Dicit mllites victum

be conquered.
iri,
he says (that) the soldiers will

he said (that) the soldiers would
4.
Dixit mllites victum

be conquered.
a.
iri,
The
participle in
the future active infinitive agrees
with the subject accusative.
376.
TABLE OF INFINITIVE ENDINGS

Active
Passive
-ri (-1)
Present
Perfect
-re
-isse
-us esse
1
Future
a.
-urus esse
-um
iri
Write the
infinitives of do, voco,
habeo, video, mitto,
capio, scio, venio.
377.
i
.
THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION (OR RESPECT)

Puer
virtute fratrem superat, the boy excels his brother
et hostes
in courage.
2.
Romani
and
numero pares
erant, the
Romans
the
enemy were equal in number.
In the illustrations the ablatives answer the questions: In what respect does the boy excel? In what respect were
the
Romans
equal?
They
the
378. Rule.
The
ablative without a preposition is
are called ablatives of specification. used to

verb,
show in what respect

applies.
1
meaning of a
noun, or adjective
Esse
is
often omitted in the perfect passive and future active in-
finitives.
tn
a a
a o
w ^ W a < Si
<
-a
124
THE FUTURE INFINITIVE

379.
auctoritas,
-tatis,
25
VOCABULARY
F.,
influ-
reliquus,
ing,
-a,
-um,
of;
remainpi.,
ence, authority
rest
M.
as
potestas, -tatis, F., power

lex, legis, F.,
noun,
the rest
law
spero, -are, -avi, -atum, hope
magnitudo, -tudinis, F. (magnus), greatness, size
incendo, incendere, incendi,
incensum,
, ,
set fire to,
bum,
,
undique, adv., from on all sides

a.
all sides,
coepi,
have
begun, began
defective verb coepi is used only in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.
The
EXERCISES
Helvetii oppida incendent. 2. Dicit Helvetios oppida incensuros esse. 3. Explorator dixit Helvetios iter trans provinciam facturos esse. Sorores tuas Ven4.
380.
1.
turas esse spero.
5.
Nautas ad portum perventiiros

copias
esse
speramus.
7.
6.
Reglnam
missiiram
Iri.
esse
nuntiant.
Niintiatur copias a reglna
missum
8.
Pila iacere coe-
10. Via esse 9. Urbs undique defendl dicitur. perunt. longa dicitur. 11. Ubi imperator haec didicit, signum dari iussit. 12. Caesar scribit mercatores ad Belgas non saepe venisse. 13. Galli et German! erant lingua legibusque dissimiles. 14. Hie prlnceps reliquos potestate superavit. eum non superatum esse. Puto auctoritate 15.
381. remain.
4.
1.
He
3.
They
says the boys will come. 2. He said the boys would are hoping that their friends will be at home.
to call the
friendship.
We
is
had begun
to
plan
make
camp? 7. The houses are unlike in size. 9. I know that the law was good. 10. I knew that the bridge had been burned.
name.
8.
see the
together from-all-sides. 5. Our Did you know that your sons would In the village there was a sailor, Cornelius by
6.
men
126
THE HELVETII
382. Helvetil sunt clvitas potens Galliae. Reliquos Gallos virtute superant, quod saepe proeliis cum Germanis con* tendunt. Undique Helvetil continentui una ex parte flumine Rheno, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit;
:
altera ex parte monte Iura, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia (ex parte) lacu. Lemanno et flumine Rhodano,
qui provinciam
Romanam
ab Helvetiis
dividit.
LESSON XLVIII
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
The personal pronouns are 383. Personal Pronouns. and first tu, thou, you, of the second. person, ego, /, of the For the third person the demonstratives, as already learned,
and the
reflexive sui (384) are used.
First Person
Singular
Plural
nos, we
Norn, ego, / Gen. mei, of

Dat.
me
{for)
nostrum
(nostri)
of us
mini,
to
me
nobis,
to {for)
us
Ace.
Abl.
me, me me, from,
nos, us
etc.,
me
nobis, from, etc., us
Second Person
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
you tui, of you

tu,
tibi, to {for)
vos, you
vestrum,
(vestri), of
you
you
vobis,
to {for)
you
Ace.
te,
te,
you
from,
etc.,
vos, you
AM.
a.
you
vobis, from, etc., you
for
1
The nominative forms ego, tu, nos, vos are used only emphasis or contrast :Tu es miles, ego sum nauta.
paTte
Una ex
= ex una
parte;
ex here means on
(p. 40, foot note).
personal and reflexive pronouns

384.
1 27
the reflexive pronoun

Third Person
Singular and Plural
Gen. sui, of himself,

Dat.
herself, itself, themselves
sibi, to {for) himself, herself, itself, themselves
Ace. se (sese), himself, herself, itself, themselves Abl. se (sese), from, etc., himself, herself, itself, themselves 385.
it
The personal pronoun
sui
is
called reflexive, because
refers
1.
back to the subject of the main verb for its meaning: Puer se defendit, the boy defends himself.
Puella se defendit, the
girl defends herself. Liberi se defendunt, the children defend themselves.
2.
3.
a. For the first and second persons ego and tu are used in the predicate as reflexives: defendo, / defend myself; te defendis, you defend yourself; nos defendimus, we defend ourselves; vos defenditis, you defend yourselves.
Me
386.
Comparison
of Sui
refers to the subject of
and Is. When he, she, it, or they the main verb, Latin uses a form of
sui;
these pronouns refer to a person or thing other than the subject, a form of is (or of another demonstrative)
when
is
required:
1.
2.
Puer Puer
dicit se audire, the dicit
boy says he (himself) hears.

says
he
eum
audire, the boy
(another
person) hears.
387.
VOCABULARY
nobilitas, -tatis, F. (nobilis), nobility; the nobles (collectively)
nobilis,-e, noble, distinguished
,
coniuratio, -onis, F., conspir-
acy (a swearing together)

fortitudo,
tis)
,
-tudinis,
F.,
(for-
bravery
fuga, -ae, F., (fugio) flight
numquam,
adv., never
128
ego, /
tu,

praecedo,
before),
(prae
+ cedo,
go
you
surpass
(re
sui, of himself, herself, itself
recipio, recipere, recepi, re-
cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum,

go; give way, yield
ceptum,
capio), take
discedo,
(dis
cedo),
go
back; se recipere, (betake one's self), retreat, with-
away, depart
draw
EXERCISES
388.
se
i.
Ego
6.
te laudo.
4.
non laudabit.
Quis nos laudavit? 3. Marcus Persuasitne tibi? l 5. Nonne vobls per2.
suaserunt?
7.
Liberi
amicorum meorum vobiscum 2

scripsisti.
8. 9.
venient.
se
Mihi dedit epistulam, quam tu

se recipiunt.
10.
Hostes
recipiunt; fuga
Eo
die fuga se in
proxima
se-
oppida
receperunt.
Helvetil
copiam
fnimentl
cum
earn
filil
portaverant.
12. Fllia legati
n. Dicunt se terram parvam habere. dlcit se Lucium vocaturam esse. 13. Scio
14.
Lucium
vocavisse.
Hi puerl sunt
illos
nobiles;
sunt
fecit.
15. Prmceps prlncipis. 16. Hi milites sunt fortes;
coniurationem nobilitatis
fortitiidine
praecedunt.
18. Caesar Fortiter vos patriam vestram defendistis. vici discedere iussit. ea ab parte 19. Ubi dux legionem
17.
Helvetiorum haec
389.
is
1.
dixit, discessit.
this;
I
3
have done
to
you ought
to
do that.
3.
pleasing
me;
is it
not pleasing to
you?
4.
2. This work These men are
called Gauls
by
us, Celts
5.
by themselves.
(Because
Lucius hopes you

4
will
surpass all the rest. 2 6. peace with you.

7.
of) these things
we
will
make
The
These brave
soldiers
flight of the horsemen has been reported. have never learned to retreat. 8. Our
leader has persuaded us.

1
2
used as an enclitic (18) with the ablative of personal and reflexive pronouns, as well as with that of the relative. 1 Gratus, -a, -um. * See 362.
is
Cum
See 369
b.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN IDEM
129
LESSON XLIX
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN IDEM. PRONOUN IPSE
390.
THE INTENSIVE
Idem.
The demonstrative pronoun

demonstrative
is
idem,
the same, is the
or adjective the suffix dem. Dis-
tinguish the masculine idem from the neucei idem and note is changed the accent of other forms. In the declension
to
n before d: eundem, not eumdem.
130
noun, ipse is used in Latin; when these English words are used alone, referring to the subject, sui is required in Latin: He himself defended the bridge, ipse pontem def endit ; but He
defended himself, se defendit. 393. The pronouns thus far learned are of six classes:
1.
Relative, qui
Interrogative, quis
4.
5.
ille,
Personal, ego, tu
Reflexive, sui
Intensive, ipse
2.
3.
Demonstrative, hie,
iste, is,
a.
6.
idem
tu, sui, nos, vos.
Notice the connection of the possessive adjectives
meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester with ego,

394.
VOCABULARY
-us,
ascensus,
climbing
facilis, -e,
M.,
ascent,
prohibeo,
-hibitum,
-hibere,
-hibui,
easy
(pro + habed, hold forward), keep away,
perfacilis, -e, very easy
keep (from)
statuo,
prohibit
statu!,
idem, eadem, idem, the same aut, conj., aut, or; aut
.
statuere,
set
statutum,
resolve
up, station;
either
or
of,
pro, prep., w. abl., in front

before; in proportion to
ipse, ipsa,
constituo,
-stituere,
-stitui,
-stitutum,
,
(con
statuo,
ipsum, himself, etc. demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum,

point out, explain
put together), station; determine, decide
EXERCISES
est.
2.
395.
1.
Consul ipse in eo proelio vulneratus
Eas-
memoria tene5. 3. Domum regis ipslus videbimus. 5. Mercatorl 4. Naves in eundem portum pervenerunt. 6. Non omnes sumus cupidl earundem ipsi persuasimus. 1 esse dicitur. rerum. 7. Haec epistula a regina ipsa scripta 8. Consilia nostra ab elsdem nuntiantur. 9. Nos ipsi haec
dem
res
didicimus.
10.
Iter per
provinciam erat
1
facile.
11.
Ascen-
See 353.
REVIEW OF LESSONS
sus montis est
facilis.
XL.ll-M.lX
131
illud
12.
Perfacile
erit
expugnare
oppidum. 13. Explorator demonstrat perfacile futurum esse expugnare oppidum. 14. Caesar naves exspectare
16. Post pro castrls constituta est. castra erat flumen latum. 17. Helvetil convenlre ad rlpam RhenI constituerunt. 18. Helvetil aut suis flnibus 1 Ger-
statuit.
15.
Una
legio
manos prohibent aut 2 19. Semper Idem.

396.
of the
1.
ipsi in
eorum
flnibus bellum gerunt.
Marcus and Quintus were
nelia herself is
shall yourselves have often con7. The lieutenant explained the same things to me. quered. 8. Some* were fighting on the bank, others* in the river itself.
6.
same come (by) an easy road.
living in the same city. 2. Corto aid her mother. 3. These girls are daughters ready man. 4. Have you seen the sailors themselves? 5.
We
You
LESSON L
REVIEW OF LESSONS XLLT-XLIX
397-
VOCABULARY
ascensus
132
REVIEW QUESTIONS
398.
2.
i.
What
are the chief uses of the Latin infinitive?
the difference in meaning of the three tenses of the infinitive, depending on a verb of saying? 3. Give all
is
What
DEPONENT VERBS
133
used as object; of an ablative of cause; of an ablative of

specification.
Memorize :
Tii,
quamcumque Deus Grata sume manu; nee
tibi
fortunaverit h5ram, dulcia differ in annum.
Horace.
Enjoy thankfully any happy hour Heaven may send you, nor think that your delights will keep till another year.
ORGETORIX
Helvetios fuit prmceps, Orgetorlx n5mine, qui et auctoritate superabat. reliquos prlncipes potestate et coniurationem nobilitatis fecit. Dixit Cupidus regnl erat,
399.
Apud
Helvetios virtute omnes praecedere, et totlus Galliae perfacile

l
potituros
esse
6
esse.
Facilius
5
els
persuasit,
quod
et
fines
5
su5s
angustos pro
multitiidine
hominum
gloria belli atque fortitudinis putabant. 7 flnibus suis cum omnibus copiis exire constituerunt.
pro Helvetil de Itaque
LESSON LI
DEPONENT VERBS. THE ABLATIVE WITH CERTAIN DEPONENTS
Some verbs are passive in form, 400. Deponent Verbs. but active in meaning. They are called deponent, because " " (depono, lay aside) their active form. they have laid aside
are conjugated like the passive of other verbs, except that the future infinitive is active in form as The principal parts of the model dewell as in meaning.
Deponent verbs
ponents are:
1
2 3
Adverb, very easily. Would- get-control (of) with gen.
4 5
I.e. (id est),
Helvetiis.
More
easily.
7
Considering. 6 Their renown (for). To go out, emigrate.
134

Perf. Ind.
Conjugation Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf.

I
conor
cdnarl
conatus sum,
try,
attempt
II
DEPONENT VERBS
403. Rule.
135
The
ablative is used like a direct object with the
deponent verbs utor, fruor {enjoy), fungor (perform), potior, and vescor (eat).
a.
Potior sometimes takes the genitive.
404.
VOCABULARY
-l,
Sequanus,
nian;
hortor,
M., a Sequa-
polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus
pi., the Sequani, the
sum, promise
proficiscor, proficlsci, profec-
Sequanians
hortari,
urge,
hortatus
exhort,
tus sum,
1
set out, depart,
go
sum,
courage
en-
sequor, sequi, secutus sum,

follow
EXERCISES
405.
1.
Hoc
facere
conabimur.
2.
Imperator
suds
Imperator dlcit se milites hortaturum esse. 4. Nautae altum mare non verentur. 5. Nautae dicunt se altum mare non vereri. 6. Pollicetur se ventiirum 3 8. Aliis consilils esse. 7. PollicitI erant se hoc facturos. usl sumus; nonne hoc consilio titi debemus? 9. Quae legio 10. Caesar decimam legionem imperatorem sequetur?
3.
mllites hortatus est.
secutiiram esse dixit.

iussit.
11.
12.
Illae civitates
Legatum cum una legione sequi erant fortes, quod vlnum ad se
importarl non patiebantur. 13. Sequani erant proximi Hel4 iter per fines suos facere vetiis. Helvetios 14. Sequani e castris 15. Tertia vigilia proriclscentur. passl sunt.
16.
his
Explorator eos profectos esse nuntiat. 17. Amid nostrl 18. Scio amlcos nostros his agris agrls potiti sunt.
potltos esse.
406. 1. Do you fear the dangers of the journey? 2. They have not tried to persuade us. 5 3. We ought to encourage these boys.
1 The present tense mini, sequuntur.
is
sequor, sequeris, sequitur, sequimur, sequi-
2
3
complementary
infinitive
1.
(no).
See page 123, footnote
See 246. What case?
136
4.

to defend (that they
The men promised 5. The citizens city.
would defend) 1 the will use many things that the merchants have brought-in. 2 6. The ambassadors are said to have gone (set 4 3 7. These men will follow out) from Rome at the fourth hour. 8. They will allow us to do this. the others into the province. 5 9. The Romans got possession of the bridge which was near Geneva.
LESSON
LII
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

There are three moods in Latin: the indicative, the In the subjunctive there subjunctive, and the imperative.
407.
are four tenses: the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect.
and
408.
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE

may
love
6
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
137
conjugations final -a- and -e- of the stem (ama-, rege-) are dropped before the tense sign (am-em, reg-am) in the sec;
ond and fourth conjugations final -e- and -1- of the stem are shortened (mone-am, audi-am). Capio forms its present
subjunctive like audio.
410.
Meaning and Use
of the
Subjunctive.
The sub-
junctive in Latin has many uses, some of which are expressed in English by the subjunctive, but most by the indicative
or the potential.
The Latin present subjunctive
is
rendered
not only by may, as in the models (408), but by should,

would, or by the indicative present or future, according to the nature of the clause in which the subjunctive stands.
411.
Clauses Expressing Purpose.
When we
say,."
He
comes to see the

of his coming.
city," the infinitive expresses the purpose In Latin prose the infinitive is not used to
express purpose, but a subjunctive clause with the conjunction ut, that, in order that: Venit ut videat, he comes to see
(or that he
a.
may
see).
The present subjunctive is used when the main verb present, present perfect, future, or future perfect: Venio (veni, veniam, venero) ut videam, / come {have come, shall come, shall have come) to see {that I may see). b. Instead of ut, the relative pronoun qui may be used as the connective, if there is a convenient antecedent: Viros mittit, qui videant, he is sending men to see {who shall see).
is
412.
VOCABULARY
-1,
iumentum,
profectio, ture
N., yoke-ani-
deligo, deligere, delegi, de-
ma/, beast of burden

-onis,
F.,
lectum, choose,
depar-
select
emo, emere, emi, emptum,

buy
de, prep., w. abl., about, concerning, of; see 218
ut, conj., that, in order that
coemo, coemere, coemi, co-
emptum (co + emo), buy up

comparo (com
+ paro,
108),
prepare, get ready
138
EXERCISES
413.
lit
i.
Pugnant ut vincant.
3.
copiam habeatis.
Frumentum importabo, Magna cum celeritate navigamus,

2.
:
ut ad portum perveniamus. 4. Imperator pontem facit ut exercitum traducat. 5. Mllites castra muniunt, ut se de1 6. Haec fendant. dlcimus, ut te laudemus. 7. Nuntios
mittemus, qui haec dlcant.
8.
Dux
tres legiones mittit,
quae
oppidum oppugnent.
9. Viri
Romam
venerunt,
ut
novum
Temple
in
the Forum Boarium
templum
civitatem
videant.
10. Prlncipes
mittuntur,
esse.
Caesarl
obsides
daturam
qui dlcant 11. BritannI
12. Cives frumentum ement. magnas naves comparant. 14. Mar13. Mercatores omne frumentum non coemerunt. cus dux deligetur; cur non delectus est Quintus? 15. Ex1
See 319.
Present perfect, see 411 a.
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

locum castrls idoneum deligunt. profectione Helvetiorum audiemus.
ploratores
1
139
16.
Multa 2 de
414. 1. Galba sends his slave to buy food. 2. The men are assembling to hear the orator. 3. The boy will write a letter to persuade his brother. 3 4. We have sent ambassadors to make peace. 6. He says 5. These are the friends of (de) whom I have spoken. that the farmers have carts and beasts of burden. 7. In what
country did Orgetorix live?

victor.
9.
8.
They
are coming
to praise the
10.
He
will
come
to advise the lieutenant.
He
does
not say
this, in
order that he
may
persuade you.
THE PLAN OF THE HELVETIANS

415.
Helvetil
constituunt,
omnes 4 iument5rum
res
et
ad 5 profectionem comparare
carrorum
magnum numerum
coemere, magnas sementes frumentl facere, ut in itinere copiam habeant, cum proximls civitatibus pacem et amlProfectionem in 6 tertium annum lege citiam conflrmare.
conflrmant et Orgetorigem ducem 7 deligunt.
LESSON
LIII
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE. NEGATIVE PURPOSE

416.
TENSE ENDINGS OF THE PRESENT JUNCTIVE
SUB-
140
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

417.
PASSIA'E
I4I
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

/
may
be loved,
etc.
may
be warned,
etc.
amer
ameris
monear
monearis moneatur
ametur
amemur
amemini amentur
moneamur
moneamini moneantur
a. Conjugate also regar, I may be ruled; capiar, I may be taken; audiar, / may be heard; coner, / may try; verear, / may fear; utar, / may use.
418.
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM

sim, /
sis,
sit,
may be you may be (he, etc.) may
simus, we
sitis,
be
sint,
may be you may be (they) may be
Negative Purpose. fortifying the town, that it

419.
In the sentence " They are may not be captured," the de.
.
pendent clause expresses purpose negatively. The connective for negative purpose in Latin is ne, that not, lest: Oppidum muniunt, ne expugnetur. The Subjunctive in Clauses of Purpose. 420. Rule. The subjunctive is used with ut, ne, or a relative^ in clauses expressing the purpose of an action.
.
421.
VOCABULARY
(co
fides, fidel, Y., faith, pledge

nihil,
+ ago,
drive
together),
N.
(indecl.),
nothing
collect,
compel
locutus sum,
ago,
agere,
egi,
actum,
loquor, loqui, speak, talk
(drive), do, act
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum,

1
This
is
only one of the subjunctive meanings, as explained in 410.
142
EXERCISES
Hostes fugiunt, ne capiantur. 2. Mllites fortiter pugnant, ne vincantur. 3. Liberos defendemus, ne in perlculo sint. 4. Hoc facimus, ne ab els videamur. 5. Pater
422.
i.
suas vocat, ut eas hortetur. 6. Consul ipse exercitum diicet, ut urbe potiatur. 7. Prmceps conhlrationem facit,
fllias
ut
sit
rex Helvetiorum.
9.
8.
Coniiirationem
facit,
ut appelle-
tur rex.
10.
Magistrates exercitum cogent, ne hie vir sit rx. In Italiam, ut cum consule loquar, contendam. 1 11. Heri
egl;
hodie hoc ago; eras nihil agam. 12. Dlcit se nihil eras acturum esse. 13. SequanI obsides regl Germanorum dederunt. 14. Rex Sequanos obsides dare coegit. 2
15.
multa
Hi duces Galliae
inter se 3 fidem dant.
423. 1. I shall send a slave to give you the book. 2. The soldiers are using good shields, that they may not be wounded. 3. friend desires to speak 4 with you. 4. I have sent him to speak 5 with you. 5. The slaves are remaining in the forest, that they may
My
not be seen.
6.
Who
will
6 compel them to remain?
Memorize : Qui non proficit, deficit. He who does not advance falls behind.
Nil desperandum. Never despair. Nothing should be despaired
of.
LESSON LIV
THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. PRIMARY AND ONDARY TENSES
424.
SEC-
Formation
of the Imperfect Subjunctive.
The im-
perfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the active infinitive. The tense sign, therefore,
is -re-.
The words of an independent clause pendent clause standing between them.

1
may
Compelled. To one another (between themselves).
be separated, 4 See 6 See 8 See
the de109.
420. 343.
the imperfect subjunctive

425.
143
the imperfect subjunctive

First Conjugation
Active
Passive
etc.
1
I might
love,
ama'rem
ama'res
ama'ret
I might be loved, ama'rer
etc.
amare 'mus amare 'tis

ama'rent
amare 'ris amare 'tur amare 'mur amare 'mini

amaren'tur
Second Conjugation
7"
might warn,
etc.
I might be warned,
etc.
mone'rem
mone'res mone'ret monere 'mus
monere'tis
mone'rer
monere 'ris
monere'tur monere 'mur
monere 'mini
moneren'tur
mone'rent
a. Conjugate regerem, regerer; caperem, caperer; audlrem, audirer, as given on pages 282 and 285.
b.
Form
;
venio
the imperfect subjunctive of do, video, duco, conor, vereor, utor, patior, potior.
426.
imperfect subjunctive of sum

be 1
essem, / might
esses, you
might be
essemus, we might be essetis, you might be

essent, (they) might be
esset, (he, etc.) might be
427.
Meaning
of the Imperfect Subjunctive.
In most
subordinate clauses the imperfect subjunctive is to be translated like the imperfect indicative, as will be explained later.
1
See 427.
144
LATIN FOR THE FIRST YEAK
In purpose clauses, might or should is used to form the English equivalent, as in the following:
i.
Venerunt, ut viderent, they came or they came to see.

Viros misit, qui viderent, he sent or he sent men to see.
not be seen.
that they might see,
2.
men who
should
see,
3.
Venerunt, ne viderentur, they came that they might
428.
As was shown
will
in 411 a,
will
we
'
say,
come, he
come, he
have come),
venit (venit, veniet, venerit), ut videat. coming (he came, he had come), that he might see," veniebat (venit, venerat), ut videret.
He comes (he has that he may see," So we say, "He was
present subjunctive, then, is used in a purpose clause when it depends on a main verb of present 1 or future action;
an imperfect subjunctive is used when it depends on a main verb of past action. 429. Primary and Secondary Tenses. The tenses of present and future action are called primary tenses. They include the present, present perfect, future, and future perfect indicative, the present and perfect subjunctive.
tenses of past action are called secondary tenses. They include the imperfect, historical perfect, and pluperfect indicative, the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive.
The
430.
Rule.
The Sequence 2
(or
Harmony)
of Tenses.
In complex sentences primary ing upon primary tenses, secondary upon secondary tenses.
a.
tenses are used in clauses dependtenses in clauses depending
This general rule
will
be more fully illustrated in follow-
ing lessons.
The present indicative is 431. The Historical Present. often used to state or describe a past event more vividly,
1
Including the present perfect.
From
sequor.
THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

and
is
J 45
then called the historical present: Orgetorix dux deli-
gitur, Orgetorix is (was) chosen leader.
432.
VOCABULARY
-1,
iugum,
legatio,
N., yoke
F.,
Haeduus,
mission,
pi.,
-onis,
M., a Haeduan; 1 Ilaeduans, the Haedui.

-1,
embassy
equitatus, -us,
cavalry
Haeduus,
-a,
-um, Haeduan
M.
(eques),
sub, prep., w. ace., under, up to;- w. abl., under, at

the foot of
principatus, -us,
ceps), leadership
M.
(prin-
pono, ponere, posui, positum,

place, put, pitch (a
Diviciacus,
-1,
M., Diviciacus
camp)
(div-i-shi-a/kus)
suscipio, suscipere, suscepl,
Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, M., Dumnorix
susceptum, (sub
undertake
-f-capio),
EXERCISES
433.
venit,
4.
i.
Puerum
audiret.
vocavT,
3.
lit
cum
eo loquerer.
2.
Puer
ut
Cur
Galli
oppidum incenderunt?
incenderunt, ne ab hostibus expugnaretur. 3 Caesar 5. equitatum miserat, qui hostes a castrls prohiberet. 6. Pontem faciebat, ut trans flumen exercitum tradu-
Oppidum
ceret.
7.
Servl
pugnaverunt, ut essent
ut esset rex.
9.
llberi.
8.
Idem 4
coniurationem
Mllites castra ponunt. 10. Idoneum locum deligunt, ut castra ponant. 11. Helvetil 5 exercitum Romanum sub iugum mlserunt. 12. Sub monte
fecit,
erat
1
vlcus
parvus.
13.
Quis
erit
legatus
ad clvitates?
Gallic tribe west of the Helvetii. Sub, like in, takes the accusative to denote motion, the ablative to denote rest. 3 See 221. 4 The same man. 6 The yoke, under which a conquered army was made to pass, was either an ox-yoke, or a spear resting across two other spears fixed upright
2
in the ground.
6
Ambassador.
146
LATIN FOR THE 'FIRST YEAR
Romans passing under Yoke of Helvetians

14.
Charles Gleyrc
Orgetorlx legationem ad clvitates proximas suscipiet. 16. Dlviciacus erat 15. Haedul erant proximi Helvetils.
princeps Haeduorum. 17. PrTncipatum civitatis suae obtinebat. 18. Dumnonx erat frater Diviciaci.
2. He said they 434. 1. He says they are pitching the camp. would pitch the camp. 3. He thinks they have pitched the camp. 4. He knew the camp had been pitched. 5. These legions had been sent to pitch the camp. 6. The sailor was using this trumpet, 1 that he might give the signal. 7. This is the trumpet that he used. 8. We fled that we might not be in danger.
1
See 403.
THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS
147
LESSON LV
THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS. NOUN CLAUSES WITH UT OR NE
435classis, classis, F., fleet
VOCABULARY
indulged, indulgere, indulsi,
N.,
imperium, impe'ri
(96),
command, control matrimdnium, -1 (96), N.,

marriage
telum,
-1,
indultum, favor, indulge noceo, nocere, nocui, noci-
tum, harm, injure

pared,
parere,
parui,
to
,
N., missile, weapon

-1,
obey, submit
verbum,
N., word
studeo, studere, studui,

be eager for
antea, adv., before, formerly item, adv., likewise
impero,
-are,
-avi,
atum,
permittd, (per+mittd), permit, allow

resisto,
,
command
resistere,
resist
restiti,
Special Verbs. Such verbs as command, persuade, resist require a direct object in English, but an indirect object in Latin: Mflitibus imperavit, he commanded (gave orders to) the soldiers; suis arnlcis persuasit,
436.
he persuaded
The Dative with
(made something agreeable

resist
to)
his friends;
hostibus resistent, they will

437.
verbs
Rule.
(stand against) the enemy. The dative of the indirect object is used with
meaning favor, help, please, trust and their opposites; believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, resist; envy,
a. These verbs include credo, impero, noceo, pared, persuaded, placed {please), resisto, studeo; but iubed and iuvd govern the accusative.
threaten, pardon, spare.
438. Noun Clauses with Ut or Ne. Clauses introduced by ut or ne are often used as nouns, depending on principal
11
148
verbs meaning advise, command, persuade, urge, and the like. The mood of the subordinate verb is the subjunctive, and
the tense
1. is
the present or imperfect, as explained in 428:
2.
EI persuasi, ut venlret, / persuaded him to come. Eum monebo, ne hoc faciat, / shall advise him not
do
this.
to
a. Notice in these illustrations that the English subordinate verb is in the infinitive; to come, to do.
b. Such noun clauses are sometimes called volitive clauses, or clauses of volition, denoting something that is wanted.
439.
Rule.
Noun
clauses with ut or
ne
are used as objects
of verbs meaning advise,
command, demand, induce,
permit,
persuade, urge.
a. These verbs include hortor, imperd, moneo, permittd, persuaded, peto (request), postulo (demand); but iubeo and patior take an infinitive with subject accusative (343).
Memorize :
Stultus, ab obliquo qui cum descendere possit, Ovid. Pugnat in adversas ire natator aquas.
He
a foolish swimmer who swims against the stream, when he might take the current sideways.
is
EXERCISES
His puerls persuadere conabor. 2. Sagittae copiarum oppidanis non nocuerunt. 3. Mllites imperatori parere debent. decimae legion! indulsit. 4. Caesar 5. Nonne
440.
i.
credis huic servo, qui

tatis
Roma
venit?
7.
novls rebus
studebant.
Principes eius clviBonus imperator suos 2

6.
semper hortatur, ut fortes sint. 8. Legatus els imperabit, ut castra muniant. 9. Hi virl nobis persuaserunt, ne in vico remaneremus. 10. Monuistlne flnitimos, ut tuo consilio
1
A change of government; See 319.
literally,
new
things.
THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS

uterentur?
sunt.
flliam
12.
11.
49
Helvetil imperio 1 totius Galliae potirl conati

iussit.
Caesar classem convenire

in
13.
Orgetorix
suam
matrimonium Dumnorlgl,
14.
principi
Haeduut
orum, dedit.
Dicit se
clvibus esse
persuasurum,
15. legatos mittant. Gallorum vastaret.
Rex
equitatul suo permiserat, ut agros
441.
will
1. You have persuaded me by these command the sailors. 3. These tribes
words.
2.
He
says he
will resist the
Roman
2 obeyed the chief, and sailed out-of the harbor with army. 4. 3 the whole fleet. 5. They will urge these boys to come. 6. They
We
were urging them to come.

to
7.
8. The magistrate will sail. the city to-day. 9. The general used these weapons to conquer 5 10. These men, who love their country, the forces of the enemy. are not eager for a revolution (new things). 11. Did you hear all the words of the consul?
The lieutenant ordered 4 the fleet warn the traders not to set out from
THREE GALLIC CHIEFS

442. Orgetorix legationem ad clvitates suscipit. Persuadet Castico Sequano, 6 cuius pater regnum multos annos 7 obtinuerat et a. senatu popull RomanI amicus appellatus
erat, ut
regnum
in clvitate sua occuparet, 8
quod pater antea
habuerat; itemque Dumnorlgl HaeduS, eo tempore prlncipatum in clvitate obtinebat, ut idem conaretur 8 persuadet, elque flliam suam in matrimonium dat. 9 Itaque hi tres prlncipes inter se fidem dant, et totius Galliae
fratrl DlviciacI, qui
imperio sese
1
10
potlturos esse sperant.
See 403.
2
8
Denoting accompaniment
Accusative. Use iubeo.
(136).
4
6
6
7
Expressing purpose. In apposition with Castico. See 291. The imperfect is used because persuadet here has the force of a
past tense (431). 9 Inter se, to one another.

10
Emphatic form
of se.
15
LESSON LVI
THE VERB POSSUM. CLAUSES OF RESULT
443. The verb possum, / am able, I can, the adjective potis, able, and the verb sum.
is
composed
(
of
The
principal
parts are possum, posse

able).
(to
be
able),
potui
I have been
a. Learn the conjugation of possum in the indicative, the subjunctive (present and imperfect), and the infinitive, as The participle potens, powerful, given on pages 290 and 291. is used as an adjective, as already learned (242).
444.
Possum
(no):
is
usually found
with a complementary
infinitive
1.
2.
Hoc facere possumus, we can (are able to) do this. Hoc facere poteramus, we could (were able to) do this.
445.
VOCABULARY
auxi'H,
auxilium,
help
N.,
aid,
terreo,
-ere,
-ui,
-itum,
frighten, terrify
sapiens, sapientis, wise talis, tale, such

tantus, -a, -um,
so great, so
accido, accidere, accidi,
(ad
+ cado, fall
to),
happen
much
tot, indecl. adj., so
ita, adv., so
ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum, climb, ascend

efficio, efficere, effeci, effec-
many
tum
lego,
(ex
+ facio,
work
out),
sic, adv., so, in such a manner tarn, adv., so, used w. adjec-
bring about,
effect
tives
and adverbs
Result Clauses.
In
the
legere, legi, (gather), read
lectum
446.
sentence
"
The
soldiers
fought bravely, that they might conquer," the subordinate clause, as we know, expresses purpose, the will of the soldiers;
but
if
we
"
say,
They fought
so bravely that they con-
THE VERB POSSUM.
CLAUSES OF RESULT
151
quered," the clause expresses a fact resulting from the main action and is called a clause of result.
The verb
in a result clause is indicative in English,
but
subjunctive in Latin. The connective is ut, as in purpose clauses; but in negative result clauses ut non is used, not
ne.
1.
Ita fortiter pugnaverunt, ut vincerent, they fought so
bravely that they conquered.

2.
3.
oppidum muniebatur, ut non expugnaretur, town was so fortified that it was not captured. Tarn altus est mons, ut non ascendere possimus, mountain is so high that we cannot climb (it).
Sic
the
the
a. The main clause upon which a clause of result depends often contains an adverb meaning so (ita, sic, tarn) or an
adjective meaning such, so great (talis, tantus). The presence of such a word helps to distinguish a clause of result from one of purpose. b. The tense in result clauses follows the rule stated in 430.
447.
Rule.
The subjunctive
is
used with ut or ut
non in
clauses expressing result. 448. Noun Clauses of Result.
The
clauses illustrated in
446 are adverbial. Other clauses of result are used as nouns, being the subject of verbs meaning happen and the subject
or object of verbs
1.
meaning accomplish,
cause, bring about.

it
Accidit ut consul esset in castris, consul was in the camp.
happened
that the
2.
Consul
effecit
it
brought
ut esset copia frumentl, the consul about that there was a supply of grain.
449.
a.
b.
c.
Summary
of Ut Clauses.
We
have seen that ut
may
introduce the following:
Purpose clauses
(420).
Result clauses (447).
The negative is ne. The negative is ut non.
Noun
mand,
clauses depending on verbs meaning advise, compersuade, urge, and the like (439). The negative is ne.
152
d.
Noun
clauses
depending on verbs meaning happen,
cause, accomplish (448).
The negative
is
ut non.
EXERCISES
450.
1.
Quis ilium
potlrl
4.
montem
hoc oppido
poterit.
ascendere potest? 2. Legatus 3. Equites hostibus resistere

5.
poterant. se telum iacere

7.
Multa facere non potueram.

posse.
6.
8.
Dlcit
se
audire
Galba dlcit non potuisse.
Potesne slgna videre?

451.
1.
Nonne
could.
els
persuadere potestis?
will
We
can.
2.
You
3.
They
not be able.
6. I shall have 4. They have not been able. 5. He had been able. been able. 7. He says that you can. 8. He said that you could.
2.
3.
452. 1. Ita hostes territl sunt, ut in silvas fugerent. Milites se tarn celeriter receperunt, 1 ut paucl caperentur. Tantum erat perlculum puerorum, ut auxilium mittere4.
mus.
possit.
Haec
5.
semus.
7.
6.
puella tot libros habet, ut omnes legere non Orator tarn longe aberat, ut eum audire non posTalem consulem habetis, ut timere non debeatis.
sit
Accidit ut flumen
altum.
8.
Tanta
est altitudo flumi9.
2 non possit. nis, ut agmen sine navibus transire 3 norlx perfecit ut civitates inter se obsides darent.
DumQuis
10.
est tarn sapiens, ut

est.
12.
omnia
sciat?
n. Verbum
4 sapientl sat
Quos
libros legistl?
2. He was so 453. 1. He is so brave that he fears nothing. brave that he feared nothing. 3. So great is their valor that they always conquer. 4. The Romans fortified the city in-such-a-way that the enemy were not able to take (capture) it. 5. It happened that the journey was not long. 6. Caesar ordered the scouts to climb the mountain. 7. The king will send the cavalry to frighten the enemy's troops. 8. I have read the letter that you wrote at Geneva. 9. Can you throw the javelin across the field?
1
See 387.
8 4
Inter se,
to
each other.
To
cross.
Enough,
sufficient.
COMPOUNDS OF SUM
1 53
LESSON LVII
COMPOUNDS OF SUM. THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUND
VERBS.
454.
THE DATIVE OF THE POSSESSOR

of
sum
sum.
Verbs formed by combining with prepositions are conjugated like the simple verb
Compounds
Sum.
Among
be
these are:
absum, adsum, desum,
away, be absent
praesum,
be at the head of, be
be near, be present
be lacking, fail
in charge {command) of
supersum,
survive
be
over,
remain,
intersum, be between
455.
VOCABULARY
praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum, stand before,
excel
iudicium,-!, N., judgment, trial

ius, iuris, N., right
mors, mortis,
fortification
F., death
F.,
munitio, -onis,
(munio),
curro, currere, cucurri, cur-
sum, run
N., bond, fetter
vinculum,
theless
-i,
occurro,
occurrere,
occurri,
tamen, adv., however, nevermorior, mori, mortuus sum,

die
sto, stare, steti,
occur sum, (ob against), meet
+ curro,
run
praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fec-
statum,5/awJ
turn (prae + facio, put before), put in command
456.
i.
THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUND VERBS

Marcus
legion.
legion! praeest,
Marcus
is-in- command- of the
2.
Imperator legion!
Marcum
praefecit, the general put
Marcus in-command-of
3.
the legion.
Marcus omnibus
in valor.
virtute praestat,
Marcus
excels all
a. The datives in these sentences depend upon verbs compounded with prae and are regarded as indirect objects.
154
457.
Rule.
in, inter,
compounded with ad, ante, con, de, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super take a dative of the
Some
verbs
indirect object.
a.
Among
the verbs so used are adsum, desum,
praesum
occurro, praeficio, praesto. b. The dative of indirect object, as now learned, is used with: 1. Transitive verbs (59). 2. Verbs of special meaning (437). 3. Verbs compounded with certain prepositions (457).
458. The Dative of the Possessor. We may express the " sentence The trader has a horse " in two ways in Latin:
Mercator equum habet, or Equus mercatori est. In the latter sentence, which literally means A horse is (belongs) to the trader, the possessor is expressed by the dative, and that which is owned by the nominative. The dative is used with the verb sum to de459. Rule.
note the possessor.
EXERCISES
460.
tis
1.
Multl hodie adsunt; pauci absunt.
2.
Heri afuit
pars aesta-
Qulntus; eras
superest.
suls
eum adfuturum spero. 4. Quod pars aestatis
3.
Magna
supererat, Caesar
5.
copils
in
Britanniam navigare constituit.

1
cum Ex eo
6. Equites et naves et proelio multl mllites superfuerunt. frumentum Romanls deerant. 7. Nostrl hostibus occurre-
runt, et eos celeriter superaverunt.
8.
ad
Labienum,
misit.
praeerat,
legatum Romanum el munltionl, 9. Caesar
Imperator nuntium qui decimae legion!
quam
fecerat,
10. Orgetorlx dixit Helvetios reliquls praefecit. Gallls praestare. 11. Huic mllitl sunt scutum et quattuor 12. Helvetils erant duodecim oppida et multl vlcl. plla.
Labienum
Postquam explorator has res vldit, ad castra cucurrit et 14. Decima legio in sinistra parte aciei legatos monuit.
13.
proxima nonae
stetit.
15.
Ubi Caesar flumen non longe

See
7 a.
abesse vldit, exercitum tradiixit.

1
REVIEW OF LESSONS
461.
i.
LI-LVII
155
did not have a large fleet. 1 2. Labienus had-been-in-command-of the army. 3. Brutus was-put-in-com-
The Romans
fleet.
mand-of the
4.
fleet.
Many men
5.
2 urged Caesar to put Brutus
in-
command-of the
Can you
see the fortification that our
(men) have constructed (made)? 6. After the death of the chief, the tribe was conquered. 7. Did the conqueror send the army under the yoke? 8. Who is absent today?
THE DEATH OF ORGETOKIX

462.
Ea
coniuratio
principum
est
Helvetils
nuntiata.
Orgetorlgem indicium omnes suds clientes, quorum 5 habebat, conduxit. Per eos se eripuit.
ius
ex 3 vinculis
causam
dlcere 4
Ad magnum numerum
roegerunt.
6
Cum
cl vitas
armls
eius
suum exsequi conaretur, mortem tamen Helvetil
Orgetorix mortuus
id,
est.
Post
quod
constituerant, facere
8 conantur, et e finibus suis exire parant.
LESSON LVIII
REVIEW OF LESSONS
463.
LI-LVII
VOCABULARY
auxilium
156
sto
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
57
THE HELVETIANS CONTINUE THEIR PREPARATIONS

paratos esse arbitrate sunt, oppida sua omnia, vlcos, reliqua prlvata aedificia incendunt. Frumentum omne, praeter (id) quod secum portaturl 2 erant, 3 combiirunt, ut domum reditionis spem tollerent. Persua465.
se
Ubi
ad earn rem
dent flnitimls, ut eodem consilio utantur et

cantur.
cum
els proficls-
LESSON LIX
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
THE ABLATIVE OF COM-
PARISON
466. Comparison. Adjectives in Latin, as in English, have three degrees: positive, comparative, and superlative. The comparative is formed by adding to the base of the positive -ior for the masculine
alt-ior, alt-ius, higher.
and feminine,
-ius for the neuter:
superlative is formed by adding -issimus (-a, -urn) to the base of the positive: alt-issimus,
-a,
The
-um,
highest.
Positive
Comparative
altior, higher
Superlative
altus, high
fortis, brave
fortior, braver
altissimus, highest fortissimus, bravest
audax, bold
sapiens, wise
a.
audacior, bolder sapientior, wiser

latus,
audacissimus, boldest
sapientissimus, wisest
;
Compare densus,
longus
brevis, gravis, nobilis
potens.
467. Adjectives in -er form the superlative by adding -rimus to the nominative of the positive:
acer, sharp
liber, free
a.
1
acrior, sharper
liberior, freer
acerrimus, sharpest
llberrimus, freest
Compare miser,
i.e.,
pulcher.
Rem, movement,
Portaturi, about
Domum,
the migration. carry (See 373). denoting place to which, modifying reditionis (282).
to
I58
468.

following adjectives in -lis form the superlative adding -limus to the base of the positive: facilis, easy;
similis, like;
The
by
difficilis, difficult;
dissimilis, unlike;
humilis,
low:
facilis,
easy
a.
facilior, easier
difficilis, similis.
facillimus, easiest
Compare
Declension of Comparatives. Adjectives of the comparative degree belong to the third declension. Learn the
469.
declension of the model altior, page 272.

a.
dum longius.
Decline facilior and the phrases
manus
longior, oppi-
b. Adjectives of the superlative degree are declined like bonus.
470.
pes, pedis, M.,foot turris, turns, F., tower
VOCABULARY
celer, celeris, celere, swift
ferax, feracis, fertile

utilis, -e, (utor), useful
vadum,
flow
471.
-1,
N.,ford
fluxum,
fluo, fluere, fluxl,
propinquus, -a, -urn, near quam, conj., than
THE ABLATIVE OP COMPARISON. THE MEASURE OP DIFFERENCE

the
i.
2.
Gladius brevior Gladius brevior

Gladius brevior
the
sword was
fuit
quam
pilum,
shorter than the

javelin.
fuit pflo, fuit
quattuor pedibus, sword was four feet shorter (shorter by four feet)
quam pflum
than the javelin.

sentence comparison is expressed with the conjunction quam, than, gladius and pilum being in the same case; in the second sentence without quam, pild being in the ablative case, the ablative of comparison. b. In the third sentence the ablative phrase quattuor pedibus denotes the measure or degree of difference, answering the question By how much?
a.
In the
first
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
472.
59
Rule.
but
comparative without
quam
is
followed by
the
when quam is used, the words denoting things compared are in the same case. The ablative is used with comparatives to 473. Rule. of difference. measure the press
the ablative;
ex-
View of the Rhine River
EXERCISES
474.
oribus.
6.
i.
Agri latiores.
longioris.
2.
Flumina
5.
latiora.
3.
Miiris alti-
4.
Per silvas densiores.

7.
In oppida pulchriora.
8.
Lacus
9.
Lacuum
10. 12.
longiorum.
Militi forti-
ori.
Militi
fortissimo.
Cum
militibus fortissimis.
11.
Celerrimae naves.
1.
475.
2.
Omnium
Dimcillimum iter. Gallorum fortissimi erant

3.
Belgae.
Apud
Helvetios nobilissimus fuit Orgetorix.
Caesar
l6o
esse latissimum atque altissimum putavit. 4. Scimus agros huius clvitatis esse feracissimos. 5. Tres potentisl simae nationes totius Galliae potlrl conatl sunt. 6. Terram
Rhenum
pulchriorem
facilius est
quam nostram non vidimus. quam illud. 8. Iter per Alpes

3
7.
Hoc
iter
erit difficile
multo 2 merca-
toribus, qui Roma veniunt. a nuntio celeriore iussit. 10.

legion!
9. Consul epistulam portarl Centuriones imperatorem alii
Galbam praefectiirum esse putaverunt. 11. Apud Romanos quis fuit clarior quam Caesar? 12. Nonne sapientes
4
putant libros esse utiliores

1.
pills?
476.
2.
Who
much
Was
he
was the most famous orator of the Romans? 5 more famous than his brother Quintus? 3. We
know
that in winter the days are shorter than the nights. 4. You have never seen braver soldiers. 5. They will resist 6 the most powerful enemy. 6. The Gauls were conquered by a more powerful nation. 7. The tower was ten feet higher than the wall. 8. The
7 king will use his swiftest ships, that he may reach the province in a few days. 9. The shortest road is not always the easiest.
Memorize:
Silent leges inter arma. The laws are silent in time of war,
TWO EOADS FROM HELVETIA

477.
Erant itinera duo quibus domo exlre
possent: tinum
per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum (mons tarn propinquus erat, ut facile 9
paucl prohibere
facilius,
10
possent)
fluit
propterea quod
inter fines
alterum per provinciam, multo Helvetiorum et Allobro-
gum
1
n Rhodanus
403
473. 223. 319.
a.
12 isque vado transltur.

7 8 9
2
8
4 6
*
See See See See
Pervenio ad.
Domo
Adv.,
exlre, to emigrate.
easily.
10
By much.
See 437.
To prevent (a passage). u The Allobroges (a-lob'ro-jez).

Is crossed.
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
l6l
LESSON LX
478.
The
following adjectives are compared irregularly:

melior, better peior, worse
bonus, good malus, bad
optimus, best
pessimus, worst
magnus,
great
maior, greater
parvus, small
multus, much,
a.
pi.
many
the
minor, smaller plus, more

comparatives:
maximus, greatest minimus, smallest

plurimus, most
melius;
maior,
Decline
melior,
maius (gen. maioris); peior, peius (gen. peioris); minor, minus (gen. minoris). b. Learn the declension of plus, as given on page 273. In the singular this word is used only as a noun.
479.
The
positive forms of the following are rarely used:

exterior, outer
inferior, lower
exterus, outside
inferus, below
extremus (extimus),
outermost
lnfimus (Imus), lowest
posterus, following posterior, later
postremus
last
(postumus),
superus, above
superior, higher
supremus (summus),
highest
adjectives are compared by using the adverbs and magis, more, maxime, most, with the positive; especially adjectives in -us preceded by e or i: idoneus, dubius:
480.
Some
dubius
magis dubius
maxime dubius
The comparative is sometimes 481. Special Meanings. to be translated by too or rather: longior, too long, or rather long; the superlative by very: longissimus, very long.
1 62
482.
collis, collis,
VOCABULARY
M.,
hill
amicus, -a, -um, friendly, devoted
laus, laudis, F., praise servitus, -tutis (servus), F.,
inimicus, -a, -um, unfriendly,

hostile
slavery
nuper, adv., recently

existimo, -are, -avi, -atum,
think, believe
mereor,
mereri,
deserve, merit
meritus
sum,
EXERCISES
483.
1.
Consilium melius.
2.
minor.
cornua.
clvitates.
4.
7.
Domus minima.
Maior
10.
5.
Cives optimi. Maius cornu.
3.
6.
9.
Insula
Maiora
Plures
12.
spes.
8.
Maximus numerus.
11.
Plurimae naves.
13.
Extremi
fines.
In-
ferior
pars.
Postero
die.
14.
15. Summa cum laude. 16. Altissimus mons. 18. E pluribus unum.
Magna cum laude. mons. 17. Summus
Homines nihil peius esse servitute putant. 2. Hie puer maiorem laudem quam ille meretur. 3. Scio te maximam laudem meriturum esse. 4. Existimasne milites minorem laudem quam imperatorem meritos esse? 5. Belgae sunt
484.
1.
proximl Germanis.
pertinent.
8. 9.
6.
7. Haec Naves Gallicae multo humiliores erant quam Romanae.
Inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni clvitas populo Romano inimica erat.
Ad
hostium vlsae erant. 10. Exploratores mittentur, ut locum magis idoneum castris deligant.
In
colle copiae
summo
1.
485.
Peace
is
better than war.

3.
2.
We
think this plan

4.
5.
is
better than that.
Italy
is
much
6.
larger than Helvetia.
heard that the danger would be very great.
The tenth
legion
was very-friendly to Caesar. most suitable for the work.

nation excels in valor.
1
8.
hears that those slaves are 2 It often happens that a smaller 7. This man has many horses and carts. 3
of, the
He
Summus
2
1
here means the highest part See 448. Express in two ways (459).
top
of.
adverbs:
their formation and comparison
163
the
way through the
province
486. Allobroges, clvitas provinciae, a, populo Romano 1 Extrenuper pacati erant et ob earn rem non erant amid.
mum~oppidum Allobrogum proximumque Helvetiorum

bus est Genava.
fini-
eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Helvetii se Allobrogibus persuasuros exlstimabant, ut per
Ex
suos fines e5s iter facere paterentur. ad rlpam RhodanI omnes conveniant.
Diem
dlcunt
qua
die
Is dies erat ante
qulntum (i. e., quintus dies ante) Kalendas Aprlles. Lucius Plso et Aulus Gabmius erant consules Romani.
diem Turn
LESSON LXI
ADVERBS: THEIR FORMATION AND COMPARISON
487. Formation of Adverbs.
Adverbs are derived
chiefly
from adjectives.
a. Some adverbs are formed from adjectives of the first and second declension by adding -e to the base: latus, wide,
late, widely.
b.
declension
Some adverbs are formed from by adding -ter (-iter) to
adjectives of the third the base: audax, bold,
audacter, boldly; fortis, brave, fortiter, bravely. c. Some adverbs are case forms of adjectives or nouns, as the neuter accusative: facile, easily, multum, much; the
ablative: primo, at
first,
una,
together.
488.
Comparison
of Adverbs.
is
Adverbs are regularly com-
pared thus:
the neuter singular of the comparative of the adjective; the superlative is the superlative of the adjective with final -us changed to -e.
1
The comparative
Adjective.
They appoint.
repeated antecedent.
12
164
Positive
late, widely

Comparative
Superlative
libere, freely
acriter, sharply
latius, more widely liitissime, most widely liberius, more freely llberrime, most freely acrius, more sharply acerrime, most
sharply
sapienter, wisely
sapientius, wisely
facile, easily
facilius,
more
sapientissime,
wisely
most
more
easily
facillime, most easily
a. Form adverbs from the following adjectives and compare them: audax, brevis, celer, clarus, miser.
489.
Irregular Comparison.
The
following adverbs are
irregular in
comparison:
Comparative
Superlative
Positive
bene, well male, badly,
ill
melius, better peius, worse
optime, best pessime, worst
magnopere, greatly multum, much parum, little

diu, long (in time)
magis, more plus, more
maxime, most
plurimum, most minime, least
diutissime, longest proxime, nearest, next
minus,
less
diutius, longer
prope, near
propius, nearer
In the expressions fortiter pugnat, magis idoneus, minus facile, notice that the adverbs modify the verb pugnat, the adjective idoneus, and the adverb facile.
490.
a.
An
adverb normally stands before the word
it
modifies.
491.
verbs.
Rule.
Adverbs modify
verbs, adjectives, or other ad-
492. A superlative adjective or adverb may be used with the adverb quam to denote the highest possible degree: quam maximus, as large as possible, the largest possible; quam
fortissime, as bravely as possible.
adverbs:
493.
their formation and comparison
165
VOCABULABT
maturo,
hasten
-are,
-avi,
nemo, dat. nemini, ace. nemi1 nem, M. and F., no one omnino (omnis), adv., in all,
altogether, only
-atum,
rescindo, rescindere, rescidi, rescissum, break down, destroy
quam, adv.,w.
superlatives, as
as possible (492)
exercises
494. 1. Legiones diu atque acriter pugnaverunt. 2. Cae2 accusavit. sar prlncipes clvitatis graviter 3. Servus tarn celeriter cucurrit, ut non caperetur. 4. Uter niintius celerius
pervenit?
5.
Nemo
sapientius
8.
quam
7.
Sextus
dixit.
6.
Pater
meus puerls
facilius persuadebit.
Domus
amlcl mei ab
urbe longissime abest.

liberrime dlxerunt.
9.
Ubi captlvi legatum vlderunt,
Helvetil
carrorum coemerunt.
restitit.
10.
quam maximum numerum Haec parva natio quam fortissime
12.
Haec
1.
faciemus, illud minime facile. puella omnia maxima cum cura facit.
facillime
n. Hoc
495.
have more
camp many
longer.
This boy reads better than he writes. 2. These farmers fields than their neighbors. 3. We ought to attack the more boldly. 4. The legion fought less fiercely, 3 because had been wounded. 5. The sailors could not remain home
6.
The town was captured very

8.
easily.
7.
The messenger
came
as quickly as possible.
Caesar was most friendly to the
Haedui.
CAESAR GOES TO GENEVA

496. Caesari ubi id nuntiatum est eos per provinciam iter facere conarl, matiirat Roma proficiscl et quam maximls 4 itineribus in Galliam contendit et Genavam pervenit. Pro1
The
genitive and ablative are not used.
2
8 4
Severely.
Acriter.
Presses on.
1 66
vinciae toti
erat
quam maximum militum numerum

in
imperat;
omnino
Gallia
legio
una.
Pontem, qui erat ad
Genavam,
iubet rescind!.
LESSON LXII
THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Formation of the Perfect Subjunctive. The perfect subjunctive is formed in the active voice by adding the tense sign -eri- and the personal endings to the perfect stem;
497.
in the passive
by combining the
perfect participle with sim.
498.
THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. GATION

ama'verim
ama'veris
ama'verit
FIRST
sim
CONJU-
(-a)
(-a) sis
(-a, -urn) sit
amaveri'mus
amaveri'tis
ama'verint
a.
amati (-ae) simus amati (-ae) sitis amati (-ae, -a) sint
In the same way conjugate monuerim, monitus sim; rexerim, rectus sim; ceperim, captus sim; audiverim, auditus sim. The perfect subjunctive forms of sum and possum are fuerim and potuerim.
499.
Meaning
of the Perfect Subjunctive.
The
perfect
subjunctive usually has the same meaning as the perfect indicative: amaverim, / have loved, I loved; amatus sim, /
have been loved, I was loved.
Special meanings
and the uses
of the tense are to be explained later.

1
Provinciae imperat, he
levies
upon
the province.
THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

500.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
67
VOCABULARY
M.
(a
adventus, -us,
to), arrival,
coming
cognosco,
cognoscere,
cog-
approach
Idus, -uum, F., the Ides (i.e., the fifteenth day of March,
novi, cognitum, learn, find out
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, ask

revertor,
revertl,
1
May, July, and October, the

thirteenth of other months)
revert!,
reversum, turn
back, return
animus,
-I,
M., mind,
spirit
501. Indirect Questions. If a question is dependent on a verb such as ask, say, see, tell, wonder, it is an indirect question. The verb of an indirect question in Latin is in the sub-
junctive:
a.
Rogo quid
faciat,
7"
ask what he
is
doing.
by
In former lessons direct questions have been introduced nonne, or num. In indirect questions the same words are used, except nonne, but -ne and num mean whether, without distinction.
quis, uter, cur, ubi, -ne,
b.
The
tense in indirect questions depends on the rule for
sequence (430):
1.
2.
(rogabo, rogavero) quid faciat, / ask (shall ask, shall have asked) what he is doing. Rogo (rogabo, rogavero) quid fecerit, / ask (shall ask,
Rogo
3.
what he has done (what he did). Rogabam (rogavi, rogaveram) quid faceret, / was asking (asked, had asked) what he was doing.
shall have asked)
502.
junctive.
Rule.
The
verb of
an
indirect question is in the sub-
EXERCISES
Quis fuit consul Romanus? 2. Rogat quis fuerit 3. Potesne in portu naves videre? 4. Rogant num naves videre possis. 5. Utra puella laudata est? 6. Sclsne utra puella laudata sit? 7. Ubi mllites castra ponebant?
503* consul.
1.
1 In the present, imperfect and future of revertor, passive forms are used with active meanings. Other tenses are active in form.
1 68
ubi castra ponerent. 9. Cur Helvetil omnia 10. Discemus ciir oppida incenoppida sua incenderunt?
8.
Non vidimus
n. Nonne RomanI pulchram urbem habuerunt? 12. Legimus urbem fuisse pulcherrimam. 13. Adventus Caesaris non cognitus erat. 14. Hostes de eius adventu cognoscere non potuerant. 15. Hostes in animo iter per agros
derint.
flnitimorum facere habebant.

504. 1. Which road is the easier? 2. Do you know which road the easier? 3. What does the leader intend (have in mind) to do?
is
asked the leader what he intended to do. 5. Did you learn the letter? 6. The scouts will be sent to find out the of river. 8. The the 7. I think the river is not very deep. depth lake is many feet deeper than the river.
4.
We
who wrote
THE HELVETII SEND AMBASSADORS TO CAESAR

Ubi de adventu Caesaris Helvetii cognoverunt, le1 gatos ad eum mittunt, nobilissimos civitatis, qui dlcerent se in animo habere sine filla iniuria iter per provinciam facere,
505.
2 propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum; se rogare ut id sibi facere liceret. 3 Caesar, quod memoria tenebat exer-
citum Romanum temporibus antlquls ab Helvetils victum et sub iugum missum, els nihil pollicitus est. Tamen legates ad 4 Idiis Aprlles ad se revertl iussit.
LESSON LXIII
THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. REVIEW OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH CUM
506.
Formation
of the Pluperfect Subjunctive.

is
The
plu-
perfect subjunctive
1
formed
in the active voice
by adding
See 420.
2
3
Se rogare depends on dlcerent.

Sibi liceret, they might be permitted
(lit., it
might be permitted to
them).
4
Ad
Idus Apriles, on
the Ides of April.
THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
1 69
the tense sign -isse- and the personal endings to the perfect stem; in the passive by combining the perfect participle
with essem.
507.
THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, FIRST CONJUGATION

Active
Passive
amavis'sem
amavis'ses
amavis'set
(-a)
essem
esset
(-a) esses
(-a, -urn)
amavisse 'mus
amavisse'tis
amavis'sent
amati (-ae) essemus amati (-ae) essetis amati (-ae, -a) essent
a. In the same way conjugate monuissem, monitus essem ; rexissem, rectus essem; cepissem, captus essem; audivissem, auditus essem. The pluperfect forms of sum and possum are fuissem and potuissem.
508.
Meaning
of the Pluperfect Subjunctive.
perfect subjunctive indicative: amavissem, / had loved;
may have
pluthe meaning of the pluperfect
The
amatus essem, / had
been loved; or it may be translated with should {would) have: I should {you would) have loved, I should {you would) have been loved.
509.
subjunctive endings
First Person Singular
Active
Passive
-er, -ar
Present
-em, -am
Imperfect
Perfect
-rem
-erim
-rer
-us sim -us essem

verb are used with these endings?
Pluperfect -issem
a.
What stems
of the
170
510.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF AMO AND SUM
THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

b.
171
not only states the time, but under which a past main action occurred, the subordinate verb is in the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, as poneret and venisset in sentence 2.
a clause with
describes the circumstances
When
cum
513.
Rule.
Cum Temporal. Cum

to define the
with the indicative

subjunctive to
occurred.
time of describe the circumstances under which the action
meaning when is used an action; and with the
Memorize:
Vincit qui patitur. He conquers who endures.
Vincit qui se vincit. He conquers who overcomes himself,
EXERCISES
514.
1.
Cum
2.
tium
mlsit.
legatus haec audivisset, ad Caesarem nunCum amici nostri in Italia essent, llberos regis
vlderunt.
3.
Cum
imperator milites cohortatus
esset, slg-
num
4. copiae multas horas fortissime proell dedit. Helvetil pugnavissent, castrls hostium potltl sunt. 5.
Cum
Cum
oppida sua incendissent, ex finibus profecti sunt. 6. Cum Roman! castra munirent, hostes in eos impetum fecerunt. Hie vir dicit se ibi quattuor annos 7. Fuistlne in Britannia?
Legatus dicit se in castellls praesidia dispositurum esse. 9. Explorator collem ascendit, quo 1 facilius munitiones hostium videret. 10. Turn rex partem copiarum,
8.
habitavisse.
elves, qui magno in perlculo sunt, auxilium petent. 12. Sclsne cur auxilium petant? 13. Sclsne cur auxilium petierint?
quae castellum oppugnaret,
mlsit.
11.
Hi
When my friend was living in Italy, he wrote many letters to me. 2. When I had read these letters, I desired to see the 2 in the senate, country. 3. On that day when the consul spoke very many were present. 4. The men who live there are very
515.
1.
1 2
See 511 a. Use the indicative, according to 512
a.
172
CARDINAL NUMERAL ADJECTIVES

friendly to us.
troops, that
5. They say they we may be defended.
73
will
7.
defend us.
6.
They
will
send
Who commanded the garrison?
CAESAR FORTIFIES HIS POSITION

ea legione, quam secum habebat, mllitiex busque, qui provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui
516.
Interea
in
ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dlvidit, murum fossamque perducit. Ibi praesidia disponit et castella munit, quo 2 facilius
flumen
1
Rhodanum
Influit,
itinere
Helvetios prohibere possit.
LESSON LXIV
CARDINAL NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
THE ACCUSATIVE OF
classes of
EXTENT
517.
Classes of Numerals.
There are three
numeral adjectives: cardinal, denoting how many, as unus, one; ordinal, denoting which one of a series, as primus, first;
distributive,
denoting
how many
at a time, as singuli, one at
a time.
5l8.
1,
CARDINAL NUMERALS
9,
2,
unus, -a, -um duo, duae, duo

quattuor
novem
decern
17,
septendecim
duodeviginti
10, 11,
18,
3, tres, tria
4,
5,
12, 13, 14, 15,

16,
undecim duodecim
tredecim
19, undeviginti
20, viginri
6,
7,
quinque sex
30, triginta
septem
octo
a.
quattuordecim quindecim
100,
centum
8,
sedecim
200, ducenti, -ae, -a 1000, mflle; pi. mllia

275.
Other cardinals are given on page

1
Constructs.
2 3
See 511 a. Ablative of separation.
174
519.

Declension.
the
The only
duo, tres,
of mllle.
hundreds
is
cardinals declined are unus, above centum, and the plural

f ortis
;
Tres
declined like the plural of
ducenti,
like the plural of

a.
bonus.
Learn the declension of duo and mllle, page 273.
520. Mllle in the singular is usually an adjective and is not declined: cum mllle viris, with a thousand men. The
plural milia
is
a neuter noun followed
by
a limiting genitive:
cum
quattuor milibus virorum, with four thousand
men
(lit.,
thousands of men).
521.
VOCABULARY
quot, indecl. adj., how circiter, adv., about
longitudo, -tudinis, F. (Iongus), length
many?
how?
,
passus, -us, M., pace (about

five feet)
quam,
pateo,
interrog. adv.,
patere,
lie
patui,
mllle passus, a mile (a thou-
extend,
open
sand paces) milia passuum, miles (thousands of paces)

522.
i.
THE ACCUSATIVE OP EXTENT

Collis
2.
multos pedes altus est, the hill is many feet high. Oppidum Belgarum aberat milia passuum octo, a town of the Belgae was eight miles away.
accusatives pedes and milia, which are used in answering How high is the hill ? How far is the town ? are called accusatives of extent of space. An accusative of extent is similar to
The
an accusative of duration (290). The accusative is used 523. Rule.
to
denote extent
of
space.
1 By passus the Romans meant the distance between two successive positions of the same foot. It is therefore longer than the English pace.
CARDINAL NUMERAL ADJECTIVES
75
EXERCISES
524.
i.
Fuerunt in exercitu Caesaris sex legiones.

2.
Labietria
nus
iini legionl praefuit.
RomanI
3.
mllia
passuum
ab
castrls
hostium castra posuerunt.

4.
Fines Helve tiorum in
longitudinem mllia passuum

patebant.
5.
CCXL
Orgetorlx
mllia
hominum
(ducenta quadraginta) decern coegit.
Circiter mllia
6.
fuerunt.
hominum CXXX (centum trlginta) superHanc puellam rogavimus quot libros legisset.
habeas? 8. Hi puerl multos passus 7. Sclsne quot amlcos current. 9. Scio eos ducentos passus cucurrisse. 10. Marcus
centum passibus longius quam Qulntus currere

525.
1.
potest.
The army marched (for) five days. 1 2. The army marched three miles. 3. The lake extends a mile in (into) breadth and two miles in length. 4. The length of the camp will not be much 2 greater than the breadth. 5. When they had built (made)
as
many
3 ships as possible, they were ready to
sail.
6.
Cornelia
was the mother
of
two famous
sons.
7.
Lucius
will
come home with
8. The brave leader was holding the fort with three other boys. three hundred men. 9. When the trader was in Gaul, he bought four 10. There were twenty-five ships in the and carts. horses eight
fleet.
Answer in Latin the following questions: 1. Quam 2. Quam latum est flumen? 3. Quam longus est murus? hodie adsunt? via? est 4. Quot puerl 5. Quot puerl longa
526.
absunt?
THE HELVETIANS ARE UNABLE TO CROSS THE ROMAN PROVINCE

venit, et legati
quam Caesar cum legatis constituerat, ad eum reverterunt, dlcit se non posse iter Turn Helvetii Rhodanum navibus iilll per provinciam dare. 5 4 et vadls, qua minima altitudo rluminis erat, transire conatl sunt, sed munitione et militum tells repulsi sunt.
527.
Ubi ea
dies,
See 290.
4
See 4736
See 49 2
Where.
To
cross.
176
LESSON LXV
ORDINAL ADJECTIVES.
528.
first,
THE GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE. THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION

Ordinal adjectives end in -us
(-a,
-1
-um):
primus,
singuli,
secundus, second; distributives in
(-ae, -a):
one at a time, bini, two at a time. These adjectives are dedined like bonus, the distributives in the plural only.
a. Learn from page 275 the the formation of the others.
first
ten ordinals
and notice
529.
i. 2.
THE GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE

Pars terrae, part of the land. Quis eorum, who of them? Multi puerorum, many of the
3.
boys.
4.
5.
Minus
timoris, less (of) fear.
Fortissimi mllitum, the bravest of the soldiers.
In these expressions the genitive denotes the whole, modifying a word denoting a part. A genitive so used is called a
genitive of the whole.
a part may be a noun, a pronoun or (interrogative indefinite), an adjective, or an adverb (of quantity, degree, or place). b. The ablative with de or ex is sometimes used instead of the genitive, especially after cardinal numbers: unus ex pueris, one of the boys.
a.
The word denoting
Rule. The genitive may denote on a word denoting a part.

530.
the whole,
depending
531.
i.
THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION

Virmagnaevirtutis,
Vir
man
2.
magna
of great courage.
the Belgae were
virtute,
3.
Belgae erant magna virtute,

great courage.
(men) of
4.
Fossa trium pedum, a
ditch of three feet.
ORDINAL ADJECTIVES
Notice in the illustrations that
vir,
77
Belgae, and fossa are described by genitive or ablative phrases and that there is an Genitives and ablatives so used adjective in each phrase.
are called genitives of description (or descriptive genitives)
and
ablatives of description (or descriptive ablatives).
and weight are expressed by the genicharacteristics tive; physical by the ablative. Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.
a.
Measure,
size,
532.
Rule.
The
genitive or the ablative, with
an
adjective
in agreement,
may
be used to describe a noun.
533.
VOCABULARY
-drum, N., winter
the
hiberna,
conscribo,
(con
scribo,
quarters
write together), enroll, enlist
Santones, -um, M.,

tones (san'to-nez)
satis, indecl.
San-
hiemo,
Instru5,
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
Instruxi,
(hiems), pass the winter

instruere,
noun and adv.,
enough, sufficiently circum, prep., w. ace, around
instructum, arrange, marshal
EXERCISES
534. 1. Un5 anno duodecim menses sunt. Secundus menbrevior est quam tertius. 2. Quarta hora classis Romana
3.
sis
ad Britanniam pervenit.
structa
est.
4.
Acies legionum quattuor Inin
conscrlpta erat. 5. Labienus militibus decimae legionis imperavit, ut hiberna munlrent. 6. Mercator dlcit satis frumenti esse in oppido.
Legio
octava
Italia
7.
Nuntiatum
vastavisse.
Romanum.
sperat.
10.
multitudinem Germanorum agros Galliae 1 8. Helveth erant inimico animo in populum animo C5nsul futuros meliore elves esse 9. Meo amlco persuadere conabor ut mecum
est
1
R5mae
hiemet.
Toward.
178
535.
large
1.
The
soldiers
are
legions are in winter quarters.
2. Three ready to-pass-the-winter. The new winter 3. quarters are

.
4. They are fortified by a wall of (sufficiently large) The wall is ten feet x high. 6. The commander is a man of great influence. 7. Three of his sons 2 are soldiers. 8. thought the Germans were (men) of greater bravery than the Hel-
enough
5.
ten
feet.
Many
vetians.
536.
Answer in Latin
2.
the following questions:
domi
vldisti?
4.
Quocum
loctitus es?
3.
Quern Cuius virtus lauQuis erat lega-
1.
dabitur?
Cui legion! Caesar indulsit?
5.
tus huius legionis?
CAESAR REINFORCES HIS ARMY

537.
Caesar! nuntiatur Helvetios in animo habere per
agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in fines Santonum Haec civitas non longe a provincia, abest. Ob earn facere. causam sciebat provinciam magno in perlculo futuram. 3 Itaque el munition!, quam fecerat, Labienum legatum praefecit.
Ipse in Italiam magnls itineribus contendit, duasque

tres,
ibi legiones conscribit;
quae circum Aquileiam

h!s
hiema-
bant, ex h!bern!s educit.
Cum
Alpes in Galliam
!re
contendit, et trans
qumque legionibus per Rhodanum exer-
citum ducit.
LESSON LXVI
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
REVIEW OF PRONOUNS. REVIEW OF PREPOSITIONS

The
indefinite
538.
to
Indefinite Pronouns.
or
pronouns refer
some person
1
ticular one.
2
3
some thing without indicating the parThey include quis, any, any one, any thing, and What case? (See 523.) What case? (See 529 &.)
the dative used? situated at the head of the Adriatic.
4
6
Why is A town
To
go.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
its
179
compounds. The compounds used most frequently are aliquis, some, some one, some thing; quisquam, any at all;
quisque, each, every, each one, each thing; quidam, a certain, a certain one, a certain thing.
Like other pronouns, the indefinites may be used as adquidam miles, a certain soldier. b. Quis is used chiefly after certain conjunctions (si, nisi, ne, num). Quisquam is used chiefly in negative sentences. As an adjective quisquam is not used, ullus taking its place.
a.
jectives:
539.
Declension of Indefinite Pronouns.

is
The nominative
singular
as follows:
Pronouns
Adjectives
M.
quis
aliquis
N.
quid
aliquid
M.
qui
aliqui
F.
N.
aliquod
qua (quae) quod

aliqua
quisquam
quisque
quidquam
(quicquam)
quidque
quisque quaeque
quodque
quidam
a.
b.
quaedam quiddam
quidam quaedam
quoddam
The full declension of these words is given on page 278. Quisquam has no plural. The plural of the other words
is
is
complete and
the same for pronouns and adjectives.
Review of Pronouns. The indefinites form the seventh and last class of pronouns. Review the declension of
540.
the six classes given in section 393.
There are about thirty Latin prepositions used with the accusative and twelve with the ablative. The following have been given in the preced541.
of Prepositions.
Review
ing lessons:
a.
With the accusative:
in, inter, ob, per, post, praeter, propter,

b.
With the
ablative:
ad, ante, apud, circum, contra, sub, trans. a (ab), cum, de, e (ex), in, pro,
sine, sub.
13
l8o
542.
VOCABULARY
iam, adv., already, by this time
angustiae, -arum, F. (angustus), pass, defile
paene, adv., almost
conspectus, -us, M., sight
EXERCISES
* Quis erit dux? 2. Puto quendam ex his pueris ducem futurum. 3. Quaedam nationes, quae Alpes incole2 exercitum prohibere conatl sunt. 4. Hoc bant, itinere
543.
1.
consilium cuiquam non nuntiabimus. 5. Dlcit se sine con6. Quisque sensu omnium non facturum esse quicquam.
domum
revert! paratus erat.
7.
Ubi mercatores a Britannia

8.
reverterunt, Caesar quemque rogavit quid vidisset.
In con-
spectu imperatoris quisque miles fortius pugnavit. 9. 10. Hie naves non sunt eaedem quas herl vidisti.
Hae
collis
multo altior est quam ille. 11. Marco ipsl persuadebimus, ut ad urbem veniat. 12. Quot nova verba hodie didicimus?
3 2. I have not $44. 1. Some friends have come to see you. seen any one to-day, but I shall try to see many friends to-morrow. 4. We shall send certain 3. Do you know the name of each girl? men (as) guides. 5. There were two consuls at Rome each year. 6. The king had his son with him. 7. Those ships are almost in 8. There was no one in the field except the slaves. sight of land. 9. On account of the scarcity of water the camp will be moved. 10. There is a beautiful village at the foot of the hill.
A PARLEY
545.
Helvetii
iam per angustias
et fines
Sequanorum suas
copiastraduxerant, et in HaeduOrum fines pervenerant eorum4 que agros vastabant. Haedul cum se ab els defendere non
possent. legatos ad
1 1
Caesarem mittunt, qui auxilium rogarent.

3 4
See 529 b. Ablative of separation (220).
What mood and tense? Since, expressing cause.
REVIEW OF LESSONS LIX-LXVI

Hi dlcunt
se ita
l
181
depopulo Romano meritos esse, utagrl paene
in conspectu exercitus
RomanI
vastarl, puerl in servitutem
abducl, oppida expugnarl non debuerint.
Eodem tempore
socii Haeduorum nuntiant se non facile ab oppidls vim hostium prohibere. Propter has iniurias Caesar cum Helvetils bellum gerere constituit.
LESSON LXVII
REVIEW OF LESSONS
546.
LIX-LXVI.
CERTAIN NOUN SUFFIXES
VOCABULARY
adventus
l82
4.

5.
Compare bonus, magnus, multus.

6.
Compare
exterus,
superus.
Decline Kberior.
9.
7.
adverbs formed?
Compare
latus.
10.
Decline plus. 8. How are the adverbs formed from
acer, bonus, facilis,
Decline unus, duo, tres. 12. Decline aliquis as a pro11. Decline ducenti, mflle. noun; as an adjective. 13. How is the perfect subjunctive
The pluperfect? 14. Write a synopsis of duco in the active indicative and subjunctive, third person singular.
formed?
Write a synopsis of hortor in the third person plural. 16. Illustrate by a Latin sentence the ablative of comparison; the measure of difference. 17. Illustrate the accusative of of the whole the ablative of description. the extent; genitive 18. What is an indirect question? 19. When does cum, when,
15.
;
introduce a subjunctive clause?

548. Noun Suffixes. Many nouns, as we have seen, are formed by adding to stems a common suffix, such as -tor, These suffixes have definite meanings, as the -tas, -men. The following are English -er in writer, one who writes. important noun suffixes:
P
a.
-tor,
denoting the agent or doer of an action: impera-
one who commands; explorator, mercator, orator, victor. -io (-sio, -tio), -tus (-sus), -ium, denoting action: leg-io, lit. a collecting; ora-tio, a speaking; adven-tus, a comtor,
b.
imper-ium, a commanding; coniuratio, munitio; auxilium, indicium, praesidium, studium. c. -men, -mentum, denoting action, the means or the result of action: flu-men, a flowing; ag-men, that which is led;
ing
to;
fru-mentum,
that
which
is
enjoyed;
nomen, iumentum.
-tudo, forming abstract nouns deor condition: audac-ia, boldness, amici-tia, noting quality
d. -ia (-tia), -tas, -tus,
friendship;
boni-tas, goodness;
iniuria,
vir-tus,
manliness;
magnicivitas,
tudo, greatness;
memoria,
victoria, vigilia;
cupiditas, libertas;
servitus;
altitudo, fortitudo, longitudo,
multitudo.
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.
THE VOCATIVE CASE
83
LESSON LXVIII
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.
549.
THE VOCATIVE CASE
The imperative in Latin, as in English, expresses a command. The present tense has only the second person.
550.
THE PRESENT IMPERATIVE

Active
1 84
552.
ratis, ratis, F., raft
VOCABULARY
concido, concidere, concidi,
citra,prep., w. ace, this side of
concisum (con + caedo,

to pieces), kill
cut
nam, conj., for nondum, adv.,
not yet
iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunc-
abdo, abdere, abdidi, abdi-
tum, join
tum
(ab
do, put away),
hide, conceal
EXEECISES
urbem
3.
553.
Fortissime
defendite.
2.
sulem
celeriter mitte
Hortare
elves, ut in
Nuntium ad conForum conve-
The Meta Sudans

A
niant.
Edtic,
fountain near the Colosseum
4.
legate,
omnes copias
6.
tuas.
5.
Legatum
monul, ut omnes copias educeret. cur non venerltis. 1 7. Persuade

1
Dlcite nobis, amid, fratrl tuo, ut noblscum
Why
subjunctive?
participles:
the present and the perfect
185
maneat.
iusserunt.
10.
8. 9.
Principes Helvetiorum multas rates iungl Puerl parvam ratem in 1 flumine habebunt.
Ascendite montem, ut videatis
quam
in
partem
agmen
Come
iter faciat.
554. 1. Boys, be brave. to the harbor, sailor. 4.
2.
Praise the farmer's sons.
3.
Throw
longer arrows, Marcus. 6. quer. 7. Tell me, Cornelia, what books all these words with great care.
the javelins, soldiers. 5. Use 3 so will that conbravely Fight you
you have
read.
8.
Learn
CAESAR DEFEATS PART OF THE HELVETIAN FORCES

555.
Flumen
in
est
Arar,
quod per
Influit.
fines
Haeduorum
et
Sequanorum
Rbodanum
Id Helvetii ratibus, quas
4 Tres partes copiarum iam traduo iunxerant, translbant. tae erant; quarta pars citra flumen reliqua erat. Ea pars
clvitatis
appellabatur Tigurlnus;
nam omnis
cl vitas
Hel-
vetia in quattuor pagos dlvisa est. Caesar de 5 tertia vigilia cum tribus legionibus e castris 6 7 profectus ad earn partem, quae nondum flumen transierat,
pervenit, et
magnum numerum
proximas
concldit.
Reliqui fugerunt
atque
se in
silvas abdiderunt.
LESSON LXIX
PARTICIPLES:
556.
THE PRESENT AND THE PERFECT

of Participles.
Tense Endings
Participles, as defined
in section 259, are verbal adjectives.

1.
There are four:
2.
1 3
The present active in -ns. The perfect passive in -us

On.
2
(260).
5
6
Direction.
What
Were
tense in a result clause?

crossing.
(See 43-)
In the course of. Having set out.
Had
crossed.
i86
3.
4.
The future The future
active in -urus (373).
passive in -ndus.
a. The endings of the present active and of the future passive are added to the present stem: ama-ns, ama-ndus.
557.
participles:
a.
the present and the perfect

is
187
present or perfect participle
often best translated
by a relative clause, or by an adverbial clause with when,

after, since, although, if:
1.
2.
vldi, / saw the bridge {that Romans. was) Exercitus victus sub iugum mittetur, (if) the army (is)
built
Pontem a Romanis factum

by the
defeated,
3.
(it)
will be sent
under
Miles vulneratus
fortiter pugnavit,
the yoke. the soldier fought
bravely (though he was) wounded.
560.
VOCABULARY
repentinus, -a, -um, sudden
calamitas, -tatis, F., disaster Divico, -onis, M., Divico
commoveo
vesper, vesperi, M., evening

si, conj., if
(con + moveo, move thoroughly) alarm (con + sequor), consequor

,
sin, conj., but if
follow up, overtake
EXERCISES
561.
2.
1.
Nonne
audlvistl
consulem
mllites
laudantem?
Marcus multos libros a Romanis scrlptos legit. 3. Servus territus ex urbe fugit. 4. Mercatores domo prima hora 2 x Genavam sub vesperum pervenerunt. 5. Celtae profectl 6. Imperator suos hostes oppidum munientes terruerunt.
cohortatus^Ignumproelldedit. 7. OrgetorIx,regnI cupiditate Flnitiml HelvetiOrum, 8. inductus, coniurationem fecit. sua eodem usl consilio, oppida vlcosque incenderunt. 9. Castra in loco natura
munlto ponunt.
vulneratorum in castrls erat. malium currentium trans agros videre poteris. 12. prlncipis, ab hostibus capta, ad reglnam ducebatur.
562. 1. the sailors.
Magnus numerus n. Magnum numerum ani10.
Fllia
The boys (having been) sent by their father were aiding 2. Did you see the boys aiding the sailors? 3. (While I was) living in Italy, I learned many things about 3 the Romans. 4. The lieutenant has a beautiful sword, given by his friends. 5. Divico was a man of great authority among the Helvetians. 6. He had been a leader of the army for many years.
1
See 557
a.
Towards.
De.
1 88
THE HELVETIANS SEND DIVICO AS ENVOY TO CAESAR

563. Post hoc proelium Caesar, ut reliquas copias Helvetiorum consequl posset, pontem in Ararl facit atque ita exercitum tradiicit. Helvetii repentlno eius adventu commotl, legatos ad eum mittunt, quorum Divico prlnceps fuit.
Dlvico, qui bello superiore dux fuerat, dixit:
"
Si
populus
manebimus ubi nos manere iubes; sin noblscum bellum gerere vis, 2 memoria tene Helvetios a patribus suls fortitudinem didicisse, et omnes
faciet, ibi
1
Romanus noblscum pacem
inimlcos superare posse. Si in proelio contendes, locus ex calamitate popull RomanI nomen capiet."
LESSON LXX
THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
564.
1.
Observe the following sentences:
Galba imperante, legio vicit, with Galba commanding (or, Galba commanding; when Galba commanded; since Galba commanded; if Galba commanded), the
legion conquered. Civitate victa, legio in Alpibus hiemavit, the tribe having been conquered (or, after the tribe had been con-
2.
quered;
since the tribe had been conquered; having

tribe), the legion
3.
wintered in the Alps. Galba duce, legio proficiscetur, with Galba as leader
conquered the
(or,
Galba being leader; under
the
leadership
of
Galba), the legion will set out.
The ablative phrases

ablative absolute;
in
these
sentences
illustrate
the
that is, an ablative loosely connected with the rest of the sentence, like the English nominative abso1
In
that place.
You
wish.
THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

lute.
89
be defined as a phrase consisting of a noun or pronoun in the ablative, and a noun, an

ablative absolute
The
may
adjective, or a participle in agreement.

a.
The absolute phrase may be rendered
best
by a clause
expressing time {when, while, after), cause {since, because), concession {though, although), condition {if), as shown in the model sentences. The ablative absolute, in other words, is often a substitute for a subordinate clause.
Rule. A noun or pronoun in the ablative, with a noun, an adjective, or a participle in agreement, may be used
565.
to
express time, cause, condition, or other relation. 566. Observe also the following:
1.
Having said these things, the chief went away, his rebus dictis, princeps discessit.
Having spoken
thus, the chief
2.
went away,
ita locutus,
princeps discessit.
a. The tense of the participle in an ablative absolute is either present or perfect. Since the Latin verb lacks the perfect active participle, an active phrase, such as having said these things, must be changed in translation to the passive
form, these things having been said.

perfect participle of deponent verbs, as locutus in 2, being active in meaning, is an exception to this rule, and takes the same construction as the participle in the English sentence.
b.
The
sentence
3.
The town having been
fortified, the troops resisted the
enemy, oppido munito, copiae hostibus restiterunt.

4.
The town having been fortified was easily defended, oppidum munitum facile defensum est.
c.
Compare sentences 3 and 4, and notice that the noun participle (oppidum munitum) are not in the absolute construction in the last sentence, because the noun is also the subject of the main verb (defensum est).
and
190
567.
VOCABULARY
responded, respondere, respondl, responsum, reply (de + pono), depono put
-1,
Piso, Pisonis, M., Piso
responsum,
invitus, -a,
N., reply
-um, unwilling
recens, recentis, new, fresh,

recent
down, put away

satisfacio (satis
+ facio) make
,
tempto, -are, -avi, -atum,

try,
amends, satisfy
etiam, adv., even, also
attempt
a. Decline hoc responsum; compare recens; give a synopsis of tempto in the active, third person singular, and of depono in the passive, third plural.
Memorize : Carpe diem. Enjoy the present day. Seize the opportunity. Cave quid dicis, quando, et cui. Be cautious as to what you say, when, and to whom.
EXERCISES
(Translate each ablative absolute literally; then form a better English equivalent phrase or clause.)
568.
1.
Navibus
vlsis,
domum
revertemur.
2.
Vicls in-
censls, Helvetil cum omnibus copils profecti sunt. 3. Helvetil, cum vicos suos incendissent, proficisci erant parati. 4. Urbe capta, elves fiigerunt. 5. Hoc oppidum, paucis
defendentibus, expugnare non potuimus. 6. Potitl oppido, id miinire coepimus. 7. Slgno dato, legio decima impetum
2
fecit.
8.
Pills iactls, milites gladiis Gsi sunt.

10.
9.
His rebus
inductus, rex captlvos liberavit. 3 celerrime cucurrit. sus, quam
11.
Nuntius, a consule misCaesare consule, clvitas
superata est. coniurationem
12.
Orgetorix, Messala, et Pisone consulibus,

Translate with though (564 See 566 b, and 403. See 492.
fecit.
1
a).
2
1
THE FUTURE PARTICIPLES

569.
191
1. (With) Marcus (as) commander, we shall easily conquer. centurions having been called together, the lieutenant advised them. 3. Having written the letter, I called the messenger. 4. The letter having been written was given to the messenger. 5. After reading the letter (i.e., the letter having been read) I persuaded the messenger l to remain. 2 6. I saw the consul's daughter reading a new book.
2.
The
CAESAR'S REPLY TO DIVICO

Huic legato Caesar ita respondit: " Eas res, de quibus locutus es, memoria teneo. Etiam recentium iniuriarum memoriam deponere non possum; me invito, Helvetil
570.
iter
per provinciam temptaverunt, agros sociorum popull Roman! vastaverunt. Sin obsides mihi dabunt, et si Haeduis de iniurils satisfacient, quas els sochsque eorum intu3 lerunt, cum clvitate Helvetia pacem faciam." Dlvico respondit: " Helvetil obsides accipere, non dare solent." 4 Hoc responso dato, discessit.
LESSON LXXI
THE FUTURE PARTICIPLES.
571.
THE DATIVE OF THE AGENT

The
future active participle is used with forms of sum, to express action about to occur, or intended: Laudaturus sum, / am about to praise, I am going
to praise,
a.
Active Periphrastic.
I intend
to praise.
The combination
sum
1 2 3 4 6
(in the indicative, subjunctive, the active periphrastic 5 conjugation.
of the future active participle and and infinitive) is called
What case? What mood
(439)?
Have inflicted upon. Are accustomed.
The compound
" form is a form consisting of more than one word. periphrastic tenses of the passive voice (261) are therefore periphrastic, but the word is limited to the above use.
"
192
572.
is
Passive Periphrastic. The future passive participle used with forms of sum to express action as necessary or
proper:
Laudandus
est, he is to be praised, he has to be praised,
he must be praised.
a.
The combination
of
sum
with the future passive par-
ticiple is
called the passive periphrastic conjugation.
573.
i.
THE DATIVE OF THE AGENT

Mihi nauta monendus
est, the sailor is to be
(must be)
2.
3.
warned by me, I must warn the sailor. Mihi nauta monendus erat, the sailor was to be {had to be) warned by me, I had to warn the sailor. Mihi nauta monendus erit, the sailor will have to be warned by me, I shall have to warn the sailor.
a passive periphrastic form the agent or doer of the action is expressed by the dative instead of the ablative.
With
574.
Rule.
The
dative of the agent is used with the passive
periphrastic conjugation.
575.
VOCABULARY
-a,
iniquus,
-um
-a.,
(uneven),
unfavorable
quingenti, -ae, dred
five
insequor (in + sequor), low on), pursue

drive,
(fol-
hun-
pello, pellere,pepuli,pulsum,
put
to flight
cado, cadere, cecidi, casum,

fall
praemitto(prae+mittd),se;zd in advance
EXERCISLS
576.
est.
3.
1.
Slgnum daturl sunt. 2. Slgnum tuba dandum Caesarl omnia tino tempore erant agenda. 4. Nonne
5.
epistulam scrlpturus es?

6.
Epistula
tibi
scrlbenda
erit.
frumentum comportaturl erant. 7. Nationes 8. Nonne putas hiiius terrae pacem conflrmaturae sunt. esse? 9. Legio decima, pacem his nationibus conflrmandam
Agricolae
THE GERUNDIVE.
cui
10.
1
THE GERUND
vigilia
1 93
Labienus praeest, castra de quarta.

sis.
motura
11.
fuit.
Sextus dlcit se oratorem in Foro audlturum esse.

12.
Die
sit.
mihi, Sexte, quid acturus

577.
1.
Die mihi quid agendum

2.
The boys
was about-toadvise the traders. 4. The traders had to be advised by the lieuhimself is going-to-command the legions. 3 tenant. 5. Caesar 6. He said that Caesar himself was going-to-command the legions.
must choose a leader to-day. 2
are going-to-choose a leader. 3. The lieutenant
The boys
A CAVALRY SKIRMISH
578.
Postero die castra ex eo loco movent.
Idem
facit
Caesar, et equitatum omnem ad numerum quattuor milium 4 5 praemittit, qui videant quam in partem hostes iter faciant.
6 agmen InsecutI inlquo loco cum equitatu Qui cupidius Helvetiorum contendunt, et paucl de equitibus Romanls
cadunt.
Helvetii, quod qulngentls equitibus tantam multitudinem pepulerant, audacius resistere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proeli5 continebat. Ita dies qulndecim iter fecerunt, ut hostium agmen a Romano qulnque aut sex mllia passuum abesset.
Hac
victoria sublatl
LESSON LXXII
THE GERUNDIVE.
579.
THE GERUND
The Gerundive. The
future passive participle (557),
when used as an attributive adjective, is called a gerundive. The gerundive is used chiefly in the genitive, accusative, and
ablative cases, singular and plural; rarely in the dative.
1
See 457.
2 3
Change
this sentence to the passive
What
form before translating.

6
case?
4 6
See 420. Direction.
Too
eagerly.
Elated.
194
i
.

Cupidi urbis videndae sumus, we are desirous of ing the city (lit., of the city to be seen).
see-
2.
De
a.
urbe videnda locutus est, he spoke about the city (lit., about the city to be seen).
seeing
Purpose is expressed by causa, for the sake, for the purpose, with the genitive of the gerundive, or by ad with the accusative. Causa always follows the genitive phrase.
3.
Urbis videndae causa venimus, we have come for purpose of seeing the city.
ParatI ad
the
4.
urbem videndam sumus, we

(lit.,
are ready to
see the city
for the city to
be seen).
singular of the gerundive is used as a verbal noun, called the gerund. The gerund is active in meaning and is equivalent to the English verbal in
580.
-ing.
The Gerund. The neuter
The nominative
is
supplied
by the present
infinitive.
Noni. (amare, to love) Gen. amandi, of loving

Dat.
amando, for
loving
Ace.
Abl.
a.
b.
amandum,
loving
(etc.) loving
amando, by
Decline monendi, regendi, capiendi, audiendL Deponent verbs have gerunds, as well as gerundives
conandi, of trying; verendi, of fearing; iitendi, of
(557 a): using.
581.
Uses
of the
Gerund.
The
genitive of the gerund
is
used
like other genitives: difficultas audiendi, the difficulty of
Followed by causa the genitive expresses purpose: Audiendi causa venimus, we have come for the purpose of
hearing.
hearing.
The
dative
is rare.
The accusative
is
used with
ad to express purpose: Ad audiendum venimus, we came to The ablative is used like other ablatives: Audiendo hear. discimus, we learn by hearing.
THE GERUNDIVE.
a.
THE GERUND
is
1 95
Remember
that the gerund
a noun, the gerundive a
participle; that the
gerund
is
active, the gerundive passive;
that the gerund is singular and neuter only, the gerundive singular or plural, and of all genders.
582.
statim, adv., at once
conficio, -ficere, -feci,
VOCABULARY
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi,
-fectum
accomplish consido, -sidere, -sedi, -ses-
(con
+ facio),
settle,
ostentum, show, explain renuntio (re -f nuntio), report
sum,
take position
Memorize:
Verbum
sat sapient!.
to the
word
wise
is sufficient.
EXERCISES
583.
i.
Cives audiendl consulis causa convenerunt.
2.
Ad
portum navium videndarum causa venient. 3. Cum nullam spem vincendl haberent, fugerunt. 4. Quis ad has res con5. Hae civitates ad obsides dandos deligetur? paratae sunt. 6. Legatus dlcit legionem esse paratam ad bellum gerendum. 7. Dux putavit hunc locum esse ido-
ficiendas
neum ad aciem Instruendam.

tem de fugiendo
ipse
8.
Nemo
Nonne
x
fortem virum loquenis,
audivit.
10.
9.
qui
alios
docet,
docendo
el
discit?
Hortare
fratrem tuum, Quinte;
persuade
ut hoc faciat.
2 584. 1. We learn to do by doing. 2. They will aid the king by 3 sending grain. 3. The boys are ready to climb the mountain. 4. Is the trader ready to sail? 5. The envoys had been sent to
make
7.
1
5 peace. 6. This place is most suitable for pitching a camp. Having sent ahead the cavalry, Caesar followed with the legions.
2
3
See 550. Agere.
With paratus,
Express See 480.
to
either an infinitive or
in different
gerund (gerundive)
may
be
used.
4
6
make
ways.
14
I96
LATEST
FOR THE FIRST YEAR
CAESAR PREPARES FOR BATTLE

585. Exploratores Caesarl nuntiant hostes sub consedisse mllia passuum ab ipslus castrls octo.
1
monte
Caesar
montis.
vigilia
statim homines mlsit, qui cognoscerent quae esset nattira Renuntiatum est ascensum esse facilem. Tertia
Labienum legatum, cum duabus

qui iter cognoverant,
4
legionibus et els du-
cibus
sibi
3
montem
ascendere iubet; quid
animo ostendit. Ipse quarta, vigilia eodem 5 hostes itinere, quo ierant, ad eos contendit, equitatumque omnem ante se mittit.
sit
in
LESSON LXXIII
THE SUPINE.
REVIEW OF EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE
THE THREE STEM SYSTEMS

586.
The Supine.
Three forms
of the
verb are used as
nouns: the infinitive (109), the gerund (580), and the supine. The supine has two case forms, the accusative in -um and
the ablative in -u. the fourth of the principal parts:
The accusative supine has been given as amatum, monitum, rectum,
captum, auditum.
a. Deponent verbs have supines, which may be formed from the perfect participle: conatum, veritum, usum.
587. Uses of the Supine. The supine in -um is used with iri to form the future passive infinitive (374). It is more com-
motion to express purpose: Victoriam nuntiatum venimus, we have come to report the victory.
monly used with verbs
of
a. The supine in -u is used chiefly as an ablative of specification (378), with adjectives meaning easy, good, strange, or the opposite: Difficile factu est, it is hard to do (lit., with re-
spect to the doing).

1
At
the foot of.

4
As
guides.
B
See 458.
See 502.
Had
gone.
THE SUPINE.
588.
THE THREE STEM SYSTEMS
1 97
Expressions of Purpose. We have seen that four different forms of the verb may express purpose:
1.
The subjunctive with

ut (or qui) videamus.
ut, ne, qui, or
quo (420): Mittia):
mur
2.
The gerundive with ad The gerund with ad

The supine
(587):
or
causa (579
Mittimur
urbis videndae causa.

3.
or causa (581): Mittimur videndi
causa.
4.
Mittimur visum.
Three Stem Systems. The various forms of the may be grouped into three systems, according to the stem from which they are derived. Thus for amo we may
589.
verb
arrange:
The Present System

Active
198
The Supine System

Ind.
Subj.
Inf.
Part.
Per/.
Plup.
Fut. P.
amatus esse amatus amatus sum amatus sim amatus eram amatus essem amaturus esse amaturus amatus ero
Supine
590.
amatum
amatum
Irl
VOCABULARY
-1,
impedimentum,
dio),
N. (impepi.,
frumentor,
forage
-ari,
-atus sum,
hindrance;
bag-
(frumentum), procure grain,

gratulor, -ari, -atus
gratulate
gage (military)
mulier, muli'eris, F.,
woman
sum, con-Itum,
salus, salutis, F., safety
tempestas, weather
arbitror,
-tatis,
F., storm,
impedio,
-ire,
-Ivi,
(pes), hinder,
incumber
-ari,
-atus
sum,
think, consider
EXERCISES
Quid, Galba, est optimum factii? 2. Vos monitum venimus. 3. Legati pacem petltum missl sunt. 4. Prinl auxilium rogatum fugerat. ceps Haeduorum Romam
591.
i.
5.
Castella fecerunt,
6.
defenderent.
runt.
7.
minore numero militum locum Multl amlci ad consulem gratulatum vene-
quo
Una
legio
frumentatum missa
erat.
8.
Magna pars
equitatus frumentandi causa missa est. 9. Ad haec cognoscenda Marcum esse idoneum arbitramur. 10. Rogasne quis hoc praemium mereatur? 11. Difficile est dictu. 12. His rebus confectis, domum revertar. 13. Hostes non facile impedlmentls potientur. 14. Caesar dlcit sex mllia Helve-
tiorum salutem fuga petlvisse.
15.
Puerl
mulieresque a
Romanls
1
pacem
tempestatem
See 282.
16. Arbitrabamur propter petierunt. difficultatem navigandl futuram esse sum2
See 511
a.
REVIEW OF LESSONS LXVIH-LXXIII
199
mam.
18.
17.
Tempestas
non
est
idonea ad navigandum.
Iter agminis densissimis silvls

1.
impedltum
est.
3.
592.
will
It is easy to see.
2.
I shall send
men
to do this.
He
to the city to see his brother. 4. The soldiers are aboutmust learn these things 2 to-forage in the neighboring fields. 5. before evening. 6. I think you will see these things within a few
come
We
days.
7.
Tell the
women and
of the
children that there
is
safety in the
town.
scouts.
8.
The baggage
whole army could be seen by the
LESSON LXXIV
REVIEW OF LESSONS LXVIH-LXXIII.
593-
ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
VOCABULARY
calamitas
200
595.
Adjective Suffixes. Among the suffixes used to form adjectives are the following:
a.
audax,
b.
-ax, -idus, forming adjectives with daring (audeo, dare); cupidus,

-bilis, -tivus,
an active meaning:
desiring,
desirous
(cupio).
-ilis,
forming adjectives with a passive

be done, easy (facio); credibilis,
meaning:
that
facilis, that
may
captivus, captured (capio). c. -cus, -ius, -nus, -lis, -ris, -timus, -ter, forming adjectives meaning belonging to, pertaining to, derived from: bellicus, pertaining to war (bellum) patrius, pertaining to a father (pater); fraternus, pertaining to a brother (frater); navalis, pertaining to a ship (navis) mllitaris, pertaining to a soldier (miles); maritimus, pertaining to the sea (mare); equester, pertaining to a horseman (eques).
; ;
may
be believed (credo);
596.
Answer
in
Latin
the
2.
following:
1.
Arbitrarisne
Romanos
3.
saepe pulsos esse?
Cur equites praemissl sunt? tatem audlvistl? 5. Quis has res

Memorize :
Ubi hostes se abdiderunt? 4. Nonne recentem calamiconficere temptabit?
Quid magis est durum saxo? Quid mollius unda? Ovid. Dura tamen molli saxa cavantur aqua.
What
is
harder than stone ?
What more
soft
than water ?
hollowed by
Nevertheless, hard though the rock

the wave.
be, it is
LESSON LXXV
THE IRREGULAR VERB
597.
FIO.
IDIOMS
The Passive
is
is
of Facio.
The
passive of facio in the
present system
supine system
tion of fid,
formed from the irregular verb fid. The regular. Learn from page 292 the conjuga-
fieri, f actus
sum,
be
made, be done, happen,

fit
result.
Notice that
-i- is long,
except in
and before
-er-.
THE IRREGULAR VERB
FIO.
IDIOMS
201
a. Prepositional compounds of facio, as conficio, perficio, are usually conjugated regularly in the passive: conficior, confici, confectus sum. b. Write in review a synopsis of the active forms of facio, including the three moods, the infinitives, the participles, and the gerund.
598. Certior, the comparative of certus, certain, sure, is used as a predicate adjective in the phrases certiorem facio, I inform (lit., make more sure), and certior fio, I am in-
formed
1.
(lit.,
am made more
feci,
sure):
Eum
certiorem
I informed him; eos certiores
I informed them. Certior fid (certiores fimus) equites venire, I am informed {we are informed) that the horsemen are coming.
feci,
2. a. Notice that certior agrees with the person informed, and that the information in sentence 2 is expressed by an infinitive with subject accusative, just as after a verb of saying.
Every language has constructions or expressions peculiar to itself, called idioms. Thus in English we say How do you do? in French, Comment vous portez599.
Idioms.
vous?
Latin has
(How do you carry yourself?) many idioms, such as equus
est militi (a horse
has a horse; iter faciunt (they make a march) for they march; Messala consule (Messala consul) for in the consulship of Messala; certior fio (7 am
is to the soldier) for the soldier
informed; in spem venio (I come into hope) for I have hope, I entertain hope.
600.
made more
sure) for I
am
VOCABULARY
-1,
beneficium,
favor
N., kindness,
evil deed,
dUigens,
diligent
dfligentis,
careful,
maleficium,
-1,
N.,
dUigenter,
faithfully
adv.,
diligently,
harm, damage
diligentia, -ae, F., carefulness,
certus, -a, -urn, certain, sure
diligence
contra, prep., w. ace, against
202
accurro,

accurrere,
to
accurri,
interficio,
feci,
interficere,
inter-
accursum (ad
to,
+ curro),
-avi,
run
interfectum (inter
hasten
facio), kill
coniuro,
-are,
-atum
sustineo, sustinere, sustinui,
(con
+ iuro,
swear together),
sustentum
(sub
+ teneo)
conspire
flo, fieri, f actus
endure, sustain
sum,
be
made,
be done, happen, become
EXERCISES
fieri
601.
2.
Caesar pontem in flumine Rheno Helvetii de eius adventu certiores factl sunt.
i.
iussit.
3.
Caesar
A
Showing captives and war elephants
ndrca Mantegna
Panel from the Painting "The Triumph of Caesar"
THE IRREGULAR VERB

certior flebat
FIO.
IDIOMS
203
omnes Belgas contra populum Romanum conFactum est multls de causls ut hostes impetum 4. sustinere non possent. 5. Duae legiones reliquum exercitum
iurare.
exspectabant, ut uno tempore in hostes impetus 6. Nauta me certiorem fecit flumen esse altissimum. 7.
fieret.
Sum-
mam
in
spem
victoriae venimus.
9.
reges copias suas iunxerunt.

tertia vigilia
Fide inter se data, His rebus confectls, de

8.
proficlscemur.
10.
Haec
facta sunt
Marco
Messala et Marco Plsone consulibus. n. Niintiatum est multos interfectos esse. 12. Quis legionl decimae praefectus
est?
13.
Helvetil dicunt se sine

14.
iter facturos esse.
Tuum
iillo maleficio per provinciam beneficium semper memoria
Andrea Mantegna
Panel from the Painting
"
The Triumph of Caesar"

spoils of
Showing captives and
war
204
tenebo.
sunt.
15.
Omnia magna, cum
dlligentia nobis facienda
2. He said that peace had been leaders returned to their (own) the peace, 3. leader (make the leader more inform the will Who countries. 4. The leader will be informed by narrow. is road 5. certain) that the
602.
1.
Peace has been made.
made.
Having made
the scout.
scout
is
6.
I think the scout will inform the leader.
7.
The
coming to inform the
leader.
9.
8.
No
one
will
do that with
greater diligence than this boy.
The
children
must be protected
most
faithfully.
THE BLUNDER OP CONSIDIUS

603.
Prima
luce,
cum summus 2 mons

ab hostium
castrls
a Labieno tene-
non longius mille et qumgentls passibus abesset, Considius equo admisso 3 ad Caesarem accurrit; dicit montem, quern a Labieno occuretur, et Caesar ipse
Gallicis armls atque Caesar suas insignibus cognovisse. copias in proximum collem subdiicit, aciem Instruit. Labienus, monte occupato, nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat. Multo die 5 Caesar certior f actus est montem a suls
a,
4 pari voluerit, ab hostibus teneri; id se
tenerl, et
6 Considium, timore perterritum, quod non vidisset
7 pro vlso nuntiavisse.
LESSON LXXVI
THE VERB
604.
ii
EO.
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
i-
Learn the conjugation of the irregular verb eo, ire, Stems: present, 1-, perfect, (or ivi), itum, go, page 292. Note the contracted forms. (Iv-), supine, it-.
Prima
The
luce, at daybreak.
of.
2
3
wp
4
5
Equo admisso, He wished.
at full
speed
(lit.,
his horse
having been
let go).
6
7
Multo die, late in the day. Timore perterritum, thoroughly Pro vlso, as if seen.
frightened.
THE VERB EO.

a.
TEMPORAL CLAUSES
205
Certain compounds of eo, as ad-eo, go to, visit, trans-eo, go across, cross, may be transitive and therefore may be conjugated in the passive: adeor, adiris, aditur, adlmur, adimini, adeuntur, etc.
Temporal Clauses. Clauses expressing time are introchiefly by the conjunctions cum, when, ubi, when, postquam, after, priusquam, before, dum, as long as, while, Review 513, and 310 a. until.
605.
duced
anima est, as long as, takes the indicative: is there is as there as hope. long life, spes est, b. Dum, while, takes the indicative historical present, instead of a past tense: loquitur, venerunt, while he was
a.
Dum,
Dum
Dum
speaking, they came.
Dum, until, and priusquam, before, take the indicative an actual event, but the subjunctive of an expected event: Mansit domi dum veni, he stayed at home until I came; exspectavit dum venirem, he waited for me to come (until I
c.
of
should come).
606.
VOCABULARY
eo, ire,
adj.,
ii
vox, vocis, F., voice

citerior, citerius,
(ivi),
itum, go
re-
comp.
comp.
nearer, hither
ulterior, ulterius,
adj.,
exeo (ex + eo), go -out redeo (red + eo), go back,

turn
farther
transeo (trans
cross
+ eo)
go across,
dum,
conj., as long as, while,
until
moror,
conj., before
-ari,
-atus sum, delay
antequam,
Memorize:
Nam genus et proavos et quae n5n fecimus ipsi, Vix ea nostra voco. Ovid. Pedigree and ancestry and what we ourselves have not
achieved,
I scarcely recognize as our own.
206
EXERCISES
607.
3.
i.
Pueri
domum
Ibant.
2.
Pater nobiscum
4.
ibit.
Pater dicit se nobiscum iturum
esse.
5. Ieramus tecum eant. 8. Ire non possunt. 10. Cur ierunt? 9. Galba iturus est. 12. Puto eum Isse. 11. Non cognovi cur ierint. 13. Eos euntes vldi. 14. Hoc fhlmen vado transltur. 15. Ex opexeunt. 16. Ante redlbo. vesperum pido
et
6.
Genavam
Ibunt.
Persuade
els
ut
venerunt ut hortum videremus. 7. Ite cum els, amid.
Roma
608.
erat.
1. 2.
Provincia
Romana
Alpibus in duas partes divisa
Hae
3.
partes Gallia citerior et Gallia ulterior appel-
latae sunt.
coniurabant.
5.
Cum Caesar esset in Gallia citeriore, Belgae 4. Cum venies, nostra consilia cognosces.
exercitus
Hostes,
ubi impedimenta
6.
viderunt,
celeriter
impetum
fecerunt.
Postquam
id audlvit,
Caesar in proxi-
collem copias suas duxit. 7. Dum paucos dies frumenti causa moratur, de incolis certior factus est. 8. Non
mum
exspectare statuit,
9.
provinciam Helvetil pervenirent. Imperator Genavae manebit, dum milites conveniant.

in
dum
10.
Voce imperatoris audita,

1.
milites fortius pugnant.

;
they have gone. 2. He has gone out he were crossing the bridge; we had crossed. 4. The messenger is now going to the camp. 5. The king said he would go with a larger army. 6. When they had gone three miles, they decided to return. 7. Remain in the village until we come. 8. The traders are about to go into farther Gaul.
609.
shall go;
3.
We
had gone
out.
We
CAESAE GOES TO BIBRACTE

610.
avertit
1
FOE,
SUPPLIES
Postero die Caesar frumenti causa iter ab Helvetils

et Bibracte 2 ire
contendit, quod erat maximum Haeduorum. Ea res per fugitlvos hostibus nunoppidum 1 tiatur. Helvetil, quod Romanos timore perterritos discedere 1 a se existimabant, mutato 1 consilio et itinere converso
nostros sequl coeperunt.

1
See general vocabulary.
Accusative.
THE VERB FERO.
CAUSAL CLAUSES
207
LESSON LXXVII
THE VERB FERO.
611.
CAUSAL CLAUSES
of the irregular
Learn from page 293 the conjugation
verb fero, ferre,
tuli, latum, bear, bring; passive, feror, ferri, latus sum, be borne, be brought. Stems: fer-, tul-, lat-. 612. Causal Clauses. Clauses expressing cause or reason
are introduced chiefly
cum,
since, as.
by the conjunctions quod, because, and Cum, when so used, is called cum-causal, in
distinction
from cum-temporal.
a. Quod takes the indicative to state the reason of the speaker or writer; the subjunctive to state the reason of another: Vicerunt quod fortes erant, they conquered because (as I know) they were brave; Eos accusavit, quod fortes non essent, he accused them because (as he said) they were not brave. b. Cum-causal takes the subjunctive: Facile erat oppidum expugnare, cum non defenderetur, it was easy to capture the
town, since
it
was
not defended.
613.
VOCABULARY
differo, differre, distuli, dfla-1,
onus, oneris, N., load, burden
subsidium,
ance
N., aid, assistmiddle, the
turn (dis+ fero), bear apart,

difer, postpone
medius,
-a,
-um,
effero, efferre, extuli,
elatum
take
middle of veteranus, -a, -um, veteran
(ex
+ fero),
bear
out,
along
infero, inferre, intuli, inlatum
(in
cum,
conj., since, as
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear,
+ fero),
bring
upon,
bring
make upon
conferre,
contuli,
confero,
refero, referre, rettuli, relaturn,
conlatum (con
one's self
+ fero), bring se betake conferre, together;
bring
back;
pedem
referre, withdraw
208
EXERCISES
614.
i.
Fers; feres; ut feras.

tulerint.
6.
runt;
lisse;
tulerant;
ferri.
Fert; ferunt. ferebatur. 4. Ferebat;

2.
3.
Tule5.
Tu-
relata sunt.
Latus; laturus. 7. Slgnum fertur. 8. Signa 10. Subsidium nobis 9. Ferte signa, mllites.
ferebant.
11.
Qui eorum arma

f
ferre possunt?
Agricolae conferunt. portum

615.
silvas conferrent.
1.
rumentum
3.
conferunt.
2.
Nautae
est,
se in
Prlnceps eos hortatus
ut se in
4.
Omnia impedimenta
7.
in
unum locum
6.
conlatasunt.
5.
GermanI
bellum Gallls intulerunt.

8.
Civi-
tates Galliae lingua inter se distulerunt. quae ferimus, celerius ire non poterimus.
Propter onera,
Dux quemque
frumentum
10.
sibi
Galliae potirl,
domo efferre iussit. 9. Perfacile erat totlus cum Helvetii virtute omnibus praestarent.
Genavam
ibimus, quod sumus cupidl videndae terrae
Helvetiorum.
to have 2. To have borne; 616. 1. Bearing; we are bearing. been borne. 3. You have borne; you were bearing. 4. Bear the standard bravely. 5. The consul will bring aid to you. 6. The inhabitants of that city did not make war on the Romans. 7. When
the farmers had brought together the grain, they sent it to the 8. Since we are not able to go, we will send a message. city. built (made) a bridge, because he had no ships. Caesar 9.
CAESAR PREPARES FOR BATTLE

617.
Postquam Caesar
id vidit, copias suas in
proximum
collem dtixit equitatumque, qui sustineret hostium impetum, x mlsit. Ipse interim in colle medio aciem instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum; sed in summo iugo duas legiones
novas, quas in
Totum montem conferrl et eum ab

iussit.
1
conscripserat, hominibus complerl et sarcinas in

els,
Gallia
citeriore
conlocavit.
unum locum
qui in superiore acie erant, muniri

half
The middle
of,
way
up.
THE VERBS VOLO AND NOLO
209
LESSON LXXVIII
THE VERBS VOLO AND NOLO.
618.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Learn from page 295 the conjugation of the irregular verbs volo, velle, volui, wish, be willing, and nolo, nolle,
nolui, be unwilling.
a.
tive, the present infinitive,
Notice that the irregular forms are the present indicaand the present and imperfect
subjunctive. b. These verbs
an
to
may take a complementary infinitive, or with subject-accusative: Venire voluit, he wished come; eos venire voluit, he wished them to come.
infinitive
619.
are:
The
sum, possum and nolo.

620.
irregular verbs, as given in the preceding lessons, eo, fio, fero, volo, and their compounds including
Conditional Sentences.
conditional sentence
is
of which expresses a condition, he a conclusion: the other tries, he will succeed. // If he tries The Latin is the condition, he will succeed, the conclusion.
complex sentence one clause
conjunctions used in such sentences are

nisi, if not, unless.
si,
if; sin,
but if;
621.
a.
Conditions
may
be of the following kinds:
Present condition:
1.
Stated as a fact; present indicative:

Si vincit,
bene
est, if he is conquering,
it
is well.
2.
Contrary to fact; imperfect subjunctive: Si vinceret, bene esset, if he were conquering, would be well.
Stated as a fact; a past indicative:
Si vicit,
fuit, if he conquered, it was well. to fact; pluperfect subjunctive: Contrary Si vicisset, bene fuisset, if he had conquered,
it
b.
Past condition:
1.
bene
2.
it
would have been welL
>
THE VERBS VOLO AND NOLO

c.
211
Future condition:
i.
More probable
fect:
{shall, will);
future or future per-
Si vincet,
it
bene
erit, if
he conquers (shall conquer),
will be well.
2.
Less probable (should, would); present or perfect

subjunctive:
Si vincat,
well.
bene
sit, if
he should conquer,
it
would be
EXERCISES
622.
te nolle.
1.
Quis hoc facere vult? 4. Putat eos voluisse.

8.
2.
Dlcit se velle.
3.
6.
Dixit
5.
Manere
nolunt.
Ami-
cus
meus domum
1
voluimus.
velit.
redlre volebat. 7. Cum mercatore loqul Pueros esse in perlculo nolebamus. 9. Si

12.
11. Si vellet. 2
1.
Si voluisset. 3
2.
623.
Si eris dux, sequar.

3.
Si
amlcos tuos laudaveris,

erunt fortes.
4.
ab els laudaberis.
patriam
vldit.
6.
Si
sunt
amid
regis,
Si
amatis, este fortes.
5.
Si fuit
Romae, domum
Marcl
7.
Si vis, te certiorem
de itinere
me5
faciam.
8.
Si
translre conabuntur, Caesar eos prohibebit. ab Helvetils dentur, 1 Caesar cum els pacem
Si obsides
9.
faciat.
Si
proelio contendere voluissent, vlcissent. 3 esset, multl elves interfectl essent.
10.
Si urbs
capta
624. 1. We shall be willing to go to-morrow. 2. To-day we are unwilling to go. 3. I wished to see the consul's sons. 4. You are always willing to send aid. 5. If the soldiers are brave, they are praised. 6. If the soldiers are (will be) brave, they will be praised. x be brave, they would be praised. 8. If 7. If the soldiers should the soldiers had been 3 brave, they would have been praised.
THE BATTLE OF BIBRACTE

625.
in
Helvetia
cum omnibus
suls carrls sectitl
impedimenta
4
unum locum
1
contulerunt; ipsl confertissima

3 4
acie, reiecto
See 621, c See 621, a
2.
2.
See 621, b 2. See 626 for new words.
15
212
nostro equitatu, sub
Caesar, equis 1 tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commlsit.

2 Milites, e loco superiore pills missis, facile 3 Ea perturbata, gladils in eos reppulerunt.
prlmam nostram aciem successerunt. omnium ex conspectu remotis, ut spem fugae

hostium aciem
runt.
aberat.
Tandem
vulneribus confectl,
Galll
impetum fecepedem referre et

mille passiis
se recipere coeperunt
ad montem, qui
circiter
Cap to monte
qui in montem renovarunt. 6
626.
et succedentibus nostrls, socii
Helve tiorum
nostros circumvemre conatl sunt.
se receperant, nostrls restiterunt
Id conspicatl Helvetil, 5 et proelium
VOCABULARY
turn (re + iacio), throw back, drive back
vulnus, vulneris, N., wound

confertus, -a, -um, crowded, in close order
renovo, -are, -avi, -atum, re-
tandem, adv.,
at last, finally
new
succedo,succedere, success!,
conspicor, -an, -atus sum,

observe, catch sight of
successum
advance
(sub
+ cedo),
subla-
perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, throw into confusion

reicio, reicere, reieci, reiec-
tollo, tollere, sustuli,
turn, take
away, remove
LESSON LXXIX
IMPERSONAL VERBS. REVIEW OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
impersonal verb is one that has no personal subject, and hence is used in the third person singular only. In English such verbs are often introduced
627. Impersonal Verbs.
An
by the expletive
1
it: it
rains,
it
happens.
4
B
Began (committd).
Hurled.
Exhausted.
From
resisto.
From
repello.
contraction of renovaverunt.
IMPERSONAL VERBS
213
In Latin impersonal verbs include chiefly: 1. Intransitive verbs in the passive voice: pugnatur, there
is fighting (lit., it is
2.
fought).
Verbs taking a phrase or a clause as their subject, as accidit, it happens; dicitur, it is said; fit, it comes to pass;
licet, it is
permitted; oportet, it is necessary: Hoc facere licet, it is permitted to do this. Accidit ut flumen sit altum, it happens that the river is
deep.
a.
Impersonal verbs are found in the indicative, sub-
junctive,
and
of
infinitive.
628.
Review
Subordinate Clauses.
We
have learned
the following kinds of clauses: a. Clauses used as nouns:

1.
2.
3.
b.
With a subject accusative + an infinitive (341). With ut or ne + a subjunctive (438). With an interrogative word + a subjunctive (501).
Clauses used as adverbs, expressing purpose (411), result (446), time (605), cause (612), condition (620).
c.
Clauses used as adjectives, usually beginning with

relative pronoun.
629.
VOCABULARY
-I,
-1,
aurum,
oculus,
N., gold
oportet, oportere, oportuit,

is
it
M., eye
necessary
-are,
-avi,
poena, -ae, F., punishment scelus, sceleris, N., crime

accidit, accidere, accidit,
it
iudico,
-atum,
happens fit, fieri, factum

to
judge, determine trado, tradere, tradidi, traditurn (trans + do), give over.
est,
it
comes
surrender
pass
licet, licere, licuit, it is per-
mitted
214
EXERCISE
630.
1.
Acriter eo die
3.
esse potentius auro.
pugnatum est. Oportet poenam
2.
Dictum
est nihil
4.
sequl scelus.
Hel-
ve tils iter per provinciam facere non licuit. 5. Accidit ut imperator de perlculo certior fieret. 6. Dlcitur Caesarem fuisse
(virum)
magna
dlligentia.
fluat.
7.
utram partem Arar

nisi
8. 9.
Oculls itidicarl non potest in Factum est ut Helvetii ad
fines suos reverterentur.
Victores
11.
pacem non
Armls
facient,
arma
tradita erunt.
10.
Cum arma
12.
tradita essent, victraditls, elves
tores
pacem cum
civitate fecerunt.
se defendere
non poterant.
13.
Si hostes fortiores fuissent,

est,
pacem non
petissent. conscrlberet. legionem
Legatus missus
ut
novam
14.
Nautae
15.
in
portum
salutis peten-
dae causa contenderunt.
Putasne poenam
fuisse gra-
\4orem?
DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII

631. Diu atque acriter tinere nostrorum impetus
pugnatum
est.
Diutius
1
cum
ut
2
sus-
non possent,
3
alterl
se,
coeet
perant, in
montem
receperunt, alterl
ad impedimenta
carros suos se contulerunt.
Ad multam noctem 4 ad
im-
pedimenta pugnatum
utebantur et de
els in
est,
propterea quod pro vallo carrls
nostros tela coniciebant. 5
Diu cum
pugnatum
Helvetii
esset, castris nostrl potltl sunt.
omnium rerum
inopia inductl legatos de deditione
ad Caesarem mlserunt.
tios
Obsides et arma poposcit. 6 Helveet socios in fines suos, unde erant profectl, 7 revertl,
et oppida vlcosque, quos incenderant, restituere iussit.

1
8 4 6
One division (the Helvetii). Ut sometimes means as when followed by an

The other division (the Far into the night.
allies of
indicative.
the Helvetii).
6
7
Con + iacio. From posed.
From
proficiscor.
REVIEW OF CONJUNCTIONS
215
LESSON LXXX
REVIEW OF CONJUNCTIONS. REVIEW OF THE NOMINATIVE
AND GENITIVE
632.
Conjunctions Classified.
Conjunctions are either
coordinate, connecting similar constructions, or subordinate, connecting subordinate clauses with principal clauses.
a.
Coordinate conjunctions: 1. et, atque (ac), -que, and; neque (nee), and not. 2. aut or; neque . . . neque, neither aut, either and. nor ; et et, both
. . .
.
. .
b.
autem, but, moreover; sed, but; enim, nam, for; tamen, nevertheless. Subordinate conjunctions:
3.
1.
2.
Temporal, cum, ubi, dum, postquam, priusquam. Causal, quod, cum.

Conditional,
si, sin, nisi.
3.
4.
5.
Final, denoting purpose, ut, ne, quo.
Consecutive, denoting result, ut. 633. Uses of the Nominative Reviewed.

is
The nominative
used chiefly as follows: a. Subject nominative (26).

Predicate nominative (99). 634. Uses of the Genitive Reviewed.
b.
The
genitive
is
used chiefly as follows: a. With nouns. General
Rule
A noun
is
limiting another
noun, not meaning the same person or thing, 1. Genitive of possession (51).
2.
in the genitive.
3.
Genitive of description (532). Genitive of the whole (530).
4.
b.
Objective genitive (353).

(353).
With adjectives
2l6
635.
VOCABULARY
iuvenis, iuvenis,
corpus, corporis, N., body
young; as
deus, del, M., god

facultas, facultatis, F., opportunity,
noun, youth senex, senis, old; as noun,

old
means
man
-a,
mos, moris, M., custom, manner
militaris, -e, military
peritus,
-um,
expert-
ingens, ingentis, vast, huge
enced
(in), skillful
EXERCISES
636.
lingl
1.
Genava
erat
oppidum
ulterioris
pro vinciae.
3.
2.
Tuiu-
dlcuntur fuisse
socii
Helve tiorum.
Multitudo
4.
5.
venum convenerunt,
erat peritus rei
l
ut patriam defenderent. haec consilio deorum facta esse crediderunt.

militaris.
7.
RomanI
Legatus
6.
Accidit ut multl elves essent

Galli
cupidl rerum novarum. rant neque audierant. 2
Tanta opera
neque vide-
8.
Helvetil aut suis flnibus
Germa-
nos prohibent aut ipsl in eorum flnibus bellum gerunt. 10. Caesar 9. Facultas regnl obtinendl fllio regis data est. multa de moribus Britannorum cognovit. 11. German! di-
cebantur esse ingentl magnitudine corporum. 12. Senes de multls rebus iuvenes monere 3 possunt. 13. Facultas incendendae urbis hostibus non danda est.
637. 1. The hill was not of great height. 2. Who was the most famous of the Helvetians? 3. The daughter of Orgetorix is said to have been captured. 4. The consul will either go himself or send his son. 5. Neither the boys nor the girls had been informed about the customs of Gauls. 6. Did not the Romans believe there were
many
who
gods?
7.
I hear that this

is
man
is
very
skillful.
8.
Tell
me
of these
1 2
boys
most
skillful.
In science. Heard of.
Peritus governs the genitive (353).

3
Advise.
REVIEW OF THE DATIVE AND THE ACCUSATIVE
21 7
LESSON LXXXI
REVIEW OF THE DATIVE AND THE ACCUSATIVE
638.
Uses
of the Dative Case.
The
following uses have
been
1.
2.
given for the dative: Dative of the indirect object, with transitive verbs (60). Dative of the indirect object, wT ith special verbs (437).
3.
Dative of the indirect object, with compound verbs

(457)-
4.
5.
Dative of the possessor, with sum (459). Dative of the agent, with passive periphrastic forms
(574).
Dative with certain adjectives (245). The following uses 639. Uses of the Accusative Case. have been given for the accusative: 1. Accusative of the direct object (42). 2. Accusative with prepositions (541). which (133). 3. Accusative of place to
6.
4.
5.
Subject of an infinitive (342). Predicate accusative (190).
6.
7.
Accusative of duration of time (291). Accusative of extent of space (523).
64O.
arbor, arboris, F., tree
VOCABULARY
intellego,
lexi,
intellegere,
intel-
dominus,
-1,
donum,
public
-1,
M., master N. (do), gift
intellectum
(inter
lego), understand
publicus, -a, -urn, of the people,
progredior,
progredi,
pro-
gressus
dior,
sum
(pro + gra-
res publica, rei publicae, F.,

state,
step),
go
forward,
republic
give up, surrender
advance
dedo, dedere,dedidi, deditum

(de
+ do)
2l8
EXERCISES
641.
i. 2.
Prlnceps
Haeduorum
est.
fuit
amlcissimus populo Ro3.
mano.
castrls
Cui legion! Caesar indulsit?
Tibi, legate, locus
deligendus
amicitiam esse posse. 6. Duas horas navigavimus. fuit.
4. Rex dlcit sibi nullam cum els 5. Dumnorix equitatui Romano prae7.
Duo
mllia
passuum
trans lacum navigavimus. 8. Perlculum esse maximum intellegit. 9. Se suaque omnia imperatorl Romano dediderunt. 10. Milites multas arbores ex silva portabant, quibus
pontem
servos.
facerent.
12.
11.
Dlcitur
dominum
habuisse multos
13.
Pro re piiblica, milites, pugnatis. diemur, legati, ad locum magis idoneum.
Progre-
642. 1. The slaves call these men masters. 2. The farmer has a hundred trees in the field. 3. They will remain in the city a few hours and return home to-morrow. 4. The Belgians were next to the Celts. 5. Caesar understood that this man was wishing to make war on the Romans. 6. Will you surrender yourselves and your property to this nation?
LESSON LXXXII
REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE
643.
Uses
of the Ablative Case.
The
following uses have
been given for the ablative case:

1.
Ablative with prepositions (541).

Ablative of means (66). Ablative of agent (149).
Ablative of separation (220). Ablative of place from which (222). Ablative of place in which (67).
Ablative of time
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
when
(292).
8.
9.
Ablative of accompaniment (136). Ablative of manner (137).
REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE

0.
1. 2.
219
Ablative of cause (362). Ablative of specification (378). Ablative of description (532).
3.
4.
5.
Ablative of comparison (472). Ablative of measure of difference (473). Ablative with certain deponent verbs (403). Ablative absolute (565).
6.
644.
VOCABULARY
-1,
fumus,
M., smoke
carus, -a, -um, dear

egredior,
egredi,
ignis, Ignis, M.,fire
egressus
go out,
latitudo, -tudinis, F. (latus),
sum
(e + gradior),
breadth, width
march out
significo, -are,
luna, -ae, F.,
moon
(dat.
-avi,
-atum,
Crassus,
-1,
M., Crassus
show, indicate
Pompeius, Pompel
peio),
Pom-
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, live
Pompey
J.
Coomans
A Roman Woman
and her Maids
220
EXERCISES
645.
est.
2.
i.
Latitudo castrorum fumo et ignibus slgnificata Ab els, qui iter cognoverant, ductl sumus. 3. Vlcus
abest.
4.
non longius quingentis passibus

castrls de tertia vigilia,
Exercitus
ex
Labieno duce, egressus est. 5. Quis 6. annis erit consul. Labienus? Sex erat 7. Pompeio et Crasso consulibus, GermanI Rhenum transierunt. 8. Pom1 9. Hostes et equitibus et peius erat magna auctoritate. 10. Nihil est hominibus carius llberpeditibus utentur.
tate.
12.
11.
Potes ita
vlvere
ut
omnibus carissimus
sis.
Die mihi quis esset Pompeius. 13. Die mihi ubi Pomarboribus -altissimls 14. Domus parva sub peius vlxerit. stetit. 16. Si ante vesperum ad 15. Tu non capiendus es. illud oppidum perveneris, non capieris.
646.
1.
We know
that the
2
moon
is
with
me
to the
Forum
at the fourth hour.
smaller than the sun. 2. Go 3. You will not be able
the width of the river. 4. Caesar wrote of Gaul. 5. In a few months we shall about the tribes many things read these things. 6. I am going- to-speak with the general in-behalf-of those whom he has conquered. 7. They went to the city forto cross on-account-of
8. The lake is three feet deeper the-purpose of (getting) supplies. than the river. 9. Where was the standard of the tenth legion?
1
Predicate ablative of description (531, Propter.
3).

>
THE WAR WITH THE HELVETII

Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman statesman, general, and writer, was born about ioo B.C. After an education in Rome and Greece and a short career in the army, he held the important political offices of the Roman republic, the last of which was the consulship for 59 B.C. At the close of this year he became governor of Gaul, a large territory now including France, Belgium, Switzerland, and northern Italy. During the following eight years (58-51) he subdued the tribes of western Gaul, and also invaded Germany and Britain. The history of his conquest was written by Caesar himself " in his Commentaries on the Gallic Wars." The first war was fought with the Heivetii, or ancient Swiss, who in the early part of 58 B.C., with men, women, and children, had left their country to conquer the rest of Gaul. The Latin text following is Caesar's account simplified, and repeats in a
connected way the paragraphs for reading as given in the preceding lessons.
THE NATIONS OF GAUL

I. Gallia est omnis dlvlsa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqultanl, tertiam Celtae, qui lingua nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua legibusque inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aqultanls Garumna flumen, a Belgls
Matrona
et
Sequana
dividit.
a.
Horum omnium
fortissiml 5
sunt Belgae, propterea, quod
cultu atque humanitate pro-
vinciae longissime absunt; proximlque sunt Germanls, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt.
Eadem
de
praecedunt, quod tendunt, cum aut suls flnibus eos prohibent aut ipsl in
Heivetii reliquos Gallos virtu te fere cotldianls proelils cum Germanls con- 10
causa
eorum
flnibus bellum gerunt.

1
For
the
same reason.
221
222
THE PLAN OF ORGETORIX, THE HELVETIAN

longe nobilissimus fuit Orgetorlx. Regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati persuasit, ut de flnibus suls cum omnibus copils exl2.
Apud
Helvetios
rent.
5 virtiite
Dixit perfacile esse totlus Galliae imperio potlri,
cum
omnibus praestarent. Facilius els persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex 1 parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanls dlvidit; altera ex parte monte Itira altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et
provinciam nostram ab Helvetils
2 lacii io Helvetios; tertia
Rhodano, qui Pro 3 multittidine hominum et pro gloria 4 fortitudinis angustos se fines habere 5 arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem mllia passuum ccxl, in
dlvidit.
Lemanno
et flumine
latitudinem clxxx 6 patebant.

1
Una ex
parte, on one side.
4
5
2
3
Tertia (ex parte). Considering.
Renown (for). Ducenta quadraginta. Centum octoginta.
THE HELVETII PREPARE TO LEAVE THEIR COUNTRY

His rebus adductl et auctoritate Orgetorlgis permotl constituerunt omnes res ad profectionem comparare, atque cum proximls clvitatibus pacem et amlcitiam conflrmare.
3.
Ad
5
ad
Is legationem eas res conficiendas Orgetorlx deligitur. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, duel clvitates suscipit.
Sequanorum, ut regnum in clvitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat; itemque Dumnorlgl Haeduo ut idem
conaretur persuadet.
probat id esse perfacile factu, quod ipse suae civiHac oratione adductl iotatis imperium obtenturus esset. inter se fidem dant, et regno occupato sese totlus Galliae
Illls
potlri posse sperant.

1
See 587, a.
WAR WITH THE
HELVETII
223
THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF ORGETORIX

4.
Ea
res 1 Helvetiis est enuntiata.

3
Moribus 2
suls
Orge-
4 torigem ex vinculis causam dlcere coegerunt; damnatum poenam sequl oportebat ut igni cremaretur. Die constitute
causae
dictionis 5
Orgetorlx
ad indicium
omnes
clientes
obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat Cum ci vitas armis ius suum condiixit; per eos se eripuit. exsequl conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex agrls magistratus cogerent,
Orgetorlx mortuus
est.
Helvetil arbi-
trantur ipsum
1
sibi
mortem
consclvisse.
3
The conspiracy
According
of Orgetorix,
Dumnorix, and Casticus.

2
4 5
to their
customs.
To plead his case (stand // condemned. For the pleading.
trial).
THE HELVETII CONTINUE THEIR PREPARATIONS

5.
Post eius mortem tamen Helvetil id quod constituerant
facere conantur, ut e finibus suls exeant. paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua
ficia
2
Ubi se ad earn rem omnia numero ad 1

aedisibi
duodecim, vlcos ad quadringentos, reliqua prlvata

incendunt.
Trium mensium frumentum

una 3 cum
quem-
que domo
qui trans
1
efferre iubent.
Persuadent finitimis ut oppidis

els proficiscantur;
suls vlclsque incensis
Boiosque,
Rhenum
4 incoluerant, socios recipiunt.

3
Adv., about.
Each man.
As
Together (in company).

allies.
TWO ROUTES FROM HELVETIA

6.
Erant itinera duo quibus domo exire possent: finum

difficile,
per Sequanos, angustum et
inter
montem Iuram
et
flumen Rhodanum; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nonnullis
Locls
vad5
transltur.
224

Helvetio-
Extremum oppidum Allobrogum proximumque rum flnibus est Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad
pertinet.
Helvetios
1
Allobrogibus se persuasiiros esse exlstimabant, ut
per suos fines eos ire paterentur, quod *in 2 populum Romanum viderentur. 3
nondum bono animo

4
Omnibus rebus ad
qua
die
profectionem comparatls, diem dlcunt RhodanI omnes conveniant. 5

1
ad ripam A p point.
See 420.
Well-disposed (of kindly feeling)
4
.
Toward.
Seemed.
CAESAR GOES TO GENEVA

nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, ab urbe 1 proficiscitur et quam 2 maximls itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad 3 Genavam pervenit. In provincia quam 2 maximum militum numerum conscribit (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una). Pontem qui erat ad Genavam iubet rescind!. Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores factl sunt, legafos ad eum mittunt, n5bilissimos civitatis, qui dicerent se velle
7.
Caesari
cum
id
sine
10
ullo
maleficio
iter
quod
aliud iter haberent nullum.
per provinciam facere, propterea Rogaverunt ut id sibi
Caesar homines inimlco animo, 4 itinere per pr5vinciam dato, temperaturos esse a maleficio non existima5 bat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites
facere liceret.
15
quos imperaverat convenlrent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpttirum. Diem constituit, qua reverterentur,
1
I.e.,
2
quid vellent. 3 In (to) from Rome.

si
4
the vicinity of.
5
6
Until.
Time.
See 492.
See 532.
Had
levied.
CAESAR CONSTRUCTS FORTIFICATIONS 8. Interea, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum Influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetils dlvidit, murum fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfects prae-
WAR WITH THE HELVE Til
225
si
sidia disponit, castella munit, ut hostes prohibere posset,
translre conarentur.
Ubi ea
dies
quam
vim
constituerat
dicit se
cum
legatls venit, et legatl

iter ulll
per provinciam ostendit. conentur, prohibittirum dare; et, 1 Helvetil, ea spe deiectl, navibus ratibusque atque vadis Rhodanum translre conatl sunt. Munltione et mllitum
si
ad eum reverterunt,
non posse
facere
tells repulsl
hoc conatu. destiterunt.

1
Disappointed in
(lit.,
cast
down from).
THE ROUTE THROUGH THE LAND OF THE SEQUANI

9.
Relinquebatur una per Sequanos

2
via,
qua
Sequanls
non poterant. His cum ipsl propter angustias persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorlgem Haeduum
invltls
Ire
Dumnorlx apud Sequanos plurimum poterat, 3 et Helvetils erat amicus, quod ex ea clvitate Orgetorlgis flliam in matrimonium duxerat; et cupiditate regnl adductus novls
mittunt.
rebus 4 studebat, et
conciliare volebat.
quam
plurimas clvitates suo beneficio Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanls im4
petrat ut per fines suos Helvetios Ire patiantur.

1 3
By which. Plurimum
(lit.,
See 565.
Novis rebus, for a change of

(lit.,
powerful
poterat, was very was able very much).
government
for
new
things).
CAESAR REINFORCES HIS ARMY

10.
Caesarl
nuntiatur Helvetios habere in

et
agrum Sequanorum
Haeduorum
iter facere in
animo per earn partem

1
Id si fieret, inGalliae, quae non longe a provincia absit. habitellegebat provinciam homines bellicosos flnitimos turam esse. Ob eas causas el munltionl quam fecerat Labienum legatum praeficit. Ipse in Italiam magnls itineribus
contendit duasque
1
ibi legiSnes conscrlbit, et tres,
quae circum
(As) neighbors, in apposition with homines.
226

1
Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hlbernls educit, et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his qulnque In Segusiavos exercitum ducit, legionibus Ire contendit.
qui sunt prlml extra provinciam trans
1
Rhodanum.
Where.
THE HAEDUI AND OTHERS ASK FOR AID

11.
Helvetil
iam per angustias
et fines
Sequanorum suas
pervenerant eose suaque ab els
copias traduxerant, et in rumque agros vastabant.
Haeduorum
Haedul,
fines
cum
defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogaDlcunt paene in conspectu exercitiis nostrl turn auxilium.
suos vastarl, llberos expugnarl non debere.
agros
in
servitutem
abducl, oppida
Haeduorum Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese non facile ab oppidls vim hostium prohibere. ioltem Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vlcos possessionesque
socil
E5dem tempore
habebant,
sibi
se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant nihil esse reliqul. His rebus adductus solum praeter agrl Caesar Helvetils bellum Inferre constituit.
fuga,
THE ROMANS DEFEAT PART OF THE HELVETII

Fliimen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum Influit. Id Helvetil ratibus ac
12.
lintribus iunctls translbant.

certior factus est tres partes
5
Ubi per exploratores Caesar 2 copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam partem citra fliimen Ararim reliquam
1
esse,
de tertia vigilia
cum legionibus
tribus e castrls profectus,
ad earn partem pervenit quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impedltos adgressus magnam partem eorum concldit;
reliqul sese fugae
1
mandarunt atque
2
in
proximas
silvas ab-
Primary
obj. of traduxisse.
Secondary obj. depending on tra-.
of traduxisse,
WAR WITH THE HELVETII

diderunt.
clvitas
227
pagus appellabatur Tigurlnus; Helvetia in quattuor pagos divlsa est.

IS
Is
nam omnis
CAESAR HAVING CROSSED THE ARAR THE ENEMY

13.
DEFIED BY
Hoc
proelio facto,
c5nsequl posset, exercitum traducit.

motl,
die
ut reliquas copias Helvetiorum Caesar pontem in Ararl facit atque ita

1
cum
id,
quod
Helvetil repentlno eius adventu com3 ipsl diebus xx confecerant, ilium uno
legatos ad
fecisse
intellegerent,
legationis Dlvico prlnceps fuit, qui Helvetiorum fuerat.
eum mittunt; bello cum Cassio

Si
cuius
4
dux
cum Caesare manus cum Helvetiis

Is ita
locutus est:
"
pacem populus Ro10
faciet, in earn
5
partem Galliae Ibunt
atque
erunt ubi volueris; sin els bellum Inferes, tene memoria vetus incommodum Romanorum et prlstinam virtutem Helvetiorum. Unum pagum adortus es cum el, qui
ibi
flumen transierant, suls auxilium ferre non possent.

earn
Ob
Romanos Helvetiis virtute Nos magis virtute quam Insidils contendimus. 1$ praestare. 7 ex calamitate popull RomanI Is locus ubi constiterimus nomen capiet."
rem
noli
6
exlstimare
Having been fought.

Since. This refers to the crossing of
2 3
the river.
4
defeated by the Helvetians, 107 B.C. 5 See 457. 6 Do not (be unwilling), imperative of nolo.
7
The Roman army under comof
mand
the consul Cassius was
From
consisto,
take a stand
(in battle).
CAESAR'S REPLY
14.
His verbis Caesar
ita respondit:
"
Eas
res
illo
memoria
tempore
teneo,
atque Helvetios sine causa iniuriam
populo Romano intulisse intellego. Recentium iniuriarum memoriam deponere non possum, quod me invito iter per
16
2 28
provinciam temptavistis, quod agros sociorum nostrorum

ea ita sint, tamen si obsides a vobls dabuntur, ut ea quae polliceamini vos facturos esse intellegam, voblscum pacem faciam."
vastavistis.
1
Cum
" Helvetil obsides accipere non dare Dlvico respondit: 2 Hoc responso dato discessit. consuerunt."
1
Although.
A contraction of
consueverunt,
from consuesco.
A CAVALRY SKIRMISH
15.
Postero die castra ex eo loc5 movent.
Idem
facit
Caesar, equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor milium, quern ex omni provincia et Haeduis atque eorum sociis
5
coegerat, praemittit, qui videant quas in partes hostes iter 2 J loco cum faciant. Qui cupidius agmen Inseciitl alieno
equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt; nostrls cadunt.
et paucl de
Quo
proelio sublatl
Helvetil,
quod qulngentls equitibus
tantam multitudinem equitum propulerant, fortius resistere 10 et nostros adorlrl coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio contineIta dies circiter qulndecim iter fecerunt, ut hostium bat. agmen a nostro qulnque aut sex mllia passuum abesset.
1
Too
eagerly.
Unfavorable.
Elated (from tollo).
CAESAR'S PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE

21. !
Tandem ab
exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub
ipslus castrls octo, qualis 2 Renuntiatum esset natura montis qui cognoscerent mlsit. est ascensum esse facilem. Tertia vigilia Labienum legatum
monte consedisse
mllia
passuum ab
cum duabus
legionibus
summum iugum
2
montis ascendere
1 Chapters 16-20, giving an account of the treachery of Dum-
of qui
Supply viros as the antecedent and object of mlsit.
norix, are omitted.
WAR WITH THE HELVE Til

iubet.
229
quo hostes ierant ad eos contendit, equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. Con2 rei militaris habebatur et in sidius, qui perltissimus
Ipse quarta vigilia
itinere
l
eodem
exercitu Sullae et postea in CrassI
f uerat,
cum
3
exploratoribus
5
praemittitur.
1
Experienced in (353).
Was
regarded.
Supply exercitu.
THE ERROR OF CONSIDIUS

Prima luce, cum summus mons a Labieno teneretur, 1 ipse ab hostium castris non longius mllle et quingentls passibus abesset, neque ipslus adventus nee Labieni cognitus 3 esset, Considius equ5 admisso ad eum accurrit; dlcit montem quern a Labieno occuparl voluerit ab hostibus teneri;
22.
2
id se a Gallicls
armls atque Tnsignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem ducit, 1 aciem
Labienus, ut
4
In-
struit.
erat
proelium committeret, visae essent, ut undique tino
nisi ipslus
praeceptum copiae prope hostium castra tempore in hostes impetus fieret,
el
a Caesare ne
io
monte occupato nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat. Multo denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a suls teneri et Helvetios castra movisse et Considium timore perterritum, quod non vldisset, pro viso 6 sibi renunEo die hostes sequitur et mllia passuum tria ab tiasse. 7 eorum castris castra ponit.
1
15
Supply a connective (and).

I. e.,
He had been ordered

is
(lit.,
orders
The
As.
Caesar. three subjunctive verbs
had been given to him). 6 Pro viso, as if seen.
are introduced
4
by cum.
The object cedent of quod.

7
the implied ante-
CAESAR MARCHES TOWARD BIBRACTE FOR SUPPLIES 23. Postero die, quod omnino biduum supererat cum
frumentum metlri oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Haeduorum longe maximo, non amplius milibus pasexercitu!
23O
suum xvm
l exlstiaberat, rei frumentariae prospiciendum 2 iter ab Helvetils avertit ac Bibracte Ire conmavit; itaque tendit. Ea res hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetil, quod timore
perterritos Roman5s discedere a se exlstimabant, commutato consilio atque itinere converso nostros a 3 novissimo
agmine InsequI ac lacessere coeperunt.

1
Supply
sibi esse, he ought to
provide for.
Accusative (282). On.
FURTHER PREPARATIONS FOR BATTTjE

Caesar in proximum collem dtixit equitatumque qui sustineret hostium impetum l mlsit. Ipse interim in colle medio triplicem aciem Instruxit
24.
Postquam
id vldit, copias suas
2 legionum quattuor veteranarum; sed in summo iugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore nuper conscripserat, et omnia auxilia conlocari, 3 ac totum montem hominibus com4 plerl, et interea sarcinas in iinum locum conferri, et eum ab his, qui in superiore acie erant, mQnirl iussit.
Helvetil
10
cum omnibus
suis
cams
secuti,
impedimenta
in
unum locum
contulerunt;
ipsl
confertissima acie, reiecto
nostro equitatii, phalange facta, sub successerunt.

1
prlmam nostram aciem

four
infinitives
The middle The top of.
of.
Notice that
iussit.
on depend 4
Refers to locum.
THE BATTLE NEAR BIBRACTE,

25.
58 B.C.
ex conspectu remotis, ut spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suds proelium commlsit. Mllites e loco superiore pills missis facile hostium phalangem
Caesar
prlmum
equls
omnium
perfregerunt.
Ea
disiecta, gladils in eos
impetum
fecerunt.
WAR WITH THE

Confertissima acie scuta Gallls
HELVETII
23 1
magno impediments * erant, quod sinistra impedlta commode pugnare non poterant. Multl etiam praeoptaverunt scutum manu 2 emittere et
nudo
3
Tandem
corpore pugnare. vulneribus defessi ad montem, qui aberat circiter
mille passus, se recipere coeperunt.
Capto monte
et succe-
dentibus nostris, sod Helveti5rum nostros ab latere aperto 4 adgressi circumvenire conatl sunt; et id conspicatl Helvetii,
qui in
montem
se receperant, rtirsus resistere et
proelium
10
renovare coeperunt.
1 Were a hindrance (lit., for a hindrance). 2 Denoting separation. 3 4
Ab
Unprotected. latere aperto, on the ex-
posed flank.
DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII

Diutius cum Ita diu atque acriter pugnatum est. 1 2 sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, alter! se, ut
26.
3 coeperant, in montem receperunt, alterl ad impedimenta et 4 carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, cum ab
ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum 6 hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros
hora septima
5
obiecerant et e loco
superiore tela coniciebant.
Tandem
10
impedlmentls castrlsque nostrl potltl sunt, flliam atque unum e fllils ceperunt.
et ibi Orgetorlgis
Ex
eo proelio circiter
et in fines
hominum
Lingonum
mllia
cxxx superfuerunt.
Hi fugerunt
cum
propter vulnera mllitum et sorum nostrl trlduum moratl eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar trlduo intermisso cum omnibus copils eos sequi coepit.
They fought, or the battle raged (see 627). 2 One division, i.e., the Helvetii.
3
1
*
die quarto pervenerunt, propter sepultiiram occl-
15
Although.
I.e.,
6
7
about one o'clock. Turned in flight.
The
other, i.e.,
the
allies.
Position.
232
SURRENDER OF THE HELVETII

27.
Helvetii
2
deditione
omnium rerum inopia adductl legatos de ad eum mlserunt. Qui cum eum in itinere conl
seque ad pedes proiecissent pacemque petlssent, eos suum adventum exspectare iussit. Eo 3 postquam Caesar
venissent
5
pervenit, obsides et
arma
poposcit.
nocte intermissa, circiter hominum territi aut spe salutis induct!, prima
ea conferuntur, 4 mllia vi aut timore per5
Dum
nocte e castris Helve-
tiorum egressl flnesque Germanorum contenderunt. Hos reductos in hostium numero habuit; 6 reliquos
ad
Rhenum
10
obsidibus armlsque traditls in deditionem accepit.

Qui cum= when they.
1
et
cum
ei,
and
first
2 3
Had
met.
Adv., there. See 605 b.
Early in the night (lit., in the part of the night). 6 Held (or treated) as enemies, a mild way of saying that he put
them
to death.
THE CONQUERED PEOPLE RETURN TO THEIR LAND

28.
Helvetios sociosque in fines su5s, unde erant profectl,
revert! iussit; et,
quod domi
nihil erat
els
Allobrogibus imperavit ut
quo famem tolerarent, frument! copiam facerent;
ipsos oppida vlcosque quos incenderant restituere iussit. Id : 5 maxime fecit, quod noluit eum locum unde Helveti! dis-
cesserant vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum German! e suls flnibus in Helvetiorum fines translrent et flnitiml provinciae essent.
1
Especially.
THE RECORDS OF THE HELVETII

In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litterls Graecls confectae l et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in
29.
tabulls
1
nominatim
ratio confecta erat, qui

2
numerus 2 domo
Made
out or written.
Showing what number.
WAR WITH THE

exlsset
HELVETII
,235
item separatim fuerunt ad
censu
est
eorum qui arma

series
ferre possent, et
puerl,
mulieresque.
Summa omnium
qui
milia
ccclxviii.
Eorum
domum
redierunt
habito
ut
Caesar
imperaverat,
repertus
numerus
milium c
et x.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Stories and Fables
I.
THE BAD APPLES

bonus erat puer sed 3 Agricola igitur puero calathum
agricolae,
2
Carolus,
fllius
impigri
malos amicos amabat.
4 plenum pomorum dat. Bona poma continebat calathus, 5 Puer donum dlligenter curat, pauca tamen erant putrida. sed mala poma bona maculant, 6 et mox cuncta sunt mala. Carolus maestus 7 adversam fortunam plorat. 8 Turn agricola " fllium ita monet: Mala poma bona maculant, certe mall
amici
1
bonum puerum maculabunt."

5 6
Charles.
Active.
Putridus, rotten.
Spot, spoil.
2
3
Calathus,
-I,
basket.
7 8
Pomum,
-I,
apple.
Sad. Laments.
2.
THE BROKEN DIKE,

habitant,
4
7 2
Cimbri
mlram terram
nam
saepe inundat.
Incolae fossls tumullsque
agros violentiam magnls

claustra
5
oceanus
undarum
6
turbat erat tumulus non validus; iam apparet parva rima; 8 mox via magna patebit et undae terram superabunt. At periculum videt puer parvus; sta-
coercent; aliquando et terram vastat. Forte
tamen aqua
de-
tim dextra
1
rlmam implet
10
coercetque aquam.
6 7
The Cimbri, a people
of Ger-
Tears down.
many. 2 Tumulus, -l, mound. 3 Unda, -ae, wave. 4 Now and then.
6
By
chance.
8
9
Opening.
Supply manu.
Impleo,
fill
10
up.
Claustra, -drum, dike.
234
3.
235
THE BROKEN DIKE,

1
II
lam rigebant 2 memDiu puer praesidium servabat. Postridie bra, et parva dextra aquam semper coercebat. 3 agricolae loco appropinquant. Puer frigidus et moribundus dextra tamen aquam coercet. Saxls 4 tumulum celeriter 5 6 conflrmant, et limo rimam implent. Turn umeris puerum sublevant 7 recreantque cibo. Cimbri tantam constantiam 8
9 saepe commemorant, narrantque suls llberis puerl factum.
1
Kept.
5 6
Limus,
Raise.
-I,
mud.
shoulder.
8
2 3 4
Were
stiffening.
7
Umerus,
Factum,
-i,
Dying.
Steadfastness.
Saxum,
-i,
stone.
-1,
deed.
4.
l
THE YOUNG DOCTOR
Medicus quondam, 2 longo labore fessus, breve otium 3 4 apud msticam villam amid petebat. Interea filio curam
clientium committebat.
5 6 Iuvenis, labore superbus, iocoso comiti 7 fortunam ita narrat: "Pater mihi clientes suos " " ubi pater urbem committit." At," respondet amicus, " repetit, ex clientibus quot supererunt?
1
Doctor.
2 3
Once upon a time.

Rest.
6
7
Country house. Proud.
Witty.
Comes, comitis, companion.
5.
THE LION'S SHARE

1
Societatem iungunt
leo,
iuvenca, capra, ovis.
Multam
praedam capiunt, et in unum locum comportant. Turn in " Prima quattuor partes praedam dividunt. Leo, autem, " nam animalium mea leo est. Et rex est; pars," inquit, mea est pars secunda, propter magnos meos labores. Tertiam partem vindico, 2 quoniam
1
maior mihi
2
3
quam
vobis,
Leo
ovis, lion, heifer, goat,
Claim
Since.
(justly).
sheep.
2^6

1
animalibus imbecillis
nique, partem
1
et parvls,
si
quis sibi
fames est. Quartam, de2 arrogat, mihi inimlcus erit."

2
Weak.
Claims (unjustly).
6.
THE KID AND THE WOLF

tecto "
2
Haedus
maledixit.
stans in
domus
lupo
"
maledlcit."
reddit. 5
1
Cui lupus, Non tu," inquit, Saepe locus et tempus homines timidos audaces
3
praetereunti sed tectum mihi
Kid.
Tectum,
-l,
roof.
Lupus, -i, wolf. Passing by.
Makes.
7.
THE 'WOMAN AND THE HEN

2
Mulier
quaedam
ovum
pariebat
habebat galllnam, 1 quae el cotldie aureum. Mulier ita exlstimabat: " Mea
galllnam possidebo." Itaque earn occidit.
celat;
massam 3 occldam, omne aurum statim

gallina sine dubio
5
aurl intus
si
Sed nihil in ea repperit nisi quod 6 in aliis galllnis reperitur. Maioribus divitils 7 inhiabat; 8 minores etiam perdidit. 9
1
Hen.
Laid.
Quantity. Inside.
6 6
2 3
7 8
Conceals. Nisi quod, except what. Wealth.
Longed for.
Lost.
8.
THE FARMER AND HIS SONS
1 Agricola senex filios suos convocavit, qui interdum discordabant. 2 Fascem 3 virgularum 4 adferrl iubet. Turn filios
hortatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent.

terant.
5 celeriter
Hoc
5
facere
n5n po"
Denique
distribuit senex singulas

6
virgulas,
'
quas
fregerunt.
Turn exclamavit
flrma res est concordia, 8

1
quam
agricola: imbecillis 9 discordia!

5
6
Quam 7
Sometimes.
Disagreed.
One
2
3
to each. Perf. of frango.

9
Bundle.
Virgula, -ae, small rod.
How. Harmony.
Weak.
9.
237
Vulpes
poterat.
THE FOX AND THE GRAPES ad uvam 2 subsiliebat 3 sed earn attingere 4 non
Tandem, defatigata
7
" At nunc etiam
labore, exclamavit: acerbae sunt, et eas edere nolo." Haec
inanl
fabula docet multos ea contemnere, 8 quae assequi

possint.
1
non
Fox.
2
3
Bunch
of grapes.
Leaped up. To reach.
7 8
Exhausted. Vain. Nunc etiam, after

Despise.
all.
9
Obtain.
THE MICE AND THE CAT concilium habebant, nam quandam Mures aliquando
10.
1
felem magnopere timebant. Multa consilia proposita sunt, sed muribus non placebant. Denique una e muribus ita " Tintinnabulum 2 caudae 3 istius felis annectere 4
lociita est:
necesse est,
nam
sonitus
eius n5s admonebit,

6
pinquat, et fugere poterimus. nemo respondit, multi etenim

sed in perTculo ipso timidl.
1
ea appro" Sed Quis hoc facere vult?

in
cum
suadend5
To
audaces sunt,
Once.
Bell.
4 5 6
tie.
7
To
the tail.
Sound. For as you know.
Advice.
II.
THE TRUMPETER
" ab hostibus captus est. Cur me," inquit, " 2 interficitis? nam inermis sum, neque quidquam habeo tubam." At hanc hostes, "Propter hoc ipsum," praeter
Tubicen
pugnandi imperltus, 4 Non solum malefic! sunt alios ad pugnam incitare soles." 5 piiniendl, sed etiam el qui alios ad male faciendum incitant.
inquiunt,
1
"
te interficiemus quod, ipse
Neque =
Trumpeter.
et non.
4 B
You are accustomed. To be punished.
Inexperienced.
238

12.
THE FLATTERED CROW

2
Corvus,
volavit.
3
qui caseum
4
rapuerat, in altam arborem sub-
Vulpecula, quae caseum appetebat, corvum ita " Formam tuam magnopere laudo et pennarum adloquitur: tuarum nitorem. 5 Pol! 6 si cantus tuus pulchritudinl 7 tuae
srespondet,
Turn corvus, laudibus vulpeculae Inflatus, cantare conatus est. Sed e rostro aperto de10 est statim devoravit. Verba caseus, quern vulpecula lapsus 12 u adulatorum sunt ut haec fabula docet.
rex
es."
9
avium
pretl
parvl,
2 3
Crow. {Some) cheese. Flew up.

Little fox. Brilliance.
7 8 9 10
Beauty. Is equal
to.
4
6 6
By
Pollux.
n Of flatterers. n Of value.
Puffed up. Slipped out.
13.
THE DOG IN THE MANGER

i
Canis iacebat
arcebat.
4
Non
1
a pabulo 5 Quanta ista invidia est! )> pateris alios edere, et tu ipse edere non potes!
in praesepe, 2 et
dixit:
boves latrando
Cui unus bourn
"
From
iaceo.
3
Was
Manger.
By
barking.
keeping away. That jealousy (you feel).
14.
TOWN VERSUS COUNTRY

Iverat,
Urbanus mus, qui rus ad fratrem
cibum
rusti-
cum
illl,
aegre
tulit
atque edere noluit.
"
Si
vis," inquit,
"domum mecum
5
redlre, sexcentas delicias habebis." Itaque totius diel iter media nocte fecerunt, postquam parietem
splendidl aedificl rlma angusta ineunt.

2
Turn mus urbanus
rusticum in lecto purpureo 3 adfert, magnificas dapes At subito ingens auditur clamor; panduntur 4 porlocat.
et
1
With difficulty. Sumptuous (magnificas) ban-
Purple couch
(lecto).
Are opened,
quet.
239
1 tae; irruunt decern servi nigerrimi. Fugit perterritus mus 2 uterque, et vix in perfugium se recipit. Deinde rusticus, " " vltam urbanam carpe; 3 ego certe saluSolus," inquit, tem et glandes 4 meas malo." 5 1
Rush
Each.
in.
Enjoy. Acorns.
Prefer.
15.
CERES AND PROSER'PINA

fllia,
Proserpina, Cereris
aliquando in
1
Sicilia
2
ad urbem
Hennam
bus.
ludebatque cum comiti3 Inferorum Subito Pluto, deus, cuius currum equl atrl
in agris flores carpebat,
4 Deus Proserpinam abduxit, ut vehebant, e terra emersit. uxor sua et Inferorum regina esset; clamorem puellae com5
pressit.
Mater,
cum
ignoraret ubi
fllia esset,
totum orbem
terrarum frustra peragravit. Tandem Ceres a Sole, qui omnia conspicit, audivit quis flliam abduxisset. Itaque statim iter ad Iovem flexit et
precibus animo eius persuasit, ut fllia a Pliitone remitteretur. Proserpinae permissum est, ut per partem annl apud ma10
trem, per partem alteram apud inferos esset.

1
Was Was
plucking. playing.
Black.
Came forth.
Suppressed.
l6.
DAEDALUS AND ICARUS
1 Daedalus, artifex perltissimus, a Graecia. expulsus, ad Cretam fugit. Ibi labyrinthum plenum viarum flectuosa-
rum 2
fecit.
Daedalus ipse
Icard
filio
in
hunc labyrinthum a rege con-
iectus sibi et
alas
Icarus altius volat, mare decidit, quod ex eo Icarium mare est appellatum. Daedalus, autem, in Siciliam pervenit.
1
Dum
cera aptavit, 3 et avolavit. cera solis calore calefacta, 4 in
Artist.
Fastened.
Winding.
Warmed.
240

17.
THESEUS
fecit,
In medio labyrintho, quern Daedalus partim taurus, partim homo, habitabat.
monstrum,
Monstrum autem
rex Cretae, saevus homo, captivis saginabat. 1 Inter miseras victimas quondam erat Theseus, regulus 2 Graecus. Ariadna,
5
tamen,
fllum
4
filia
regis,
plena misericordiae
dat.
longum mirumque gladium rinthum, filumque ad portam adligat. Itaque iuvenis, Turn auxilio fill, certam viam in vasto labyrintho servat. facile occidit. Nee monstrum mora est. Thelonga gladio *o seus cum filia regis navl trans latum mare f ugit.
1
amoris, iuvenl Intrat igitur labyet
Fed. Prince.
Pity.
4
Thread.
l8.
TANTALUS
Tantalus, Iovis fllius, tarn carus fuit dels, ut Iuppiter 1 el consilia sua dlceret, eumque ad epulas deorum admitteret. At ille, quae ab love audlverat, cum mortalibus commiini5
aqua conlocatus esse, semperque sitire. Nam, quotiens haustum 5 aquae sumptiirus est, aqua recedit. Turn etiam poma super
cabat.
id
Ob
crimen
dicitur
3
apud
Inferos in
caput eius pendent; sed, quotiens ea decerpere rami vent5 motl recedunt.
1
conatur,
2 3
Banquets. Crime.
A
5
As
often as.
Draught.
To
be thirsty.
To pluck.
19.
HERCULES AND THE GOLDEN APPLES

poma ex nymphae
horto Hespe-
ridum
Herculi imperatum est ut aurea auferret. 1 Hesperides erant
pulcherrimae,
quibus poma ab Itinone commissa erant. Labor dimcillimus erat, nam hortus muro ingentl circumdatus 2 erat,
1
From ab
fero.
Surrounded.
atque draco,
custodiebat.
tus esset.
1
24 1
dlligenter
cui
centum erant
capita,
portam
Praeterea Hercules ignorabat quo in loco hormultls mercatoribus quaeslverat ubi Hesperides
habitarent, nihil
tamen certum
orbis
reperlre potuerat.
Tandem
5
ad extremam partem
Oceano, pervenit.
terrarum, quae est proxima Ibi stabat vir, nomine Atlas, ingentl
magnittidine corporis, qui caelum umerls suls sustinebat, ne in terram decideret. Hercules auxilium ab eo petiit. Atlas,
qui erat pater Hesperidum, se ad hortum iturum et flliabus persuasurum dixit, ut poma traderent. At postulavit ut, dum 2 ipse abesset, Hercules caelum umerls sustineret.
Flliae diu patrl parere nolebant.
IC
Atlas tamen
els
persuasit
et
poma ad Hercjilem
1
rettulit.
2
Dragon.
While.
From
re
fero.
20.
THE GODS OP THE GAULS

1
Deorum maxime Mercurium colunt. Huius sunt plu2 rima simulacra; hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt, 3
hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestiis 4 5 habere vim maximam arbitrantur. pecuniae et mercatiiras Post hunc Apollinem et Martem et Iovem et Minervam. De his eandem fere, quam reliquae gentes, habent oplnionem: 6 Apollinem morbos depellere, Minervam operum initia tradere,
Iovem imperium calestium

b
6 4
tenere,
Martem
bella
regere.
1
2
3
Worship. Images.
Call.
Pursuits of trade.
Diseases.
Gain.
Of
the gods.
21.
THE TOUCH OF GOLD,

1
Midas, rex Phrygiae, quod Baccho placuerat, egregio 2 munere 3 a deo donatus est. " Delige, rex magne," inquit
1
Bacchus.
Extraordinary.
Gift (abl.).
242
"
deus,
vir

id
quod maxime
cupis; hoc tibi libenter dabo."
Turn
avarus mirum
2
donum
corpore tangebat, in
laetus
5
aurum mutata
4
impetravit, omnia enim, quae suo sunt. Protinus * rex
regiam
domum
6
omnia tangebat. manebat, gratias

1
percurrebat, Inde ubi nihil ligni
manuque
mensas, aut argent! in aedibus 5

vasa,
7 pro tanto beneficio Baccho persolvit. 4

5 6
Forthwith.
Joyful. Dishes.
7
Wood
(gen.).
2
3
House. Thanks.
Rendered.
22.
THE TOUCH OF GOLD,

cenam
4
1
II
2 5
Tandem
3
labore fessus
Mox ad os dapes splendidas lustrat. admovet, cibus in aurum statim mutatus est; rex igitur, cuius in faucibus 6 rigida haerebat massa, 7 vlnum poscit; idem evenit. 8 Tandem rex esuriens, 9 quod nihil nee edebat, nee bibebat 10 compluribus diebus, maximis precibus n Bacchum
1
avidisque tamen ubi piscem

poscit,
oculls
orat.
Inde
cum
rlsu
12
deus fatale
7
13
donum amovet.
2
3
Dinner. Eager.
Feast.
Lump.
Happens.
Suffering hunger.
8 9
6 6
Surveys. Fish. Throat.
10
u
12
Drank.
Prayers. Laughter.
13
Fated.
23.
SPAKTAN VALOR
"
'
Rex Spartanus
'
dixit:
'
Mel
x
elves
numquam
'
quaeslverunt,
"
Solem Spartano dixit: propter iaculorum multitudinem et sagittarum non vide" " In umbra igitur," inquit, bitis." pugnabimus."
hostis
1
Quot sunt hostes? sed Ante pugnam Perses
Ubi sunt?
"
Persian.
24.
243
THE WALLS OF SPARTA

x
Quldam
Sparta?"
Cur muros non habet "Nostra urbs muros optiSpartanus respondit:

ex Spartano
quaesivit:
1
"
mos
habet, incolarum fortium virtutem."
Spartan.
25.
THE ART OF MEMORY
Olim eruditus3 homo 'Haec ad eum venit artemque memoriae eum docere voluit. ars," inquit, "facere potest ut omnia memoria teneas." Themistocles autem, "Magis," inquit, "mihi tu. placebis, si me oblivlsci 4 multa docueris."
1
Themistocles 1 fuit vir magni ingenl. 2
An Athenian
Ability.
statesman.
3 4
Learned.
To forget.
26.
THE FOUNDING OF ROME
Antiquis temporibus Latinus in Italia regnavit. Sub hoc rege Troia in Asia a Graecis expugnata est, et Aeneas cum
multls sociis in Italiam venit.
recepit,
Ibi rex Latinus
eum
benigne
Lavlniam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas urbem condidit, quam a nomine uxoris Lavmium
atque
el
filiam
Ascanius, filius Aeneae, post appellavit. regnum in alium locum transtulit. Urbs,
mortem
patris
quam
condidit,
Alba Longa appellata
est.
Postea Numitor in Alba regnavit. Rheae SiKdae, flliae Amiilius Numitoris, erant duo Mil, Romulus et Remus.
IO
regnum occupavit
et pueros in
Tiberim abici
iussit.
Sed
Tiberis ultra ripas fluxit et pueros in sicco 2 rellquit. Lupa 3 4 et pueros curavisse dicitur, donee pastor eos sustulit
uxorl dedit.
Sic fratres inter pastores educatl sunt.
5
Forte
interfe- I5
Learned.
compererunt
1
quis ipsorum avus

3 *
esset.
Until.
Amulium
5
Kindly. Dry ground.
Took.
244
Turn in monte prope Tiberim condiderunt urbem, quam Romulus a nomine suo Romam vocavit.
cerunt et Numitori avo
regnum
restituerunt. 1
Restored.
27.
THE SEVEN ROMAN KINGS

vicit, et eos
legit,
Romulus, primus rex Romae, Sabmos
ad poeosque
pulum Romanum
adiunxit.
Centum
senatores
els
4
cum ob aetatem 2
l
turn
ob reverentiam
debitam patres
appellavit;
5
populum
in trlginta curias
distribuit.
Annos
trlginta
septem regnavit. Secundus rex erat Numa Pompilius.
Nullum bellum
bonas dedit, et sacra plurima mstituit. Annum in decern menses descrlpsit. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius, qui bellum Albanls Hoc bellum Horatiorum et Curiatiorum certamine iointulit.
gessit;
tamen
clvitatl profuit.
Nam
leges
flnltum
est.
Post hunc Ancus Marcius regnavit, vir
magna
iustitia.
Latinos superavit, urbem ampliavit, 7 et nova moenia 8 fecit. 9 Tarquinius Prlscus ex Etrtiria Romam demigravit, et
15
amlcitiam
And
regis petiit, qui
eum
flliorum
suorum
tuto-
rem
regnum occupavit. Senatoribus, creaverat, centum alios addidit. 11 Cloacas et muros fecit, templum Iovl incohavit. 12 Multa A fllils bella gessit, prlmusque triumphans urbem intravit.
rellquit.
10
Turn per
Insidias
quos Romulus
20
And
interfectus est.
Montes Servius Tullius, fllius captlvae, erat rex sextus. Primus omnium censum ordinavit. 13 tres urbl adiunxit.
1
Not only.
Age.
7
8 9 10
2
3
Enlarged. Walls.
4
5
*
But also. Wards.

Benefited.
Removed. Guardian.
n Sewers.
12
Sacred
riles.
Commenced.
13
Arranged.
Sub eo
245
Roma
cum
els
qui in agrls erant.
habuit octoginta, tria mllia civium Romanorum Servius a fllia sua, Tullia, et
Tarquinio Superbo interfectus est. Septimus rex, Tarquinius Superbus, erat fllius TarquinI Priscl. Propter multas iniurias Lucius Brutus et alii elves
populo persuaserunt ut
clauderet.
Rex
fugit
eum ex urbe expelleret cum uxore et llberls suls.

est
*
et portas
Ita
Romae regnatum
tres.
1
per septem reges, annos duhe'd.
centos quadraginta
The throne was
28.
ROMULUS AND REMUS

x 2
muros Romae multa cum dlligentia Remus muros saepe transilit. aedificat, parvos adhuc " " Carissime frater," inquit, quam magnificl sunt murl tul!
Dum
Romulus
inimlcos tuos egregie

Irae,
1
arcent!
"
Remum
yet.
occldit.
Turn
fellciter
3
Romulus, autem, plenus muros conficit.

off.
As
Finely.
Leaps
over.
Keep
THE FAITHLESS TARPE'IA Cum Sabinl Romae appropinquarent, ut urbem caperent, Tarpeiam puellam Romanam rogaverunt, ut viam in
29.
arcem
ceret.
monstraret. 2
Ilia petiit,
El
permlserunt ut miinus
sibi pos-
ut sibi darent, quod in sinistrls manibus
6 5 At hostes, gererent, anulos aureos et armillas slgnificans. in arcem ab ea perductl, sctitls Tarpeiam obruerunt; 7 nam
et
ea in sinistrls manibus gerebant.

Citadel.
5
6
7
Rings.
Bracelets.
2 3
4
Show.
Dative.
Overwhelmed.
Also.
Reward.
246

30.
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE

expulsus
Tarquinius Superbus a Romanls Porsenae, regis Etruscorum, petivit.
Mox
auxilium Porsena magno
cum exercitu Romam oppugnavit, et elves in periculo erant. RomanI ex agris in urbem demigrant et summo studio earn
5
iter dare poterat, sed virtus unius Hie vir, Horatius noa mllitis periculo llberavit. x mine, positus in statione pontis, hostes unum collem capere Mllites fugiunt, praeter Horaet ad pontem venire videt.
muniunt.
Pons hostibus
urbem
tium et duos socios. EtruscI appropinquant, et nunc in 2 10 ponte sunt. Horatius pontem rescindl a tergo iubet. Parva Solus imparte pontis relicta, soci5s suos discedere iubet.
petum hostium
sustinet.
Denique pons
in
Turn fortis vir armatus in Mmen desilit. multa tela iaciunt, sed incolumis 4 ad suos tranat. 5
Stationed as a guard. A tergo, behind him faces the enemy).
2
1
Tiberim decidit. 3 Hostes in eum
Falls down. Safe.
(as he
Swims
across.
CINCINNATUS Cincinnatus agricola Romanus fuit, qui patriam amavit. Cum Roma in periculo esset, elves ab agro eum voca31.
verunt,
5
ut esset dictator et eos ab hostibus defenderet.

victls,
Hostibus
ab omnibus clvibus laudatus
est,
sed ad
agrum
revertit.
32.
A LESSON IN DIGNITY
iam
1
Qulntus
fuit.
2
Fabius,
senex,
fllio
suo
consull
legatus
Fllius
obviam
patrl progressus est,
duodecim
llctoribus
3 pro more antecedentibus. Senex equo vehebatur, et conIam ex llctoribus unsule appropinquante non descendit.
4 decim, verecundia paternae maiestatis, tacitl praeterierant. 3 1 Was borne. To meet, used w. dative.
2
According
to.
Out of respect
for.
247
Consul proximum l llctorem iussit dlcere Fabio patri: " Ex " Non ego, fill," 2 equo descende." Pater turn desiliens,
" tuum imperium contempsl, sed experlri volul, inquit, sclres consulem te esse."
1
num
Last.
Vocative.
Whether.
33.
CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS

fllil
Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus erant

Sclpionis tissima et mater optima.
Corneliae,
AfricanI
filiae.
Cornelia
erat
mulier
2
sapien-
Cum Campana
femina orna-
menta
duos
1
sua,
fllios
vocavit.
quae pulcherrima erant, el ostenderet, Cornelia " " Haec," inquit, mea ornamenta sunt."
the con2
Scipio
Africanus,
Campanian.
queror of Hannibal.
34.
REGULUS KEEPS HIS WORD
Primo
Poenis,
elves
1
belld Piinico Regulus, dux Romanus, captus a 1-. de cap tl vis commutandls Romam missus est.
2
cum Carthagine
captlvos non
ablret, iuravit se eo
4
reditiirum nisi sul
condiciones
esse
At ille in senatii Romano commutandos declaravit. Deinde, cum

fecissent.
propinqui et amici
fallere.
1
eum
retinere conarentur, ex urbe decessit;

6
ad supplicium redlre maluit, 5 quam

7
4
5
fidem hostl datam
The Carthaginians.
Terms
(of
agreement).
7
2
3
From
Adv.,
Carthage.
there.
Preferred. Rather than.
To
break.
35.
THE ROMAN ARMY FIGHTS A SERPENT

bello
1
Punico Roman! castra aliquando in Africa apud Bagradam flumen ponunt; multisque proem's copias
Primo
Once upon a time.
248

1
hostium egregia mllitum virtiite superant. Sed, paucis post diebus, apparet serpens ingentis magnitudinis; et exercitum fhiminis usu prohibet. Milites prlmo ex vallo sagittls
5
magnam manum Regulus 2 multos multos Serpens ingenti ore corripit; 3 4 caudae voluminibus ad castra elldit; reliqul perterriti
tellsque serpentem petunt; deinde
edticit.
consul
celeriter fugiunt.
Proximo
die totus exercitus in
campum
5
educitur.
Diu
6
et acriter
pugnatur.
Tandem
ballistas
et
admovent; catapultas lapidum vulneribus serpens iointerficitur. Sanguis autem monstrl viclnum flumen imbuit. 7 8 Corium, longum pedes centum et vigintl, Romam mittunt.
crebris
Cives corium in templo ponunt.

1
Extraordinary.
Seizes. Coils.
2 3 4
6
7
Hurling engines. Catapults.

Dyes.
Crushes.
The skin.
36.
HANNIBAL INFORMS THE KING OF HIS OATH

cum
regi
1
Hannibal,
in
Poenorum multa de
fide
sua et odio
Romanos commemoravisset, hoc adiunxit: Pater meus, 2 Hamilcar, puerulo me non amplius novem annos nato, in
Hispaniam imperator
proficiscens Carthagine Iovi hostias
facit,
3
"
immolabat. 4
^Faciam,'
5
Dum
6
hoc
in castra proficiscl.
Id
cum
quaesivit vellemne secum libenter audlvissem, turn ille,
me
inquit, 'si
mihi fidem,
quam
me ad aram addiixit, eamque numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis futurum

Simul
7
postulo, dederis.' tenentem, iurare iussit,

esse.
Id
con-
ioiusiurandum, patrl datum, usque ad hanc diem 8 eadem mente servavi, ut neminl dubium esse debeat, quln sim futurus."
ita
1
Little boy.
2
3
Old
(lit.,
born).
6 7
Sacrifices.
4
Will grant Altar. Oath.

That.
(it).
Was
offering.
37.
249
HANNIBAL'S JEST 1 Antiochus, qui bellum cum Romanls gerere parabat, ostendebat Hannibal! in campo 2 copias ingentes, quas comparaverat, convertebatque
et aurels
3
exercitum Inslgnibus argentels

5
micantem;
inducebat etiam currus
cum
falcibus,
elephantos cum turribus, equites cum armls splendidis. Turn " Satisne sunt Romanls rex Hannibalem aspicit 7 et dlcit: " 8 haec omnia? Hannibal, qui ignavos AntiochI mllites de" 9 Satis sine dubio sunt Romanls haec spiciebat, respondet:
omnia, etiam
1
si
avarissiml sunt."
4
5
Anti'ochus, king of Syria.
Glittering.
7
8
Looks
at.
2 3
A plain. And was
Chariots.
Inactive.
maneuvering.
Scythes.
Despised.
38.
"NOT AT HOME"
Olim Nasica ad Nasica et Ennius poeta 1 amid erant. Ennium venit et ad portam de eo quaeslvit; ancilla 2 En" domi non est." Videbat autem Ennium nius," inquit,
Nasica; nihil tamen dixit, sed domum revertit. Paucis post diebus ad Nasicam venit Ennius. Huic ipse Nasica exclamavit,
es
"
Non sum domi."

"
cognosco vocem tuam?

-11 ipsi.
1
impudens; ego ancillae

Ennius was an early
Turn Ennius: " Quid? Nonne " Homo Nasica autem respondit: tuae credidl: tu non mihi credis
2
Roman
poet.
Maid.
39.
TWO OF
2
CICERO'S JOKES
clarissimus,
Cicero,
Romanorum oratorum
staturae
3
Lentulum 1
gladio
inquit,
generum suum, exiguae

accinctum
1
hominem, longo
vidit.
"
Quis generum
meum,"
"ad
gladium adligavit?
3
"
4
2
4
Lentulus was Cicero's son-in-law (gener).

Girded.
Small.
Tied.
250
Femina quaedam, iuniorem se esse simulans * quam erat, dictitabat 2 se triginta tantum 3 annos habere; 4 cui Cicero
dixit:
"
Verum
1 3
est,
nam
hoc viginti annos audio."

2
4
Pretending. Only.
Kept saying. Was.
40.
A LETTER OP CICERO
Ante Christum
ClCERONIS EPISTULA AD TERENTIAM UXOREM. 1
XLVI.
Nos neque de
Caesaris
Si vales, 2
bene
est,
ego valeo.
epistulls, quas Philotlmus habere diciSi quid erit certi, faciam tg tur, quidquam certi habemus. 3 statim certiorem. Fac ut valetudinem 4 tuam cures. Vale. 5
1
adventu neque de
His) wife.
are well.
Be
sure.
6
You
Health.
Goodbye.
41.
ON THE
WAY
TO SCHOOL
SlLVIUS.
Si.
IOANNES
Cur adeo
curris,
Ioannes?
lepus," ut aiunt, "pro canibus?" hoc Quid proverbium est? Io. Quia, nisi adfuero in tempore ante recitatum catalogum, actum est de pelle mea.
Io.
Si.
"Cur
Si.
Hac quidem
ex parte nihil est pericull.

Inspice
Modo
prae-
terita est qulnta h5ra.
horologium; manus nondum

dlvidit.
to
tetigit piinctum, quod horam ab hora aequis spatils Io. At ego vix habeo fidem horologiis. Si. At mihi fide, qui campanae vocem audlvi.
Io.
Si.
Horam
Io.
Quid loquebatur? esse quintam. Sed est et aliud, unde magis etiam timeam.
Red-
denda
Si.
251
est
memoriter hesterna
lectio,
satis longa.
Vereor
iS
ut possim.
Commune
Et
est.
perlculum narras;
nam
et ipse vix
satis
teneo.
Io.
nostl saevitiam magistri.
Omnis
ill!
culpa capi2
tals
Nee magis
is
parcit nobis
quam
si
corium esset
bubulum.
Si.
Verum
Quern
non
aderit in ludo.
Io.
Si.
igitur in su5 loco constituit?
Cornelium.
Io.
Si.
Vae nostro
corio!
Is Orbilio plagosior est.
Verum
dlcis; et ideo
non raro
illlus
bracchio precatus
alter5
recitante,
25
sum
Si.
perniciem.
Reddamus
inter
nos
lectionem,
altero librum Inspiciente. Io. Pulchre mones.

Si.
Io.
At
in
Fac praesentl sis animo; nam metus nocet memoriae. Facile deponerem pavorem, si non adesset perlculum. tanto discrlmine quis possit esse securus animo?
30
NOTES
One
John and
morning.
LINE
1.
of the Colloquies of Erasmus (A. D. 1466-1536). Silvius, are on the way to school between five
The two
and
six in
boys, the
2.
4.
5. 6.
7.
Adeo, so. John overtakes Silvius, who is walking. Lepus, hare (nora.); supply currit. Recitatum catalogum, the calling of the .Quia, because.
roll.
Actum
mea,
it is
all
up with my
skin.
just.
five
Quidem,
Punctum,
at least.
Parte, score.
Modo,
clock.
Quinta: Erasmus reckons time in the modern way; hence

Inspice, took
point.
bell.
o'clock.
8.
at.
Horologium,
10.
13.
Fide, trust (imper.). Campanae, of the Unde, whence, from which. Reddenda,
Lectio, lesson.
to be
repeated.
14. 15. 16.
Ut possim,
that
I cannot.
(to both).
Commune, common
252
18.

Nosti, you know. Saevitiam, cruelty. deadly. Parcit, spares. Corium, skin, hide.
Culpa, fault, sin.
Capi-
talis, capital,
19. 20. 21.
Bubulum, of an ox. Verum, but. Ludo,
school.
Vae, woe. Plagosior, more fond of whipping than Orbilius, the severe schoolmaster of Horace. Bracchio 25. Verum, truth. Ideo, therefore. Raro, seldom. perdiciem, / have prayed for ruin to his arm.
24.
. . .
27.
Reddamus,
. .
let
us repeat.
take care to
30. 31. 32.
Fac animo, Pavdrem, dread.

.
show presence of mind.
Metus, fear.
Discrimine, danger.
Securus, untroubled.
Looking toward the Palatine Hill from the Forum
ADDITIONAL SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Suggested by the
New York
State Syllabus of 19 17
PERSEUS
Acrisius, king of Argos, having been warned by the oracle that he slain by his grandson, placed his daughter Danae and her infant son Perseus in an ark, which the waves of the sea carried to the island Seriphos. Here they were rescued and taken to Polydectes,
would be
king of the island, in w hose court Perseus grew to manhood. The king, who sought in vain to win the love of Danae, shut her up in prison, saying that she should not be released until Perseus brought to him the head of the Gorgon Medusa. This difficult task he accomplished, as the story relates, and on his return home saved the beautiful Andromeda from a sea-monster. When Perseus afterwards reached the city of his grandfather Acrisius, the latter fled in terror, but was unable to avert the fulfillment of fate, for at the games held in Thessaly he was accidentally struck by a discus thrown by Perseus.
7
The Latin
text following: is one of Ritchie's

'.->
"
Fabulae Faciles."
The Ark
Haec narrantur a poetis de Perseo. Perseus filius erat maximl deorum; avus eius Acrisius appellabatur. Iovis, Acrisius volebat Perseum nepotem x suum necare nam propter oraculum puerum timebat. Comprehendit igitur Perseum
1.
;
adhuc Infantem, et cum matre in area lignea inclusit. Turn 5 arcam ipsam in mare coniecit. Danae, Perse! mater, magnopere territa est tempestas enim magna mare turbabat. Perseus
;
autem
in sinu matris dormiebat.

1
For notes and special vocabulary, see
p. 260.
254
latin for the first year

Jupiter Saves His Son
2.
Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vldit, et
Ilium
suum
servare
Toconstituit.
Tranquillum
igitur fecit
mare, et
arcam ad Insulam
Serlphum perduxit. Htiius Insulae Polydectes turn rex erat. Postquam area ad litus adpulsa est, Danae in harena quietem Post breve tempus a piscatore quodam reperta est capiebat. et ad domum regis Polydectis adducta est. Ille matrem et sedem flnibus sins dedit. et els tutam in 15 puerum benigne excepit, Danae hoc donum libenter accepit, et pro tanto beneficio regi
gratias egit.
Perseus
3.
is
Sent on His Travels

ibi
Perseus igitur multos annos
habitabat, et
cum matre
sua vitam beatam agebat. At Polydectes Danaen magnopere 2oamabat, atque earn in matrimonium diicere volebat. Hoc tamen consilium Perseo minime gratum erat. Polydectes
Turn iuvenem ad se vocavit et haec dixit "Turpe est hanc ignavam vitam agere iam diidum tu adulescens es. Quo usque hie manebis? TemHinc abl, et caput 25 pus est arma capere et virtutem praestare. Medusae mihi refer."
igitur
constituit.
:
Perseum dlmittere
Perseus Gets His Outfit

4.
Perseus ubi haec audivit, ex insula discessit,
et,
ad
continentem
venit,
Medusam
quaesivit.
postquam Diu frustra
quaerebat,
nam naturam
loci ignorabat.
30 Minerva viam demonstraverunt.
Tandem Apollo et Primum ad Graeas, sorores
Medusae, pervenit. Ab his talaria et galeam magicam accepit. Apollo autem et Minerva falcem et speculum dederunt. Turn,
postquam
35
aera volabat
Diu per tandem tamen ad eum locum venit ubi Medusa cum ceteris Gorgonibus habitabat. Gorgones autem monstra erant specie horribill; capita enim earum anguibus omnlno
talaria pedibus induit, in aera ascendit.
;
contecta erant.
Manus etiam
ex aere factae erant.
additional supplementary reading
255
The Gorgon's Head

Res dimcillima erat caput Gorgonis abscldere; eius enim Propter hanc conspectii homines in saxum vertebantur. Perseo dederat. Hie causam Minerva speculum igitur tergum^ hoc modo ad locum venit ubi in et vertit, speculum Inspiciebat Medusa dormiebat. Turn fake sua caput eius uno ictu abscldit.
5.
;
Ceterae Gorgones statim e somno excitatae sunt,

viderunt, Ira commotae sunt. Hie autem occidere volebant.
induit
;
et,
Arma
rapuerunt, et
fugit,
rem Perseum
ubi
45
dum
galeam magicam
et,
ubi hoc
fecit,
statim e conspectii earum evasit.
The Sea-Serpent
Cepheus maris Hie deum, quldam tempore regnabat. Nepttinum, olim offenderat; Neptiinus autem monstrum saevissimum Hoc cotldie e marl veniebat et homines devorabat. mlserat. Ob hanc causam pavor animos omnium occupaverat. Cepheus igitur oraculum del Hammonis consuluit, atque a deo iussus est filiam monstro tradere. Eius autem fllia, nomine Andromeda,
illo 6.
Post haec Perseus in fines Aethiopum venit.
Ibi
5c
virgo formosissima erat.
Cepheus ubi haec audlvit, magnum dolorem percepit. Volebat tamen elves suos e tanto perlculo extrahere, atque ob earn causam imperata Hammonis facere
constituit.
55
A Human
7.
Sacrifice
Turn rex diem certam dixit et omnia paravit. Ubi ea dies venit, Andromeda ad litus deducta est, et in conspectii omnium ad rupem adligata est. Omnes fatum eius deplorabant, 60 nee lacrimas tenebant. At subito, dum monstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit et, ubi lacrimas vidit, causam doloris quaerit. 111! rem totam exponunt et puellam demonstrant. Dum haec
;
geruntur, fremitus terribilis auditur

specie procul conspicitur.
simul monstrum horribill
Eius conspectus timorem
maximum 65
256

iniecit.
omnibus
dit,
Monstrum magna
celeritate
ad
litus
conten-
iamque ad locum adpropinquabat ubi puella
stabat.
The Rescue
8.
At
quam
Perseus, ubi haec vidit, gladium suum eduxit, et, postTurn desuper in talaria induit, in aera sublatus est.
70 monstrum impetum subito fecit, et gladio suo collum eius graviMonstrum ubi sensit vulnus, fremitum horriter vulneravit. bilem edidit, et sine mora, totum corpus in aquam mersit.
75
reditum eius exspectabat. Mare autem interea undique sanguine Inncitur. Post breve tempus belua rursus caput sustulit mox tamen a Perseo ictu
Perseus
dum
circum
litus
volat,
graviore vulnerata postea, visa est.
est.
Turn iterum
se in
undas mersit, neque
The Reward of Valor

Perseus postquam ad litus descendit, primum talaria exuit Ea autem turn ad rupem venit ubi Andromeda vincta erat.
9.
;
8oomnem spem
salutis deposuerat, et, ubi Perseus adiit, terrore
paene exanimata erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam Cepheus ob hanc rem maximo gaudio adfectus patrl reddidit.
est.
Meritam gratiam pr5 tanto
beneficio
Perseo rettulit;
Andromedam ipsam el in matrimonium dedit. Ille Paucos annos 85 libenter hoc donum accepit et puellam duxit. cum uxore sua in ea regione habitabat, et in magno honore erat apud omnes Aethiopes. Magnopere tamen matrem suam rursus videre cupiebat. Tandem igitur cum uxore sua e regno
praeterea
Cephei
discessit.
POLYDECTES
90
10.
IS
TURNED TO STONE
adpulit,
se
Postquam Perseus ad Tnsulam navem
ad
locum contulit ubi mater olim habitaverat, sed domum invenit vacuam et omnlno desertam. Tres dies per totam Insulam

;
257
matrem quaerebat tandem quarto die ad templum Dianae Hue Danae refiigerat, quod Polydectem timebat. pervenit. Perseus ubi haec cognovit, Ira magna commotus est ad regiam 95 Polydectis sine mora contendit, et, ubi eo venit, statim in atrium
;
inrupit.
Polydectes
magno timore
adfectus
est
et
fugere
volebat.
stravit;
Dum
ille
tamen ille fugit, Perseus caput Medusae monautem simul atque hoc vidit, in saxum versus est.
The Oracle Fulfilled

11.
Ille
Post haec Perseus
cum
uxore sua ad urbem AcrisI

terrore adfectus est
rediit. 100
;
nam magno propter oraculum istud nepotem suum adhuc timebat. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Larisam statim refugit, friistra tamen neque enim fa turn suum vitavit. Post paucos annos rex Larisae ludos magnos fecit nuntios in omnes partes dimlautem ubi Perseum
vidit,
;
;
105
serat et
diem
edlxerat.
Multl ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad
ludos convenerunt.
iniit.
At, dum discum conicit, avum suum casii occldit

inter spectatores eius certaminis forte stabat.
Ipse Perseus inter alios certamen discorum Acrisius

;
enim
TIBERIUS GRACCHUS
AND GAIUS GRACCHUS
Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gaius were famous Romans, who In the following account, from Lhomond's "Viri Romae," they are represented as rebels, as the aristocratic party of Rome regarded them. As a fact, however, they resorted to revolutionary means only to improve the condition of the common people and make the government democratic.
lived in the second century B.C.
1.
Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi
nep5tes erant. Horum omnium spe exacta est
Sclpi5nis AfricanI ex fllia adulescentia bonis artibus et magna
accedebat educati5.
ad egregiam enim indolem optima Erant enim dlligentia Corneliae matris a

;
puerls doctl et Graecls litterls erudltl.

1
Maximum
p. 262.
matronlss
For notes and special vocabulary, see
258

esse llberos
ornamentum
ilia
sapientissima.
sua,
Cum
bene Institutos merito putabat mater Campana matrona, apud illam hospita,
saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret el muliebriter, Cornelia traxit earn sermone, quo usque e schola. redirent ioliberl. Quos reversos hospitae ostendens, "Haec," inquit, " his adulescentibus ornamenta sunt." Nihil
ornamenta
illo
mea
quidem
;
neque
natiira
neque a doctrlna def uit
sed
ambo rem publicam, quam

creatus,
tuerl poterant, perturbare maluerunt. 2. Tiberius Gracchus, tribiinus plebis

15 descivit
;
senatu
;
popull favorem
profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit
agros plebl dividebat, provincias novis colonhs replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem sibi prorogarl vellet, et palam dictitasset interempto senatu omnia per plebem agl debere,
ad regnum pa rare videbatur. Qua re cum convocati 2opatres dehberarent, quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo commendabat. Hoc nobilitas ita accepit, quasi
viam
sibi
diadema posceret, et Scipio Naslca, cum esset consobrlnus Tiberl Gracchi, patriam cognation! praeferens sublata dextra prou Qu! rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequan*5clamavit: " Dein optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars tur
!
maior, in
Gracchum
inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque cllvo
Capitollno fragmento subselll ictus vltam,
quam
gloriosissime
degere
potuerat,
immatura
morte
flnlvit.
MortuI
Tiberl
30 corpus in
3.
flumen proiectum
est.
vit.
Gaium Gracchum Idem furor, qui fratrem Tiberium,occupaTribunatum enim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae
comparandae regiae potentiae causa, pessima coepit maximas largltiones fecit, aerarium efftidit, inlre consilia; frumento plebl dlvidendo tulit, clvitatcm omnibus 35 legem de
Italicls
necis seu
dabat.
His Gracchi
consilils,
quanta poterant conf
maxime Plso, vir rumen tariam dlxisset, Is cum multa contra legem consularis. lege tamen lata, ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit.
tentione, obsistebant
omnes
bonl, in quibus
259
Gracchus ubi animadvertit in contione Pisonem stantem, eurri4o

compellavit audiente populo Romano: "Qui tibi constas, Cui Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas, quam dissuasistl?'
sic
;
Piso,
"Nolim quidem, Gracche,"
inquit,
"mea bona
tibi virltim
dlvidere liceat; sed si fades, partem petam." da to aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens, lege,
Quo responso quam tulerat4$
Gracchus, patrimonium publicum dissiparl. 4. Decretum a senatu est, ut videret consul Oplmius, ne quid detrlmentl res piiblica caperet quod nisi in maximo discrlmine
;
decernl non solebat.
tlnum occupavit.
Gaius Gracchus, armata, familia, AvenConsul, vocato ad arma populo, Gaium 50
aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, cum iam comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox se super dominl
corpus interemit.
a,
Ut
Tiberl Gracchi antea
corpus, ita Gal

;
in Tiberim deiectum est caput autem amlco Gracchi, ad Oplmium relatum auro repen- 55 Septimuleio, sum fertur. Sunt qui tradant, Infuso plumbo eum partem
mlra crudelitate victorum
capitis,
5.
quo gravius
efficeretur, explesse.
Occlso Tiberio GracchS,
ut in eos, qui
cum senatus consulibus mandasset, cum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur,
Blossius quldam, Tiberl amicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, 60 ut sibi ignosceretur, causam adferens, quod tantl Gracchum
fecisset, ut,
quidquid
ille vellet, sibi
consul,
"Quid?'
"
inquit,
si
te
faciendum putaret. Turn Gracchus templo Iovis in
Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuttirusne illlus voluntati " fuistl propter istam, quam iactas, f amiliaritatem ? "Num-65
quam," inquit
,
"
Blossius,
voluisset id quidem, sed
si
voluisset,
pa^^issem.'
6.
Exstat Gal Gracchi e Sardinia

a
:
Romam
reversl oratio, in
Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo qua haec de se narrat ex usu vestr5 esse exlstimabam, non quomodo ambition! meae
70
conducere arbitrabar."
plus
18
Nemo
in
muneribus
fecisse.
me
potest vere dlcere, assem aut eo accepisse aut mea causa, quemquam
sumptum
Zonas,
quas
Roma
proficlscens
plenas
260
?5
Alii amphoras, argent! extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettull. quas vinl plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum
reportarunt.
NOTES AND VOCABULARY

PERSEUS
The numbers
LINE
3.
refer to the lines of text.
nepos, nepotis, grandson,
need, -are, put
to death.
4.
oraculum,
-I,
oracle,
comprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensum,

infans, -fantis, infant,
area, -ae, ark.
seize.
5.
ligneus, -a,
6.
adhuc, adv., still, -um, wooden.
yet.
includo,-cludere,-clusi,-clusum, inclose.
-e,
Danae,
-es, -ae, -en,
Greek noun,
first
decl.,
F.,
Danae
(dan'a-e).
7.
turbo, -are, disturb.

sinus, -us, bosom, lap. tamen, however.
tranquillus, -a,
8.
dormio,
-ire, sleep.
9.
10.
11. 12.
-um, calm.
Seriphus,
-1,
litus, -oris,
F., Seriphos (se-rl'fos). N., sJwre. adpello (ad

rest.
+ pello),
drive
to.
harena,
-ae, sand, shore,

13.
14.
quies, quietis, F.,
piscator, -oris, fisherman.
domum,
benigne,
house; without ad, home.

-cepi,
kindly, excipio, -cipere, tutus, -a, -um, safe. sedes, sedis, F., abode, 17. gratias ago, thank.
15. 19.
23.
24.
-ceptum,
receive.
agebat,
led,
passed.
Danaen,
ace. case,
Greek
first decl.
turpis, -e, disgraceful,
dudum,
ignavus, -a, -um, inactive, lazy. adv., for a long time, adulescens, -entis, a youth,
hie, adv., here.
quo
usque, how long?

25.
praestare, show,
hinc, adv., hence,
abi,
imperative of ab
eo
(go).
28. 29.
continens, -entis, F., mainland, continent.

ignoro, -are, be ignorant
of.
30.
31.
-a,
Graeae, -arum, F. pi., the Graeae. talaria, -ium, N. pi., winged shoes,
galea, -ae, helmet,
magicus,
-um, magic.

LINE
32.
33.
26 1
falx, falcis, F., sickle,
speculum,
-1,
mirror.
aer, aeris (ace.
induo, -duere, -dui, -dutum, put on; see 457.

air.
a era), M.,
35.
36.
ceteri, -ae, -a, the other.
Gorgo, Gorgonis,
see
F., Gorgon.
species,
-is,
-el,
appearance;
531.
horribilis,
-e,
terrible,
anquis,
37.
M.
or F., serpent.
adj., covered,
contectus, -a, -urn, pred.
aes, aeris, N\, copper,
bronze.
38.
39.
abscido, -cldere, -cidi, -cisum, cut
off.
saxum,
tergum,
-I, stone,
-i,
verto, -ere, verti,
versum, turn.
into,
40.
41.
back.
Inspicio, -spicere, -spexi,
-spectum, look
modus,
-1,
way,
manner.
42.
ictus, -us, blow, stroke.
43. 46.
47.
somnus,
-1, sleep,
excito, -are, arouse.
evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum, escape.

Aethiops, -opis, an Aethiopian.
offendd, -fendere, -fendi, -fensum,
49.
51.
52.
sult.
ofend.
pavor, -oris, M., terror, panic.
Hammon,
-onis, M.,
Hammon.
consulo, -ere, -ui, -turn, con-
53.
autem, now.
virgo, virginis, F., maiden, virgin,
54.
55.
formosus, -a, -urn, beautiful.
dolor, -oris, M., grief,
percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, feel.
civis, -is (citizen), subject.
56.
extraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractum, rescue,

rupes, -is, F., rock,
imperatum,
-i,
com-
mand.
60.
cliff,
fatum,
-i,
fate.
deploro, -are, lament.
63. 64.
expono (ex
pono), explain.
65.
66. 69.
70. 71. 72.
fremitus, -us, roar. procul, adv., at a distance.
-iectum, inspire (in). sublatus, participle of tollo. desuper, adv., from above. neck. collum, -1,
inicio, -icere, -ieci,
sentio, sentire, sensi,
edo, -ere, edidi, editum,
sensum, feel. titter, mergo, -ere, mersi, mersum,

reditus, -us, return.
sustulit, perfect of tollo.
dip, plunge. volat 73.

74.
for tense see 605, b.
inficio, -ficere, -feci,
-fectum, stain.
75.
belua^ -ae. F., beast monster,
262
LINE
76.
iterum, adv., again,
78.
79.
exuo, -uere, -ui,

vinctus, -a,
adiit,
unda, -ae, wave. -utum, take of, put off.
80. 81.
-um, bound. from ad + eo, approach.

solvo, -ere,
solvi,
exanimatus, -a, -um, exhausted,

reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum,
_/*//.
solutum,
loosen.
82.
restore,
gaudium, -I, joy. adficio
(ad -ff acid),

83. 86.
gratiam refero, show gratitude.

regio, -onis, F., country, region.
90.
adpello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum, bring
to.
se contulit,
made
his
way.
91.
92.
invenio (in
+ venio), find.
desertus, -a, -um, deserted.
to this place,
vacuus, -a, -um, empty,

hue, adv.,
atrium,
regia, -ae, palace.
-I, hall.
94.
refugid (re
fugio), flee.
95. 96.
97.
99.
inrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptum, burst (into). monstro, -are, show, simul atque, as soon as.
Acrisi, see p. 28, par. 96. oraculum istud, that oracle I told
vito, -are, escape.
100. 102.
you
of.
104. 105. 106.

107.
108.
ludus, -i, game. edico (e died), proclaim.
discus, quoit. iniit, perfect of in -f eo, enter,

-i,
discus,
casus, -us, chance.
TIBERIUS GRACCHUS
1.
AND GAIUS GRACCHUS

:
Gracchi: nom.pl.
Africanus
fHia
:
surname
;
of P. Cornelius Scipio,
the conqueror of Hannibal.

2.
Cornelia
see line 4.
nepos, -potis, grandson,

exigo,
-igere,
-egi,
adulescentia, -ae, youth.

indoles, -is, F., natural
3.
-actum, spend,
litteris, literature,
quality.
5. 6.
7.
pueris, childhood,
erudio, -ire, instruct.
merito, adv., justly.
Campanus,
-a,
-um, Campanian.
apud,
(//
the,
house
of.
hospita,
-ae,
guest..
illo 8. saeculo, of the lime (saeculum). muliebriter, adv., as women will, like a woman.
ostento,
-are,
show.

LINE
9.
263
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, detain,
tion,
11.
quo usque,
sermo, -onis, M., conversaused like dum, 605, c. quidem, adv., indeed, adulescens, -entis, M., a youth.
until;
12.
doctrina, -ae, instruction,

tueor, -eri, tutus, protect,
prefer.
ambo,
-ae, -6, adj., both.
13.
tueri poterant, might have protected.
maid, malle, malui,

14.
" " tribune of the in 133 B.C. The tribunes people were originally appointed to protect the common people, but graduallyacquired other powers.
Tiberius was
15.
descisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitum, withdraw,
favor, -oris, M.,
favor,
16.
profusus, -a, -urn, lavish,

colonia, -ae, colony; coloniis
fill
largitio, -onis, F., generosity.

:
abl. of
means,
repleo, -ere, -evi,
-etum,
17.
tip.
The
prorogo, -are, prolong, extend. be held for two successive years, could not lawfully tribuneship
dictito,
tribunicius, -a, -urn, of a tribune,
palam, adv., openly.

18.
kill.
-are,
say often,
interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum,
19. 20.
21.
qua
re, therefore.
:
patres
i.e.
the senators,
-1,
quidnam, what?
referens, raising.
Capitolium,
the Capitol,
22.
commendo,
if.
-are,
entrust,
nobilitas,
the
aristocrats,
quasi,
conj., as
23.
-1,
diadema,
-atis, N., royal
crown,
cum,
although,
consobrinus,
out.
cousin.
24.
25.
cognatio, -onis, F., relationship,

salvus, -a, -urn, safe,
proclamo, -are, cry sequantur, let them follow.
26.
order;
27.
dein, adv., then, optimas, -atis, M., aristocrat, ordo, -inis, M., equestris ordinis, of the equestrian order, i.e. the knights.
inruo, -mere, -rui,
make an
attack,
clivo
Capitolino,
by the
ascent (clivus) to the Capitol.

28.
subsellium,
-I,
bench, low seat.

sitting,
strike.
on which they had been

ments.
29.
The senators broke up the seats and armed themselves with the fragdegere potuerat, might have spent.
ic6, -ere, ici,
ictum,
dego, -ere, degi, spend; immaturus, -a, -urn, untimely.

31. 32.
furor, -oris, M., madness, frenzy.
tribunatus, -us, M., tribuneship.

-I,
Gaius was tribune

seu, whether
.
. .
in 123 B.C.
adipiscor,
adeptus, obtain,
seu
or.
vindico,
-are, avenge,
fraternus, -a, -urn, of a brother.
264
LINE
34.
inire
-I,
(from in
proposed.
eo),
enter upon, undertake,
largitiones,
gifts.
aerarium,
35.
36.
public money,
effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum, waste.

contentio, -onis, F.,
tulit,
Italicus, -i,
an
Italian,
-stiti,
effort.
lit.,
37.
obsisto, -sistere,
-stitum, oppose,
boni, the aristocrats;
the good men.

38.
consularis, -e, of consular rank,
cum, although,
notice,
frumentariam,
contio, -onis,
concerning grain.
40.
animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -versum,

compello, -are, address,
F., mass-meeting, assembly. 41.
qui tibi constas, how are you consistent?
42.
43.
dissuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -suasum, advise against. nolim quidem tibi liceat, / shouldn't like you to be allowed.
:
Gracche
44.
45.
see 551.
viritim, adv.,
share.
man
by man,
to
each
man
separately.
partem,
my
gravis, of authority.
46.
patrimonium publicum,
the state's inheritance, the
money
in
the
treasury,
47.
48.
dissipo, -are, squander.
decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretum, decree. detrimentum, -i, injury, caperet, should suffer, discrimen, -inis, N., crisis, peril. soleo, -ere, solitus, be accustomed. 49. Aventinus, -i, the Aventine,
one
of the hills of
Rome.
comprehenderetur, was on
-ui, -itum, hold forth, expose.
51.
aggredior, -gredi, -gressus, attack,
the point of being taken.

52.
iugulum,
-i,
throat,
praebeo, -ere,
54.
55.
crudelitas, -tatis, F., cruelty.
rependo, -pendere, -pendi, -pensum, pay with the same weight; repensum supply esse. infundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusiun, pour into. fertur, is reported, 56.
:
plumbum,
57.
-i,
lead,
eum
511,
a.
i.e.
Septimulcius.
-evi,
quo: -etum,
see
fill
efficeretur,
might
be
made,
expleo, -ere,
up ; explesse
explevisse.
consentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sensum, conspire, 59. punishment should be inflicted.

60.
61. 62.
64.
animadverteretur,
deprecatum,
to plead,
supine of deprecor.
given.
ignosceretur,
that
pardon be
quidquid, whatever.
faces subdere,
to set
f re
to.
obsecuturusne
fuisti,
would you have
yielded ?

LINE
65.
265
iacto, -are, boast of.
68. 69.
70.
71.
ex
-f sto, exist, be.
oratio
Gaius was famous for his oratory.
versor, -arl, -atus, conduct oneself,
quomodo,
as, assis,
adv., as.
ambitio, -onis, F., ambition.
conducere,
cent," as
serve,
be profitable,
M., penny; assem,
" a red
72.
we might
say.
munus,
belt,
-eris, N., service, office.

to
73.
sumptus, -us, M., expense; sumptum fecisse, was put

money-belt.
inanis, -e, empty,
expense.
zona, -ae,
74. 75.
amphora, -ae,
filled.
jar.
repletus, -a,
-um,
APPENDIX
NOUNS
I.
FIRST DECLENSION
tuba, F., trumpet
268

Plural
Nom.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
consules
victores
patres
nationes
homines
consulum
consulibus consules consulibus
victorum
victoribus victores victoribus
patrum
patribus patres patribus
nationum
nationibus nationes nationibus
hominum
hominibus homines hominibus
rex,
M.
dux,
M.
pes,
M.
miles,
M.
llbertas, F.
liberty
king
leader
foot
soldier
Singular
Nom
Gen. Dat. Ace.
Abl.
rex
regis
regi
dux
ducis duci
pes pedis pedi
miles
mllitis
militi
llbertas libertatis llbertati
regem
rege
ducem
duce
pedem
pede
Plural
militem
mllite
libertatem
libertate
Gen. Dat. Ace.
Nom. reges regum

regibus reges regibus
duces
pedes
ducum
ducibus duces ducibus
pedum
pedibus pedes pedibus
A bl.
milites mili turn mllitibus milites mllitibus
libertates
libertatum
llbertatibus libertates llbertatibus
flumen, N.
river
opus, N. work
tempus, N.
time
caput, N. head
Singular
Nom.
Gen. Dat. Ace.
Abl.
flumen
fluminis flumini
opus
operis operi
tempus tempo ris

tempori
caput
capitis capiti
flumen
flumine
opus
opere
tempus tempore
caput
capite
Plural
Nom.
Gen. Dat. Ace.
Abl.
flumina
opera
tempora
capita
fluminum
fluminibus flumina fluminibus
operum
operibus opera operibus
temporum
temporibus tempora temporibus
capitum
capitibus capita capitibus
APPENDIX
6.
269
270

Plural
Nom.
APPENDIX
12.
271
272
THIRD DECLENSION
14.
acer, sharp
Singular
Plural
N.
acre
acris acri
M.
F.
M.
acres
F.
N.
acria
Nom.
Gen. Dat. Ace.
Abl.
acer
acris acri
acris acris
acri
acres
acnum
acnum
acnum
acrem
acri
acrem
acri
acre
acri
acribus acribus acribus acres (-is) acres (-is) acria acribus acribus acribus
15.
fortis, brave
APPENDIX
18.
273
SPECIAL ADJECTIVES
vetus, old
274
20.

Positive
Comparative
melior, better
peior, worse maior, greater
Superlative
bonus, good malus, bad
optimus, best pessimus, worst
magnus,
parvus, multus,
iuvenis,
great
little
minor,
less
maximus, greatest minimus, least

plurimus, most maximus natu, oldest minimus natu, youngest maxime idoneus
much
young
senex, old
plus, more senior, older

iunior, younger
idoneus, suitable exterus, outward

Inferus, below
magis idoneus
exterior, outer, exterior
Inferior, lower
extremus extimus
Infimus
)
"I
outermost,
last
posterus, following
posterior, later
lmus postremus postumus
lowest
"I
superus, above
[cis, citra,
superior, higher
citerior, hither interior, inner
supremusj summus J
on
this side]
[in,
intra, in, within]
citimus, hithermosf intimus, inmost
[prae, pro, before] [prope, near]

[ultra, beyond]
prior,
former
propior, nearer ulterior, farther
primus, first proximus, next

ultimus, farthest
ADVERBS
21.
REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Positive
Comparative
latius
llberius
Superlative
latissime llberrime
late,
widely
llbere, freely
acriter, sharply
facile, easily
acrius
facilius
acerrime
facillime
sapienter, wisely
sapientius
sapientissime
22.
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Positive
Comparative
melius, better
peius, worse magis, more
Superlative
optime, best pessime, worst maxime, most plurimum, most
bene, well
male, badly,
ill
magnopere,
greatly
multum, much parum, little

diu, long (in time)
more minus, less

plus,
minime,
least
diutius, longer
prope, near saepe, often
propius, nearer saepius, oftener
diutissime, longest proxime, next
saepissime, oftenest
APPENDIX
23-
275
276
278
APPENDIX
Imperfect
Imperfect
279
amabam, / was
love love
loving, loved, did

loved, did
amabar, / was
{being) loved
amabas, you were loving,
amabaris, you were {being) loved
amabaXyliewas loving, loved, did love
amabatur, he was {being) loved
amabamus, we were
did love did love
loving, loved,
amabamur, we were
{being) loved {being) loved {being) loved
amabatis, you were loving, loved,
amabamini, you were

amabantur, they were
Future
amabant, they were

did love
loving, loved,
Future
amabo, /
shall love
amabor, I
shall be loved
amabis, you will love amabit, lie will love
amaberis, you will be loved amabitur, he will be lovod
amabimus, we
amabunt, they
shall love
will love
amabimur, we
shall be loved
amabitis, you will love
amabimini, you will be loved amabuntur, they will be loved

Perfect
Perfect
amavi, / have loved, loved, did love

amavisti, you have loved, loved, did
love
amatus sum, / have been was loved amatus es, you have been
were loved
loved,
loved,
amavit, he has loved, loved, did love
amatus
loved
est, he
has been loved, was
amavimus, we have
did love
loved, loved,
amati sumus, we have been

were loved
loved,
amavistis, you have loved, loved, did love amaverunt, they have loved, loved, did love
Pluperfect
amati
estis,
you have been

t/tey
loved,'
were loved
amati sunt,
were loved
have been loved,
Pluperfect
amaveram, / had loved amaveras, you had loved amaverat, he had loved
amaveramus, we had
loved
amatus eram, / had. been loved amatus eras, you had been loved amatus erat, he had been loved
amati eramus, we had been loved amati eratis, you had been loved amati erant, they had been loved
amaveratis, you had loved
amaverant, they had loved
280

Future Perfect Future Perfect
amavero, / shall have loved amaveris, you will have loved

amaverit, he will have loved
amatus amatus
loved
ero, / shall have been loved eris, you will have been
amatus erit, he will have been loved

amati erimus, we shall have been
loved
amaverimus, we
amaventis, you
shall have loved
will have loved
amati
loved
eritis,
you
will have been
amaverint, they will have loved

Subjunctive Active
amati erunt, they

loved
will have been
APPENDIX
Participles Active
Pres.
28l
Participles Passive
amans, loving
amaturus, about
to love
Ferf.
amatus, having been

loved
loved,
Fut.
Fut.
amandus,
to be
loved (Ge-
rundive)
Gerund
Gen. Dat. Ace.
Abl.
Supine (Active)
amandi, of loving
amando, for
amandum,
amando,
loving loving by loving
Ace. Abl.
amatum,
amatu,
to love
to love
35.
SECOND, THIKD, AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

Active Voice
Principal Parts
moneo, monere, monui, monitum, warn,

rego, regere, rexi, rectum, rule capio, capere, cepi, captum, take audio, audire, audivi, auditum, hear
advise
282

Perfect
monui
monuisti
monuit
APPENDIX
Perfect
283
monuenm
monueris monuerit
284
36.
SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

Passive Voice
Principal Parts
moneor, moneri, monitus sum, be warned, regor, regi, rectus sum, be ruled capior, capi, captus sum, be taken audior, audiri, auditus sum, be heard
be advised
APPENDIX
Pluperfect
285
monitus eram monitus eras monitus erat
286

Pluperfect
monitus essem monitus esses monitus esset

moniti essemus moniti essetis moniti essent
rectus essem rectus esses rectus esset

recti
recti
captus essem captus esses captus esset

capti essemus capti essetis capti essent
audltus essem audltus esses auditus esset

auditi essemus audlti essetis auditi essent
essemus
essent
recti essetis
Imperative Mood, Present Tense

Sing. monere Plur. monemini
regere regimini
Infinitive
capere capimini
audlre audimini
moneri Perf. monitus esse

Pres.
regi
capi
audlri
rectus esse
captus esse
auditus esse
Fut.
monitum
iri
rectum
iri
captum
iri
auditum
audltus
iri
Participles
Perf. monitus
rectus
Fut.
monendus
regendus
captus capiendus
audiendus
DEPONENT VERBS
37.
First Conjugation
Principal Parts
conor, conari, conatus sum, try
Indicative
conor, /
try,
Present
Subjunctive
am
trying, do try
coner
coneris
conaris, you try, are trying, do try conatur, he tries, is trying, does try
conetur
conamur, we try, are trying, do try conamini, you try, are trying, do try
conantur, they
try,
conemur
conemini conentur
are trying, do try
Imperfect did / was try conabar, trying, tried, conabaris, you were trying, tried, did try conabatur, he was trying, tried, did try
c5narer
conareris conaretur
conabamur, we were trying, tried, did try conabamini, you were trying, tried, did try
conabantur, they were trying,
tried,
conaremur
conaremini conarentur
did try
APPENDIX
Future
conabor, I shall try conaberis, you will try
conabitur, he will try
287
conabimur, we shall try conabimini, you will try conabuntur, they will try
Perfect
conatus stun, / have tried, tried, did try conatus es, you have tried, tried, did try conatus est, he has tried, tried, did try
conati sumus, we have tried, tried, did try conati estis, you have tried, tried, did try conati sunt, they have tried, tried, did try
Pluperfect
conatus sun conatus sis conatus sit

conati simus conati sitis conati sint
conatus eram, I had tried conatus eras, you had tried conatus erat, he had tried
conati eramus, we had tried conati eratis, you had tried conati erant, they had tried
conatus essem conatus esses conatus esset

conati essemus conati essetis conati essent
Future Perfect
conatus erd, / shall have tried conatus eris, you will have tried conatus erit, he will have tried
conati erimus, we shall have tried conati eritis, you will have tried conati erunt, they will have tried
Present Imperative
Sing, cdnare, try (thou)
Infinitive
Pres.
Perf.
Plur. conamini, try (ye)
Fut.
conari, to try conatus esse, to have tried conaturus esse, to be about to try
Participles
Pres. conans, trying Fut. Act. conaturus, about
to try
conatus, having tried Perf. Fut. Pass, conandus, to be tried
288

Gerund
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. conandi, of trying
Supine
conando, for trying
conandum,
trying
conatum,
conatu,
to try
conando, by trying
to try
38.
Second, Third, and Fourth Conjugations

Principal Parts
vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear utor, uti, usus sum, use patior, pati, passus sum, allow, suffer
potior, potiri, potitus
sum,
get possession of
APPENDIX
Participles
Pres. Fut. Act.
Perf.
289
verens
veriturus veritus
uteris
Fut. Pass, verendus
usurus usus utendus
patiens passurus passus
potiens potlturus potltus
patiendus
potiendus
Gerund
verendl
utendl Supine
patiendi
potiendi
ventum
usum
passum
potltum
IRREGULAR VERBS
39-
sum, am
be
ful,
Principal Parts: sum, esse,
futurus
Indicative
Present
Singular
Plural
sumus, we are estis, you are
sunt, they are
sum, / am es, you are

est, he (she, it) is
Imperfect
eram, / was eras, you were

erat, he
was
eramus, we were eratis, you were erant. they were
Future
ero,
eris, erit,
/ shall be
erimus, we shall be
eritis,
you
will be
you
will be
he will be
erunt,
Perfect
tliey will be
I have been, was fuisti, you have been, were

ful, fuit,
fuistis.
he has been,
was
fuimus. we have been, were you have been, were fuerunt, they have been, were
Pluperfect
fueram, / had been fueras, thou hadst been

fuerat, he had been
fueramus, we had been
you )tad been fuerant, they had been

fueratis,
290

Future Perfect
fuero,
shall have been
APPENDIX
Perfect
291
potui,
/ have been
able,
I could
potuimus, we have been

could
potuistis,
able,
we
you
potuisti,
you have been
able,
you
you have been
able,
could
potuit, he has been able, he could
could
potuerunt, they have been

could
able, tliey
Pluperfect
potueram, / had been able potueras, ycu had been able potuerat, he had been able
potueramus, we had been able potueratis, you had been able potuerant, they had been able
Future Perfect
potuero, I shall have been able potueris, you will have been able potuerit, he will have been able
potuerimus, we shall have been able

potueritis,
you will have been able potuerint, they will have been able
Subjunctive
Present
Imperfect
Singular
Plural
possimus
possitis
Singular
Plural
possim
possis possit
possint
2Q2
41,

fio, be
made, be done
fio, fieri, factus
Principal Parts:
sum
APPENDIX
Pluperfect
93
ieram
2Q4

Future
feram
feres
feret
APPENDIX
Indicative
295
296
46.
ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION laudaturus sum, / am about to praise
47-
RULES OF SYNTAX
49. Nominative Case.
297
subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case. (26) predicate noun is in the nominative case after the verbs be, become, seem, and the passive verbs be made, be called, be chosen, and the like. (99 and 191, a)
1.
The
2.
50.
Vocative Case.
of the person or thing addressed
is
The name
(5Si)
in the vocative case.
51.
1.
Genitive Case.
A noun limiting the meaning of another noun, and not denotsame person or thing, is in the genitive case. (General rule.) the ing 2. A word denoting the owner or the possessor is in the genitive
case.
3.
(51)
genitive may denote the whole, depending on a word de(530) 4. The genitive of a noun, with an adjective in agreement, may be used to describe another noun. (532) 5. The genitive is used with certain nouns and adjectives to denote the object of an action or feeling implied. (353)
The
noting a part.
a. The nouns and adjectives so used denote memory, fulness, or their opposites.
desire, knowledge,
52.
Dative Case.
1. The dative of the indirect object is used with transitive verbs, in connection with the accusative of the direct object. (60) 2. The dative of the indirect object is used with verbs meaning
favor, help, please, trust, and their opposites; believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, resist; envy, threaten, pardon, spare. These verbs in Latin may be intransitive. (437)
3.
The dative
(457)
of the indirect object
is
used with some verbs comsub,
pounded with ad, ante, con, de,

super.
4.
in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro,
The dative
The dative
is
used with the verb
sum
to denote the possessor.
(459)
5.
is
used with the passive periphrastic conjugation

(574)
to denote the agent.

6.
The dative
is
used with adjectives meaning near,
like, equal,
friendly, pleasing, suitable,
and
their opposites.
(246)
53. Accusative Case.

1.
2.
The direct object of a verb is in the accusative case. (42) The verbs name, call, choose, make, and the like, take two
298
tive.
accusatives, one of the direct object, the other a predicate accusa(191) 3. The accusative is used with certain prepositions, forming prepis
ositional phrases. (541) 4. The place to which
regularly expressed
by the accusative
with ad or in
osition
5.
but with names of towns, domus, and rus, the prep(282)
is
omitted.
6.
7.
The accusative is used to denote duration of time. (291) The accusative is used to denote extent of space. (523) The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case. (342)
54. Ablative Case.

1
.
The
ablative
is
used with certain prepositions, forming prepo-
sitional phrases.
2.
(541)
The means
or instrument of
(66)
an action
is
expressed by the abla-
tive without a preposition.

3.
Accompaniment is expressed by the ablative with the preposicum. (136) 4. The manner of an action may be expressed by the ablative with cum, but cum may be omitted if an adjective modifies the
tion
noun.
5.
(137)
With a passive verb the person by whom an expressed by the ablative with a or ab. (150)
6.
act
is
performed
is
Verbs denoting separation require an ablative to complete meaning, with or without ab, de, or ex. (221) 7. The place from which is regularly expressed by the ablative with ab, de, or ex; but with names of towns, domus, and rus, the
their
is omitted. (281) place in which is regularly expressed by the ablative with the preposition in; but the locative case is used for domus, rus, and the names of towns in the singular number. (279 and 280) 9. Time when or within which anything is or is done is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. (292) 10. The ablative without a preposition is used to express cause or reason. (362) n. The ablative without a preposition is used to show in what respect the meaning of a verb, noun, or adjective applies. (378) 12. The ablative is used with the deponent verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor. (403)
preposition
8.
The
13. A comparative without quam is followed by the ablative; but when quam is used the words denoting the things compared
are in the
14.
same
case.
is
(472)
The
ablative
(473)
used with comparatives to express the measure
of difference.
RULES OF SYNTAX
299
15. The ablative of a noun, with an adjective in agreement, may be used to describe a noun. (532) 16. A noun or pronoun in the ablative, with a noun, an adjective, or a participle in agreement, may be used to express time, cause,
condition, or other relation.
(565)
55.
1.
Noun
Clauses.
1
noun clauses introduced by ut or ne, and having the verb in the subjunctive, depend on verbs meaning advise, command, demand, induce, permit, persuade, urge. (439) 2. Noun clauses of result introduced by ut or ut non, and having the verb in the subjunctive, depend on verbs meaning happen,
Volitive
accomplish, cause.
(448)
56. Adverbial Clauses.

1. Clauses expressing the purpose of an action take the subjunctive with ut, ne, quo, or a relative. (420) 2. Clauses expressing the result of an action take the subjunctive with ut or ut non. (447) 3. Temporal clauses with postquam or ubi take the perfect indicative. (310, a) 4. Temporal clauses with cum take the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect to describe the circumstances of an action. (513) 5. Temporal clauses with dum, meaning while or as long as, take the indicative. (605, a, b) 6. Temporal clauses with dum, until, or priusquam, take the indicative of an actual event, but the subjunctive of an expected event.
(605, c)
7. Causal clauses with quod take the indicative to state the reason of the speaker or writer; the subjunctive, to state the reason of another. (612, a) 8. Causal clauses with cum take the subjunctive. (612, b) 9. Conditional sentences take the indicative in both clauses,
when
10.
when
(621)
57.
1.
the condition is stated as a fact. (621) Conditional sentences take the subjunctive in both clauses, the condition is stated as less probable, or contrary to fact.
Infinitive.
An
infinitive
may
be used to complete the meaning of another
verb, as, be able, begin, dare, decide, hasten, hesitate, prepare, ought, (no) seem, wish, 2. An infinitive with subject accusative is used with verbs meaning say, think, know, perceive. (343)
1
Expressing an act wanted.
3
58.

Sequence
of Tenses.
In complex sentences primary tenses are used in clauses that depend upon primary tenses, secondary tenses in clauses that depend upon secondary tenses. (430)
59.
1.
Questions and Answers. Questions may be introduced by interrogative pronouns,

or
(197, 198, a)
in-
terrogative adjectives,
interrogative adverbs, especially -ne,
nonne, or num.
2.
if
Questions
negative), or
3.
non, no,
be answered by repeating the verb (with non, by using the adverbs certe, certainly, ita, so, yes, minime, by no means. (198)
may
An
indirect question has its verb in the subjunctive.
(502)
60.
Order
of
Words.
The normal order of words in a Latin sen1. General Rule. tence is (1) the subject, (2) the modifiers of the subject, (3) the modifiers of the verb, (4) the verb. (68) 2. A genitive normally follows the noun that it limits. (50, a) direct stands before the indirect An object. object normally 3.
(59, b)
An ablative normally precedes the object and other modifiers the verb. (68, b) of A vocative normally follows one or more words of the sentence. 5.
4.
(SSi, *)
6.
adjective normally follows its noun. Adjectives of quan(22 and tity and demonstrative adjectives precede their nouns. page 75, footnote) 7. An adverb normally stands just before the word it modifies.
(68, c)
8.
An
Any word becomes

(68)
emphatic by standing out of
its
normal po-
sition.
9.
Special words: Causa follows a genitive; the adjective R6follows its noun; fere usually follows the word it modifies; one or more words of a quotation. follows inquit 10. A preposition of one syllable often stands between its noun and a modifying adjective. (Page 40, footnote) 11. The preposition cum, when used with a personal, reflexive, or relative pronoun, follows the pronoun and is joined to it as an
manus
enclitic.
(18)
VOCABULARIES
ABBREVIATIONS
abl
3,cc
ablative
interrog
lit
interrogative
literally
accusative
adjective
adj
loc
locative
. .
.
adv
adverb
M., masc.
N., neut
masculine
neuter
comp
conj dat
comparative
conjunction dative
defective
nom
obj
nominative
object
participle
def
part
dem
dep
demonstrative
pass
perj
pi.,
passive
perfect
deponent
feminine
future
F.,fem
jut.
jut.
plur
plural
plup
poss
pluperfect
possessive
future perfect
genitive
gen
pred
predicate
preposition
imper
imperative
prep
pres
impers
impersonal
imperfect
indeclinable
present
impf
indecl
indej.
pron
ret
pronoun
relative
.....
indefinite
sing.
......
singular
ind
inj.
indicative
infinitive
subj
subjunctive
superlative
sup
In the English pronunciation of proper names the sounds of the vowels are as follows:
i
.
2.
a as in jat a as in j'ate a as in jar a as in jail
1.
2.
as in pin as in pine
3.
4.
5.
1.
o as in not 6 as in note
as in democrat
a as in idea
e as in met e as in
2.
3.
1.
2.
4.
o as in move
me
1.
3. e as in episcopal 4. e as in her 5. e as in prudent
2.
3.
u u u
as in tub as in mute as in singular
302
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely.
a, ab,
prep. w. abl.,
by,
away from,
ad,
prep.
w.
ace,
to,
toward,
to.
on the side of; as adv., from, as a prefix, away. off; abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [ab+do],
put away, hide.
till,
against, near; adv. (w. nu-
merals), about; as prefix,
addo,
addidi, + [ad do], give to, add.
addere,
additum
abduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum [ab + duco], lead away. abicio, -icere, -ieel, -iectum [ab +
iacio],
addiico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum [ad + duco], lead to, bring to, influence.
throw away.
adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatum[ad

+fero], bring
to, offer.
abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum
[ab+teneo], hold from, keep from,

restrain.
adgredior,
-gredi,
-gressus
sum
[ad+gradior,
aful
step, go], dep., go
absum, abesse,
away,
[ab+sum],
be
toward, attack.
be distant.
adiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc-
ac, and, used only before conso-
tum
[ad-fiungo], join
to, tie to.
to,
add.
nants; see atque.
adligo, -are, -avi,

bind], bind
-atum [ad+ligo,
accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum

[ad + cedo, make way], go
to,
ap-
proach, be added.
accido, -cidere, -cidi,
cado], fall
to,
admitto, -mittere, -misl, -missum [ad+mitto], send to, let in, let go,
allow;
speed.
[ad+
happen;
equo admisso,
at
full
befall,
it
accidit, impers.,
happens.
admoveo, -movere, -movi, -mo-
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [ad +capio], take to, receive, accept;
hear.
tum
[ad + moved],
bring
to,
apply, move up.

adorior, -oriri, -ortus
sum [ad+
accurro, -currere, -curri (-cucurri),
orior, rise], dep., rise against, aU,

tack.
-cursum
hasten
to.
[ad+curro],
run
to,
accuso, -are, -avi, -atum, accuse,

find fault with.
acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen, active. acerbus, -a, -um, bitter, sour.
acies, -el, f., edge, line, battle line,
adpropinquo, see appropinquo. adsum, -esse, -fui [ad + sum], be
at
hand, be near, be present. adventus, -us, m. [venio], a coming

to,
arrival,
approach.
adversus, -a,
33
-um
[adverto], ad-
army.
verse, opposite, unfavorable.
34

amoved, -movere, -movi, -mdtum [a+moveo], take away.
amplius (comp. of ample), adv.,
-i,
advertd, -vertere, -verti, -versum [ad+verto, turn], turn to, turn

toward.
aedificium,
n., a building.
farther, longer, more.
aedifico, -are, -avi,
-atum [aedes,
amplus,
-a,
-um,
large,
ample.
house, facio], build.
Aeneas, Aeneae,
aestas, -tatis,
f.,
h., Aene'as.
angustiae, -arum, f. [angustus], narrowness, a narrow pass.
summer.
ager, agri, m., field, territory.
angustus, -a, -um, narrow. animal, animalis, n., animal.
agmen, -inis, N., an army (on the novissimum agmen, march) the rear (of an army). ago, agere, egi, actum, put in mo;
animus,
annus,
ante,
-i,
m., soul,
mind, feeling,
spirit, courage.
-i,
m., a year.
adv.,
or
prep.
w.
ace,
tion, drive, do, discourse.
before.
agricola, -ae, m., farmer.

ala, -ae, f., wing.
antea, adv., before, formerly.
antiquus, -a,
-um
[ante], ancient,
alienus, -a, -urn [alius], another's,

foreign, unfavorable.
former. apertus, -a, -um, open, exposed, unprotected.
aliquando, adv., sometime, once.

aliquis (-qui) , -qua, -quid (-quod) , indef. pron., some, any.
alius,
-a,
appareo, -ere,
-ui,
appear.
-ud, another, other
(of
appello, -are, -avi, -atum, call (byname), address.
more than two). Allobroges, -um, m.,

Alpes, -ium,
alter,
f., the
the Allobroges
appeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum [ad+peto], seek for, have a desire

for.
(a-lob'ro-jez), a Gallic tribe.
Alps.
the
-era,
;
-erum,
two)
the
alter
other
(of
alter, the one
other;
pi.,
one party
appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum [ad +propinquo], draw near to, approach.
Aprilis, -e, of April.
the
other.
apud, prep. w. ace, among, near,

-inis,
f.
altitudo,
[altus],
height,
at,
depth.
aqua, -ae,
with, in the presence f., water.
of.
-um, high, deep. amicitia, -ae, f. [amicus], friendaltus, -a,
Aquileia, -ae, f., Aquileia (ak-wile'ya), a town at the head of the

Adriatic.
ship.
amicus,
-a,
-um, friendly ;
as noun,
m., friend.
Aquitani, -drum, m., the Aquitaui (ak-wi-ta'ni), Aquitanians, a
amitto, -mittere, -misi,
-missum
let go, lose.
nation of southern Gaul.

Aquitania, -ae, f., Aquitania. Arar, Araris, m., the Sadne (son), a river of Gaul.
[a+mitto], send away,
amo, -are, -avi, -atum, amor, -oris, m., love.
love.
VOCABULARY
arbitror,
35
-an,
-atus
sum,
dep.,
B
beatus, -a, -um, happy.
think, judge.
arbor, arboris,
f., tree.
,
Belgae,
silver.
arced, -ere, -ui,
keep of.
argenteus, -a, -um, of silver,
argentum, -i, N., silver. drma, -drum, n. arms (equipment) anno, -are, -avi, -atum, arm, equip.
.
,
the Belgae nation of a (bel'je), Belgians, northern Gaul. bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum], war-
-arum,
m.,
like.
ars, artis, f., art.
ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, as-
bellum, -i, n., war. bene, adv. [bonus],

beneficium,
Bibracte,
-i, n.,
well.
well-doing, kind-
censum,
ascent.
climb, ascend.
ness, benefit.
-is,
ascensus, -us, m., a climbing up,

at, conj., but.
n.,
Bibracte
(bi-
atque
(ac), conj.,
and
brak'te), a town of the Haedui. biduum, -i, n. [dies], two days.

also, as.
attingo,
-tingere,
-tigi,
-tactum
bonitas, -tatis,
f.
[bonus], goodness,
excellence; fertility.
[ad+tango, touch], touch upon, border upon, reach.

auctoritas, -tatis,
thority, advice.
f.,
influence, au-
bonus, -a, -um, good. bos, bovis (gen. pi., bourn), m. or

f., ox,
cow;
pi., cattle.
brevis, -e, short.
audacia, -ae,
f.
[audax], boldness.
bold.
audacter, adv., boldly.
Britanni, -orum, m., the Britons. Britannia, -ae, f., Britain.
audax, audacis,
audio, -ire,
-ivi,
Brutus,
-i,
m., Brutus.
-itum, hear.
aureus, -a, -um, of gold, golden.
aurum,
-I, n.,
gold.
aut,conj.,or;aut
aut,
either
or.
cado, cadere, cecidi, casum,
fall.
autem, conj., on
the other hand, but,
caelum,
-i, x.,
sky, heavens.
furthermore, besides. auxilium, -I, n., help, aid;

iliaries.
Caesar, Caesaris, m., Gains Julius

pi.,
aux-
Caesar, a
Roman general, stateswriter;
man and
of
born ioo
B.C.,
avarus, -a, -um, greedy.

averto, -vertere, -verti, -versum [a+verto, turn], turn of, turn
assassinated 44 B.C.;
governor
Gaul 58-49
B.C.
calamitas,
-tatis, f., disaster, defeat.
away,
retreat.
calor, -oris, m., heat,
warmth.
avis, avis, f., bird.
campus,
-i,
m., plain, field.
avolo, -are, -avi,

fly], fly
-atum
[a
+ void,
canis, canis, m., dog.
away.
f., the
canto, -are, -avi, -atum, sing.
avus,
-i,
m., grandfather.
cantus, -us, m., song.

capio, capere, cepi, captum, take,
seize.
Axona, -ae,
Aisne (an), a
river of Gaul.
306
captivus,
-i,

m.
[capio],
captive,
circum,
prisoner.
prep. w. ace, around f about; as prefix, around.
caput, capitis, N., head.

carrus,
-I,
m., cart.
Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage, a city in northern Africa.
circumduco, -diicere, -duxi, -ductum [circum +duco], lead around. circumvenid, -venire, -veni, -ventum come [circum +venio],
around, surround.
citerior, -ius,
cams,
-a, -urn, dear.

-I,
Cassius,
m.,
Lucius Cassius, a
redoubt.
comp.
adj.
(citra),
Roman
castellum,
general.
-I, n., fort,
nearer, hither.
citra, adv.,
or prep. w. ace, this
Casticus, -I, m., Casticus, a chief of the Sequani.

castra, -orum,
n. [castrum, fort],
side (of), within.

civis, civis, m., citizen.
civitas, -atis, f. (civis), citizenship,

state, tribe, citizens.
camp. Cauda, -ae,

causa, -ae,
f., tail.
f.,
clamor, -oris, m., shouting, clamor.

clarus, -a, -urn, clear, bright; fa-
cause; abl., causa,
for the sake.
mous.
classis, classis, f., fleet.
cedd, cedere, cessi, cessum, go from, go away, depart.

celer, celeris, celere, quick, rapid.
celeritas, -tatis,
ness, speed.
f.
claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum,

shut, close.
[celer], quick-
cliens, -entis, m. or f., client, vassal; patient.
celeriter
(celerius,
celerrime) ,
adv., quickly. Celtae, -arum, m., the Celts, inhabitants of central Gaul.
coemo, -emere, -emi, -emptum [con+emo], buy up, purchase.

coepi, coepisse, def. verb, began.
coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, control,

restrain, check.
census, -us, m., enumeration, census.
cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gniindecl. adj., hundred.
centum,
turion,
centurio, -onis, m. [centum], cen-
commander of a hundred.
f.,
cera, -ae,
wax.
f.,
tum, learn, recognize; perf., have learned, hence, know. cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum [con+ ago], drive togetlier, collect, compel.
Ceres, Cereris,
Ceres (se'rez),
goddess of agriculture. certamen, -inis, n., contest.

certe, adv., surely. certus, -a, -urn, sure, certain; cer-
cohors, cohortis, f., cohort, tenth part of a legion.

cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. [con
+hortor], exhort, encourage.

collis, collis, m., hill.
tiorem facere,
cibus,
-I,
to
inform.
m., food.
(sis' e-ro).
colo, colere, colui, cultum,

tivate.
till,
cul-
Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero

circiter, adv., about.
comburo,
-urere,
-ussi,
-ustum
VOCABULARY
[con-furo, burn], burn
tip,
307
f.
con-
conditio, -onis,
gether),
sume.
terms,
(a speaking toterms of agree-
comes, comitis, m. or
ion, comrade.
f.,
companfcon
ment.
condo, condere, condidi, conditum

[con -f do],
commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum

-fmemord],
mention,
call to
put
together,
build,
mind, recount,
found.
relate.
conduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum

[con + duco], bring together. confero, conferre, contuli, conla-
committo, -mittere, -misl, -missum [con+mitto], send together,

commit, intrust, permit, join, begin.
tum
treat.
collect;
[con+fero], bring together, se reconferre, to
commode, adv., conveniently. commoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum [con+moveo], move deeply,
disturb, alarm.
conf ertus, -a, -urn, crowded, in close

order.
conficio, -ficere, -feci, -f ectum [con
commuto,
change.
-are, -avi,
-atum [con+
+facio],
do thoroughly,
accom-
muto], change (completely), ex-
plish, complete.
confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum [con+

-avi,
comparo, -are,
-atum [con+
firmo,
clare.
paro], get ready, prepare, procure.
firm, strengthen, establish, assure, destrengthen],
make
comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum,

learn, discover, ascertain.
conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [con +iacio], throw together, hurl. coniuratio, -onis, f. [coniuro], con-
compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum,^//

ttp, fill'
complures, -a
(-ia),
many, very
spiracy.
many.
comporto, -are, -avi, -atum [con+
porto], bring together.
coniuro, -are, -avi, conloco, -are, -avi,

to-
-atum [con+ -atum [con+
iuro, swear together], conspire.
con- (com-, comb-, co-), prefix,

gether.
loco], place together, station.
conor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., try,
concedo, -cedere, -cessi,
-cessum
yield,
attempt.
[con+cedo, make
way],
consanguineus,
m.,
-a, -urn [sanguis,
concede, grant, allow.
blood], related by blood; as
noun,
concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum [con
kinsman.
[con+scisco],
\v.
caedo,
cut], cut
down,
kill.
conscisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -sci-
concilio, -are, -avi,

together,
-atum, bring
tum
solve;
cide.
decree,
re-
win
over, secure, gain.
mortem, commit
-scribere,
sui-
concilium,
-i, n.,
meeting, assembly,
council, conference.
conscribd,
-scripsi,
concursus, -us, u., running together,

onset?i
-scriptum
[con+scribo],
write
together, enroll, levy.
3 o8

sum
contra, prep. w. ace,
posite, against.
consequor, -sequi, -secutus

obtain.
and
adv., op-
[con+sequor], follow up, pursue,

conserve, -are, -avi, -atum [con+
servo], save, spare, protect, keep.
convenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum [con+venio], come together, meet,

assemble.
considius,
-i,
m., Considius, a
Ro-
converto, -vertere, -verti, -versum
man
soldier.
consido, -sidere, -sedl,
-sessum
encamp,
[con+verto], turn; signa convertere, wheel about.
[con+sido,
settle.
sit
down],
convoco, -are, -avi, -atum

voco], call together,
copia, -ae,
ber; plenty,
[con-t-
consilium,
-1, n.,
counsel, plan.
r.,
summon. supply, num-
consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum,

take a stand.
pi., forces, troops.
copiosus, -a, -urn, well-supplied,

wealthy.
conspectus, -us, m. {a looking at),

sight.
conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -specturn [con+specio, look], catch

sight of, see.
Corinthus, Greece.
-I, f.,
Corinth, a city of
Cornelia.
Cornelia, -ae,
f.,
cornu, -us,
n., horn,
wing
(of
an
conspicor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,

perceive.
army).
corpus, corporis, n,, body.
cotidianus, -a, -urn, daily.
cotidie, adv., daily.
constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu-
tum [can+statuo,
set
together],
put, station, decide, appoint.
eras, adv., tomorrow.
consuesco, -suescere, -suevi, -suetum, become accustomed; perf.,

be accustomed, be wont. consul, consulis, m., consul. consulatus, -us, m. [consul], con-
Crassus,
creber,
-i, m., Publius Crassus, one of Caesar's lieutenants.
crebra,
crebrum,
thiak;
frequent, numerous, repeated.
credo, credere, credidi, creditum,

believe,
sulship.
suppose.
consumo,
consume.
-sumere,
-sumpsi,
destroy,
creo, creare, creavi, creatum, create, elect,
-sump turn [con + sumo],
make.
-temnere, -tempsi, contemno, -temptum, despise, scorn.

contendo, -tendere, -tendl, -tenturn [con+tendo, stretch
strive, fight,
tight],
cultus, -us, m. [colo], civilization. cum, prep. w. abl., with.
cum,
conj.,
when, since, although.
cunctus, -a,
-um
[coniunctus], all
entire.
(taken together),
cupiditas, -tatis,
contend, hasten.
cupide, adv., eagerly.

f., desire,
continenter, adv., continually.
longing.
contineo, -tinere, -tinui,
-tentum
re-
cupidus, -a, -um, desirous, eager.

cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum, desire, be
eager.
[con+teneo], hold together,

strain,
bound, hem
in.
VOCABULARY
cur, adv., why.
39
delfbero, -are, -avi, -atum, deliberate,
cura, -ae,
r., care, attention.
ponder.
euro, -are, -avi, -atum, care for; (w. gerundive), have {something
done), cause.
deliciae,
-arum,
f.,
luxuries.
deligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectum [de

lego], choose, select.
curro, currere, run.
cucurri,
cursum,
demigro, -are, -avi, -atum [de-f migro], move away.
currus, -us, m., chariot.

custodio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, watch.
demonstro, -are,
denique, adv.,
depello,
-avi,
-atum
[de
monstro], point out, explain.

at length, finally.
D
damno, -are, -avi, -atum, condemn. de, prep. w. abl., down from, from,
concerning, of, about, during; as prefix, down, utterly; of,
densus, -a, -urn, dense.

-pellere,
-puli,
-pulsum
[de+pello], drive away, avert.
depono, -ponere, -posui, -positum [de+pono], lay aside; w. memoria,

blot out.
away.
debed, -ere, -ui, -itum, owe, ought.
decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
[de + cedo], go away, depart, with-
descendo,
-scendere,
[de
-scensum
describo,
+ scando,
-scendi, climb
down], descend.
-scribere,
-scripsi,
draw.
decern, indecl. adj., ten.
decido, -cidere, -cidi,
cado], fall down,
fall.
-scriptum, divide, mark of.

[de +
desilio,
-silire,
-silui,
-sultum
dis-
[de + salio],
leap
down,
decimus,
declaro,
claro],
clare.
-a, -urn, tenth.
mount.
-are,
-avi,
-atum [de+
reveal,
desum, deesse, defui
[de + sum],
make
clear,
de-
be lacking, be wanting, fail.
devoro, -are, -avi, -atum, swallow,

devour.
deditio, -onis, f. (a giving up), surrender.
deus,
-i,
m., god.
dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum [de
+ do],
give up, surrender.
dexter, -tra, -trum, right: dextra (manus), the right hand.

died, dicere, dixi, dictum, say,
tell,
defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen-
sum, keep of, defend,

defessus,
hausted.
-a,
protect.
speak.
exdictio, -onis, f. [dico], (a speaking),
-urn,
wearied,
pleading.
dies, -ei, m. or f., day, time.
differo,
differre,
distuli,
deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [de +

iacio],
throw down, dislodge; w.
dilatum
spe, disappoint.
deinde, adv., then, next.

deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, blot
out.
[dis+fero, bear apart], difer. difficilis, -e [dis+facilis], not easy,

difficult.
difficultas, -tatis, f., difficulty.
3io
diligens,
diligent.

-entis,
[diligo],
careful,
diligenter, adv. [diligens], carefully,

diligently.
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful; neut., as noun, doubt. ducenti,-ae, -a [duo + centum], two
hundred.
diligentia, -ae,
f.
[diligens], care-
duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, lead, draw, consider, prolong.
fulness, diligence.
dimitto, -mittere, -misi,
-missum
not.
dum,
conj.,
while,
as
long
as,
[di+mitto, send apart], dismiss.

dis-, di-, prefix, apart,
until.
away,
Dumnorix,
Haedui.
-igis,
m.,
Dutnnorix
of
discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
(dum'no-riks),
chief
the
[dis+cedo, withdraw.
go
apart],
depart,
duo, duae, duo, two.

,
disco, discere, didici,

disicio, -icere, -ieci,
iacio],
scatter.
learn.
duodecim
[duo+decem],
indecl.
-iectum [dis+
apart, break,
adj., twelve.
throw
dux, ducis, m. [duco], leader, guide.
dispono, -ponere, -posui, -positum
[dis+pono, place apart], arrange,

station.
e, ex,
prep. w. abl., out
of,
from, of;
as prefix, out, forth.
dissimilis, -e [dis+similis], unlike. distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, -tribu-
edo, edere, edi, esum,

i.
eat.
educo, -are, -avi, -atum, bring

up, educate.
tum
[dis+tribuo], distribute, as2.
sign, divide.
educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum

[e+duco], lead out.
diu, adv., for a long time. Diviciacus, -i, m., Diviciacus (divi-shi-a'kus), a chief of the Haedui.
effero, efiferre, extuli,
elatum [ex+
elate.
fero], bear out, take away,

efficio, -ficere, -feci,
-fectum [ex+
cause,
ac-
Divico, -onis, m., Divico (div'i-ko), a chief of the Helvetii.

divido, -videre, -visi, -visum, divide, separate.
facio],
bring
about,
complish.
ego, mei, /.
egredior, -gredi, -gressus

give.
sum
[e
do, dare, dedi,
datum,
gradior, step], go out,
march
out.
doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, teach.
domina, dominus,
-ae, f., mistress.

-i,
egregius, -a, -um, markable.
uncommon,
re-
m. [domus], master (of

house, home; domi,
a house).
domus,
at
-us,
f.,
emitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum [e+mitto], send forth, discharge, hurl, throw aside.
home.
give, pre-
emo, emere, emi, emptum, buy.

enim, conj.,
for.
dono, -are, -avi, -atum,

sent'.
enuntio, -are, -avi, -atum [e+nun-i, n., gift.
donum,
tio], tell out, report.
VOCABULARY
i. 2.
3 II
-a, -urn, outermost, farextreme.
eo, ire,
ii
(ivi),
itum,
go.
extremus,
thest,
eo, adv., to that place, thither.

to the
eodem, adv.,
same
place.
epistula, -ae, f.,
letter, epistle.
eques, equitis, m., horseman;

cavalry.
pi.,
fabula, -ae,
f., story,
fable.
facile, adv., easily.

facilis, -e, easy.
equester, -tris, -tre [eques], belonging to a horseman, cavalry.

equitatus, -us, m. [eques], cavalry.
facio, facere, feci,
factum, make,
[facio],
do.
equus, equl, m., horse.

eripio, -ripere, -ripui,
facultas, -tatis, p.
[en-
opporpi., re-
-reptum
rapid, seize], snatch away, rescue; se eripere, to escape.

et, conj.,
tunity (of doing), means; sources.
fama, -ae,
tion.
f., report,
fame, reputa-
and.
etiam, conj. and adv., and also,

also, even.
etsi, conj.,
fames, famis,
familia, -ae,
f.,
hunger.
even
f.,
if,
although.
household, retinue. feliciter, adv. [felix], happily, sucf.,
Europa, -ae,
ex, see e.
Europe.
[ex-i-
cessfully, favorably.
felis, felis, f., cat.
exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum

clamo], cry out, exclaim.
femina, -ae,
ferax, -acis,
f.,
woman.
fertile.
[f ero],
exeo, -ire,
-ii
(-ivi),
-itum [ex+
fere, adv., almost. fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, carry,

bring.
eo], go out.
exercitus, -us, m. [exerceo, exercise], (a trained body), army.
ferrum,
-i, n.,
iron.
existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, think,

estimate.
fessus, -a, -urn, weary, tired.

fides, -ei, f., faith, confidence, protection, pledge.
filia,
expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum [ex +pello], drive out, expel.
-ae,
f.,
is..,
daughter.
son.
experior, -periri, -pertus sum, dep.,

try, test, experience.
filius, -i,
finio, -ire, -ivi,
-itum
[finis], limit,
explorator, -oris, m., scout, spy.
bound.
finis, finis, m., end, limit,
pi. territory.
expugno, -are,
-avi,
-atum [ex+
boundary;
bordering
pugno], take by storm, capture. exsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum [ex
finitimus, -a,
-um
[finis],
sequor], follow out, enforce, ex-
ecute.
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum, look

out for, await, expect. extra, adv. and prep. w. ace, outside of, beyond.
neighboring; adjoining, finitimi, as noun, neighbors. fio, fieri, factus sum, be made, be
upon,
done; impers.,
sult
is.
it
happens, the
re-
firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm.
312
LATIN FOR THE 1TRST YEAR

flexum, turn,
flecto, flectere, flexi,
Galba, -ae,
m.,
Galba,
a family
bend.
flos, floris, m., flower.
name.
Gallia, -ae,
f.,
Gaul.
Gallic.
flumen,
-inis, n. [fluo], river.
Gallicus, -a,
-um,
fluo, fluere, fluxi,
fluxum, flow.
Gallus,
-i,
forma, -ae, ~F.,form, shape, beauty.

forte, adv. [fors], by chance, per-
Garumna,
Genava,
m., a Gaul. -ae, m. or f., the Garonne
(ga-ron'), a river of Gaul.

-ae, f., Geneva.
n., race, tribe, class.
haps.
fortis, -e, strong, brave.
genus, generis,
fortiter, adv., bravely.
fortitudo, -inis, r. [fortis], bravery.
fortuna, -ae,
luck;
pi.,
-i,
F. 3
chance, fortune,
property.
Germania, -ae, f., Germany. Germanus, -a, -um, German. Germanus, -I, m., a German. gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, carry
on, wage, do.
forum,
in
n.,
cially the
market place; espeForum, the open space

the Capitoline
hills.
gladius,
-i,
m., sword.
Rome between
-ae,
f.
gloria, -ae, f., glory,
fame, renown.
and Palatine
fossa,
trench.
Graecia, -ae,
dig],
f.,
Greece.
[fodio,
ditch,
Graecus,
gratulor,
-a,
-um, Greek, Grecian.

-atus
gratia, -ae, f., favor, good-will.
frango,
break.
frangere, fregi, fractum,
-ari,
sum,
dep.,
congratulate.
f rater, fratris, m., brother.
gratus, -a, -um, pleasing, agreeable.

gravis, -e, heavy.
graviter,
vexed.
frigidus, -a, -urn, cold.

frigus, -oris, n., cold, coldness.
adv.,
heavily,
be
severely;
be
frumentarius, -a,
-um
[friimen-
graviter ferre,
annoyed,
tum], abounding in grain, fruitful; res frumentaria, supplies.
frumentor,
-ari,
-atus sum, dep.,
H
habeo, -ere,
-ui, -itum, have, hold-
gather grain.
frumentum,
crops.
-I,
n.,
grain;
pi.,
habito, -are,
live,
-avi,
-atum, dwell,
the
inhabit, live in.

m.,
frustra, adv., in vain.
Haedui, -orum,
[fuga],
Haedui
fuga, -ae,
f., flight.
(hed'u-I), a Gallic tribe.
fugio, fugere, fugi,

flee.
fugitum
Haeduus, -a, -um, Hard mi u.

stick.
of the Haedui.
fugitivus,
-l,
m., deserter, fugitive.
haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum,

Helvetia, -ae,
ve'shia),
fumus,
-i,
m., smoke.
f.,
Helvetia
(hel-
now
Switzerland.
m., the
Gaius, Gal, Gaio,
etc., m.,
Gaius,
Helvetii, -drum,
Helvetii
(ga'yus), a personal name.
(hel-ve'shi-i), Helvetians.
VOCABULARY
Helve tius (Helveticus),
the Helvetii,
3*3
illud,
-a, -urn, of
ille,
ilia,
dem. pron.,
-i,
that
Helvetian.
(yonder).
heri, adv., yesterday.
impedimentum,
f.,
n.,
hindrance,
bag-
Hesperides,
-um,
the
Hes-
impediment;
gage-train.
pi.,
baggage,
perides (hes-per'i-dez).
hiberna, -orum, n. (supply castra), winter quarters.

hie, haec, hoc,
she, it;
impedio,
-ire,
-ivi,
-itum
[pes],
entangle, hinder.
dem. pron.,
this, he,
imperator, -oris, m., commander in

chief, general.
pi., these, they.
hiemo, -are,
winter.
-avi,
-atum, pass the
hiems, hiemis, f., winter. Hispani, -orum, m., the Spaniards. Hispania, -ae, f., Spain.
hodie, adv., this day, today. homo, -inis, m. or f., a human being,
imperium, -i, n., command, supreme power, authority. impero, -are, -avi, -atum, command, demand, levy. impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, obtain (by request), bring to pass.
impetus, -us, m., attack.
importo,
-are,
-avi,
man.
honor, -oris, m., honor, respect.
hora, -ae,
f.,
-1,
-atum [in+
im-
porto], bring in, import.
hour.
m.,
impudens,
(ho-ra/in,
-entis,
shameless,
Horatius,
H or at his
shi-us), Horace.
hortor, -ari, -atus
sum, dep.,
urge,
pudent. prep. w. ace. (of motion), into, to, toward, against, upon; w. abl.
(of rest), in, on,
encourage.
among, over; as
on;
hortus,
-I,
m., garden.
prefix,
in,
into,
negative
hostis, -is, m.,

pi., the
enemy
(of the state);
prefix, not.
enemy.
-tatis,
f.,
incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cenrefinement,
humanitas,
sum,
set fire to,
burn.
civilization.
incito, -are, -avi,

incite.
-atum, urge on,
iaceo, -ere, -ui,
-,
lie, lie
down.
incola, -ae, m. or f., inhabitant. incolo, -colere, -colui, coid], dwell in, inhabit.
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, throw.
[mu-
iaculum,
ready.
ibi,
-i,
n., javelin.
iam, adv., by
this time,
now,
al-
incommodum,
incredible.
-i, n.,
misfortune.
incredibilis, -e [in + credo, believe],
adv., in that place, there.
id 2m,
eadem, idem, dem. pron.,

fit,
indicium,
the same.
-1, n., information. indued, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum
idoneus, -a, -um,

Idus, -uum,
suitable.
[in+duco], lead into, lead on, induce, exhibit.
f., the
Ides.
igitur, conj., accordingly, therefore.
indulged, -dulgere, -dulsi, -dul-
ignis, ignis, m., fire.
tum, favor.
3 T4

intercede, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
[inter + cedo], go between,
inter-
inermis, -e [in+arma], unarmed.

inferior, -ius [inferus], lower.
infero,
inferre,
intuli,
inlatum,
vene; (of time) elapse.
bring into, bringupon, wage upon. Inferus, -a, -um, low, below; pi. as
interdum, adv. [inter+dum], sometimes.
noun, inhabitants of
world, the dead.
the
lower
interea,
while.
interficio,
adv.
[inter -fea],
mean-
Influo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxum, flow

into, flow.
-ficere,
-feci,
-fectum
[inter + facio], kill.

n., ability.
ingenium,
inimicus,
-i,
interim, adv., meanwhile.

intermitto, -mittere, -misl, -mis-
ingens, -entis,
-a,
vast,
huge, enormous.
[in + amicus],
-um
sum
[inter + mi tto],
stop,
let
inter-
unfriendly,
hostile;
as
noun,
rupt, intervene; (of time)
pass.
enemy.
iniquus, -a,
intersum, -esse, -ful [inter + sum],
-um
[in+aequus], un-
be between, intervene; impers.,
it
even, unfair, unfavorable.
concerns,
it
interests.
initium,
-i, n.,
beginning.
intro, -are, -avi,

etrate.
-atum,
enter,
pen-
iniuria, -ae, f. [ius, right], wrong,

injustice, injury.
inundo, -are, -avi, -atum, overflow,

inundate.
verb., pres.
inopia, -ae,
f., lack, scarcity.
inquam,
inquit,
def.
inventor,
-oris,
m.
[invenio],
tense, / say, he says. Insequor, -sequi, -secutus
inventor, author.
sum
[in
invitus, -a,
ipse, ipsa,
-um, unwilling.
ipsum, intensive pron.,
itself.
+ sequor], follow
insidiae, -arum,
f.,
up, pursue.
treachery,
amis,
himself, herself,
buscade, stratagem.
Ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath.
insigne,
-is, n., sign,
decoration.
ea, id,
she,
it.
dem. pron.,
this, that;
he,
insignis, -e, marked, remarkable.

instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu-
iste, ista, istud,
dem. pron.,
that
tum [in+statuo], set

begin, train.
up, establish,
(of yours).
ita,
adv., so, thus.
Institutum,-!, n., custom, institution. Instruo, -struere, -struxi, -struc-
Italia, -ae, f., Italy.
itaque, conj.,
therefore.
and
so,
accordingly,
tum
[in-f-struo], build,
draw up,
marshal.
Insula, -ae, f., island.
intellego,
item, adv., in like manner, likewise.

iter, itineris, n. [eo], (a going),
way,
-legere,
-lexi,
-lectum
know,
route, journey, march.
[inter + lego, gather], learn,
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, order.
understand.
inter,
prep.
w.
ace,
between,
judgment, trial. iudico, -are, -avi, -atum, judge, deiudicium,

cide.
-I, n.,
among; as
prefix, between.
VOCABULARY
iugum,
-I,
315
n.,
yoke; ridge
(of
Latinus, -a, -um, Latin; as noun,

Latini,
mountain).
Iulia, -ae, f., Julia.
-drum,
the Latini.
latitude, -inis, f. [latus], width.

latus, -a,
Iulius,
-1,
Julius.
-1,
-um, broad, wide.
iumentum,
iungo,
join.
N.,
yoke-animal,
latus, -eris,
w,
f.,
side, flank.
beast of burden.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, praise.

iunxi,
iungere,
iunctum,
laus, laudis,
praise.
Lavinium,
-i,
n.,
Lavinium.
ambassa-
iunior,
comp.
of iuvenis.
legatio, -onis, f., embassy, mission.
Iuno, -onis,
f., Juno, queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter.
legatus,
dor.
-i,
m., lieutenant,
Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter, the su-
legio, -onis, f., legion.
preme god. Iura, -ae, m., Jura, a
mountain from the Rhine range running to the Rhone.

-atum, swear.
n., oath.
lego, legere, legi, lectum, gather, choose, read.
Lemannus,
Geneva.
-i,
m., w. lacus,
Lake
iuro, -are, -avi,
lenitas, -tatis,
tleness.
f.,
smoothness, gen-
ius, iuris, n., right, justice, law.
iusiurandum, iurisiurandl,
lex, legis, f., law.
iustitia, -ae, f. [iustus], justice.
iuvenis, iuvenis, gen. pi. iuvenum, adj., young; as noun, youth.

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum, help, aid.
libenter, adv., gladly, willingly. liber, libri, m., book.

liber, -era,
-erum,
free.
liberalitas, -tatis, f., liberality.

libere, adv., freely.
liberi,
Kalendae (Calendae), -arum, f., the Calends, the first day of a month.
free
-orum, m. [liber], children, members of a household

.
libero, -are, -avi,

free.
-atum,
set free,
L
Labienus,
Titus Labienus, Caesar's chief lieutenant.
-1,
libertas, -tatis, f. [liber], freedom-,

liberty.
licet, licere, licuit,
m.,
impers.,
it
is
per-
labor, -oris, m., labor,
toil.
mitted.
lictor, -oris,
labyrinthus,
-i,
m., labyrinth.
m., lictor, official at-
Jacesso, -ere, assault, harass.
-ivi,
-itum, provoke,
tendant
of a
Roman
magistrate.
lacrima, -ae,
f., tear.
Lingones, -um, m., the Lingones (ling'go-nez), a Gallic tribe.

lingua, -ae,
f.,
lacus, -us, m., lake.

lapis, lapidis, m., stone.
late, adv., broadly, widely.
tongue, language.
linter, lintris, f., boat.

littera, -ae, f., letter of the
alphalocate.
Latinus,
-1,
m.,
Latinus (la-ti'nus),
bet; pi.,
letter (epistle).
legendary king of Latium.
loco, -are, -avi,
-atum, place,
316
locus,
-I,

M.,pl. loca, -orum, n.,
manus,
band.
-us,
f.,
hand; armed force,
place.
longe, adv., far, by far.
longitudo,
-inis, f.
[longus], length.
Marcus, name.
-i,
m.,
Marcus, a
Roman
longus, -a, -um, long. loquor, loqui, locutus sum, dep.,

speak.
mare, maris, n., sea. Marius, -i, m., Marius (ma/ri-us), a famous Roman general.
Massilia, -ae,
Marseilles.
f.,
Lucius,
-I,
m.,
Lucius (lu'shius), a
Massilia,
now
Roman name.
luna, -ae,
lupa, -ae,
lux, lucis,
f., f.,
moon.
she-wolf.
mater, matris,
f.,
mother, matron.
n.,
f.,' light.
matrimonium, -i, Matrona, -ae,

(marn).
marriage.
the
m.,
Marne
M
magis, comp. adv. (sup. maxime),
more, rather.
maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, hasten. maturus, -a, -um, ripe, early. maxime, sup. adv. [magnus], most,
magister,
teacher.
magistri,
m.,
master,
maximus,
medius,
of.
very greatly, especially. see magnus.

-a,
magistrates, -us, m., magistracy,

magistrate.
-um, middle,
-i, n.,
the
middle
magnificus, -a, -um, magnificent,

splendid.
membrum,
memoria,
ory.
limb.
-ae, f., recollection,
mem-
magnitudo,
-inis,
f.
[magnus],
espe-
greatness, size.
mensa,
greatly,
-ae,
f., table.
magnopere,
cially.
adv.,
mensis,
-is, m.,
month.
mercator,-6ris, m., trader, merchant.
magnus, -a, -um (comp. maior, sup. maximus), great, large.

maiestas, -tatis,
f. [maior], great-
Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury. mereor, -eri, -itus sum, dep., deserve, merit.
ness, dignity, majesty.
meridies,
maiores, -um,
m. [maior], ancestors.
midday, noon. Messala, -ae, m., Messala (me-ei, u.,
male, adv., badly.

maledico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum,
speak
ill of,
sa 'la), a family
name.
dep.,
abuse.
mischief, harm.
metior, metiri, measure.
mensus sum,
maleficium,
maleficus,
-i, n.,
meus,
-a,
-um, my.
to
-i,
m., evil-doer.
malus,
-a,
-um,
bad.
miles, militis, m., soldier. militaris, -e [miles], pertaining
mando,
-are, -avi, -atum, intrust, order; w. se fugae, take to flight.
soldier, military. mille, adj., a thousand ; pi. as noun,
maneo, manere, mansi, mansum,

remain.
milia, -ium, n.; milia

miles.
passuum,
VOCABULARY
minime,
means.
adv.,
least,
3*7
by
no
N
nam,
conj., for.
tell,
minimus,
-a, -urn (sup. of parvus),
narro, -are, -avi, -atum,

rate.
nar-
least, very little.
minor, minus (comp. of parvus),

smaller, less.
natio, -onis,
f.,
nation, tribe.
natura, -ae,
f.,
nature, character.
minus, adv. [minor], less. -erum, -wretched, -era, miser,

poor.
nauta, -ae,
m., sailor.
sail.
navigo, -are, -avi, -atum,

navis, navis,
f.,
mirus, -a, -urn, wonderful, surprising, strange.
ne, conj., that
ship.
not, lest.
-ne, enclitic interrog. particle; w.

misi,
mittere, mitto, send.
missum,
direct questions, not to be transw. indirect questions, lated;
modo,
adv., only.
-ui,
whether.
molo, -ere,
-itum, grind.
-itum,
advise,
nee, see neque.
moneo,
warn.
-ere,
-ui,
necesse, indecl. adj., necessary.
nemo,
-i, n.,
dat. nemini, ace.
neminem,
not;
mons, montis, m., mountain.
M., no one, nobody.
monstrum,
mora, -ae,
die.
monster.
neque
f.,
delay.
(nee), neque, neither

conj.,
and
neque
nor.
morior, mori, mortuus sum, dep.,
neuter, -tra, -trum, neither.
nex, necis,
-ari,
f.,
death.
moror,
-atus sum, dep., delay,
tarry.
niger, nigra, nigrum, black. nihil, indecl. noun, n., nothing.

nisi, conj., if not, unless.
mors, mortis, f. [morior], death. mos, moris, m., manner, custom;

pi., customs, character.
nobilis,-e, famous, high-born, noble. nobilitas, -tatis, f. [nobilis], nobility, nobles.
moveo,
move.
movere,
movi,
motum,
noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, harm, insoon, presently.

f.,
mox, adv.,
jure.
mulier, mulieris,
woman.
multitudo, -inis, f. [multus], great number, multitude.
nolo, nolle, nolui, ing, not wish.
be unwill-
nomen, nominis,
non, adv.,
not.
x.,
name.
multus,
-a,
-um,
-ivi,
f.
much;
pi.,
nominatim, adv. [nomen], by name.

nonaginta, indecl. adj., ninety.
many. munio, -ire,

tion.
-itum, fortify.
[munio], fort ifica-
munitio, -onis,
nondum,
adv., not yet.
murus, -I, m., wall. mus, muris, m., mouse. muto, -are, -avi, -atum, change.
nonne, interrog. particle, implying an affirmative answer.

nonnullus,
-a,
-um,
(not
none),
some;
pi.,
as noun, some.
3i8
nonnumquam,
sometimes.
nos,

adv.,
(not
never),
occupo, -are, -avi, -atum,

take possession of, occupy.
seize,
pi. of ego, we. nosco, noscere, novi, notum, know.
occurro, -currere, -curri, -cursum
[ob+curro,
meet.
run],
run
to, meet,
noster, -tra, -trum [nos], our, ours.
novem,
indecl. adj., nine.
Oceanus,
-I,
m., ocean.
novus, -a, -um, new: novae res,
octo, indecl. adj., eight.
new
see
state of
affairs,
revolution;
octoginta, indecl. adj., eighty.
agmen.
f.,
oculus,
night.
-I,
m., eye.
nox, noctis,
odium,
olim,
-I, n.,
hatred.
once,
nudus,
-a,
-um, naked, exposed, un-um,

not
protected.
adv., formerly, upon a time.
once
nullus, -a, none.
any,
no,
omnino, adv. [omnis],

all.
altogether, in
num,
interrog. particle implying a
omnis, -e,
onus,
weight.
all,
every.
n.,
negative answer. numerus, -1, m., number.
oneris,
load,
burden ,
it
numquam,
adv., never.
oportet, -ere, -uit, impers. verb,

is necessary.
nunc, adv., now.

nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, report,
oppidanus,
inhabitant
-i,
m. a
announce.
nuntius, news.
-I,
of
town,
[oppidum], towns-
m.,
messenger; message,
nuper, adv., recently.
man. oppidum, -I, n., town. oppugno, -are, -avi, -arum [ob-f
pugno], fight against, attack. opus, operis, n., work.
oratio, -onis, f. [oro], speech, address, argument.
nympha,
-ae, f.,
nymph.
O
ob, prep. w. ace, on account of; as prefix, towards, against, in front.
orator,
-oris,
m.
[orol,
speaker ,
obaeratus,
debtor.
-1,
m.
[aes,
money]
orator.
orbis, orbis, m., circle, ring.
obicio, -icere, -ieel,

iacio],
-iectum [ob+
set
throw in front,
up; op-
Orgetorix, -igis, m., Orgetorix (orjet'o-riks), a chief of the Helvetii.
pose, expose.
obliviscor, oblivisci, oblltus
sum,
oro, -are, -avi, -atum, speak, plead,

entreat.
dep., forget.
obses, obsidis, m. or
f., hostage.
obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum
mouth, face. ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum

6s, oris, n.,
[ob+teneo], hold, possess, gain. occido, -cidere, -cldl, -cisum [ob-fcaedo,

cut], kill, slay.
[ob+tendo,
out, declare.
stretch],
show, poini
ovum,
-I, n.,
egg.
VOCABULARY
penna, -ae,
p.,
3X9
feather.
pabulum,
-i, n.,
food, fodder.
paco, -are, -avi, subdue.
-atum [pax], pacify,
per, prep. w. ace., through, by, by means of, during; as prefix,
through, thoroughly, very.
paene, adv., almost. paeninsula, -ae, f. [paene+insula],

peninsula.
peragro, -are, -avi, -atum [per-fager], wander through, wander.
perduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum

[per + duco], lead through, extend.
perfacile, adv., very easily.
perfacilis, -e, very easy.
pagus,
-I,
m., canton, district.
par, paris, adj., equal.
paratus, -a, -urn [pard], prepared,

ready.
pareo,-ere, -ui, -itum, obey, submit

to.
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [per-ffero], bear through, endure, suffer.

perficio, -ficere, -feci,
4-facio], do thoroughly,
paries,
parietis,
m.,
wall
(of
-fectum [per accom-
house).
plish, complete, bring about.
paro, -are, -avi, -atum,
prepare,
direction.
provide
pars, partis,
f., part, side,
perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum [per+frango, break], break

through.
partim, adv. [pars], partly.
perfugium,
periculum,
skillful.
-i',
n., shelter, refuge.
parvus, -a, -um
(comp. minor, sup.

little.
-i, n.,
danger, risk, peril.
minimus), small,
peritus,-a,-um, experienced, skilled,
passus, -us, m., step, pace (five Roman feet) mille passus, mile;
;
permitto, -mittere, -misi,
-missum
pi.
milia passuum.
[per+mitto,
let
go through], per-
pastor, -oris, m., shepherd, herds-
mit, grant, allow.
man
pateo, -ere, -ui, stand open, extend.

pater, patris, m., father.
patior, pati,
lie
open,
permoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum [per+moveo], move thoroughly, rouse, influence.
perpauci, -ae, -a, very few.
passus sum, dep., suf-
fer, permit, allow.
perrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptum [per+rumpo, break], break

through.
patria, -ae, f.
(supply terra), fatherland, native land, country.

f.,
persequor, -sequi, -secutus
sum
after,
pauci, -ae, -a, few.
[per+sequor], dep., follow

pursue.
pax, pads,
peace.
f.
pecunia, -ae,
[pecus], money. pedes, peditis, m. [pes], foot soldier.

pello, pellere, pepuli,pulsum, drive,
beat, rout.
persuaded, -suadere, -suasi, -sua-
sum, persuade. perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum [per+

terreo], frighten thoroughly, terrify.
pendeo, pendere, pependi,

hang, be suspended.
pertineo,
-ere,
-ui,
[per+
320
teneo],
pertain.

reach
through,
extend,
possideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, have possession of.
perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum [per+

turbo], disturb, confuse.
possum, posse, potui

sum], be
able, can.
[potis, able-h
pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum
[per+venio], come through, arrive, reach.
post, prep. w. ace, behind, after. postea, adv. [post+ea], afterwards.
posterus, -a, -urn, following.
pes, pedis, m., foot.

peto, -ere, -ivi
(-ii), -itum, attack,
postquam,
conj., after.
postridie, adv., on the
day
after.
aim
pilum,
at, seek, ask.

f.,
postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, ask, de-
phalanx, phalangis,
-i, n.,
phalanx.
mand.
potens, -entis, adj., powerful.
potentia, -ae,
javelin.
Piso, -onis, m., Piso (pi 'so), a
Ro-
f.,
power, ability.
power.
man
placeo,
family name.
-ere,
it
potestas, -tatis,
please;
potior, potiri,
f.,
-ui,
-itum,
impers.,
pleases.
f.,
potitus sum, dep., get control of, obtain possession

of, secure.
plebs, plebis,
plebeians.
common
people,
plenus, -a, -urn, full.
prae, prep. w. abl., before, in front of, in comparison with; as prefix,

before, over, very.
plurimus, -a, -urn, sup. of multus. plus, pluris, comp. of multus.
praecedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum

[prae+cedo], go before, surpass,
precede, excel.
poena, -ae,
alty.
f.,
punishment, pen-
Poeni, -drum, m., the Carthaginians.
praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [prae+capio], (take in advance),

order, direct.
poeta, -ae, m., poet.

polliceor,
-eri,
-itus
sum, dep.,
promise.
Pompeius,
-i,
m.,
Pompey.
camp).
praeda, -ae, f., booty, plunder. praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [prae +fero], bear before, choose, prefer.
pono, ponere, posui, positum, put,

place, pitch (a
praericio,
-ficere,
-feci,
-fectum
pons, pontis, m., bridge. populus,

porto,
-i,
[prae+facio], put before, put over,

place in
m., people, nation.

f., gate.
command.
porta, -ae,
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
carry,
praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum [prae fmitto], send before,
bring.
send in advance.
portus, -us, m., harbor, port.
praemium,
,
-i, n.,
reward.
posco, poscere, poposci,
de-
mand.
possessio,
property.
-onis,
f. 3
praeopto, -are, -avi, -atum [prae + opto, choose], choose rather, prefer.
possession,
praesens, -entis [praesum], adj.,

present.
VOCABULARY
praesidium, -1,
garrison.
n., protection,
321
guard,
progredior, -gredi, -gressus
sum
praesto, -stare,
-stiti,
-stitum [prae
[pro+gradior], dep., go forward, advance.
+sto, stand], stand before, excel.
prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum

vent, hinder.
[pro-f-
praesum, -esse,
-fui [prae + sum],
habed], keep from, prohibit, preproicio, -icere, -ieci,
be before, be over,
command.
praeter, prep. w. ace, except, besides; beyond, by, past; as prefix,
-iectum [pro
+iacio],
throw forth, hurl, cast
by, past.
-ire,
-ii
down.
(IvI),
praetereo,
-itum
prope,
near.
adv.,
and prep. w. ace,
[praeter +eo], go by.
prendo, prendere, prendl, pren-
sum, lay hold

prex, precis,
f.,
of,
grasp.
propello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum [pro+pello], drive before, rout.
prayer, entreaty.
before.
propinquus, -a,
neighboring;
-um
as
[prope], near,
relative,
pridie, adv., on the day
noun,
primo, adv.,
at first.
kinsman.
place, first.
primum, adv., in the first primus, -a, -um, first.

noun,
chief, leader.
propono, -ponere, -posui, -positum

[pro+pono],
set
forth,
declare,
princeps, principis, adj., chief;

principatus,
as
propose.
propter, prep. w. ace, on account

[princeps],
of.
-us,
m.
leadership, chief position.

pristinus, -a,
-um, former,
before.
old.
prius, comp. adv., priusquam, conj.,
propterea [propter+ea], adv., for this reason; propterea quod, for the reason that.
prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, -specturn, look forward, look out for,
before,
sooner
than.
privatus, -a, -um, private, personal. pro, prep. w. abl., before, for, considering, in behalf of, in proportion to; as prefix, before, forth,
out.
provide for.
provincia, -ae,
est, last.
f.,
province.
next, near-
proxime, adv. [prope],
proximus,
test,
-a,
-um, -um,
nearest,
next,
probo, -are, -avi, -atum,

approve.
prove,
last.
publicus,
wealth.
-a,
public;
res
prodo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [pro+ do], transmit, hand down.
publica, state, republic,
common-
proelium,
parture.
-i, n., battle.
puella, -ae, f.,
girl.
profectio, -onis, f., setting out, de-
puer,
-i,
m., boy, child.
proficiscor,
proficisci,
profectus
sum, dep.,
set out, depart.
pugna, -ae, f., fight, battle. pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, fight. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful.
punio, -ire,
-ivi,
profugus, -a, -um, fleeing, fugitive.
-itum, punish.
322

quo, conj.
puto, -are, -avi, -atum, suppose,

reckon, think.
(=ut
eo), in order that.

si,
quod, conj., because; quod

with montes,
if-
but
Pyrenaeus,
-a, -urn;
the Pyrenees.
quondam,
adv., formerly, once

also.
upon
Q
qua, adv., by which way, where.
a time.
quoque, conj.,
quadraginta, indecl. adj., forty. quadringentl, -ae, -a., four hundred.
quot, indecl. adj.,
how many?
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesi-
R
ramus,
-I,
tum,
seek, ask.
m., branch.
qualis, -e, of what sort? what?
rapid, rapere, rapui, raptum, seize.

ratio, -onis, f., reckoning, plan, rea-
quam, adv. and

than;
conj.,
how, as,
as
with
sup.,
as
son, account.
ratis, ratis, f., raft.
possible.
quantus, -a, -um, how great; tantus

as.
quantus,
so (as) great
re- (red-), prefix, back, again.
recens, -entis, fresh, recent, new.

recipio, -cipere, -cepi",
-ceptum
[re
quartus, -a, -um, fourth.

quattuor, indecl. adj., four.
+capio], take back, receive.

recreo, -are, -avi,
-atum [re+creo],
quattuordecim, indecl. adj., fourteen.
make anew,
reded,
back, return.
restore, revive.
-ire, -ii,
-itum [red+eo], go
a going
-que, enclitic conj., and.

qui, quae,
quod,
rel.
pron., who,
in-
reditio, -onis, f. [redeo],
which, that.
back, return.
quldam, quaedam, quoddam,

def. pron., a certain, certain.
reduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum [re + duco], lead back, withdraw.

refero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [re-f
fero], bring back, report.
quindecim, indecl.
a.dj., fifteen.
quingenti, -ae, -a, five
hundred.
fifty.
quinquaginta, indecl. adj.,
regina, -ae,
regius, -a,
f.,
queen.
kingly, royal.
quinque, indecl.
Quintus,
adj., five.
fifth.
-um,
n.,
quintus, -a, -um,

-i,
regno, -are, -avi, -atum, reign.
m., Quintus, a personal
regnum,
power.
-i,
sovereignty,
royal
name.
quis,
quid, interrog. pron., who?
rego, regere, rexi, rectum, rule.

reicio, -icere, -ieci,
which? what? indef. pron., any

one, anything, any.
-iectum
[re
quisquam, quidquam [quicquam], indef. pron., any one, anything. quisque, quaeque, quidque [quodpron., every one, each.
quej,
indef.
iacio], throw back, drive back. relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lictum
[re+linquo], leave behind, aban-
don; pass, be
reliquus, -a,
left,
remain.
the rest of, re-
each
one,
-um,
maining.
VOCABULARY
remaned, -manere, -mansi, -mansum, remain. removed, -movere, -mdvi, -motum [re+moved], move back, remove.
323
-i,
Rhodanus,
rima, -ae,
m., the
Rhone.
f.,
opening, crack.
(of a river),
ripa, -ae, f.,
bank
rogd, -are, -avi, -atum, ask.
renovd,
-are,
-avi,
-atum [re+
Roma, -ae, f., Rome. Rdmanus, -a, -um, Roman;

noun, Rdmani, -drum,
m.,
as
the
novo], renew.
renuntid, -are, -avi, -atum [re + nuntid], bring back word, report.
repelld, repellere, reppuli, repulsum [re+pello], drive back, repulse.
Romans.
Romulus,
rostrum,
ship).
-i, -i,
m.,
n.,
Romulus.
beak (of bird or
repentlnus, -a, -um, sudden.

reperio, reperire, repperi, reper-
ruina, -ae, ruins.
f.,
downfall, ruin;
pi.,
rursus, adv., again, in turn.

rus, ruris, n., the country (opposed to city).
tum
[re+parid, procure], find out,
discover.
repetd, -petere, -petivi, -petitum, seek again, return to.

res, rei, f., thing, affair, fact;
rusticus, -a,
try, rural.
-um
[rus], of the
coun-
see
S
saepe, adv., often.
publica.
rescindd, -scindere, -scidi, -scissum [re+scindd], break down,

destroy.
saevus, -a, -um,

age.
fierce, cruel, sav-
sagitta, -ae, f., arrow.

[re
resistd, -sistere, -stiti,
salus, -utis,
f., safety.
sisto, stand], resist, withstand.
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood.
responded,
-spondere,
-spondi,
-sponsum, answer, reply. respdnsum, -i, n., reply.

restitud,
-stituere, -stitul,
-stitu-
Santones, -um, m., the Santones (san'to-nez), a Gallic tribe,

sapiens,
-entis,
adj.,
wise;
as
noun, wise man.

sarcinae, -arum,
satis, indecl.
f., soldiers''
tum
retined,
tain.
[re
+ statud],
set
up again,
-tentum
packs,
restore.
baggage (carried
-tinere,
-tinui,
by noun and
soldiers),
adj.,
enough;
[re+tened], hold back, detain, rerevertor, revert!,

reverti, reversum
adv., sufficiently.
satisfacid, -facere, -feci,
-factum
[re+vertd], usually dep. in pres. system, turn back, return.
[satis +f acid], do enough, satisfy, make amends.
scelus, sceleris, n., crime.

scid, scire, scivi, scitum,
revocd, -are, -avi, -atum [re + vocd],

call back, recall.
know.
Scipid, -dnis, m., Scipio (sip'i-d).
rex, regis, m., king.
scribd, scribere, scripsi, scriptum,
Rhenus,
22
-i,
m., the
Rhine.
write.
3 24

singuli, -ae, -a, distrib.
sec-
scutum, -I, n., shield. secundus -a, -um, following,

s
num.
adj.,
one at a time, one by one, single.

sinister, -tra, -trum, left
ond, favorable.
(opposed
sed, conj., but.
to dexter).
societas, -tatis, f. [socius], partnership, alliance.
sedecim
[sex], indecl. adj., sixteen.
Segusiavi, -orum,
m., the Segusiavi
(se-gu-shi-a/vi), a Gallic tribe.
socius,
-I.
ally.
sementis,
-is, f.,
sowing, planting.
sol, solis, m., the sun.
semper, adv., always. senatus, -us, m., senate.

senex, senis, adj., old;
old
solum, adv., only. solum, -I, n., soil, ground.

as noun,
solus, -a,
-um,
-i, n.,
alone, only.
man.
soror, -oris,
f., sister.
separatim, adv., separately.
spatium,
spero,
space, period.
Septimus, -a, -um, seventh.

sepultura, -ae, f., burial.
-are,
-avi,
-atum
[spes],
hope, look for, expect.

f., hope. statim, adv. [sto], on the spot, at
Sequana, -ae, f., Sequani, -orum,

lic tribe.
the Seine. m., the
spes, spei,
once.
Sequani
(sek'wa-ni), Sequanians, a Gal-
statuo, -uere, -ui, -utum, set up, es-a,

tablish, determine, decide. sto, stare, steti,
-um, Sequanian. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, dep.,

Sequanus,
follow.
statum, stand.
,
studeo, -ere, -ui,

-tutis, f.
be eager for,
servitus,
[servus], slavery.
desire.
servo, -are, -avi, -atum, save, guard,

preserve.
m., slave.
studium,
-I,
n., eagerness, desire.
sub, prep. w. ace. or abl., under,

beneath,
servus,
-I,
up
to;
as prefix, under.
sex, indecl. adj., six.
sexaginta, indecl. adj., sixty. sexcenti, -ae, -a, six hundred.

sextus, -a, -um, sixth.
si, conj., if.
subduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum [sub + duco], draw up, withdraw. subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [sub+eo], go
under, go near, undergo.
subito, adv., suddenly.
sic,
adv., so, thus.
subsidium,
ment.
-I,
n.,
aid,
reinforce-
signifer, -feri, m., standard bearer.

signified, -are, -avi,
-atum [signum
succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum

[sub + cedo], go under, go near,
+ facio],
signum,
indicate.
signal, standard.
-I, n.,
approach, advance, succeed.

sui, sibi, se [sese], himself, herself,
itself,
silva, -ae, f., forest.
similis, -e, like, similar.
themselves.
simul, adv., at the

sin, conj., but
if.
same
time.
Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla, a tator.
Roman
dic-
sine, prep. w. abl., without.
sum, esse,
fui,
be.
VOCABULARY
summa,
sum,
-ae,
f.,
325
control,
{highest
point),
tempero, -are, -avi, -atum,

refrain.
total.
summus,
-a, -urn [superus], high-
tempestas,
-tatis,
f.,
season,
est, greatest;
the top of.
weather, storm.
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum,

take, claim.
templum,
tempt.
-i, n.,
temple.
try, at-
tempto, -are, -avi, -atum,
sumptus, -us, m., expense. super, prep. w. ace. and abl., above,
over; as prefix, over.
tempus, temporis,
n., time.
teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, hold.

terra, -ae, f., earth, land, country.
supero, -are, -avi, -atum, surpass, conquer, overcome.
terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, frighten.

tertius, -a,
supersum,
[super + sum], be over, survive, remain.

-esse,
-fui
-um,
third.
Tiberis,
-is, m., the
Tiber.
superus, -a,
higher.
-um (comp.
superior,
Tigurinus, -a, -um, of the Tigurini

(tig-u-ri'ni);
sup. supremus,
summus), upper,
n.,
Tigurini,
M., the Tigurini, a

-1,
-orum, canton of the
supplicium,
penalty.
punishment,
Helvetii.
timeo, -ere, -ui,

timidus, -a,
Titus,
-i
fear.
supporto, -are, -avi, -atum [sub-f

porto], bring up, convey, supply.
-um
[timed], timid.
timor, -oris, m., fear.

(abbr. T.), m., Titus
(ti'-
suscipio,
-cipere,
-cepi,
-ceptum
[sub-f capio], undertake, undergo.

suspicio, -6ms,
f., suspicion. sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum [sub+teneo], hold up, hold out,
tus), a personal
name.
-atum, endure,
sublatum,
tolero, -are, -avi,
support, sustain.
tollo,
tollere,
sustuli,
sustain, withstand.
suus, -a, -um, his, her,
its, their.
lift up, take away. tot, indecl. adj., so many.
totus, -a,
-um
(gen. -ius, dat. -i),
the whole of, all, entire.
tabula, -ae,
tacitus, -a,
f.,
board, tablet, record.

silent.
-um,
trado, -dere, -didi, -ditum [trans-f do], give over, hand down, surrender.
talis, -e, such.
tarn, adv., so.
traduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum

[trans +duco], lead across.
tamen, adv., nevertheless, yet. tandem, adv., at length, finally.

tango,
touch.
trans, prep. w. ace, across; as prefix,
tangere,
tetigi,
tactum,
across, through.
-ii (ivi)
transeo, -ire,
so great, so
,-itum [trans
tantus, -a, -um,
much.
eo], go across, cross.
taurus,
-i,
-I,
m., bull.
n.,
transfero,
javelin,
-ferre,
-tuli,
-latum
telum,
spear.
weapon,
[trans +fero], carry over, transfer. trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred.
326
tres, tria, three.

uter, -tra,
three days.
-tram (gen. -ius, dat.
-I),
triduum,
triplex,
triple.
-I, n.,
which
utilis,
(of two),
triginta, indecl. adj., thirty.
-e [utor], useful.
-ids,
adj.,
threefold,
utor, uti,
usus sum, dep.,

f., wife.
use.
uxor, -oris,
cele-
triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum, brate a triumph.

Troia, -ae,
f.,
Troy.
vaco, -are, -avi, -arum, be vacant,

Trojan.
be unoccupied.
-i, N.,ford, shoal. valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, be strong,
Troianus,
tuba, -ae,
Tulingi,
-a, -urn,
tu, pers. pron., thou, you.

f.,
vadum,
trumpet.
u., the
-oram,
a
Tulingi
be well.
(tu-lin'ji),
German
tower.
tribe.
turn, adv., then, at that time.
validus, -a, -um, strong. vallum, -i, n., rampart, barricade.
turns, turris,
f.,
vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, lay waste,

devastate, ravage.
tuus, -a, -urn, thy, your.
U
ubi, adv.
vastus, -a, -um, immense,
vast.
veho, vehere, vexi, vectum, carry.
and
conj.,
when, where.
-i),
vel, or; vel
vel, either
or.
ullus, -a, -urn (gen. -ius, dat.
velox, -ocis, swift.
any.
ulterior, -ius,
comp.
adj.
[ultra],
venio, venire, veni, ventum, come. ventus, -i, m., wind.
farther.
ultra, adv.
verbum, and prep. w.

ace., be-
-i, n.,
word.
yond.
vereor, -eri, -itus sum, dep., fear, dread.

Vergilius,
-i,
umbra, -ae, f., shade. umerus, -i, m., shoulder.

una,
adv., with.
together,
m., Vergil (ver'jil),

B.C.).
great Latin poet (70-19
in
company
place,
verus, -a, -um, true.
vesper, -eri, m., evening.
unde,
adv., whence.
from
which
vester, -tra, -tram, your, yours.
veteranus, -a,
-um
[vetus],
old,
undique [unde], adv., from all parts,

on
all sides.
-i),
veteran; as noun, veteran soldier, veteran.
unus, -a, -urn (gen. -ius, dat.

one.
vetus, veteris, adj., old, former. via, -ae, f., way, road.
victor, -oris, m. [vinco], victor, con-
urbanus,
city,
-a,
-um, belonging
f., city.
to
of a
city.
queror.
victoria, -ae, f., victory.
urbs, urbis,
usus, -us, m., use, advantage. ut [uti], conj. w. subj., that,

order that; w. ind., as, when.
vicinus, -a,
-um
[vicus], neighbor-
in
ing, near.
vicus,
-i,
m.
village.
VOCABULARY
video,
327
videre,
vidi,
visum,
see;
vita, -ae, f., life.
pass., be seen, seem.

vigilia, -ae, f.,
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum,

vix, adv., hardly, scarcely.
live.
watch of the night,
watch.
viginti, indecl. adj., twenty.
voco, -are, -avi, -atum,
call,
sum-
mon.
i.
vinco, vincere, vici, victum, conquer.
volo, -are, -avi, -atum, fly.

volo, velle, volui,
willing.
,
2.
-i, n.,
wish, be
vinculum,
bond.
vinum,
-i, n.,
wine.
voluntas,
-tatis,
f.,
willingness,
violentia, -ae, f., violence.

vir, -i, m.,
wish, consent, good-will.
man.
{manliness),
vos,
pi. of tu. f., voice,
virtus, -tutis, f. [vir],

virtue, valor.
vox, vocis,
word.
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum [vulnus],
vis, vis, f., force, violence; pi. vires,
wound.
vulnus, -eris,
n., woutid.
strength.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
arrive,
pervenio,
-venire,
-veni,
-ventum.
able:
be able,
about,
possum, posse, potui. circum, w. ace; de (conw. numerals,
arrow, sagitta, -ae, r. as as possible, quam w. super-
cerning), w. abl.; ad.
lative.
ascent, ascensus, -us, m.
about
to,
expressed by fut. act. part.

be absent,
ask, rogo, -are, -avi,
-atum.
absent:
afui.
absum, abesse,
of,
assemble, convenio, -venire, -veni,
-ventum.
ob, propter,
at,
account: on account
ad, w. ace.
w. ace.
accuse, accuso, -are, -avi, -atum. across, trans, w. ace.
advise,
attack,
(noun) impetus,
-us,
M.;
-avi,
(verb)
oppugno,
-are,
moneo,
-ere, -ui, -itum.
after, (prep.) post,
w. ace; (conj.)
-atum; adgredior, -gredi, -gressus sum. attempt, conor, -ari, -atus sum.
authority, auctoritas, -tatis, p.
postquam.
aid, (noun) auxilium, subsidium,
-l,
away: be away,
afui.
absum, abesse,
n.; (verb)
iuvo, iuvare, iuvi,
iutum.
all,
away from, a
totus, -a, -um. pati, passus sum.
;
(ab).
omnis, -e
allow, patior,
B
bad, malus, -a,
almost, fere, paene.
-um.
always, semper.
badge, insigne, -is, n.

-I,
ambassador, legatus,
and,
m.
baggage, impedimenta, -orum, n.
among, inter, apud, w. ace.

et,
-que, ac, atque.
band, manus, -us, f. bank (of a river), ripa, -ae,

battle,
f.
animal, animal, -alis, n.
proelium,
-i,
n.
announce, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum.

another, alius, -a, -ud.
be,
be
sum, esse, fui. away, absum, abesse,
afui.
any
one, quis,
quisquam.
bear, fero, ferre, tali, latum.
April, Aprilis, -e. are, see be.
beast of burden,
iumentum,
-i,
N.
beautiful, pulcher, -chra,
-chrum.
arms, anna, -orum, n.
because, quod.
-inis,
army, acies,
-ei, f.;
agmen,
n.; exercitus, -us, m. arrival, adventus, -us, m.
propter, w. ace. before, (prep.) ante, w. ace; pro, w. abl.; (conj.) priusquam.
because
of,
328
VOCABULARY
began, coepi, -isse. in behalf behalf:
abl.
329
of,
pro,
w.
-atum; (summon), voco, -are, -avi, -atum.

call back,
revoco.
behind, post, w. ace.
call together,
convoco.
Belgians, Belgae, -arum, m. credo, credere, credidi, believe, creditum.

(adv.) melius. better, melior; w. ace. between, inter,
boldly, audacter.
camp, castra, -orum, n. can, possum, posse, potui.

capital, caput, capitis, x.
captive, captivus,
-i,
m.
capture, capio, capere, cepi, cap-
turn;
boldness, audacia, -ae, f. book, liber, libri, m.

booty, praeda, -ae, f.
town), (jugno, -are, -avi, -atunx

capture
(a
ex-
care, cura, -ae, f.
both
and,
et
carry, porto, -are, -avi, -atum.
et.
carry on (war), gero, gerere, gessi,
boy, puer, pueri, m.

brave, fortis, -e.
gestum.
cart, carrus, -i,
m.
;
bravely, fortiter.
cavalry, equites
tUS, -US, M.
Celts. Celtae,
-urn, m.;
equita-
bravery, fortitudo, -inis, f.; virtus,

-tutis, f.
-arum, m.
certus,
-a,
breadth, latitudo, -inis, f.

bridge, pons, pontis, m.
centurion, centurio, -onis, m.

certain,
(adj.)
-urn;
bring,
fero,
ferre,
tuli,
latum;
(pron.)
quidam.
-orum, m.;
liberi,
porto, -are, -avi, -atum.
chief, princeps, -cipis, m.
bring in, importo. bring together, conduco, -dticere, -duxi, -ductum; confero. bring upon, infero.
broad, latus, -a, -urn.
brother, frater, fratris, m. Brutus, Brutus, -1, M.
children, pueri,
-orum, m.
choose, deligo, -ligere, -legi, -lec-
tum.
citizen, civis, -is, m. or f.
city,
urbs, urbis,
f.
climb,
ascendo,
ascendere,
as-
building, aedificium,
-i,
n.
cendi, ascensum.
cohort, cohors, cohortis, f.
bum, incendo, -cendere, -eendi,

but, sed,
-censum. autem.
come, venio, venire, veni, ventum. come together, convenio.
buy,
emo, emere, emi, emptum.

a (ab) w. &bl
command,
-atum;
impero,
be in
-are,
-avi,
buy up, coemo.

by, sign of abl.;
command, praesum
put
in
-esse, -fui;
co-mmand,
-oris, m.
praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum.
commander, imperator,
Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris, m.
tall
compel, cogo, cogere, coegi, coac-
(by name), appello, -are, -avi,
tum.
33
complete,
perficio,

-ficere,
-feci,
deserve,
desire,
-fectum.
concerning, de, w. abl.
mereor, -eri, -itus sum. (noun) cupiditas, -tatis, f.;

cupio,
(verb)
cupere,
cupivi,
conquer, vinco, vincere, vici, vic-
cupitum.
desirous, cupidus, -a,
tum; supero, -are, -avi, -atum. conspiracy, coniuratio, -onis, f. construct, facio, facere, feci, factum.
consul, consul, -is, m.
-um.
determine, constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutum.

devastate, vasto, -are, -avi,
difficult, difficilis, -e.
-atum.
contend, contendo, -tendere, -tendi,
diligence, diligentia, -ae, f.

direction, pars, partis, f.
-tentum.
Corinth, Corinthus,
-1, f.
discover, reperio, reperire, repperi,
Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae, f. Cornelius, Cornelius, -I, m.

could, see can.
council, concilium,
-I,
repertum.
distant: be distant,
afui.
absum, abesse,
m.
n.
district,
pagus,
-i,
country, terra, -ae, fines, -ium, m.; native country, patria, -ae,
;
f.
Divico, Divico, -onis, m.

divide, divido, -videre, -visi, -vi-
f.;
country
(as
distinguished
sum.
do, ago, agere, egi,
from
city), rus, ruris, n.
actum;
facio,
course, iter, itineris, n.

cross, transed, -ire, -ii (ivi), -itum.
facere, feci, factum. down from, de, w. abl.
custom, mos, moris, m.
D
danger, periculum,
daring, audax,
-i,
each, quisque,
n.
quaeque, quidque.
eager, cupidus, -a,

for, studeo,
-um;
be eager
-acis.
-ere, -ui.
-tatis,
f.;
-ae, f. day, dies, -ei, m.
daughter,
filia,
eagerness,
cupiditas,
-i,
studium,
statui,
n.
death, mors, mortis, f.

decide,
easily, facile.
statuo, statuere, statutum; constituo.
easy, facilis, -e.

eight, octo.
deep, altus, -a,
-um.
-atum.
eighth, octavus. eighty, octoginta.

cither
t,
defeat, supero, -are, -avi,
defend, defendo, -fendere, -fendi,
or,
aut
aut;
vel
vel.
-fensum.
creo, creare, creavi, creatum.

f.
mora, -ae, f. dense, densus, -a, -um.

delay,
embassy, legatid, -onis,
depart,
discedo,
-cedere,
-cessi,
encourage, hortor, -ari, -atus cohortor.
sum;
-cessum.
depth, altitudo, -inis, f.
enemy, hostis, hostis, m.

enough, satis.
VOCABULARY
enroll, conscribo, -scribere, -scripsi,
33 1
out,
find
cognosco,
-gnoscere,
-scriptum.
-l,
envoy, legatus,
m.
-gnovi, -gnitum. fire, ignis, ignis, M.

first,
equal, par, paris.

establish,
confirmo,
-are,
-avi,
fit,
primus, -a, -um. idoneus, -a, -um.

quinque.
-atum.
evening, vesper, vesperi, m.
every,
five,
flee, fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum.
omnis, -e; thing, omnia.
quisque;
every-
fleet, classis, classis, f.
flight,
fuga, -ae,
f.
excel,
supero, -are, -avi, -atum; praecedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
flow, fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum. food, cibus, -i, m.

foot, pes, pedis, m.;
at the foot of,
sum.
except, praeter, w. ace. expect, exspecto, -are, -avi,
sub, w. abl.
-atum.
-avi,
for, sign of dat. case; pro, w. abl.
explain,
demonstro,
-are,
forage, frumentor, -ari, -atus

force, vis, vis, f.
forces, copiae,
f.
sum.
-atum.
extend, pateo, -ere, -ui; pertineo,
-ere, -ui.
-arum,
n.
-i,
ford,
vadum,
-i,
F
fact, res, rei, f.
fort,
castellum,
n.
fortification,
faithfully, diligenter.
munitio, -onis, F. fortify, munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum.

-i,
famous, clarus,
-a,
-um.
forum, forum,
four, quattuor.
n.
far, (adv.) longe.
farmer, agricola, -ae, M.

farther, (adj.) ulterior, -ius.
farthest,
fourth, quartus, -a,

free,
ulti-
-um.
-era,
(adj.)
liber,
-erum;
extremus,
-a,
-a,
-um;
mus,
-um.
-dulgere, -dulsi,
(verb) libero, -are, -avi, -atum. friend, amicus, -i, m.

friendly, amicus, -a,
father, pater, patris, m.
-um.
f.
favor, indulged,
friendship, amicitia, -ae,
-dultum.
fear,
(noun)
timor,
-oris,
m.;
frighten, terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. from, sign of abl.; ab, de, ex, w.
abl.
(verb) timed, -ere, -ui; vereor,

-eri, -itus
fertile,
sum.
very few, per-
ferax, -acis.
few, pauci, -ae, -a;

pauci.
field,
Galba, Galba, -ae,

gate, porta, -ae, f.
if.
Gallic, Gallicus, -a,
-um.
P.;
ager, agri, m.
fiercely, acriter.
fight,
Gaul, Gallia, -ae,
the Gauls.
pugno, -are, -avi, contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten-
-atum;
Galli,
-drum, m.
turn.
general, imperator, -oris, m. Geneva. Genava, -ae, f.
33 2

higher, altior;
German, Germanus, -a, -um; the Germans, German!, -orum, m. Germany, Germania, -ae, f.
get possession of, potior, -In, -Itus
(upper) superior.
m.
hill, collis, collis,
himself, ipse, sui. his, eius.

his own, suus, -a,
sum.
girl,
-um.
tentum.
at
f.;
puella, -ae,
f.
hold, teneo, -ere, -ui,
dare, dedi, datum. ii (Ivi), itum. Ire, go, eo, transeo. go across,
give, do,
home, domus, -us, doml.
home,
hope, (noun) spes, spei, f.; (verb)
go out, exeo.
god, deus,
-I,
spero, -are, -avi, -atum.

m.
horn, cornu, -us, n.
good, bonus, -a,

grain,
-um.
so great,
frumentum, -I, n. great, magnus, -a, -um; tantus, -a, -um.

guard, praesidium,
-I,
horse, equus, equl, m. horseman, eques, equitis, m.
hostage, obses, obsidis, m. or f.
hour, hora, -ae,

house,
f.
n.
domus,
being,
-us, f.
guide, dux, ducis, m.
human
or
f.
homo, hominis, m.
H
Haeduan, Haeduus, -a, -um; Haedui, Haedui, -orum, m. hand, manus, -us, f.
happen:
est.
it
hundred, centum.
the
hurl, iacio, iacere, ieel, iactum.
happens, accidit, accifit,
/,
ending of verb; or pron. ego.
dere, accidit;
fieri,
factum
if, si.
harbor, portus, -us, m.

hasten,
import, importo, -are, -avi, -atum. in, sign of abl.; in w. abl.

induce,
maturo, -are, -avi, -atum; contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tenhabeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. ending of verb; or pron. is.
induco,
-ducere,
-duxl,
-ta-
-ductum.
influence, (noun)
tis, f.;
turn.
auctoritas,
have,
he,
(verb) adduco, -ducere,
-duxl, -ductum.
hear, audio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum.
inform,
certidrem facio;
be
in-
heavy, gravis, -e.

height, altitudo, -mis, f.
formed, certior flo.

inhabit, incolo, -colere, -colui.
Helvetia, Helvetia,
-ae, f.
Helvetian, Helvetius, -a,

Helvetii, Helvetii,
her, eius.
-um;
the
inhabitant, incola, -ae, m. or F. intend, in animo habeo.

into, in w. ace.
is,
-orum, m.
see be.
her own, suus, -a,

herself, ipsa, sul.
-um.
it,
ending of verb; or ipsum,

sui.
id,
hoc.
Italy, Italia, -ae, f.

itself,
high, altus, -a,
-um.
VOCABULARY
love,
333
javelin, pflum,
-i,
N.
-are, -avi, -atum. Lucius, Lucius, -i, m.
amo,
journey,
iter, itineris, N.
Julia, Iulia, -ae, f.
M
magistrate, magistratus, -us,
it.
make, facio, facere,

keep away, keep -ul, -itum.
kill,
ojf,
prohibed, -ere,
be
made,
fio, fieri,
factum; factus sum.

feci,
make upon,
-latum.
infero,
-ferre,
-tuli,
occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum;
interficio, -ficere, -feci,
-fectum.
king, rex, regis, m.
man, vir, viri, m.; homo, many, multi, -ae, -a.

march,
-inis, m.
know,
scio, scire, scivi, scitum.
(noun)
iter,
itineris,
N.;
(verb) iter facio.
Labienus, Labienus,
lack, inopia, -ae, f. lake, lacus, -us, m.
-i,
m.
Marcus, Marcus, -i, m. master, dominus, -i, m. memory, memoria, -ae,

message, nuntius,
-i,
f.
merchant, mercator, -oris, m.

native land,
land, terra, -ae, f.;

patria, -ae, f.
m.
language, lingua, -ae, f

large,
magnus,
-a, -urn.
messenger, nuntius, -i, m. mile, mille passus. mind, animus, -i, m.
law, lex, legis, f.

lead,
duco, ducere, duxi, ductum.
lead across, traduco. lead out, educo.

leader,
money, pecunia, -ae, f. month, mensis, mensis, m. moon, luna, -ae, f.

more, comp. ending; plus, magis.
most, sup. ending;
dux, ducis, m.
cog-
plurimus, -a,
learn, disco, discere, didici;
nosce, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gni-
tum.
legion, legio, -onis, f.
-um; maxime. mountain, mons, montis, m. move, moveo, movere, movi, motum.
-a, -um; (adv.) multum, by much, multo. my, meus, -a, -um.
length, longitude,
less,
-inis, f.
much, multus,
minus.
epistula, -ae, f.
letter,
liberty, libertas, -tatis, f.
lieutenant, legatus,
like, similis, -e.
little,
-I,
M.
N
name, (noun)
(verb)
nomen,
-inis,
x.;
parvus, -a, -um.

habito,
-are,
-avi,
appello,
-are,
-avi,
live,
-atum;
(adv.)
-atum.
narrow, angustus, -a, -um. narrowness: narrow pass, angustiae,
incolo, -ere, -ui.

long,
longus, -a,
-um;
long time, diu.
-arum,
f.
334

populus,
our, noster, -tra, -trum. out of, ex (e), w. abl.
over, trans,
nation, natio, -onis, f.; -1, M.
nature, natura, -ae, f.

near, ad, w. ace;
nearest,
w. ace.
(adv.) prope.
-a,
-um. neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um. neighbors, flnitimi, -orum, m.

proximus,
neither,
overcome, supero, -are, -avi, -atum. owe, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum.
(pron.)
(conj.)
neuter,
-tra,
pace, passus, -us, m.
-trum;
next,
neque.
-a,
pack animal, iumentum,
-i,
N.
proximus,
-um;
on the
next day, postero die.
part, pars, peace, pax, pacis, f.
partis, f.
new, novus, -a, -um,

night, nox, noctis, f.
people, populus,
peril,
-i,
-i,
m.
n.
periculum,
no, none, nullus, -a,
-um.
m.
persuade,
-suasi,
pitch (a
sui,
persuadeo,
-suadere,
no one, nemo, dat., nemini.

noon, meridies,
nor,
not,
-ei,
-suasum.
camp), pono, ponere, po-I,
neque
non.
(nee).
positum.
m.; pi., loca,
place, locus,
-orum,
nothing, nihil.
N.
now, nunc.
pleasing, gratus, -a,

-I,
-um.
n.
f.
of,
number, numerus,
m.
plan, consilium,
-i,
O
obey, pareo, -ere, -ui.
of,
plunder, praeda, -ae,

possession:
get
tior, -iri, -itus
possession
po-
sign of gen. case;

abl.
de, ex, w.
possible:
as
as
sum.
possible,
quam
w. a superlative.
often,
saepe.
powerful, potens, potentis.

praise, laudd, -are, -avi,
on, in, w. abl.;
on account of, ob, propter, w. ace; on all sides, undique. one, unus, -a, -um.
opportunity, facultas, -tatis, f.
or, aut.
-atum.
prepare, paro, -are, -avi, -atum;
comparo.
present: be present,
adsum, adesse,
adfui.
promise, polliceor, -eri, -itus sum.

'
orator, orator, -oris, M.
property:
your
property,
vestra,
order, iubeo, iubere, iussi,
iussum.
quo;
in
order:
in
order
that,
ut,
order not. ne.

other (of
more than two),

the
alius, -a,
-orum, x.; -orum, n. protect, defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensum.

province, provincia, -ae,
I
their property, sua,
-ud;
other
(of
two), alter,
-era, -erum.
ought, debeo, -ere,
-ui, -itum.
punishment, poena, -ae,
F.
purpose: for the purpose, causa.
VOCABULARY
sailor,
f. queen, regina, -ae,
335
nauta, -ae, m. sake: for the sake, causa.
quickly, celeriter.
Quintus, Quintus,
-I,
m.
same, idem, eadem, idem. dico, dicere, dixi, dictum.

say,
f. scarcity, inopia, -ae,
R
f. raft, ratis, ratis,
u, scout, explorator, -oris, n. sea, mare, maris,
reach (arrive at) pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, w. ad.

,
second, secundus, -a, -urn. visum. see, video, videre. vidi,

seek,
lectum. read, lego, legere, legi, -urn. -a, ready, paratus,

receive, recipio, -cipere, -cepi,
peto, petere,
petivi
(petii),
petitum.
Seine, Sequana, -ae, f.
select,
-cep-
tum.
recent, recens, recentis.
-lecdeligo, -ligere, -legi,
tum.
m. senate, senatus, -us,
recently,
nuper.
remain, maneo, manere, mansi,
send, mitto, mittere, misi,
missum.
-visi,
mansum.
remember, memoria teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum.
report,
-stiti. resist, resisto, -sistere,
send ahead, praemitto.

separate,
divido,
-videre,
-visum.
servant, servus,
-i,
m.
set free, libero, -are, -avi, set out, proficiscor, -ficisci,
-atum.
-fectus
rest:
the rest of, reliquus, -a, -urn.
retreat, se recipio, -cipere, -cepi,
sum.
severely, graviter.
-ceptum.
return,
revertor, reverti, reverti,

N.
she, ea, ilia;
sui.
-i,
reversum.
reward, praemium,
-i,
shield,
scutum,
N.
f. ship, navis, navis,
Rhine, Rhenus, -i, m. Rhone, Rhodanus, -i, m.

right,
short, brevis, -e.
(noun)
ius, iuris, n.;
(adj.)
-atum. show, demonstro, -are, -avi, this side of, on f. side, pars, partis,
;
dexter, -tra, -trum.

river,
citra,
w. ace.
fiumen,
-inis, N.
iter, itineris, n.
sides:
sight,
road, via, -ae, f.;
from all sides, undique. conspectus, -us, m.

signum, -i, n. (conj.) cum.
-inis, f.
Roman, Romanus, -a, -urn; Romans, Romani, -orum, m.

Rome, Roma, -ae, f. royal power, regnum,
-i,
the
signal,
since,
f. sister, soror, -oris,
N.
size,
magnitudo,
servus,
-i,
rule, rego, regere, rexi,
rectum.
-a. -urn. skillful, peritus.

slave,
S
f. safety, salus, -utis,
mJ.
sail,
navigo, -are, -avi, -atum.
slavery, servitus, -tutis, small, parvus, -a, -urn.
336
so, ita, sic, tarn;

so great, tantus,
territory, fines,
-ium, m.
ea, id;
-a, -urn;
so that, ut.
than,
quam.
(pron.)
is,
ille, ilia,
soldier, miles, militis, m.
some, aliquis, -qua, -quid; some

others, alii
that,
illud;
their,
(conj.) ut.
their
alii.
son, filius,
-i,
m.
eorum, earum; suus, -a, -um.
own,
speak, loquor, loqui, locutus sum.

spear, pilum,
-i,
them, eos, eas, ea.

themselves, ipsi, -ae, -a;
sui.
N.
-i,
standard, signum,
n.
-feri, m.
there, (in
standard bearer, signifer,

state, civitas, -tatis, f.
that place), ibi; tive) not expressed.
(exple-
these, see this,
stone, lapis, lapidis, m.

street, via,
they,
ending of verb;
illi,
or
ei,
eae,
-ae,
f.
ea;
think,
-ae, -a.
strong, fortis, -e.
thing, res, rei, f.
subdue, paco, -are, -avi, -atum. such: in such a manner, sic.

sufficiently, satis.
puto,
-are,
-avi,
-atum;
exis-
arbitror, -ari, -atus
sum;
timo, -are, -avi, -atum.

third, tertius, -a,
this, hie,
suitable,
idoneus, -a, -um.

-tatis, f.
-um.
is,
summer, aestas,
haec, hoc;
ea, id.
sun, sol, solis, m.
those, see that,

f.
supply, copia, -ae,
thousand, mille.
three, tres, tria.
surpass, praecedo, -cedere, -cessi,
-cessum;
-atum.
supero,
-are,
-avi,
through, per, w. ace.
throw, iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum.

time,
to,
surrender, trado, tradere, tradidi,
tempus, temporis, n.
traditum.
swift, celer, celeris, celere;
velox,
-oris.
sign of inf.; ad, w. ace; ut, w. subj. today, hodie.

together,
sign of dat. case;
sword, gladius,
-i,
m.
con- (prefix); una (adv.).
tomorrow, eras.
too,
express
by ending
-i,
of
comp.
take, capio, capere, cepi,
captum;
tower, turris, turris, f.
(a town), expugno, -are, -avi, -atum.

teach, doceo, -ere, -ui,
town, oppidum,
trader,
N.
mercator, -oris, m.
transporto,
f.
doctum.
if.
transport,
-are,
-avi,
teacher, magister, -tri,

tell,
-atum.
dico,
dicere,
dixi,
dictum;
tree,
arbor, -oris,
civitas,
f.
narro, -are, -avi, -atum.

ten, decern.
tribe,
-tatis,
f.;
gens,
gentis,
-a,
tenth,
decimus,
-um.
troops, copiae,
-arum,
f.
f.
terrify, terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum.
trumpet, tuba, -ae,
VOCABULARY
try,
337
conor, -ari, -atus sum.
were, see be.
twenty, viginti.
two, duo, duae, duo.
what,
quis
(qui),
quae,
quid
(quod).
two hundred, ducentl, -ae, -a.
when, ubi, cum.

where, ubi. whether, -ne.
;
U
under, sub, w. ace. (of motion)
abl. (of rest).
w.
which, qui, quae, quod; (interrog.)
quis (qui), quae, quid (quod);

-legere,
(of
understand, intellego, -lectum. -lexi,
two) uter, utra, utrum.
while,
dum.
(interrog.) quis.
unfortunate, miser, -era, -erum. unfriendly, inimicus, -a, -um.

unlike, dissimilis, -e.
until,
who, qui, quae;

whole, totus, -a, whose, cuius.
-um.
dum. -um;
be
why, cur. unwide, latus, -a, -um.

widely, late.
unwilling, invitus, -a,
willing, nolo, nolle, nolui.
urge, hortor, -ari, -atus

us, see we.
sum.
width, latitude, -mis, f.

willing:
be willing,
volo,
velle,
use, utor, uti,
usus sum.
volui.
winter, hiems, hiemis, f.;

winter,
valor, virtus, -tutis, f.
pass the
hiemo, -are,
-avi,
-atum.
winter quarters, hiberna, -orum, x.

(intensive)
very,
ending of sup.; ipse, -a, -um.
wish, volo, velle, volui.

with, sign of abl.;
cum, w.
abl.
very few, perpauci, -ae, -a.

victory, victoria, -ae, r.
village, vicus, -i,
within, sign of abl. (time). without, sine, w. abl.
m.
W
wage, gero, gerere, gessi, gestum. wagon, carrus, -i, m.
wait, exspecto, -are, -avi,
wall,
woman, mulier, -eris, word, verbum, -i, n.

work, opus, operis, n.
f.
wound, (noun) vulnus, vulneris,

n.;
(verb) vulnero, -are, -avi,
-atum.
-atum.
murus,
-i,
m.
n.
Y
year, annus,
yet,
-i,
war, bellum, was, see

be.
-i,
m.
warn, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum.

watch, vigilia, -ae, f.
water, aqua, -ae, f.
iter, itineris, n.
tamen.
yoke,
iugum,
-i,
n.
you, ending of verb;

your, tuus, -a,
or tu.
-um;
vester, -tra,
way, via, -ae,

we,
f.;
-trum.
yourself, tu;
endmg
of verb;
or nos.
ipse, -a,
-um.
VOCABULARY FOR THE FIRST YEAR

As
specified
by the New York State Syllabus Adopted 191 7
The
250
for
following
lists,
each half of the
which are to be memorized, include 500 words, In each division the words are in first year.
alphabetic order, except that compounds of verbs are grouped together. The principal parts, the genitive case, and the gender are indicated for a few words that are not found in the general vocabulary of this book.
FIRST HALF YEAR
VERBS
ago, drive, do. cogo, drive together,
pel.
dico, say.
collect,
com-
do, give.
duco, lead.
redigo (-ere, redegi, redactum),

drive back, reduce, render.
amo,
love.
call.
abduco, lead away. adduco, lead to, influence. educo, lead out.
indued, lead in. induce. perduco, lead through, extend. produco, lead forward. reduco, lead back. existimo, think, consider. exspecto, expect, wait, await. gero, carry, accomplish.
appello, name,
audeo
(-ere, ture.
ausus),
dare,
ven-
capio, take. accipio, accept, receive. incipio, begin, undertake. intercipio, intercept, cut of. suscipio, undertake. (cedo, go, yield.) discedo, go away, depart. excedo, go out. procedo, go forward, advance. cognosco, learn, ascertain.
habeo, have, hold. adhibeo, apply, employ.

prohibeo, prohibit, prevent. iubeo, order. laboro (-are, -avi, -atum) labor,
suffer.
confirmo,
strengthen,
encourage,
consulo
affirm. (-ere,
consului, consul-
libero, set free. loco, place, put, mitto, send.
set.
turn), consult. debeo, owe, ought.
amittd, send away,
lose.
committo, commit, intrust;

proelium, begin.
128
w.
defendo, defend.

dimitt'',
339
send away.
intermitto, interrupt, discontinue. permitto, permit, grant, intrust. praemitto, send ahead. remitto, send back.
putd, think. relinqud, leave behind, abandon. responded, answer.

scribd, write.
moneo, advise, warn. admoneo, remind. moved, move. commoved, alarm, excite. permoved, arouse, disturb.
removed, move back, remove.
navigd, sail. nuntid, announce, declare. occupd, seize, occupy.
oportet, it is necessary. pacd, pacify. pard, get ready, prepare for. compard, get together, provide. petd, seek. portd, carry, take. properd (-are, -avi, -atum), hurry.
cdnscribd, enroll. servo, save, protect. cdnservd, save fully, preserve.
sum, be. absum, be away. adsum, be near, be possum, be able.
present.
tened, hold, keep. contined, hold together, contain,

confine.
obtined, obtain, get. pertineo, reach, extend, pertain. retineo, hold back, retain. sustineo, hold up, sustain.
pugnd, fight. expugnd, capture by assault. oppugnd, attack.
timeo, fear. video, see. provided, foresee. voco, call. convoco, call together, summon. evoco, call out.
NOUNS
aestas, summer. ager, field. agricola, farmer. amicitia, friendship.
fama, reputation,
filia,
report.
daughter.
fflius, son. flumen, river.
animus, spirit, annus, year. arma, arms.
life,
soul.
fortuna, fortune, wealth.

frater, brother.
frumentum,
fuga, flight.
grain.
auctoritas, influence.
auxilium, aid, help. bellum, war.

caput, head. castra, camp. celeritas, speed, swiftness.
civitas, citizenship, state. consilium, advice, plan.
hiems, winter. homo, man.
impedimentum,
baggage.
iniuria, wrong.
hindrance;
pi.
insula, island.
iudex
(iudicis,
trial,
consul, consul.
iudicium,
lex, law.
M.), judge, juror. judgment.
deus, god.
dignitas, worth, position. dfligentia, painstaking, care.
liber, book.
libertas, freedom.
dux, leader. eques, horseman. equus, horse. exemplum, example, precedent. factum, thing done, act, deed.
23
lingua, tongue, language. locus, place.

lux, light.
mater, mother.
memoria, memory.
340

regnum, kingdom.
rex, king. salus, safety. servitus, slavery.
miles, soldier. natura, nature. negotium, business, trouble.
nomen, name. numerus, number.

officium, duty, service, courtesy.
servus, slave.
slgnum, sign, signal, standard.

silva, forest.
oppidum, town.
pater, father.
pax, peace. pecunia, money.
socius, ally, comrade. soror, sister.
supplicium, punishment.
periculum, trial, danger. poena, penalty. populus, people.

porta, gate.
tempus, time.
terra, land, earth. via, highway, road. victoria, victory. Villa (-ae, F.), farmhouse, tryseat. vir, man, hero.
praemium, reward.
praesidium. garrison, guard.
princeps, leader, chief man.
conn-
proelium,
battle.
virtus, manliness, courage.

vita, life.
puella, girl. puer, boy. regina, queen.
vox, voice, speech, remark.
ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS

a
(ab), away from, by. ac (atque), and also.
longe, far.
ad, to. ante, before (prep.). antea, before (adv.). aut aut, either
. . .
-ne (sign of a question). nee (neque) nee

.
(neque).
neither
.
nor.
or.
non, not. nunc, now.

per, through. post, after, behind. postea, afterwards. pro, in front of, in behalf of. quam, than.
certe, certainly. cum, with.
cur, why. de, down from, concermng. e (ex), out from.
and. etiam, even.

et,
-que, and. sed, but.

trans, across.
turn, then. ubi, where,
hie, here. iam, by this time, already. in, in, on (w. abl.) ; into (w. ace).
when.
PRONOUNS, ADJECTIVES
aequus,
level, even, just, fair. altus, high, deep.
egregius, eminent, unusual. finitimus, neighboring.

hie, this, he. idem, the same.
ille, that, he.
as noun, friend. amicus, friendly amplus, large, distinguished. barbarus, foreign, barbarous. bonus, good.
;
inimicus,
unfriendly,
hostile;
aft
certus, fixed 'certain. creber, frequent, thick.
noun, enemy.
iniquus, uneven, unfavorable, unjust.

integer (-gra, -grum), whole, unimpaired.
ipse, self, the very.
is, this, that, he.
341
.
.
.
primus
decimus, first
belonging
to
tenth.
state,
publicus,
the
liber, free.
longus, long.
public. pulcher, beautiful. quis, who? reliquus, the rest, remaining,

official,
re-
magnus,
large.
of.
medius, middle, middle meus, my, mine.

noster, our. notus, known.
mainder of. sacer (-era, -crum), sacred.

tardus, slow, late. timidus, fearful. tuus, your. unus decern, one verus, true. vester, your.
.
novus, new. parvus, small.

pauci, few.
ten.
SECOND HALF YEAR

VERBS
appropinquo,
proach. audio, hear.
(capio, take.) excipio, take, accept. praecipio, order, instruct,
vise.
draw
near
to,
ap-
dormio
(-ire, -ivi, -itum), sleep. dubito (-are, -avi, -atum), doubt,
hesitate.
ad-
(ducd, lead.) traduco, lead, across. eripio, snatch away.

facio, do,
make.
recipio, take back
w. se, with-
draw. cedo, go, yield. antecedo, go before, precede. succedo, come up, succeed. claudo, close, confine. exchido, shut out. intercludo, shut off, cut off, stop.
coepi, begin.
conficio, finish, exhaust. deficio, fail, revolt, rebel. interficio, kill.

perficio, accomplish. praeficio, put in charge of. reficio, repair. satisfacio, satisfy. iacio, throw, hurl.
concito
(-are,
-avi,
-atum),
trust.
arouse, excite.
adicio, throw to, add. conicio, hurl. deicio, throw down.

eicio,
confido (-ere, confisus),
throw out.
cupio, desire. demonstro, point out, show.

(died, say.)
obicio, throw against, oppose. proicio, throw forward. reicio, throw back.
traicio, throw across, pierce. ignoro (-are, -avi, -atum), ignorant of. impedio, hinder. imperd, command, order. incendo, burn.
praedico,
(do, give.)
foretell.
be
abdo, put away, hide. ad do, add.
circumdo (-dare, -dedi. -datum),

put around, surround. reddo, give back.
trado,
hand
over.
doceo, teach.
lego, pick, gather, read. deligo, select, choose. licet, // is lawful, permitted.
342

servio (-ire,
-ivi,
maneo, remain. permaned, remain, hold out. remaned, stay be/r'rd, remain.
(mitto, send.)
-itum), serve*
(sisto, stand.)
consisto, stand, take one's place. desisto, desist from, cease.

resisto, resist.
submitto, send
yield
to.
to the assistance,
spero, hope.
munio,
fortify.
noceo, injure.
odi (ddisse), hate.
pello, drive, defeat. expello, drive out. impello, drive on, excite. repello, drive back, repulse.
despero, lose hope, despair. (struo, pile up, arrange.) exstruo, pile up, erect. instruo, arrange.
(sum,
be.)
persuaded, persuade. pono, put, place. depono, put down, put aside. expono, set forth, explain. oppono, put against, oppose. prdpono, put before, propose. premo (-ere, press!, pressum),
press, oppress. quaero, seek, inquire. rideo (-ere, risi, rlsum), laugh. (scando, climb.)
desum, be lacking. praesum, be in command sumo, take, assume.
of.
supero, overcome, excel, surpass. tempto, try, test, attempt.

(tendo, stretch.)
contendo, struggle, hasten. ostendo, show.

(terreo, frighten.)
perterreo, alarm. traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, drag. venio, come.
ascendo, climb, ascend. descendo, descend. scio, know. sedeo (-ere, sedi, sessum), sit. obsideo (-ere, obsedi, obsessum), besiege.
sentio (-ire, sensi, sensum), feel,
realize.
circumvenio, come around, surround. convenio, come together. invenio, come upon, find. pervenio, come through, arrive.
(video, see.) invideo, look on, envy. vinco, conquer.
vulnero, wound.
NOUNS
acies. line of battle.
domus, home, house.

(to), arrival.
adventus, a coming
aetas, age. altitudo, height, depth. beneficium, kindness.

civis, citizen. cohors, cohort.
equitatus, cavalry. exercitus, army. exitus (-us, M.), a going forth, outcome, departure.
fides, good faith, protection.
finis,
condicid, condition, terms. consuetudo, custom, habit. copia, supply ; pi., forces. cornu, horn, wing (of army). corpus, body. cupiditas, desire, grt,zd. dies, day.
difficultas, difficulty. dolor (-oris, M.), gruf.
end; pi., boundaries, genus, race, kind.

hostis,
,
territory*
enemy (of the state). imperator, commander general. imperium, command, power.
inopia, need, lack.
iter,
journey.
ius, justice, right. laus, praise.
magnitudo,
size,
importance-

manus, hand, group,
mare,
sea.
force.
343
manner.
potestas, power, authority, chance.

ratio, account, theory,
mens (mentis, F.), mind. modus (-1, M.), manner.

mons, mountain.
mors, death.
multitudo, multitude.
boat.
res, thing.
res frumentaria, supplies. res militaris, military affairs, art of war. res publica, commonwealth, govem-
navigium,
nox, night.
navis, ship.
ratio, speaking, speech. (-dinis, M.), rank, class. pars, part. passus, pace, step. pons, bridge.
senatus, senate. [ment. spatium, space, time, distance. spes, hope. timor, fear.
turris
ordo
tower.
city.
pi., strength.
urbs,
vis, force, violence;
vulnus, wound.
ADVERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS

acriter, keenly, sharply. ample, fully. apud, among, at the house of.
magnopere, greatly. multum, much.
autem
bene,
(postpositive), moreover.
well.
nam, ne
.
for.
. .
celeriter, swiftly, quickly. diligenter, with care.
quidem, not even. ob, on account of. quidem (postpositive),

certainly, at least.
indeed
',
enim
(postpositive), /or.
facile, easily. fortiter, bravely.
quod, because. propter, on account

satis,
serisi, if.
of.
enough, quite.
graviter, heavily, weightily, ously. inter, between, among.
interim, meanwhile.
sine, without. trans, across. vero, in truth, but.
PRONOUNS, ADJECTIVES
acer, sharp, keen. celer, swift.
idoneus, fit, suitable. immortalis, without

mortal.
death,
im~
centum, hundred. communis, common.

cupidus, desirous, eager, dexter, right (hand),
difiicilis, difficult.
incolumis, unharmed, safe. levis, light (in weight), militaris, military.

mille, one thousand.
ducenti, two hundred. ego, /. equester, cavalry (adj.).

facilis, easy.
multus, much; pi., many. necessarius, necessary, urgent. nobilis (knowable), noble, famous.
omnis, every;
inti-
pi., all.
familiaris,
of the household,
par, equal.
mate.
fortis, brave.
pedester
(adj.).
to grain.
(-tris,
-tre),
infantry
trumentarius, pertaining
gravis, heavy, serious.
peritus, skilled^ experienced.
plenus, full.
344

sui
(of) himself, herself, itself, selves.
propinquus, near; a relative. praesens, present. quadringenti, four hundred. qui, who. recens, fresh, new, recent. sescenti, six hundred.
similis, like.
them-
suus, his, her, its, their talis, such.

trecentl, three hundred. tu, you.
(own).
undecim
viginti,
eleven
singularis, single, unusual.

sinister, left (hand).
twenty. vivus, alive.
INDEX
The numbers
refer to sections, unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations, table of, page 288. Ablative, absolute, 564; denned,

65; of accompaniment, 136; of agent, 149; of cause, 361; of comparison, 472; of description, 531; of manner, 137; of means, 66; of measure of difference, 473 of place in which,
;
nominal, 315-318; used as nouns, 319. Adverbs, formation and comparison of, 487-489. Agent, ablative of, 149; dative
of, 573-
Agreement, of adjective, 118; of

appositive, 98; of participle, 259; of predicate noun, 99; of relative pronoun, 329; of verbs,
26.
67; of place from which, 222; of separation, 221; of specification, 377; of time, 292; with certain deponents, 403; with certain prepositions, 541, b; re-
alius, alter, etc., 315-317.
Answers, 198.
Apposition, 97, a. Attributive adjective, 120.
view
of,
643.
of, 214.
Abstract nouns, gender Accent, 16-18.
B
Base, 49.
Accompaniment, ablative of, 136. Accusative, defined, 39; of direct

object, 42; of duration of time, 291; of extent of space, 522; of place to which, 134, 282; predicate, 190; subject of in-
capio, conjugation
of,
156.
Cardinal numerals, 518.
342; review of, 639; with prepositions, 76, 541.

finitive,
Case endings, 49.

Cases, defined, 47. Causal clauses, 612.
Adjectives,
of,
attributive,
agreement of, 118; 120; comparison 466-481; dative with, 245;
Cause, ablative of, 361. certior, with facio, fid, 598.

Characteristic vowel, 107. Clauses, classified, 331; of cause, 612; of condition, 621; of purpose, 411, 420; of result, 446-
declension of, 58; declension of comparative, 469; genitive with, 353; numeral, 517; of
first
and second declensions, 126; of third declension, 242, 243; ordinal, 528; possessive, 127; predicate. 120; pro115,
448; of time, 512, 605; reviewed, 628; used as nouns,

438, 448.
U5
346
coepi, 379,
a.

Demonstrative pronouns,
declen35o, 365, 39o.
348-
Comparative adjective, sion of, 469; special meanings

of,
Deponent
verbs,
400;
ablative
481.
with certain, 403.

ablative
of,
Comparison,
472;
of adjectives, 466-481; of adverbs, 488, 489.
Description, genitive and ablative of, 53 1Direct object, 42.

do, conjugation of, 43, a; 147, dum, use of, 605.
a.
Complementary infinitive, no. Complex sentences, 330.
Compound
with, 456.
verbs,
of
277;
454.
dative
Duration of time, 291:
Compounds
sum,
Conditional sentences, 620. Conjugations, denned, 23; distinguished, 107; first, 31-33, 196, 226-228; fourth, 104, 105, 155, 234-236; second, 73, 74, 326-228; third, 104, 105, 155, 234-236; third conjugation in
-io, 156.
E
eius
and
suus, distinguished,
368.
Enclitic, 18.
Endings, case, 49; of indicative,

ticiples,
Conjunctions, classified, 632.
308; of infinitive, 376; of par556; of subjunctive, 509; personal, 32, 146, 186, 251.
cum cum
(conj.), causal, 612, b;
tem-
eo, conjugation of, 604.

et,
poral, 512.
(prep.), with ablative of ac-
-que,
atque, distinguished,
229, a.
companiment, 136; of manner, 137; enclitic, page 128, note 2.

fero, 611.
fid,
passive of facio, 597; with
certior, 598.
Dative, defined, 59, a; of agent,

573; of indirect object, 60; of possessor, 458; review of, 638; with adjectives, 245; with compound verbs, 456; with verbs of special meaning, 436.
from, how to say, 219. Future, indicative, 227, 235, 236;

infinitive, 374, 375; participle,
373, 556, 57i, 572 ;
Future perfect indicative, 306,

37-
Declension, defined, 46; of adjectives, 58; of comparatives,

469.
Declensions, distinguished, 289; fifth, 285-288; first, 48, 56; fourth, 270-273; second, 8789, 95, 125; third, 162-165, 171-173, 178, 179, 208-210;
214.
Gender, 86; in third declension,

214.
Genitive,
general rule, 634, a; objective, 352; of description, 531; of possession, 50; of the whole, 529; review of, 634; with
INDEX
adjectives, 403, a.
347
353; with potior,

of
Irregular verbs, 619. is, 365; is and sui, distinguished,

386.
Genitive singular
nouns
in
-ium, -ius,
96.
Genitive plural in -ium, 208.
Gerund, 580, 581. Gerundive, 579.
Length Length
of vowels,
7.
of syllables, 13-15-
Locative case, 47, a; 279.
M
hie, declension of, 348. Historical present, 431.
idem, 390.
Idioms, 599.
ille,
Manner, ablative of, 137Means, ablative of, 66. Measure of difference, 473. mule, 519, 520. Moods, 407.
349.
N
196;
Imperative mood, 549, 55Imperfect tense, indicative, 185188,
subjunctive,
424-
427.
Impersonal verbs, 627. Indefinite pronouns, 538, 539.

Indicative, endings, 308; future, future perfect, 227, 235, 236; 306', 307; imperfect, 185-188, 196; perfect, 251-253, 261; pluperfect, 297-299; present, 33,
73, 104, 146, 147, 155;
of, 308. Indirect object, 60, 436, 456.
ne, in clauses of purpose, 419. nolo, 618. Nominative, as subject, 26; in the a review 99, 191
predicate, of, 633.
>
'>
Noun
438.
clauses, of result, 448; with

advise,
verbs
persuade,
etc.,
Numerals,
S*9-
517;
declension
of,
^view
Indirect question, 501, 502.

Infinitive,
Object, direct, 42; indirect, 60,

436, 456.
complementary, no;
endings, 376; future, 374, 375; 106 perfect, 358, 359; present, uses of, 342; 338; subject of,
109, 339-341Intensive pronoun, 391.
Order
of words, 68
and page
286.
Ordinal adjectives, 528.
Interrogative adjective, 327. Interrogative pronoun, 326.
ipse and sui, distinguished, 392.
Participles, declension of, 558; defined, 259; future active,
348

390; indefinite, 538, 539; intensive, 391; interrogative, 326; personal, 367, $&3; reflexive, 384, 385; relative, 325, 328, 329.
373, 556, 57i; future passive, 556, 572; perfect, 260, 556, 559; present, 556-559Parts of speech, 20.
Passive voice, 145, 146. Perfect, indicative active, 251253; indicative passive, 261;
infinitive, 358, 359; participle,
Pronunciation, 3-6. Purpose, 411, 419, 420, 588.
260, 556, 559; stem, 250; subjunctive, 497-499; system, 589.
Periphrastic
572.
conjugations,
571,
quam,
32,
in comparisons, 472;
with
197;
Personal
endings, active, 186, 251; passive, 146.
superlative, 492.
Questions,
how
expressed,
Personal pronouns, 367, 383. Place, from which, 222, 281; in which, 67, 280; to which, 134,
282.
indirect, 501, 502.
qui, 325, 327, 328.
quis, indefinite, 538; tive, 326.
interrogaa.
Pluperfect, indicative, 297-299; subjunctive, 506-508. Possession, expressed by dative, 458; by genitive, 50. Possessive adjectives, 127.
quo, with subjunctive, 511,
possum, 443, 444. postquam, with perfect

tive, 310, a.
indica-
Reflexive pronoun, 384, 385. Relative pronoun, 325, 328, 329. Result, clauses of, 446-448.
Predicate,
accusative,
190;
ad-
Review
jective, 120; nominative, 97, b.
Prefixes, 277.
lessons, 82, 141, 204, 267^ 322, 397, 463, 546, 593, 632. 638, 643.
Prepositional
219.
phrases,
132-135,
Prepositions, 541.
Present, indicative active, 33, 73, 104; indicative passive, 146, 147, 155; infinitive, 106, 338; participle, 556-5 59; stem, 33; subjunctive, 408, 417, 418;
Secondary tenses, 429.

Separation, ablative of, 221. Sequence of tenses, 430.
Space, extent of, 522. Specification, ablative
of,
377.
system, 589.
Primary
tenses, 429.
Stems, present, 33; perfect, 250; supine, page 122, footnote 1.

Subjunctive, endings of, 509; general uses of, 410; imperfect, 424-427 in causal clauses, 612;
;
Principal parts, 249, 258.
Pronominal adjectives, 315-318. Pronouns, classified, 393, 540;

demonstrative, 348-350, 365,
in conditions, 621;
in indirect
INDEX
501; questions. clauses, 438, 448; in purpose clauses, 420; in result clauses, 446; in temporal clauses, 605;
in
349
noun
ubi, 605; with postquam, a. 310, Tenses, named, 184; primary and secondary, 429; sequence of,
43o.
497-499; pluperfect, 506-508; present, 408-410, 417, 418; review of forms, 509, 510. Subordinate clauses, reviewed,
perfect,
Tense signs, 186. Third conjugation in -io, 156. Time, ablative of, 292; duration
of,
628.
Suffixes,
291; clauses
of, 512,
605.
of
adjectives,
595;
of
to,
how
to say, 133.
nouns, 548.
sui, 384.
sum, compounds
of,
454;
con-
U
ubi, with 310, a.
perfect
indicative.
jugation of, 24, 174, 180, 251, 309, 418, 426.

Superlative with
quam,
492..
Supine, forms and uses, 586, footnote 587; stem, page 122, 589. 1; system,
Syllables, 9-15.
ut clauses,
summary
of,
449.
Synonyms,
294.
Synopsis of verbs, 309, 510. Systems, three stem, 589.
Verbs, agreement
of, 26. a, 551.
Vocative case, 47,

volo, 618.
W
Temporal
clauses,
with
cum,
with,
512; with
dum, priusquam,
how
to say, 135.
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U" GUNNISON AND MARLEY:itipt|>

LATIN FOR THE FIRST YEAR

LATE PRINCIPAL OF ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL, BROOKLYN,

TEACHER OF LATIN, ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL

BURDETT AND COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO

Copyright, 1915, 1917, by

BURDETT AND COMPANY

Latin for the First Year

intended to prepare, in a simple

pupils speaking English only, a highly inflected

language naturally presents special

the pupil the most important

of the first year is to learn the

junctive are omitted entirely.

clauses are those

emphasis has been

in the twelve special review lessons, but also in the

upon reviews, not only summaries of

forms and constructions, whenever a

these paragraphs are simpliFollowing the

lessons this story of Caesar's

repeated, but with

Brooklyn, N. Y., August

The Latin Language

Accusative with Prepositions

The Second Declension:

and Predicate Nouns XIII. The Third and Fourth Conjugations:

in -us, -a, -urn.

XV. Nouns and

XVI. Prepositional Phrases XVII. Review XVIII. The Passive Voice:

Nouns XXI. The Third Declension: Nouns

XX. The Third

Imperfect Tense, Indicative Passive.

XXXII. The XXXIII. The

XXXVII. The Fifth Declension. Expressions XXXVIII. The Pluperfect Indicative

Future Perfect Indicative. dicative. Synopses XL. Pronominal Adjectives

XLIII. The Present

The Demonstrative Pronoun

The Future Infinitive. Review The Ablative of Specification

Personal and Reflexive Pronouns

XLIX. The Demonstrative Pronoun idem. The Intensive

Deponent Verbs. Deponents

The Ablative with Certain

The Present Subjunctive The Present Subjunctive

Temporal Clauses with cum

LXIV. Cardinal Numeral

Indefinite Pronouns. Review of Pronouns. view of Prepositions

LXXIII. The Supine. Review of Expressions The Three Stem Systems

A Roman Trumpet A Street in Pompeii

The Appian Way An Ancient Roman Sword

The Roman Forum

Rome Roman Horsemen The Roman Army Marching

land Roman Foot Soldier

A Standard Bearer A Roman Emperor in

103 105 112

under the Yoke of the Hel146

View of the Rhine River Ruins of a Roman Aqueduct

The Meta Sudans.

fountain near the Colosseum.

Panels from the Painting "The Triumph of

Roman Eagle and Oak Wreath