Trafficcongestionalertsystemusinggsmtechnology

TRAFFIC CONGESTION ALERT SYSTEM USING GSM
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The increase in the number of vehicles has led to Traffic congestion. During the busy hours of a day, the traffic is at its peak and there are various problems related to traffic congestion. One such problem is fuel consumption. An average of 90 minutes is spent
daily by a vehicle in congested traffic. People forget to switch off the engines which cause
wastage of the non renewable resources such as petrol, diesel and LPG. A car wastes 2.5
litres of fuel and two wheelers waste 0.75 litres of fuel in traffic jam per day. The cost of fuel wasted by city car is 7.5 cr and two-wheelers are 2.5 cr per day. The government subsidy on the wasted fuel is 1.5 cr per day. This incurs a heavy revenue loss to the country.
For the emergency conditions such as ambulance, fire engines to pass through, the congestion poses a hindrance. To recover for the lost time spent in congestion people tend to hurry and disperse the congestion, causing accidents. Indian roads witness one accident
every minute and one death in road mishap every four and half minute, according to the latest report of the road, transport and highway ministry. Similarly the report estimates that these road mishaps left 5.2 lakh people injured.
The smoke released from the vehicles and the honking of the horns causes air and noise pollution. India is the worlds fourth largest carbon dioxide emitter with emission
amounting to 1.34 billion tons per annum behind China, US and Russia. Even if India holds on to its promise of keeping its per capita emissions lower than that of developer economies, we will soon overtake Russia to become the third largest emitter.
To overcome these problems, a system has to be designed which can alert for congestion. Traffic congestion alert system using GSM does the needful and thus helps in reducing the traffic congestion.
1.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW

Traffic Congestion Alert System Using GSM project automatically alerts the traffic congestion condition. It can be implemented in the lanes and junctions which carry heavy traffic. Sensors are placed on roads to monitor the traffic condition. In each junction a transmitter and receiver will be present along with a LCD screen for display of message. When congestion is reported an interrupt is sent to the controller and the
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, PACE 1
corresponding alert, LANE BUSY message is sent to the neighbouring junctions. The GSM modem (SIM 300) is used for transmitting and receiving messages on GSM network. The alert message is received on the surrounding junctions using GSM modem (SIM 300). This message will be displayed on the respective LCD screen. Thus the rider is alerted for the congestion condition beforehand. This facilitates the rider in taking an alternate congestion free route, avoiding being stuck in the traffic jam (congestion). After the particular lane clears, the LANE CLEAR message is also displayed. This helps in diverting the traffic and hence reducing congestion.
CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, PACE
This chapter contains the block diagram description, hardware and software constituents of the project. Also explains the working and implementation of this project with an example. The Block Diagram includes transmitter and receiver as shown in Figure 2.1, which gives an overall description of the project. Using GSM system the data is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver. This data will be displayed on both the LCD screens placed at transmitting and receiving side.
2.1 TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
Figure 2.1 Block Diagram Sensors are kept on lanes for traffic monitoring. The output of these sensors is given to the PIC16F877A microcontroller. The controller processes these outputs received and the corresponding busy lane is displayed BUSY on the LCD screen
connected to the microcontroller. The BUSY message is wirelessly transmitted to the receiving end using the GSM modem. It is processed in the PIC microcontroller.
2.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

The hardware includes power supply, sensors, PIC microcontroller, LCD screen, MAX232, RS232 and GSM modem.
2.2.1 POWER SUPPLY

Figure 2.2 shows ac to dc converter which is used for powering the microcontroller section and relay driving sensor section. These two transformers are used to step down the 230V ac main supply to 12V ac supply. Current handling capacity of the transformer is 500mA. The 12V ac output is given at the power supply regulation stage. It consists of bridge rectifier using diode D1 to D4 of 1N4007. The current handling capacity of this diode is 1A and voltage handling capacity is 1000V. These 4 diodes are used to rectify the low voltage, i.e. 12V ac into 12V dc. The output of this stage is given to the capacitor to remove electro-magnetic induction noises. IC 7805 is used to regulate the unregulated dc power. Current carrying capacity of this IC is 1A.
Fig 2.2 Power Supply
2.2.2 SENSORS
Sensor is a device that measures the physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an instrument. The two types of sensors used here are Leaf switches and Reed switches.
Leaf switch is an electric switch with a button (or other moving part) and two strips of metal that make contact when the button is pushed as shown in Figure 2.3. The circuit is only closed when the button is held down. So these switches are best suited for generating short pulses that trigger an action in the circuit. They are commonly used in everyday appliances like door bells and joystick fire buttons. Leaf switches are silent and durable since there is a minimum amount of moving parts involved. Reed switch contains a pair (or more) of magnetizable, flexible, metal reeds whose end portions are separated by a small gap when the switch is open as shown in Figure 2.4. The reeds are hermetically sealed in opposite ends of a tubular glass envelope. A magnetic field will cause the reeds to come together, thus completing an electrical circuit. The stiffness of the reeds causes them to separate, and open the circuit, when the magnetic field ceases.
Figure 2.3 Leaf Switch
Figure 2.4 Reed Switch
The Girdle switches are used for real time purpose which works similar to the weigh bridge switches it can withstand the load up to 200 tons. Figure 2.5 shows the 8 sensors whose output is given to the 8 input pins of the PIC microcontroller, wherein the first two sensors are made active high and rest are active low. The +5V generated by the power supply is given to each of these sensors.
Figure 2.5 Sensor circuit When the circuit is closed, the sensors will interrupt the corresponding pin of the PIC microcontroller. The first six sensors are leaf switches and the last two sensors are reed switches.
2.2.3 PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

The 16F877A is a low-power; high performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using PICs high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard PIC instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the PIC is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The following are the main features of this micro-controller as shown in Figure 2.6. It is compatible with PIC Products. There are 8 interrupt sources; hence many interrupts can be serviced. It has 8K Bytes of In-system reprogrammable Flash Memory. Its endurance is 1000 write/erase cycles. In a range of 0 Hz to 24 MHz it is in full static operation. Three-level Program Memory Lock is available. It consists of 256 x 8 bit internal RAM and 32 Programmable I/O lines. There are three 16-bit Timer/Counters. It can operate in Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.
Figure 2.6 PIC16F877A pin diagram
2.2.4 LCD SCREEN

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector as shown in Figure 2.7. It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power. JHD 162A is LCD that has many features. There are 2 lines and each line take 16 characters. The module dimension is 80.0mm*36.0mm*9.7mm. The area is 66.0mm*16.0mm, wherein active area is 56.2mm*11.5mm. The Dot size is 0.55mm*0.65mm and the Dot pitch is 0.60mm*0.70mm. The each Character size is 2.95mm*5.55mm and the Character pitch is 3.55mm*5.95mm.
Figure 2.7 LCD Screen Schematic Diagram

Register Select is connected to the Control Port of the Microcontroller. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10k external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. There is no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore R/W line of the LCD panel is hard wired into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result the LCD's internal Busy Flag cannot be read back, which implies the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel.
2.2.5 RS232
To allow the data compatibility among data communication equipment made by various manufactures, an interfacing standard called RS232, as shown in Figure 2.8, was set by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960. RS232 is the widely used serial I/O interfacing standard. In RS232, 1 is represented by -3 to -25 V, while a 0 bit is +3 to +25 V, making -3 to +3 undefined. For this reason to convert any RS232 to a microcontroller system we must use voltage converter such as MAX232 to convert the TTL logic level to the RS232 voltage level, and vice versa.
Figure 2.8 RS232
2.2.6 MAX232
MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers. One advantage of MAX232 chip is that it uses +5V power source which is same as the source voltage of PIC16F877a. This does not require dual power supply. The MAX232 has two line drivers
for transferring and receiving data.
2.2.7 GSM MODEM

Figure 2.9 shows SIM300 block diagram. It is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine designed for global market. It works on frequencies like EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS 1900 MHz. This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem. It consists of a reset button and power can be started automatically or manually. It can be used for direct and asynchronous integration to RS232. It supports features like Voice, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS and integrated TCP/IP stack. The control is via AT commands (GSM 07.07, 07.05 and enhanced AT commands). AC DC Power adaptor can be used for DC Voltage: 12V / 1A. Current Consumption in normal operation is 250mA, can rise up to 1A while transmission.
GSM modem can be interfaced to RS-232 through D-type 9 pin connector. Serial port baud rate is adjustable from 1200 to 115200 bps (9600 default). The antenna can be either SMA antenna connector and wire antenna.
Figure 2.9 GSM modem block diagram
2.3 WORKING
The Figure 2.10 shows the circuit diagram of the Transmitter. Here there are 8 sensors which are placed on 8 lanes. These sensors are connected to the input pin (2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 15 and 16) of the PIC16F877A microcontroller. The controller will be polling all the sensors continuously. When any of the sensor switches is closed, it will interrupt the controller through the respective pins. The controller will then execute the interrupt sub routine of concern and the corresponding message will be sent to the LCD Screen via output pins (33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 and 40) of the controller. The pins 27, 28 and 29 of the controller are used to Control the 16 x 2 LCD Screen. This message is even sent to the receiver via GSM modem wirelessly. The GSM modem and the controller are connected using the RS232 interfacing which uses MAX232, a line driver via the pins 25 and 26 of the controller.
The receiver circuit is same as the transmitter circuit as shown in Figure 2.10. When the data is received by the GSM modem at the receiver from the GSM modem at the transmitter, the receiver modem will decode the encoded data. This decoded data will be sent to the PIC via the serial interface RS232. The PIC converts the Serial input to parallel output and sends the message to the LCD Screen via the output pins of the controller.
10
Figure 2.10 Transmitter/Receiver Circuit diagram
2.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

The software includes GSM system and SMS. The PIC is programmed using the simple high level language tool C to control the sensor outputs and the subroutines.
2.4.1 GSM
GSM is a global system for mobile communication. GSM is an international digital cellular telecommunication. The GSM standard was released by ETSI (European Standard Telecommunication Standard) back in 1989. The first commercial services were launched in 1991 and after its early introduction in Europe; the standard went global in 1992. Since then, GSM has become the most widely adopted and fastest-growing digital cellular standard, and it is positioned to become the worlds dominant cellular standard. Todays second-generation GSM networks deliver high quality and secure mobile voice and data services (such as SMS/ Text Messaging) with full roaming capabilities across the world. In less than ten years since the first GSM network was commercially launched, it become, the worlds leading and fastest growing mobile standard, spanning over 173 countries.
11
Figure 2.11 GSM architecture The Figure 2.11 shows the GSM architecture which is briefly explained below.
Mobile Station (MS) The mobile station (MS) is the device that provides the radio link between the GSM subscriber and the wireless mobile network. In the GSM system, the MS provides subscribers the mean to control their access to the PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network) and PDN (Public Data Network) and also to facilitate their mobility once connected to the network .The MS is constantly monitoring messages being broadcast from base transceiver system (BTS) to support the setup and clearing of radio channels used for the transmission of various forms of subscriber traffic. The GSM system also makes use of Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card that when inserted into the MS makes it functional. The SIM is a smart card that is issued to the subscriber when the subscriber signs up for service with the wireless network operator. The card contains the subscribers IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) number, the mobile MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network), a SIM personal identification number (PIN), security /authentication parameters, and address book contact information stored by the subscriber. The SIM card also stores SMS messages that the subscriber receives and saves. In GSM standard, the MS consists of two elements: the mobile equipment (ME), which is the physical phone itself, and the SIM card.
12
Base Station System (BSS) The base station system (BSS) is the link between the MS and the GSM mobile services switching centre (MSC). The BSS consists of two elements: a base transceiver system (BTS) and the base station controller (BSC). The BTS communicates with the MS over air interface using various protocols designed for the wireless channel. The BSC communicates with the MSC through the use of standard wire line protocols. The BSC and BTS communicate with each other using LAPD (Link Access Protocol for D channel), which is the data link protocol used in ISDN. The basic components of the BTS are radio transceiver units, a switching and distribution unit, RF power combining and distribution units, an environmental control unit, a power system , and a processing and database storage unit. The BTS is physically located near the antenna for the cell site. Typically, an RBS (radio base station) may consist of three BTSs that service a standard sectorized cell site.
Network Switching System (NSS) The NSS includes the main switching functions of GSM, databases required for the subscribers, and mobility management. Its main role is to manage the communications between GSM and other network users. Within the NSS, the switching functions are performed by the MSC. Subscriber information relevant to provisioning of services is kept in the HLR (Home Location Register).the other database in the NSS is the VLR (Visitor Location Register). The MSC performs the necessary switching functions required for the MSs located in an associated geographical area, called an MSC area. The MSC monitors the mobility of its subscriber and manages necessary resources required to handle and update the location registration procedures and to carry out the handover functions. The MSC is involved in the interworking functions of the MSC depend upon the type of network to which it is connected and the type of service to be performed. The call routing and control and echo control functions are performed by the MSC. The Home Location Register (HLR) is the functional unit used for management of mobile subscribers. The number of HLRs in a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) varies with the characteristics of the PLMN. Two types of information are stored in the HLR: subscriber information and part of the mobile information to allow incoming calls to be routed to the MSC for the particular MS. Any administrative action by service provider on subscriber data is performed in the HLR. The HLR stores IMSI, MSISDN number, VLR address, and subscriber data (e.g., supplementary services).
The visitor location register (VLR) is linked to one or more MSCs. The VLR is the functional unit that dynamically stores subscriber information when the subscriber is located in the area covered by the VLR. When a roaming MS enters an MSC area, the MSC informs the associated VLR about the MS; the MS goes through a registration procedure. The registration procedure for the MS includes these activities:

The VLR recognizes that the MS is from another PLMN. If roaming is allowed, the VLR finds the MSs HLR in its home PLMN. The VLR constructs a Global Title (GT) from the IMSI to allow signalling from the VLR to the MSs HLR via the PSTN/ISDN networks.
The VLR generates a mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN) that is used to route incoming calls to the MS.
The MSRN is sent to the MSs HLR. MSRN, TMSI (Temporary Mobile
The information in the VLR includes
Subscriber Identity) the location area in which the MS has been registered ,data related to supplementary services, MSISDN number ,IMSI,HLR address or GT, and local MS identity, if used. The NSS contains more than MSCs, HLRs and VLRs. In order to deliver an incoming call to a GSM user, the call is first routed to a gateway switch, referred to as the Gateway Mobile Service Switching Centre (GMSC). The GMSC is responsible for collecting the location information and routing the call to the MSC through which the subscriber can obtain service at that instant (i.e., the visited MSC).The GMSC finds the right HLR from the directory number of the GSM subscriber and interrogates it. The GMSC has an interface with external networks for which it provides gateway function, as well as with SS7 signalling network for internetworking with other NSS entities.
Operation and maintenance subsystem (OMSS) The OMSS is responsible for handling system security based on validation of identities of various telecommunications entities. These functions are performed in the Authentication Centre (AuC) and EIR (Equipment Identity Register). The AuC is accessed by the HLR to determine whether an MS will be granted service. The EIR provides MS information used by the MSC. The EIR maintains a list of legitimate, fraudulent or faulty MSs. The OMSS is also in charge of remote operation and maintenance functions of the PLMN. These functions are monitored and controlled in the OMSS. The OMSS may have one or more Network Management Centers (NMCs) to centralize PLMN control.
The operational and maintenance centre (OMC) is the functional entity through the service provider monitors and controls the system. The OMC provides a single point for the maintenance personnel to maintain the entire system. One OMC can serve multiple MSCs. The following table describes the basic specification of GSM.
ARFCN: Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number. GMSK: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying.
2.4.2 SMS
SMS stands for Short Message Service. It is a technology that enables the sending and receiving of message between mobile phones. SMS first appeared in Europe in 1992. It was included in the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) standards right at the beginning. Later it was ported to wireless technologies like CDMA and TDMA. The GSM and SMS standards were originally developed by European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI). Now the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is responsible for the development and maintenance of the GSM and SMS standards. One SMS message can contain at most 140 bytes (1120 bits) of data, so one SMS message can contain up to:
15
160 characters if 7-bit character encoding is used. (7-bit character encoding is suitable for encoding Latin characters like English alphabets).
70 characters if 16-bit Unicode UCS2 character encoding is used. (SMS text messages containing non-Latin characters like Chinese character should use 16-bit character encoding).
Once the message is sent the message is received by SMSC (Short Message Service Centre), which must then get it to the appropriate mobile device. To do this the SMSC sends a SMS request to Home Location Register (HLR) to find the roaming customer. Once HLR receives the request, it responds to the SMSC with the subscribers status:

Inactive or active Where subscriber is roaming.
If the response is inactive, then the SMSC will hold onto the message for a period of time. When the subscriber access his device, the HLR sends a SMS notification to the SMSC and the SMSC will attempt delivery. The SMSC transfer the message in a Short Message Delivery Point to Point format to the serving system. The system pages the device, and if it responds, the message gets delivered. The SMSC receives verification that the message was received by the end user, then categorizes the message as sent and will not attempt to send again.
SMS messaging is now one of the most important revenue sources of wireless carriers. Some of the reasons are given below.
SMS Messages can be sent and read at any time SMS Message can be sent to an offline Mobile Phone. SMS Messaging is less disturbing while you can still stay in touch. SMS are supported by 100% GSM Mobile Phones and they can be exchanged between different wireless carriers.
There is a demand for SMS connectivity from applications that does not require the sending or receiving of large amount of SMS messages. One example is a remote monitoring system. If the remote monitoring system finds that a certain server is not responding, it will send an SMS alert to the system administrator mobile phone. This
remote monitoring system will have a very small amount of SMS traffic per month since the servers being monitored should be working fine most of the time.
Since a wireless carrier usually doesnt provide direct SMSC or SMS gateway access to user without a large amount of SMS traffic, some companies come out to fill the gap. These companies are called SMS service providers. SMS service providers are also known as SMS gateway providers, SMS resellers and SMS brokers because of the following reasons:
SMS gateway providers: An SMS service provider provides an SMS gateway for its user to send SMS. This SMS gateway will then route the SMS to another SMS gateway or SMSC.
SMS reseller and SMS broker: SMS service provider buy a large amount of SMS from a lot of wireless carrier at low price per SMS message. They then sell the SMS message at a price higher than the cost.
The network coverage of SMS service providers is very good. They work hard to cover as many wireless networks as possible so as to make their services attractive.
SMSC is a combination of hardware and software responsible for the relaying, storing and forwarding of short message between an SME (Short Message Entity) and mobile device. The SMSC must have high reliability, subscriber capacity, and message throughput. In addition, the system should be easily scalable to accommodate growing demand for SMS in the network.
The short message peer to peer protocol (SMPP) is a protocol for exchanging SMS messages between SMS peer entities such as message service centers. It is often used to allow third parties (e.g. content suppliers like news organizations) to submit messages, often in bulk. The protocol is based on complimentary pairs of request / response PDUs exchanged over OSI layer 4 (TCP/IP session or X.25 SVC3) connections. PDUs are binary encoded for efficiency.
2.5 STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAM
17
Step 1: Start of the Program
Step 2: Setting up of Modem, Hardware and software with the initial value.
Step 3: Store the desired destination SIM number in the PIC microcontroller at the Transmitting side.
Step 4: Polling the sensors kept on each lane to check if any sensor is pressed. This interrupts the controller.
Step 5: Once the request occurs from any of the sensor from any of the lanes, step 6 is performed.
Step 6: The sub routine of the particular interrupt is executed and the message showing corresponding LANE JAM will be sent to the receiver and also displayed on the LCD screen placed at transmitting end. Else control will go to step 4.
Step 7: Once the congestion is cleared which had previously occurred, the sensor is released, then the step 9 is performed.
Step 8: The sub routine of the particular interrupt is executed and the message showing corresponding LANE CLEAR will be sent to the receiver and also displayed on the LCD screen placed at transmitting end. Else control will go to step 6.
Step 9: Control goes to step 4 which loops infinitely.
2.6 FLOWCHART
18
2.7 IMPLEMENTATION
The sensors (leaf switch and Reed sensors) are placed on the lanes for monitoring traffic. A transmitter and receiver circuit along with LCD screen is placed at every junction. The SIM (Subscribers Identity Module) is inserted into the GSM modem and the whole setup is powered ON. The GSM modem initializes by registering itself to the GSM network. All the hardware and software components are initialized by setting initial value. The threshold time for sensor is set. The SIM numbers of the neighbouring GSM modems are stored in the transmitting PIC microcontroller. When a vehicle passes on the road, the sensor placed underneath the road starts sensing the vehicle i.e. when the vehicle pressure falls on the sensor it closes the circuit. If this condition prevails for more than the threshold time, an interrupt signal from that sensor is sent to the PIC16F877A microcontroller. The microcontroller detects and services the interrupt. In the ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) the display messages are stored. The PIC microcontroller sends the LANE JAM message to the GSM modem. This message will also be displayed at the transmitting LCD display. The GSM modem transmits this message in the form of SMS (Short Message Service) from the SIM present in the transmitting GSM modem to all the receiving GSM modem located at the surrounding junctions. This is accomplished using the existing GSM network. The LANE JAM message is received at the GSM modem located in every neighbouring junction. This message is decoded in the PIC microcontroller and displayed on the LCD screen connected to it. The LANE JAM message is displayed on every neighbouring junction. This enables the rider to divert his route to an alternate and avoid getting into the traffic jam. After the switch is released, the LANE CLEAR message is sent from the transmitter junction in the same manner as described above. The LANE CLEAR message is displayed on the LCD screen at receiving junctions. The microcontroller keeps polling the sensors to check for interrupt signals. This process is done for 24 hours, 365 days round the clock.
2.7.1 EXAMPLE
Consider an example as shown in figure 2.11, wherein a rider has to go to his destination X in LANE 6. He is starting at LANE 1. There are two junctions: junction A and junction B which he has to encounter as he usually takes the direct route through LANE 1 and LANE 2. If there is congestion reported at LANE 2 or the junction B, if
taken his usual direct path the rider is stuck in congestion. He has to wait till the traffic is cleared, which may prove disastrous in emergency condition. Now a question arises if he can be alerted for congestion earlier so that he can avoid getting into it. This need can be satisfied by using Traffic Congestion Alert System Using GSM.
All the lanes are placed with sensors underneath the road. The girdle switches are used as sensors which are placed at a distance of 200m from the junctions. LCD screens are put up at each junction. Both the junctions have a transmitter and receiver circuit each. The threshold time is set to 15minutes. If congestion occurs in LANE 2, junction B is blocked.
The sensor in the LANE 2 will send an interrupt signal to the transmitting PIC microcontroller of junction B. The microcontroller will send the LANE JAM message via the transmitting GSM modem to the receiving GSM modem on the wireless GSM network. The receiving GSM modem at junction A will transfer the message to its microcontroller and the corresponding LANE JAM message is displayed on the LCD screen at junction A.
Thus the rider will be alerted for the traffic jam occurring at junction B at the previous junction; junction A. Viewing the display the rider can take an alternate path through LANE 3, LANE 4 and LANE 5 to reach the destination X. This prevents the rider from getting into the congestion.
This project also proves a boon for emergency conditions. It can be implemented in a distinguishable way for ambulance and fire engines. All the ambulances and fire engines are required to have a magnet below them. Reed sensors detect these vehicles and the corresponding messages: FIRE ENGINE ONROAD for fire engines and AMBULANCE ONROAD for ambulance. Considering the emergency condition by above message display at the junction way can be paved for the ambulance and fire engine.
There are Six Leaf Switches and two Reed switches as shown in Figure 2.12
21
Figure 2.12 Lane Diagram
CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION
The traditional methods for controlling the traffic jam do not prevent the vehicle from getting into the jam. But Traffic Congestion Alert System Using GSM gives the status of forthcoming lanes and alerts the rider by displaying the busy message if any of the lanes is found congested. Hence the vehicle can be prevented from getting caught up in traffic jam. By diverting the traffic away from the congested lane the congestion can be cleared much faster.
3.1 ADVANTAGES
The existing system does not alert the traffic congestion. As there will be no alert more vehicles coming into the lane will increase the complexity of congestion. The congestion will require manual inspection. The Traffic Congestion Alert System Using GSM alerts for the congestion condition beforehand and avoids further deterioration of traffic. This system can be deployed on the already existing GSM network. This does not require a separate network setup. With the courtesy of GSM, global coverage is available. The congestion status of a remote lane can be monitored. Messages are transferred wirelessly. This reduces the expense of cable laying, wires and their wear and tear. The transfer of messages is through SMS (Short Message Service), thus the service charges are comparatively less. The maintenance cost of GSM is less. The air and noise pollution can be reduced. Hence health and environmental hazards are also minimized. The non-renewable energy sources such as petrol, diesel, LPG will be consumed less. Way can be made for the emergency vehicles such as ambulance and fire engine once they are on road, seeing the LCD display. Thus congestion can be reduced during peak hours helping the riders to reach the destination on time.
3.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Traffic Congestion Alert System Using GSM can be further improved by creating a website that gives the status of each lane. This way an online portal of the application can be created. With the aid of GSM network the traffic status of any remote
lane can be monitored and viewed on the website from any location. A 32 bit processor can be used to monitor more number of lanes. With higher processing speed, many lanes can be monitored. Larger LCD screen can be setup at the junctions to display the congestion status of the lanes simultaneously. This helps the rider in choosing the alternate path.
Image of the prototype implemented is shown below.
24
REFERENCES
Mazidi, Muhammad Ali, Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 2007
Gary Mullet, Introduction to Wireless Telecommunications Systems and Networks, Indian Edition, Cengage Learning, 2006
Vijay K. Garg, Joseph E. Wilkes, Principles and Application of GSM, Pearson Education.
Search Engines: Google, Bing and Yahoo.
25

Trafficcongestionalertsystemusinggsmtechnology

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Trafficcongestionalertsystemusinggsmtechnology

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

TRAFFIC CONGESTION ALERT SYSTEM USING GSM

1.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW